Copper and brass, while valuable in their own right, are often depicted in the Bible as being of lesser worth compared to gold and silver. These metals were commonly used in ancient times for various purposes, including construction, currency, and religious artifacts. The distinction in value between copper, brass, and the more precious metals of gold and silver is evident in several biblical passages.

Biblical References and Usage

1. Construction and Artifacts: Copper and brass were extensively used in the construction of the Tabernacle and the Temple. In Exodus 27:2-3, the altar of burnt offering is described as being overlaid with bronze (a term often used interchangeably with brass in biblical texts), and its utensils were made of the same material: "Make a horn at each of the four corners, so that the horns and the altar are of one piece, and overlay the altar with bronze. Make all its utensils of bronze—its pots to remove the ashes, and its shovels, sprinkling bowls, meat forks, and firepans."

2. Symbolism of Strength and Judgment: Brass and copper are sometimes used symbolically to represent strength and judgment. In the vision of Daniel, the statue's belly and thighs are made of bronze, symbolizing the Greek Empire (Daniel 2:32). This use of bronze signifies a strong but ultimately inferior kingdom compared to the head of gold, representing Babylon.

3. Economic Value: The economic value of copper and brass is depicted as inferior to that of gold and silver. In 1 Kings 10:21, the opulence of Solomon's reign is highlighted by the fact that silver was considered of little value: "All King Solomon’s drinking vessels were gold, and all the utensils of the House of the Forest of Lebanon were pure gold. There was no silver, for it was considered as nothing in the days of Solomon." This implies that metals like copper and brass were even less esteemed.

4. Offerings and Sacrifices: In the context of offerings, the distinction in value is also apparent. In Numbers 31:22, the spoils of war are listed, and the metals are ranked: "Gold, silver, bronze, iron, tin, and lead." Here, bronze (or brass) is mentioned after gold and silver, indicating its lesser value.

5. Prophetic Imagery: In Ezekiel 1:7, the prophet describes the appearance of the living creatures' feet as "gleaming like polished bronze," suggesting a divine strength and brilliance, yet still distinct from the purity and holiness often associated with gold.

Cultural and Historical Context

In the ancient Near East, copper and its alloy, brass, were widely used due to their availability and versatility. They were essential for making tools, weapons, and various household items. However, their abundance made them less precious than gold and silver, which were rarer and more difficult to procure. This economic reality is reflected in the biblical text, where the hierarchy of metals often mirrors their practical and symbolic significance.

Theological Implications

From a theological perspective, the use of copper and brass in the Bible can be seen as a reflection of God's provision and the practical needs of His people. While not as precious as gold and silver, these metals were crucial for the daily life and worship practices of the Israelites. Their presence in the sacred spaces of the Tabernacle and Temple underscores their importance, even as they serve as a reminder of the greater glory and value attributed to gold and silver in the divine economy.Isaiah 60:17
For brass I will bring gold, and for iron I will bring silver, and for wood brass, and for stones iron: I will also make your officers peace, and your exactors righteousness.
Torrey's Topical Textbook

Daniel 2:32,39
This image's head was of fine gold, his breast and his arms of silver, his belly and his thighs of brass,
Torrey's Topical Textbook

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