The hand of the LORD was upon me
This phrase indicates divine inspiration and empowerment. In the Old Testament, the "hand of the LORD" often signifies God's power and presence guiding a prophet. This is seen in other prophetic books, such as in 1 Kings 18:46 with Elijah. It underscores the authority and authenticity of Ezekiel's vision, emphasizing that the message is not from human origin but from God Himself.

and He brought me out by His Spirit
The Spirit of God is a recurring theme in Ezekiel, symbolizing divine guidance and revelation. The Spirit's role in transporting Ezekiel highlights the supernatural nature of the vision. This mirrors other instances in Scripture where the Spirit leads, such as in Acts 8:39 with Philip. It also foreshadows the New Testament understanding of the Holy Spirit's work in believers' lives.

and set me down in the middle of the valley
The valley represents a place of desolation and death, contrasting with the mountains often associated with divine encounters. This setting is significant as it reflects the dire situation of Israel in exile. Valleys in biblical literature can symbolize low points or challenges, as seen in Psalm 23:4, "the valley of the shadow of death."

and it was full of bones
The bones symbolize the house of Israel, as later explained in the chapter. They represent the spiritual and national death of the people due to exile and disobedience. This imagery is powerful, evoking the idea of hopelessness and the need for divine intervention. The vision of dry bones is a prophetic metaphor for resurrection and restoration, pointing to God's promise to revive and restore His people. This theme of resurrection is echoed in the New Testament, particularly in the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who brings life to what was once dead.

He led me all around among them
This phrase indicates that Ezekiel is being guided by the Spirit of the Lord, emphasizing divine direction and revelation. The act of being led around suggests a thorough examination, highlighting the importance of understanding the full scope of the vision. This mirrors other instances in Scripture where God leads His prophets to witness significant events, such as Moses on Mount Sinai or John in the Book of Revelation. The guidance underscores the prophetic nature of the vision, as Ezekiel is shown the reality of Israel's spiritual state.

and I saw a great many bones
The "great many bones" symbolize the vast number of Israelites who are spiritually dead and in exile. This imagery is powerful, representing the nation of Israel scattered and lifeless, much like bones without flesh. The bones can also be seen as a metaphor for hopelessness and despair, reflecting the condition of the people who have been cut off from their homeland and their God. This vision is a stark reminder of the consequences of disobedience and idolatry, as outlined in the covenant curses of Deuteronomy 28.

on the floor of the valley
The valley is often a place of battle or judgment in biblical literature. This setting may evoke memories of the Valley of Jezreel, a site of numerous conflicts in Israel's history. The valley floor, being a low point, symbolizes the depth of Israel's desolation and separation from God. It is a place where life seems impossible, yet it is precisely here that God chooses to demonstrate His power to restore and revive.

and indeed, they were very dry
The dryness of the bones emphasizes the extent of Israel's spiritual death and the impossibility of life returning by natural means. In the ancient Near East, dry bones would indicate a long period without life, suggesting that Israel's exile and spiritual decay have persisted for a significant time. This detail underscores the miraculous nature of the prophecy that follows, as only divine intervention can bring life to such a state. The dryness also connects to other biblical themes of spiritual thirst and the need for the living water that only God can provide, as seen in passages like Psalm 42:1-2 and John 4:10-14.

Then He asked me,
This phrase indicates a direct communication from God to the prophet Ezekiel. In the context of Ezekiel 37, God is speaking to Ezekiel in a vision. This vision is set in a valley full of dry bones, symbolizing the spiritual and national death of Israel. The direct address highlights the personal relationship between God and His prophets, a common theme throughout the Old Testament.

“Son of man,
The term "son of man" is used frequently in the book of Ezekiel, appearing over 90 times. It emphasizes Ezekiel's humanity and his role as a representative of the people. This title is also significant in the New Testament, where Jesus often refers to Himself as the "Son of Man," linking His mission to the prophetic traditions of the Old Testament.

can these bones come to life?”
This question challenges Ezekiel's faith and understanding of God's power. The bones represent the house of Israel, which was in exile and seemingly beyond hope. The question underscores the theme of resurrection and restoration, which is central to the chapter. It also foreshadows the New Testament teachings on resurrection and eternal life, as seen in passages like John 11:25-26.

“O Lord GOD,” I replied,
Ezekiel's response begins with a recognition of God's sovereignty. The use of "Lord GOD" (Adonai Yahweh) reflects a deep reverence and acknowledgment of God's ultimate authority and power. This title is used throughout the Old Testament to denote God's covenant relationship with Israel and His supreme rule over all creation.

“only You know.”
Ezekiel's answer demonstrates humility and trust in God's wisdom and power. By acknowledging that only God knows the answer, Ezekiel expresses faith in God's ability to bring life from death. This mirrors other biblical instances where human understanding is limited, but God's knowledge and power are infinite, such as in Job 38-41. It also points to the mystery of God's plans, which are often beyond human comprehension but are ultimately for the good of His people, as seen in Romans 8:28.

And He said to me
This phrase indicates divine communication, emphasizing the role of Ezekiel as a prophet who receives direct revelation from God. In the context of the Babylonian exile, God speaks to Ezekiel, providing hope and a future for Israel. This divine interaction underscores the authority and authenticity of the message.

Prophesy concerning these bones
The act of prophesying involves speaking forth God's word, often with a future focus. The "bones" symbolize the house of Israel, which is in a state of despair and hopelessness during the exile. This imagery of dry bones is a powerful metaphor for spiritual death and the need for revival. The command to prophesy suggests that God's word has the power to bring life and restoration.

and tell them
Ezekiel is instructed to address the bones directly, signifying that the message is intended for the people of Israel. This direct address highlights the personal nature of God's message and His desire for His people to hear and respond. It also reflects the prophetic tradition of speaking to the people on behalf of God.

‘Dry bones
The dry bones represent the spiritual and national condition of Israel at the time. They are lifeless and scattered, symbolizing the disunity and desolation experienced by the Israelites in exile. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages that use bones to depict death and decay, such as in Psalm 22:14-15.

hear the word of the LORD!
The call for the dry bones to "hear" signifies the power and authority of God's word to effect change. In biblical tradition, hearing implies obedience and response. The phrase underscores the transformative potential of divine revelation, as seen in other scriptures where God's word brings about creation, healing, and restoration (e.g., Genesis 1, John 1:1-3). This command foreshadows the resurrection and renewal that God promises to His people, ultimately pointing to the hope of spiritual revival and the coming of the Messiah, who is the Word made flesh.

This is what the Lord GOD says to these bones:
This phrase introduces a divine proclamation, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. In the context of Ezekiel 37, the "bones" represent the house of Israel, which was in exile and felt spiritually dead and hopeless. The imagery of dry bones is a powerful symbol of desolation and despair. The phrase "the Lord GOD" underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, reminding the audience of God's faithfulness and power to restore. This echoes other instances in Scripture where God speaks life into seemingly hopeless situations, such as the creation narrative in Genesis 1, where God speaks the world into existence.

I will cause breath to enter you,
The "breath" here is a reference to the Hebrew word "ruach," which can mean breath, spirit, or wind. This is significant as it connects to the creation of man in Genesis 2:7, where God breathes life into Adam. The breath symbolizes the Holy Spirit, indicating a spiritual revival and renewal. This promise of breath entering the bones signifies God's intention to restore Israel not just physically, but spiritually. It also foreshadows the New Testament outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (Acts 2), where the Spirit brings life and empowerment to the believers.

and you will come to life.
This phrase promises resurrection and restoration, both physically and spiritually. It points to the hope of national restoration for Israel, as well as the ultimate resurrection of the dead, a theme that is further developed in the New Testament (1 Corinthians 15:52). The concept of coming to life is also a type of Christ, who is the resurrection and the life (John 11:25). Through Christ, believers are promised new life, both now and in the age to come. This assurance of life from death is a central theme in Christian theology, emphasizing God's power to transform and renew.

I will attach tendons to you
This phrase signifies the initial stage of restoration and reanimation. In the context of Ezekiel 37, the vision of the dry bones represents the house of Israel in exile, seemingly lifeless and without hope. The attachment of tendons symbolizes the beginning of God's restorative work, bringing structure and connection back to the scattered and disjointed nation. This imagery parallels the creation account in Genesis, where God forms man from the dust, highlighting God's power to create and restore life.

and make flesh grow upon you
The growth of flesh upon the bones indicates the process of renewal and regeneration. In the ancient Near Eastern context, flesh represents vitality and strength. This phase of restoration suggests not only physical revival but also the return of strength and identity to the people of Israel. It echoes the promise of restoration found in other prophetic books, such as Isaiah 11:11, where God promises to recover the remnant of His people.

and cover you with skin
Covering with skin completes the physical restoration, making the body whole and recognizable. Skin serves as a protective layer, signifying God's provision and care. This imagery can be connected to the protective nature of God's covenant with Israel, as seen in Deuteronomy 31:6, where God assures His people of His constant presence and protection.

I will put breath within you
The breath represents the Spirit of God, essential for true life. In Hebrew, the word for breath, "ruach," also means spirit, indicating a deeper spiritual revival beyond mere physical restoration. This act mirrors the creation of Adam in Genesis 2:7, where God breathes life into man, and foreshadows the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost in Acts 2, signifying the birth of the Church and the new life in Christ.

so that you will come to life
This phrase emphasizes the result of God's restorative work: life. It signifies not just physical existence but a return to covenant relationship with God. The revival of the dry bones is a metaphor for the spiritual awakening and renewal of Israel, pointing to the ultimate resurrection hope found in Christ, as affirmed in 1 Corinthians 15:22, where all are made alive in Christ.

Then you will know that I am the LORD.’”
The ultimate purpose of this miraculous restoration is the recognition of God's sovereignty and faithfulness. Throughout the Old Testament, God's acts of deliverance and restoration serve to reveal His identity and character to His people. This acknowledgment of God as LORD is central to the covenant relationship, as seen in Exodus 6:7, where God promises to take Israel as His people and be their God. This phrase underscores the theme of divine revelation and the fulfillment of God's promises.

So I prophesied as I had been commanded.
Ezekiel's obedience to God's command is a central theme here. Prophets in the Old Testament were often given difficult tasks, yet their role was to faithfully deliver God's message. This obedience is reminiscent of other prophets like Jeremiah and Isaiah, who also spoke God's words despite personal cost. The act of prophesying as commanded underscores the importance of divine authority and the prophet's role as a mouthpiece for God. This obedience is a model for believers, emphasizing the importance of following God's directives even when the outcome is uncertain.

And as I prophesied, there was suddenly a noise, a rattling,
The noise and rattling signify the beginning of God's miraculous work. In the context of the vision, this represents the initial stages of restoration and revival. The suddenness of the noise highlights the power and immediacy of God's intervention. This can be connected to other biblical instances where God's presence is accompanied by sound, such as the thunder at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:16) or the rushing wind at Pentecost (Acts 2:2). The rattling may symbolize the shaking of the current order, preparing for a new creation, much like the shaking of the earth in prophetic literature (Haggai 2:6-7).

and the bones came together, bone to bone.
This phrase illustrates the process of restoration and reassembly, symbolizing the reunification of the people of Israel. The imagery of bones coming together can be seen as a metaphor for the reconstitution of the nation, which had been scattered and lifeless. This vision is a powerful depiction of hope and renewal, promising that God can bring life to what was once dead. Theologically, it points to the resurrection power of God, foreshadowing the ultimate resurrection through Jesus Christ. The meticulous joining of bone to bone suggests a divine order and purpose, reflecting the intricate design of God's plan for His people.

As I looked on
This phrase indicates the prophet Ezekiel's active observation of the vision given by God. It emphasizes the role of the prophet as a witness to God's miraculous work. Ezekiel's visions often involve him being an observer of divine actions, highlighting the importance of prophetic revelation in understanding God's plans.

tendons appeared on them
The appearance of tendons signifies the beginning of the reassembly and restoration process. In the context of the vision of the dry bones, tendons represent the initial stage of bringing life and structure back to what was once dead. This can be seen as a metaphor for the restoration of Israel, as God begins to reestablish the nation after its spiritual and physical desolation.

flesh grew
The growth of flesh on the bones symbolizes further progress in the restoration process. Flesh represents the physical substance and vitality necessary for life. This imagery can be connected to the promise of renewal and revival for the people of Israel, as God promises to restore them not only spiritually but also physically and nationally.

and skin covered them
The covering of skin completes the physical restoration of the bodies, making them whole. Skin serves as a protective layer and signifies the completion of the physical form. This can be seen as a type of the completeness and protection that God offers to His people, ensuring their full restoration and future security.

but there was no breath in them
Despite the physical restoration, the absence of breath indicates that true life has not yet been restored. In biblical terms, breath often symbolizes the Spirit of God, as seen in Genesis 2:7 where God breathes life into Adam. This highlights the necessity of the Holy Spirit for true life and spiritual revival. The prophecy points to the future outpouring of the Spirit, which is essential for the complete restoration and renewal of God's people.

Then He said to me
This phrase indicates divine communication, emphasizing the role of Ezekiel as a prophet who receives direct instructions from God. It underscores the authority and authenticity of the message, as it originates from God Himself. This divine command is a common theme in prophetic literature, where God speaks to His chosen messengers.

Prophesy to the breath
The term "breath" here is significant, as it is translated from the Hebrew word "ruach," which can mean breath, spirit, or wind. This command to prophesy to the breath highlights the spiritual nature of the vision. The breath symbolizes the life-giving Spirit of God, reminiscent of the creation account in Genesis 2:7, where God breathes life into Adam.

Prophesy, son of man
"Son of man" is a title used frequently for Ezekiel, emphasizing his humanity and role as a representative of the people. It also foreshadows the use of this title for Jesus in the New Testament, where it signifies His role as the Messiah and His identification with humanity.

And tell the breath that this is what the Lord GOD says
This phrase establishes the authority of the message, as it comes directly from the Lord GOD. It reinforces the idea that the power to give life resides with God alone. The use of "Lord GOD" (Adonai Yahweh) emphasizes both the sovereignty and covenantal relationship of God with His people.

Come from the four winds, O breath
The "four winds" symbolize the universality and omnipresence of God's Spirit. This imagery suggests that God's life-giving power is not limited by geography or circumstance. It also connects to other biblical passages, such as Daniel 7:2 and Revelation 7:1, where the four winds represent God's control over the earth.

And breathe into these slain
The "slain" refers to the dry bones seen earlier in the chapter, symbolizing the house of Israel in exile, spiritually dead and without hope. The act of breathing into them signifies resurrection and restoration, pointing to God's promise to revive and restore His people. This imagery is echoed in the New Testament with the resurrection of Jesus, who brings life to those who are spiritually dead.

So that they may live!
The ultimate purpose of the prophecy is life. This reflects God's desire for His people to experience spiritual renewal and restoration. It foreshadows the new life offered through Jesus Christ, who declares Himself the resurrection and the life in John 11:25. This promise of life is central to the Christian message of salvation and eternal life through faith in Christ.

So I prophesied as He had commanded me
Ezekiel's obedience to God's command is a central theme in this passage. The act of prophesying as instructed highlights the role of the prophet as a faithful servant of God, emphasizing the importance of obedience in the life of a believer. This mirrors the broader biblical narrative where obedience to God's word leads to life and blessing, as seen in Deuteronomy 28. Ezekiel's actions also reflect the prophetic tradition where the prophet acts as a mouthpiece for God, delivering His messages to the people.

and the breath entered them
The breath entering the dry bones symbolizes the life-giving power of God's Spirit. In Hebrew, the word for breath, "ruach," can also mean spirit or wind, indicating the divine nature of this act. This imagery is reminiscent of the creation account in Genesis 2:7, where God breathes life into Adam, signifying the impartation of life and spirit. The breath entering the bones signifies a spiritual revival and renewal, pointing to the transformative power of God's Spirit in bringing life to what was once dead.

and they came to life
The transformation from death to life is a powerful image of resurrection and renewal. This phrase underscores the theme of hope and restoration, central to the message of Ezekiel 37. It foreshadows the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the promise of eternal life for believers, as seen in passages like John 11:25-26. The coming to life of the bones serves as a metaphor for the restoration of Israel, both physically and spiritually, after the Babylonian exile.

and stood on their feet
The act of standing signifies strength, readiness, and empowerment. In biblical times, standing was often associated with being prepared for action or service. This phrase indicates that the once lifeless bones are now fully restored and ready to fulfill their purpose. It reflects the idea of being established and made firm, as seen in Ephesians 6:13-14, where believers are called to stand firm in their faith.

a vast army
The imagery of a vast army represents the collective strength and unity of God's people. It signifies not only the physical restoration of Israel but also their spiritual empowerment to fulfill God's purposes. This army is a symbol of victory and divine intervention, echoing the themes of God's sovereignty and power over nations. The concept of God's people as an army is also seen in Revelation 19:14, where the armies of heaven follow Christ in His final victory. This phrase encapsulates the hope of a restored and unified people, ready to serve under God's command.

Then He said to me,
This phrase indicates a direct communication from God to the prophet Ezekiel. Throughout the book of Ezekiel, God frequently addresses Ezekiel as "Son of man," emphasizing his humanity and role as a representative of the people. This divine communication underscores the authority and authenticity of the message being delivered.

“Son of man,
The term "Son of man" is used over 90 times in the book of Ezekiel. It highlights Ezekiel's role as a human prophet among the people, contrasting with the divine nature of God. This title is also significant in the New Testament, where Jesus frequently refers to Himself as the "Son of Man," linking His mission to the prophetic tradition.

these bones are the whole house of Israel.
The vision of dry bones represents the entire nation of Israel, both the northern kingdom (often referred to as Israel) and the southern kingdom (Judah). This metaphor illustrates the spiritual and national desolation experienced by the Israelites during the Babylonian exile. The imagery of bones signifies death and hopelessness, reflecting the dire situation of the exiled community.

Look, they are saying,
This phrase introduces the lament of the people, capturing their despair and loss of hope. It reflects the collective voice of the Israelites, expressing their feelings of abandonment and desolation. This lament is a common theme in the prophetic literature, where the people's cries are often recorded to highlight their need for divine intervention.

‘Our bones are dried up,
The metaphor of dried bones conveys a sense of lifelessness and despair. In the ancient Near Eastern context, bones were often associated with death and the absence of life. This imagery emphasizes the complete spiritual and national desolation of Israel, as they feel cut off from their land, their God, and their future.

and our hope has perished;
The loss of hope is a central theme in the exile experience. The Israelites believed that their covenant relationship with God was broken, and their future as a nation was in jeopardy. This phrase captures the depth of their despair, as they see no possibility of restoration or redemption. The concept of hope is crucial in biblical theology, often linked to faith in God's promises and future deliverance.

we are cut off.’
Being "cut off" signifies separation and alienation, both from God and from the land of Israel. This phrase reflects the Israelites' perception of their situation as one of complete abandonment. In the broader biblical narrative, being cut off is often associated with judgment and exile, but it also sets the stage for themes of restoration and reconciliation, as God promises to bring His people back and restore them to their land.

Therefore prophesy and tell them that this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase introduces a divine command given to the prophet Ezekiel. The role of a prophet in the Old Testament was to be a mouthpiece for God, delivering His messages to the people. This underscores the authority and authenticity of the message, as it originates from the Lord GOD, emphasizing His sovereignty and power. The use of "therefore" connects this prophecy to the preceding vision of the dry bones, symbolizing the restoration of Israel.

‘O My people,
This phrase highlights the covenant relationship between God and the Israelites. Despite their exile and spiritual deadness, God still claims them as His own. This reflects the enduring nature of God's promises and His faithfulness to His chosen people, even when they are unfaithful.

I will open your graves and bring you up from them,
This imagery of opening graves and resurrection is symbolic of the restoration and revival of the nation of Israel. It signifies a return from exile and a renewal of life and hope. The concept of resurrection here can also be seen as a foreshadowing of the New Testament resurrection of Jesus Christ and the promise of eternal life for believers. It connects to other biblical themes of deliverance and redemption, such as the Israelites' exodus from Egypt.

and I will bring you back to the land of Israel.
This promise of return to the land is central to the hope of the exiled Israelites. The land of Israel is not just a physical location but a symbol of God's promise and blessing. Historically, the return from Babylonian exile fulfilled this prophecy in part, but it also points to a future, ultimate restoration. This return is a type of the greater spiritual restoration found in Christ, who brings believers into the "promised land" of eternal life. The land is a recurring theme in the Bible, representing God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises to Abraham and his descendants.

Then you, My people,
This phrase emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and the Israelites. The term "My people" reflects the special bond and chosen status of Israel as God's nation, as seen in Exodus 6:7 and Deuteronomy 7:6. It underscores the personal and collective identity of the Israelites as belonging to God, highlighting His commitment to them despite their exile and current state of despair.

will know that I am the LORD,
The knowledge of God as LORD (Yahweh) is a recurring theme in Ezekiel, emphasizing His sovereignty and faithfulness. This knowledge is not merely intellectual but experiential, involving recognition of God's power and authority. It connects to the broader biblical narrative where God reveals Himself through acts of deliverance, such as the Exodus (Exodus 14:4). This phrase also points to the ultimate revelation of God through Jesus Christ, who embodies God's presence and power (John 14:9).

when I open your graves
The imagery of opening graves signifies a dramatic act of divine intervention and restoration. In the context of Ezekiel, it symbolizes the end of exile and the renewal of Israel as a nation. This metaphor of resurrection prefigures the New Testament understanding of resurrection, as seen in John 11:25-26, where Jesus speaks of Himself as the resurrection and the life. It also reflects the hope of physical and spiritual renewal.

and bring you up from them.
This phrase completes the resurrection imagery, indicating a return to life and restoration. Historically, it points to the return from Babylonian exile, but prophetically, it foreshadows the ultimate resurrection of believers at the end of time (1 Corinthians 15:52). It also serves as a type of Christ's resurrection, which is the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep (1 Corinthians 15:20), offering hope of eternal life to all who believe.

I will put My Spirit in you
This phrase signifies the promise of spiritual renewal and transformation. The Spirit of God is often associated with life and empowerment throughout the Bible. In Genesis 2:7, God breathes life into Adam, and similarly, the Spirit is seen as the source of life in Ezekiel's vision of the dry bones. This promise foreshadows the New Covenant, where the Holy Spirit indwells believers, as seen in Acts 2 during Pentecost. The indwelling of the Spirit is a key aspect of Christian theology, emphasizing the personal relationship between God and His people.

and you will live
This phrase highlights the theme of resurrection and restoration. In the immediate context, it refers to the revival of the nation of Israel, which had been in exile and spiritually dead. Theologically, it points to the ultimate resurrection of the dead and eternal life promised to believers. This concept is echoed in the New Testament, particularly in John 11:25, where Jesus declares Himself the resurrection and the life.

and I will settle you in your own land
This promise of restoration to the land is significant in the context of the Babylonian exile. Historically, the Israelites were taken from their homeland, and this promise assures them of a return. The land is a central theme in the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 12:1-3), and its restoration signifies God's faithfulness. This also has eschatological implications, pointing to the future restoration of Israel and the establishment of God's kingdom.

Then you will know that I, the LORD, have spoken
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and authority of God's word. Throughout the Bible, God's spoken word is powerful and effective, as seen in the creation narrative (Genesis 1) and the prophetic declarations. The fulfillment of God's promises serves as a testament to His sovereignty and reliability. This assurance is meant to strengthen the faith of the Israelites and, by extension, all believers.

and I will do it, declares the LORD.’”
This final declaration underscores God's commitment to His promises. It reflects the divine initiative and power in bringing about His plans. The repetition of "declares the LORD" serves to affirm the certainty of the prophecy. This assurance is mirrored in the New Testament, where God's promises are fulfilled in Christ, as seen in 2 Corinthians 1:20, which states that all God's promises are "Yes" in Christ.

Again the word of the LORD came to me, saying,
This phrase indicates a continuation of divine communication with the prophet Ezekiel. The repetition of "the word of the LORD" emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. In the context of Ezekiel, this phrase often introduces a new vision or prophecy, underscoring the ongoing relationship between God and His prophet. Historically, Ezekiel was among the exiles in Babylon, and his prophecies often addressed both the immediate concerns of the exiled community and future restoration. The phrase "the word of the LORD" is a common biblical expression found throughout the Old Testament, signifying that the message is not of human origin but divinely inspired. This is consistent with other prophetic books, such as Jeremiah and Isaiah, where similar phrases are used to authenticate the message as coming directly from God. Theologically, it underscores the belief in the Bible as the inspired Word of God, a foundational tenet in Christian doctrine. And you, son of man,
This phrase addresses Ezekiel, who is often referred to as "son of man" throughout the book. This title emphasizes his humanity and role as a prophet. It is a reminder of his position as a mediator between God and the people of Israel, highlighting his task to convey divine messages.

take a single stick and write on it:
The act of taking a stick and writing on it is symbolic. In ancient times, writing on sticks or tablets was a common practice for recording messages. This action signifies a prophetic act, where the stick represents a message or a covenant. The use of a single stick suggests unity or a singular purpose.

‘Belonging to Judah and to the Israelites associated with him.’
This phrase refers to the southern kingdom of Judah, which included the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, along with the Levites who served in the temple. Historically, after the division of the united monarchy, Judah remained loyal to the Davidic line. The "Israelites associated with him" indicates those who remained faithful to the worship practices centered in Jerusalem.

Then take another stick and write on it:
The instruction to take another stick and write on it parallels the first action, emphasizing the dual nature of the message. This second stick represents another group, highlighting the division within the nation of Israel.

‘Belonging to Joseph—the stick of Ephraim—
Joseph's descendants, primarily through his son Ephraim, became synonymous with the northern kingdom of Israel. Ephraim was the dominant tribe in the north, often representing the entire northern kingdom. This reflects the historical split after Solomon's reign, where the ten northern tribes formed their own kingdom under Jeroboam.

and to all the house of Israel associated with him.’
This phrase encompasses the entirety of the northern tribes, collectively known as Israel. The "house of Israel" refers to the ten tribes that separated from Judah. This division led to distinct political and religious identities, with the northern kingdom often falling into idolatry. The prophecy here foreshadows a future reunification of these divided kingdoms, a theme that resonates with the hope of restoration and unity under a future messianic king, often seen as a type of Christ who unites all believers.

Then join them together into one stick
This phrase refers to the symbolic act commanded by God to the prophet Ezekiel. The two sticks represent the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Historically, after the reign of Solomon, the united kingdom of Israel split into two: the northern kingdom (Israel) and the southern kingdom (Judah). This division led to separate political, religious, and cultural developments. The act of joining the sticks symbolizes God's promise to reunite these divided nations. This reunification is not just political but also spiritual, indicating a future restoration under God's sovereign plan. The imagery of the stick is significant in the ancient Near Eastern context, where rods or staffs often symbolized authority and leadership.

so that they become one in your hand
The unification of the sticks in Ezekiel's hand signifies the divine power and authority behind this prophetic act. It emphasizes that the reunification of Israel and Judah is not by human effort but by God's intervention. This act foreshadows the ultimate unity found in the New Covenant through Jesus Christ, who breaks down the dividing wall of hostility (Ephesians 2:14) and unites all believers into one body. The imagery of "one in your hand" also points to the sovereignty of God, who holds the future of His people in His hands, ensuring their restoration and unity. This prophetic act is a precursor to the eschatological hope of a united people of God, gathered from all nations, under the reign of the Messiah.

When your people ask you,
This phrase indicates a direct communication between God and the prophet Ezekiel, highlighting the role of the prophet as a mediator between God and the people of Israel. The term "your people" refers to the Israelites, who are in exile in Babylon at this time. This context is crucial as it reflects the people's need for understanding and guidance during a period of displacement and uncertainty. The role of a prophet often involved addressing the questions and concerns of the people, serving as a conduit for divine revelation.

‘Won’t you explain to us
The request for explanation underscores the people's lack of understanding regarding the symbolic actions or messages delivered by Ezekiel. This reflects a broader theme in the prophetic literature where God’s messages are often conveyed through visions, symbols, or parables that require interpretation. The need for explanation also points to the spiritual blindness or hardness of heart that the Israelites often exhibited, necessitating a clear and direct interpretation from the prophet.

what you mean by these?’
The phrase "what you mean by these" refers to the symbolic act or vision that Ezekiel has presented to the people. In the context of Ezekiel 37, this likely pertains to the vision of the valley of dry bones and the joining of two sticks, representing the reunification of Israel and Judah. This vision is a powerful metaphor for restoration and resurrection, themes that resonate throughout the Bible. The request for meaning highlights the importance of prophetic symbolism in conveying God's promises and plans. This also connects to the broader biblical narrative of redemption and restoration, foreshadowing the ultimate reunification and restoration found in Jesus Christ, who is seen as the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel.

you are to tell them that this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. The prophet Ezekiel is acting as a mouthpiece for God, underscoring the importance of the message. In the biblical context, prophets often began their declarations with such phrases to affirm that their words were not their own but were divinely inspired. This is consistent with the role of prophets throughout the Old Testament, who served as intermediaries between God and His people.

‘I will take the stick of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim,
The "stick of Joseph" refers to the northern kingdom of Israel, often associated with the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, Joseph's sons. Ephraim, being the dominant tribe, often represented the entire northern kingdom. Historically, after the division of the united monarchy following Solomon's reign, the northern kingdom was frequently referred to as Ephraim. This division is a key aspect of Israel's history, leading to separate identities and eventual exile.

and the tribes of Israel associated with him,
This phrase includes the other tribes that were part of the northern kingdom. The northern tribes were distinct from Judah and Benjamin, which formed the southern kingdom. The historical context here is the Assyrian conquest and exile of the northern kingdom in 722 BC, which led to the dispersion of these tribes. The prophecy speaks to a future reunification, a theme of hope and restoration.

and I will put them together with the stick of Judah.
The "stick of Judah" represents the southern kingdom, which included the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. This reunification is significant, as it addresses the long-standing division between the northern and southern kingdoms. Theologically, it points to God's plan for unity among His people, overcoming historical and political divisions. This reunification is also seen as a precursor to the coming of the Messiah, who would unite all of Israel.

I will make them into a single stick,
This symbolizes the reunification and restoration of the entire nation of Israel. The imagery of a single stick signifies unity and strength, contrasting with the previous division. This prophecy is often seen as a foreshadowing of the New Covenant, where all believers, Jew and Gentile, are united in Christ. The concept of unity is a recurring theme in the New Testament, particularly in the teachings of Paul.

and they will become one in My hand.’
The phrase "in My hand" indicates divine sovereignty and control over the process of reunification. It emphasizes that this restoration is an act of God, not of human effort. This reflects the biblical theme of God's redemptive plan, where He brings about His purposes despite human failure. The unity of the tribes under God's hand can also be seen as a type of the church, where believers are united in Christ, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries.

When the sticks on which you write
In this passage, the "sticks" refer to two pieces of wood that Ezekiel is instructed to inscribe with the names of Judah and Joseph (representing the Northern Kingdom of Israel). This symbolic act is a prophetic gesture indicating the future reunification of the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah. The use of sticks or rods in biblical times often symbolized authority or identity, as seen in Numbers 17:2-3, where each tribe's leader had a rod with their name on it. The act of writing on the sticks signifies a clear and deliberate message from God, emphasizing the certainty of His promise.

are in your hand
The phrase "in your hand" signifies possession and control, indicating that Ezekiel, as God's prophet, is the one through whom God is communicating His message. The hand is often a symbol of power and action in the Bible, as seen in Exodus 4:2-4, where Moses' hand is used to perform signs. This imagery underscores the authority given to Ezekiel to convey God's intentions for His people. It also reflects the personal involvement of God in the restoration process, as He uses His prophet to demonstrate His plans.

and in full view of the people
The public nature of this act is crucial. By performing this symbolic gesture "in full view of the people," Ezekiel ensures that the message is not only heard but also seen, making it more impactful. This public demonstration serves as a powerful visual prophecy, reinforcing the promise of reunification and restoration. It echoes other instances in Scripture where God uses visible signs to communicate with His people, such as the rainbow in Genesis 9:13-17. The visibility of the act ensures that the people understand the seriousness and the divine origin of the message, encouraging them to trust in God's future plans for their nation.

you are to tell them that this is what the Lord GOD says:
This phrase emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. The prophet Ezekiel is acting as a mouthpiece for God, a common role for prophets in the Old Testament. This underscores the importance of the message and the certainty of its fulfillment. The phrase "Lord GOD" translates to "Adonai Yahweh," highlighting both the sovereignty and covenantal relationship God has with Israel.

‘I will take the Israelites out of the nations to which they have gone,
This refers to the dispersion of the Israelites, known as the Diaspora, which occurred due to various exiles, including the Assyrian and Babylonian captivities. Historically, the Northern Kingdom of Israel was conquered by Assyria in 722 BC, and the Southern Kingdom of Judah was taken into Babylonian captivity in 586 BC. This promise of regathering is a recurring theme in prophetic literature, symbolizing hope and restoration.

and I will gather them from all around
The gathering from "all around" indicates a comprehensive regathering from all the places where the Israelites have been scattered. This reflects God's omnipotence and His ability to fulfill His promises despite geographical and political barriers. It also connects to other prophetic promises of regathering found in Isaiah 11:12 and Jeremiah 23:3.

and bring them into their own land.
The promise to bring the Israelites back to "their own land" refers to the land of Canaan, which God promised to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). This land is central to the identity and covenant relationship between God and Israel. Theologically, this return is seen as a type of the ultimate restoration and fulfillment of God's promises, prefiguring the eschatological hope of a new heaven and new earth. This also foreshadows the gathering of God's people in Christ, as seen in the New Testament, where Jesus is portrayed as the Good Shepherd who gathers His flock (John 10:16).

I will make them one nation in the land
This phrase refers to the reunification of the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Historically, after the reign of Solomon, the kingdom split into the northern kingdom (Israel) and the southern kingdom (Judah). This division led to separate political, religious, and cultural developments. The prophecy of reunification signifies a return to unity under God's sovereignty. This also foreshadows the ultimate unity of God's people, as seen in the New Testament, where believers are united in Christ (Ephesians 2:14-16).

on the mountains of Israel
The mountains of Israel are significant both geographically and symbolically. Geographically, they refer to the central highlands of the land of Israel, a region of historical and strategic importance. Symbolically, mountains often represent stability and permanence in biblical literature. This setting underscores the enduring nature of God's promise to restore and unify His people in their ancestral land.

and one king will rule over all of them
This phrase points to the messianic expectation of a single, divinely appointed ruler. Historically, the divided kingdoms had separate kings, but the prophecy envisions a future where one king, often interpreted as the Messiah, will reign over a united Israel. This is seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate King and Shepherd of His people (John 10:16, Revelation 19:16).

Then they will no longer be two nations
The division into two nations was a result of sin and disobedience, leading to political and spiritual fragmentation. The promise of no longer being two nations signifies healing and restoration. This reflects God's desire for unity among His people, a theme echoed in the New Testament with the unity of the Church (Galatians 3:28).

and will never again be divided into two kingdoms
This final phrase emphasizes the permanence of the reunification. Historically, the division was a source of conflict and weakness. The prophecy assures that such division will not recur, highlighting the eternal nature of God's covenant with His people. This can be seen as a precursor to the eternal kingdom established by Christ, where division and strife are abolished (Revelation 21:4).

They will no longer defile themselves with their idols or detestable images
This phrase addresses the Israelites' historical struggle with idolatry, a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament. The worship of idols and detestable images was a significant issue, leading to the nation's downfall and exile. The term "defile" indicates a spiritual impurity that separates the people from God. The promise of no longer defiling themselves suggests a future transformation and purification, aligning with prophecies of a renewed covenant (Jeremiah 31:31-34). This transformation is often seen as a type of the sanctification process in the life of a believer, where the Holy Spirit enables a turning away from sin.

or with any of their transgressions
Transgressions refer to the broader category of sins and violations of God's law. Historically, Israel's transgressions included social injustices, neglect of the Sabbath, and failure to uphold the covenant. This phrase emphasizes a comprehensive cleansing from all forms of sin, not just idolatry. It points to a holistic redemption and restoration, which is a theme echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus' sacrifice is seen as atoning for all sins (Hebrews 10:10).

I will save them from all their apostasies by which they sinned
Apostasy, the act of abandoning one's faith, was a critical issue for Israel, leading to their exile. God's promise to save them from apostasies indicates a divine intervention to restore faithfulness. This salvation is not just physical but spiritual, suggesting a future where God will ensure their loyalty. This can be connected to the New Testament promise of eternal security for believers (John 10:28-29), where God preserves His people from falling away.

and I will cleanse them
Cleansing is a significant biblical motif, symbolizing purification from sin. In the Old Testament, ritual cleansing was necessary for worship (Leviticus 16:30). Here, the cleansing is spiritual, indicating a removal of sin's stain. This foreshadows the New Testament concept of being washed by the blood of Christ (1 John 1:7), where believers are made pure and righteous before God.

Then they will be My people, and I will be their God
This covenantal language echoes God's promises to Abraham (Genesis 17:7) and is a central theme throughout Scripture. It signifies a restored relationship between God and His people, characterized by mutual belonging and commitment. This phrase finds its ultimate fulfillment in the New Testament, where believers, both Jew and Gentile, are grafted into God's family through faith in Christ (Romans 9:25-26). It points to the eschatological hope of Revelation 21:3, where God dwells with His people eternally.

My servant David will be king over them
This phrase refers to the promise of a future leader from the line of David, symbolizing a messianic figure. Historically, David was the second king of Israel, known for uniting the tribes and establishing Jerusalem as the capital. The reference to "David" here is understood as a typology of Jesus Christ, who is often called the "Son of David" in the New Testament (Matthew 1:1). This prophecy points to the coming of a ruler who will embody the qualities of David, such as righteousness and a heart after God. The use of "servant" emphasizes humility and obedience to God, characteristics fulfilled in Christ (Philippians 2:7).

and there will be one shepherd for all of them
The imagery of a shepherd is significant in biblical literature, symbolizing leadership, guidance, and care. In the ancient Near East, kings were often depicted as shepherds of their people. This phrase suggests unity under a single, divinely appointed leader. Jesus identifies Himself as the "Good Shepherd" in John 10:11, fulfilling this role by gathering and caring for His flock, the Church. The concept of one shepherd also implies the reunification of Israel and Judah, as well as the inclusion of Gentiles into one people of God (Ephesians 2:14-16).

They will follow My ordinances
This part of the verse emphasizes obedience to God's laws. In the historical context, the Israelites were given the Law through Moses, which included moral, ceremonial, and civil ordinances. The future fulfillment of this prophecy indicates a time when God's people will willingly and faithfully adhere to His commands. This is echoed in the New Covenant promise of Jeremiah 31:33, where God writes His law on the hearts of His people, enabling them to follow His ways through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit (Romans 8:4).

and keep and observe My statutes
The repetition of "keep and observe" underscores the importance of not only knowing God's laws but also living them out. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, statutes were specific decrees given by God to guide the community in holiness and justice. This phrase points to a future transformation where God's people will be empowered to live in accordance with His will. This transformation is made possible through the work of Christ and the sanctifying power of the Holy Spirit, as believers are conformed to the image of Christ (2 Corinthians 3:18).

They will live in the land that I gave to My servant Jacob
This phrase refers to the Promised Land, originally given to Jacob, also known as Israel, and his descendants. The land is a central theme in the covenantal promises made by God to the patriarchs (Genesis 28:13-15). It signifies a return to the land after exile, a theme prevalent in Ezekiel's prophecies. The land is not just a physical territory but a symbol of God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises.

where your fathers lived
This phrase emphasizes the historical connection to the ancestors of Israel, such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who lived in the land of Canaan. It underscores the continuity of God's covenantal relationship with Israel throughout generations. The mention of the fathers serves as a reminder of the heritage and the divine promises that are to be fulfilled.

They will live there forever
The promise of eternal dwelling in the land suggests a future restoration and permanence that transcends the temporal nature of previous occupations. This can be seen as a prophetic vision of the Messianic age, where God's people will experience lasting peace and security. It reflects the eschatological hope found in other prophetic books, such as Isaiah 65:17-25.

with their children and grandchildren
This phrase highlights the generational aspect of the promise, ensuring that the blessings of the covenant extend to future descendants. It reflects the biblical theme of God's faithfulness to His people across generations, as seen in Deuteronomy 7:9. The inclusion of children and grandchildren signifies a thriving, enduring community.

and My servant David will be their prince forever
This phrase is a Messianic prophecy pointing to a future ruler from the line of David. While David himself was a historical king, this reference is understood to point to the Messiah, who Christians believe is fulfilled in Jesus Christ. The term "prince" indicates a leader who will govern with justice and righteousness, as prophesied in Isaiah 9:6-7. The eternal nature of this rule aligns with the New Testament depiction of Christ's everlasting kingdom (Luke 1:32-33).

And I will make a covenant of peace with them;
This phrase refers to God's promise of a new covenant with His people, symbolizing reconciliation and restoration. The concept of a "covenant of peace" is significant in biblical theology, often associated with the Messianic age. It echoes the promises found in Isaiah 54:10 and Jeremiah 31:31-34, where God speaks of a new covenant characterized by peace and internal transformation. Historically, covenants were binding agreements, and this divine covenant signifies God's commitment to His people, ensuring their security and well-being.

it will be an everlasting covenant.
The term "everlasting" emphasizes the perpetual nature of this covenant, contrasting with the temporary and conditional covenants of the past. This everlasting covenant is fulfilled in the New Testament through Jesus Christ, whose sacrifice established a permanent relationship between God and humanity (Hebrews 13:20). The idea of an everlasting covenant also connects to the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:7), highlighting continuity in God's redemptive plan.

I will establish them and multiply them,
This promise of establishment and multiplication recalls the blessings given to the patriarchs, such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Genesis 12:2, 26:4, 28:14). It signifies not only physical growth and prosperity but also spiritual flourishing. In the context of Ezekiel, it reassures the exiled Israelites of their future restoration and growth as a nation. This multiplication is both a literal promise of increased numbers and a metaphor for spiritual expansion and influence.

and I will set My sanctuary among them forever.
The sanctuary represents God's presence among His people, a central theme in the Old Testament. This promise points to the ultimate fulfillment in the New Jerusalem, where God's presence will dwell with humanity eternally (Revelation 21:3). In Ezekiel's context, it anticipates the rebuilding of the temple, symbolizing God's return to His people. Theologically, it foreshadows the incarnation of Christ, who is the true temple (John 2:19-21), and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit in believers, making them a living sanctuary (1 Corinthians 3:16).

My dwelling place will be with them;
This phrase signifies God's promise to reside among His people, echoing the covenantal language found throughout the Old Testament. The concept of God dwelling with His people is rooted in the tabernacle and temple traditions, where God's presence was physically manifested among the Israelites (Exodus 25:8, 1 Kings 8:10-11). This promise is a future hope for restoration and reconciliation, pointing towards the ultimate fulfillment in the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:3). Theologically, it underscores the intimate relationship God desires with His people, a theme that is central to the narrative of redemption.

I will be their God,
This phrase reaffirms the covenant relationship between God and His people, a recurring theme in the Bible (Genesis 17:7, Jeremiah 31:33). It emphasizes God's sovereignty and His commitment to His people, assuring them of His protection, guidance, and provision. Historically, this promise was crucial for the Israelites, especially during times of exile and hardship, as it reminded them of their unique identity and God's unchanging faithfulness. This declaration also foreshadows the new covenant established through Jesus Christ, where believers are grafted into this relationship (Romans 9:25-26).

and they will be My people.
This phrase completes the covenant formula, highlighting the reciprocal relationship between God and His people. It signifies a community set apart for God's purposes, called to live in obedience and holiness (Leviticus 26:12, 1 Peter 2:9-10). In the context of Ezekiel, this promise offered hope to the exiled Israelites, assuring them of restoration and a renewed identity. Prophetically, it points to the eschatological gathering of God's people from all nations, united under the lordship of Christ (Revelation 7:9-10). This relationship is ultimately fulfilled in the Church, the body of Christ, where believers are called to reflect God's character and mission in the world.

Then the nations will know
This phrase indicates a future revelation to the Gentile nations. It suggests a time when God's actions will be so evident that all peoples will recognize His sovereignty. This is reminiscent of other prophetic passages where God's power and holiness are demonstrated to the world, such as in Isaiah 52:10 and Psalm 98:2-3.

that I the LORD
The use of "I the LORD" emphasizes God's personal involvement and authority. It is a declaration of His identity as Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God of Israel. This phrase is a reminder of God's unique relationship with Israel and His ultimate authority over all creation, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

sanctify Israel
To sanctify means to set apart as holy. This indicates a divine action where God purifies and consecrates Israel, fulfilling His promises of restoration and holiness. This sanctification is a recurring theme in Ezekiel, where God promises to cleanse and renew His people (Ezekiel 36:25-27).

when My sanctuary is among them
The sanctuary refers to the dwelling place of God, symbolizing His presence among His people. Historically, this was the tabernacle and later the temple in Jerusalem. The prophecy points to a future time when God's presence will be permanently established among His people, echoing the promise of a new covenant in Jeremiah 31:33.

forever.’”
The term "forever" signifies an eternal promise, indicating the everlasting nature of God's covenant with Israel. This eternal aspect is seen in the prophetic vision of a new heaven and new earth in Revelation 21:3, where God's dwelling is with humanity forever. It also points to the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who is the true temple and through whom God's presence is eternally with His people (John 1:14, Revelation 21:22).