Copper and its alloy, brass, hold significant places in biblical history and symbolism. These metals are frequently mentioned in the Scriptures, often in the context of construction, craftsmanship, and divine instruction. The extraction and use of copper and brass are indicative of the technological advancements and the cultural practices of ancient civilizations, including those described in the Bible.

Biblical References and Usage

Copper, known for its durability and malleability, was a valuable resource in biblical times. The process of mining and refining copper is alluded to in the Scriptures, highlighting the skill and labor involved. In Deuteronomy 8:9, the Promised Land is described as "a land where you will eat food without scarcity, in which you will not lack anything, a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills you can dig copper" . This passage underscores the abundance and accessibility of copper in the region, portraying it as a divine provision for the Israelites.

Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is often mentioned in the context of temple furnishings and sacred objects. The use of brass in the construction of the Tabernacle and the Temple signifies its importance and value. In Exodus 27:3, God commands Moses regarding the altar of burnt offering: "Make all its utensils of bronze—its pots to remove the ashes, its shovels, sprinkling bowls, meat forks, and firepans" . The choice of brass for these sacred items reflects its strength and resistance to corrosion, making it suitable for holy purposes.

Symbolism and Spiritual Significance

In biblical symbolism, copper and brass often represent judgment, strength, and endurance. The brazen altar, where sacrifices were made, is a powerful symbol of atonement and divine justice. The use of brass in the altar's construction signifies the enduring nature of God's covenant and the perpetual need for atonement.

The prophet Daniel's vision of a statue with "legs of iron and feet partly of iron and partly of clay" (Daniel 2:33) includes a reference to brass, symbolizing the strength and eventual division of earthly kingdoms. This imagery serves as a reminder of the transient nature of human power compared to the eternal kingdom of God.

Craftsmanship and Technological Context

The craftsmanship involved in working with copper and brass is evident in the detailed descriptions of the Tabernacle and Temple furnishings. Artisans like Bezalel, who was filled with "the Spirit of God, with wisdom, understanding, and knowledge in all kinds of craftsmanship" (Exodus 31:3), were divinely inspired to create intricate works of art from these metals. This divine endowment of skill underscores the importance of craftsmanship in worship and the glorification of God.

The mining and refining of copper, as mentioned in Job 28:2, "Iron is taken from the earth, and copper is smelted from ore" , reflect the advanced metallurgical practices of the time. These processes required significant knowledge and skill, highlighting the ingenuity of ancient peoples in utilizing the resources provided by God.

Cultural and Historical Context

Copper and brass were not only used for religious purposes but also played a crucial role in the daily life and economy of ancient societies. They were used in the making of tools, weapons, and currency, indicating their widespread utility and value. The presence of copper mines in regions such as Timna and the Negev further illustrates the historical significance of these metals in the ancient Near East.

In summary, copper and brass, as described in the Bible, are more than mere materials; they are imbued with spiritual and cultural significance. Their extraction from the mountains and their use in sacred and secular contexts reflect the divine provision and the human response in craftsmanship and worship.Deuteronomy 8:9
A land wherein you shall eat bread without scarceness, you shall not lack any thing in it; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills you may dig brass.
Torrey's Topical Textbook

The Iranian Conquest
... which are by no means equally ancient;*** one can, nevertheless, make out from it ...
who, first in golden splendour, passes over the beautiful mountains and casts ...
/.../chapter ithe iranian conquest.htm

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