Some time later
This phrase indicates a transition from the events of the previous chapter, suggesting an unspecified period has passed. It highlights the narrative flow of the Gospel of John, which does not always follow a strict chronological order but focuses on thematic elements. This passage follows the healing of the official's son in Galilee, emphasizing the ongoing ministry of Jesus.

there was a feast of the Jews
The specific feast is not named, leading to various interpretations. It could be one of the major Jewish feasts such as Passover, Pentecost, or Tabernacles. These feasts were significant in Jewish religious life, serving as times of pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They also provide a backdrop for Jesus' ministry, as He often used these occasions to reveal His identity and mission. The feasts symbolize the fulfillment of the Old Covenant in Christ, who is the true Passover Lamb and the Light of the World.

and Jesus went up to Jerusalem
The phrase "went up" reflects the geographical reality that Jerusalem is situated on a hill, requiring an ascent. Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple, making it a focal point for Jesus' ministry. His journey to Jerusalem for the feast underscores His obedience to the Law and His role as the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets. This journey also foreshadows His ultimate sacrifice in Jerusalem, where He would fulfill His redemptive mission.

Now there is in Jerusalem
Jerusalem is the central city of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple, the heart of Jewish religious life. It is significant in biblical history as the city of David and the site of many key events in the life of Jesus. The mention of Jerusalem sets the stage for the importance of the event, as it is a place where Jesus often taught and performed miracles.

near the Sheep Gate
The Sheep Gate is one of the gates of Jerusalem mentioned in Nehemiah 3:1. It was likely used for bringing sheep into the city for sacrifices at the Temple. This gate's proximity to the Temple highlights the sacrificial system central to Jewish worship and foreshadows Jesus as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

a pool with five covered colonnades
The pool is identified as having five covered colonnades, which suggests a place of shelter and gathering. Archaeological discoveries have identified this pool as the Pool of Bethesda, located near the Temple Mount. The five colonnades may symbolize the five books of the Torah, indicating a place of healing and teaching. The structure provided shade and a place for the sick to gather, awaiting healing.

which in Hebrew is called Bethesda
The name "Bethesda" means "house of mercy" or "house of grace." This name is fitting for a place where healing occurs, reflecting God's mercy and grace. The pool's name and its function as a place of healing connect to the broader biblical theme of God's compassion and the restoration of His people. The use of Hebrew indicates the Jewish context and audience of the narrative, emphasizing the continuity of Jesus' ministry with the Old Testament.

On these walkways
The setting is the Pool of Bethesda in Jerusalem, a place known for its healing waters. Archaeological discoveries have confirmed the existence of this pool, which had five porticoes or covered walkways. These walkways provided shelter for those seeking healing, indicating a place of hope and desperation. The location near the Sheep Gate suggests a connection to sacrificial practices, symbolizing the need for spiritual cleansing.

lay a great number of the sick
The presence of a large number of sick individuals highlights the widespread suffering and need for healing in society. This scene reflects the brokenness of humanity and the longing for restoration. It also sets the stage for Jesus' ministry, which often focused on healing as a sign of the coming Kingdom of God. The multitude of sick people underscores the compassion of Jesus, who often ministered to those marginalized by society.

the blind
Blindness in biblical times was not only a physical ailment but also carried social and spiritual implications. The blind were often marginalized and seen as cursed or sinful. Jesus' healing of the blind throughout the Gospels serves as a metaphor for spiritual enlightenment and the removal of spiritual blindness. It fulfills prophecies such as Isaiah 35:5, which speaks of the eyes of the blind being opened in the Messianic age.

the lame
The lame, unable to walk, represent those hindered in their journey through life. In the Old Testament, lameness often symbolized spiritual weakness or imperfection. Jesus' healing of the lame, as seen in other Gospel accounts, demonstrates His power to restore both physical and spiritual wholeness. It also fulfills Messianic prophecies, such as Isaiah 35:6, where the lame will leap like a deer.

and the paralyzed
Paralysis, a condition of complete immobility, symbolizes total helplessness and dependence on others. In the cultural context, the paralyzed were often seen as burdens and were socially isolated. Jesus' interaction with the paralyzed, such as in the healing of the paralytic lowered through the roof (Mark 2:1-12), emphasizes His authority to forgive sins and His compassion for those in desperate need. This act of healing serves as a type of spiritual awakening, where Jesus brings life and movement to those spiritually paralyzed by sin.

For from time to time an angel descended into the pool
This phrase suggests a supernatural occurrence at the Pool of Bethesda, located in Jerusalem near the Sheep Gate. The pool was believed to have healing properties, and the descent of an angel indicates divine intervention. The concept of angels as messengers and agents of God's will is consistent with other biblical accounts, such as in Genesis 28:12, where angels ascend and descend on Jacob's ladder. The belief in angelic activity reflects the Jewish understanding of God's interaction with the world, as seen in Psalm 91:11, where angels are described as protectors.

and stirred the water
The stirring of the water signifies a miraculous event, believed to be the moment when healing power was imparted to the pool. This aligns with the biblical theme of water as a symbol of cleansing and renewal, as seen in the story of Naaman in 2 Kings 5:10-14, where washing in the Jordan River leads to healing. The stirring could also symbolize the movement of the Holy Spirit, reminiscent of Genesis 1:2, where the Spirit of God moves over the waters during creation.

As soon as the water was stirred
The immediacy of the healing opportunity emphasizes the urgency and faith required to receive God's blessings. This reflects the biblical principle of seizing the moment of divine favor, as seen in Isaiah 55:6, which encourages seeking the Lord while He may be found. The stirring of the water serves as a test of faith and readiness, similar to the parable of the ten virgins in Matthew 25:1-13, where preparedness is crucial.

the first to enter the pool would be healed of his disease
This phrase highlights the competitive nature of the healing process, where only the first to enter the pool receives the miracle. It underscores the theme of perseverance and determination in seeking God's intervention, as seen in the story of the woman with the issue of blood in Mark 5:25-34, who pushes through the crowd to touch Jesus' garment. The healing of diseases through divine means is a recurring theme in the Gospels, pointing to Jesus' ministry of healing and His role as the ultimate healer, fulfilling prophecies like Isaiah 53:5, which speaks of healing through His wounds.

One man there
This phrase introduces a specific individual among the multitude of sick people at the Pool of Bethesda. The focus on one man highlights the personal nature of Jesus' ministry, emphasizing His compassion and attention to individual needs. This setting is significant as it reflects the broader theme of Jesus' ministry to the marginalized and suffering.

had been an invalid
The term "invalid" indicates a severe physical disability, suggesting that the man was unable to walk or care for himself. This condition would have rendered him dependent on others for survival, highlighting the desperation and hopelessness of his situation. In the cultural context of the time, physical ailments were often seen as a result of sin, adding a layer of social stigma to his condition.

for thirty-eight years
The duration of thirty-eight years underscores the chronic nature of the man's condition, emphasizing the depth of his suffering and the seeming impossibility of his healing. This long period of illness can be seen as a parallel to the Israelites' 38 years of wandering in the wilderness (Deuteronomy 2:14), symbolizing a time of waiting and testing. The number also signifies completeness in suffering, setting the stage for a miraculous intervention by Jesus, who often healed those who had long been afflicted, demonstrating His power over time and human limitations.

When Jesus saw him lying there
This phrase indicates Jesus' awareness and compassion. Jesus often noticed those who were marginalized or in need, as seen in other instances like the woman at the well (John 4) and the blind man (John 9). The setting is the pool of Bethesda, a place where many disabled people gathered, hoping for healing. This reflects Jesus' mission to seek and save the lost (Luke 19:10).

and realized that he had spent a long time in this condition
The man's prolonged suffering is emphasized, highlighting Jesus' omniscience and empathy. The text suggests that Jesus knew the man's history without being told, demonstrating His divine insight. This aligns with other instances where Jesus knew people's thoughts and pasts, such as with Nathanael (John 1:48).

He asked him, “Do you want to get well?”
This question may seem unnecessary, but it serves to engage the man's faith and desire for healing. It also reflects the biblical principle of free will and personal responsibility. Jesus often required a response of faith before performing miracles, as seen with the blind men in Matthew 9:28-29. The question also invites introspection, prompting the man to consider his true desires and readiness for change.

“Sir,” the invalid replied,
The term "Sir" indicates a respectful address, acknowledging Jesus' authority or status. The invalid, a man who had been suffering for 38 years, recognizes Jesus as someone of importance, though he may not fully understand who Jesus is. This encounter takes place at the Pool of Bethesda, a site known for its healing properties, located near the Sheep Gate in Jerusalem. The use of "Sir" reflects the cultural norms of showing respect to those perceived as having authority or ability to help.

“I have no one to help me into the pool when the water is stirred.
The belief was that an angel would stir the waters of the pool, and the first person to enter afterward would be healed. This reflects a common ancient belief in the healing properties of certain waters, which is also seen in other cultures. The invalid's statement highlights his isolation and lack of community support, a significant issue in a society where family and community were crucial for survival and well-being. This phrase underscores the man's desperation and hopelessness, as he has no one to assist him in reaching the pool.

While I am on my way, someone else goes in before me.”
This part of the verse illustrates the competitive nature of the situation at the pool, where many sick and disabled people gathered, each hoping to be the first to enter the water. The invalid's condition prevents him from moving quickly, emphasizing his helplessness and the futility of his efforts. This scenario can be seen as a metaphor for the limitations of human effort and the need for divine intervention. The man's plight is a poignant reminder of the broader human condition, where many are in need of healing and salvation, yet unable to achieve it on their own. This sets the stage for Jesus' miraculous intervention, demonstrating His power and compassion, and foreshadowing the spiritual healing and salvation He offers to all.

Then Jesus told him
This phrase indicates a direct command from Jesus, showcasing His authority and compassion. In the context of John 5, Jesus is speaking to a man who had been an invalid for 38 years. This encounter takes place at the Pool of Bethesda, a site believed to have healing properties. Jesus' initiative to speak to the man highlights His divine initiative and grace, as the man did not seek Jesus out. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God reaching out to humanity.

Get up
The command "Get up" signifies a call to action and faith. The man had been unable to walk for decades, and Jesus' command challenges him to believe in the impossible. This mirrors other biblical instances where faith is required for healing, such as the healing of the paralytic in Mark 2:11. It also symbolizes spiritual awakening and resurrection, themes prevalent in the New Testament, where Jesus often calls individuals to rise from their spiritual slumber or death.

Pick up your mat
This instruction serves a dual purpose. Practically, it signifies the man's complete healing, as he is now able to carry what once supported him. Symbolically, it represents leaving behind a life of dependency and embracing a new life of self-sufficiency and testimony. The mat, a symbol of his past affliction, becomes a testament to his healing. This act also challenges the prevailing Jewish customs, as carrying a mat on the Sabbath was considered work and thus prohibited, highlighting Jesus' authority over traditional interpretations of the Law.

And walk
The command to "walk" completes the healing process, emphasizing the restoration of the man's physical abilities. Walking is often used in Scripture as a metaphor for living a life of faith and obedience (e.g., Ephesians 4:1). This command not only restores the man's physical mobility but also invites him to walk in a new spiritual journey. It reflects the transformative power of Jesus' words, which bring life and renewal, echoing the prophetic imagery of Isaiah 35:6, where the lame will leap like a deer in the Messianic age.

Immediately the man was made well
This phrase highlights the instantaneous nature of Jesus' healing power. In the context of John 5, Jesus encounters a man who had been an invalid for 38 years. The immediacy of the healing underscores Jesus' divine authority and power over physical ailments, reflecting the creative power of God as seen in Genesis 1, where God speaks creation into existence. This miracle also serves as a sign pointing to Jesus as the Messiah, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 35:5-6, which speak of the coming age when the lame will leap like a deer.

and he picked up his mat and began to walk
The act of picking up his mat and walking signifies the completeness of the healing. The mat, a simple bedroll, symbolizes the man's previous state of helplessness and dependence. By carrying it, the man demonstrates his newfound freedom and ability. This action also serves as a public testimony to the miracle, as others would recognize him as the man who had been incapacitated for decades. The act of walking is a metaphor for the new life and spiritual awakening that comes through faith in Christ, as seen in Ephesians 2:10, where believers are called to walk in the good works prepared for them.

Now this happened on the Sabbath day
The timing of the miracle on the Sabbath is significant and sets the stage for the ensuing conflict between Jesus and the Jewish religious leaders. The Sabbath, a day of rest instituted by God in Exodus 20:8-11, was strictly observed by the Jews. However, over time, additional man-made regulations were added, which often overshadowed the original intent of the Sabbath as a day of rest and worship. By healing on the Sabbath, Jesus challenges these legalistic interpretations and asserts His authority as Lord of the Sabbath (Mark 2:27-28). This act foreshadows the new covenant, where Jesus fulfills the law and offers rest for the soul (Matthew 11:28-30).

so the Jews said to the man who had been healed
This phrase highlights the interaction between the Jewish leaders and the man who had been healed by Jesus. The term "the Jews" often refers to the religious authorities, such as the Pharisees and Sadducees, who were responsible for maintaining religious law and order. In the context of the Gospel of John, this group frequently opposes Jesus and His works. The man who had been healed was previously an invalid for 38 years, emphasizing the miraculous nature of his healing and the authority of Jesus over physical ailments.

“This is the Sabbath!
The Sabbath is a day of rest and worship observed from Friday evening to Saturday evening, as commanded in the Fourth Commandment (Exodus 20:8-11). It is a sign of the covenant between God and Israel, symbolizing rest and holiness. The Jewish leaders were zealous in their observance of the Sabbath, often adding extra-biblical traditions and interpretations to ensure its sanctity. This context sets the stage for the conflict between Jesus' actions and the leaders' interpretation of the law.

It is unlawful for you to carry your mat.”
The prohibition against carrying burdens on the Sabbath is derived from passages like Jeremiah 17:21-22 and Nehemiah 13:15-19, where carrying loads on the Sabbath is condemned. The Jewish leaders had developed an extensive list of activities considered work, which included carrying objects from one domain to another. By instructing the healed man to carry his mat, Jesus challenges the prevailing interpretation of the Sabbath law, emphasizing mercy and the spirit of the law over rigid legalism. This incident foreshadows the broader conflict between Jesus and the religious authorities regarding the true purpose of the Sabbath and the nature of God's commandments.

But he answered
This phrase introduces the response of the man who was healed by Jesus. It highlights the importance of personal testimony in the Gospels. The healed man is responding to the Jewish leaders who questioned him about carrying his mat on the Sabbath, which was considered work and thus a violation of their interpretation of the Sabbath law. This sets the stage for a conflict between Jesus' actions and the religious leaders' understanding of the law.

The man who made me well
This refers to Jesus, who had just performed a miraculous healing at the Pool of Bethesda. The phrase emphasizes the transformative power of Jesus' miracles, which serve as signs pointing to His divine authority. The healing itself is significant, as it demonstrates Jesus' compassion and power over physical ailments, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 35:5-6, which speak of the Messiah bringing healing.

told me
This indicates the authority of Jesus' command. In the cultural context, a rabbi or teacher's words carried significant weight, and the healed man is acknowledging Jesus' authority by following His instructions. This also reflects the theme of obedience to Christ's words, which is a recurring theme in the New Testament.

‘Pick up your mat and walk.’
This command from Jesus not only resulted in physical healing but also symbolized spiritual renewal and liberation. The act of carrying the mat on the Sabbath was controversial, as it challenged the Pharisaic interpretation of the law. This phrase connects to other instances where Jesus reinterprets the law, emphasizing mercy and the spirit of the law over legalistic adherence (e.g., Matthew 12:1-8). The command to walk signifies a new beginning and a call to live in the freedom that Jesus offers.

Who is this man
This question reflects the religious leaders' concern about authority and identity. In the context of John 5, Jesus had healed a man on the Sabbath, which was seen as a violation of Jewish law. The leaders were more focused on the perceived breach of the law than the miraculous healing. This question also foreshadows the growing tension between Jesus and the Jewish authorities, which is a recurring theme in the Gospel of John. The identity of Jesus is central to the Gospel, as it seeks to reveal Him as the Son of God.

who told you
The emphasis on "who told you" highlights the importance of authority in Jewish culture. The religious leaders were concerned with who had the authority to override traditional Sabbath laws. This reflects the broader theme in the Gospels of Jesus' authority being questioned by the religious leaders. In Jewish tradition, rabbis and teachers held significant authority, and any deviation from established norms was scrutinized.

to pick it up and walk?
The act of carrying a mat on the Sabbath was considered work, which was prohibited by Jewish law. This reflects the strict interpretation of Sabbath laws by the Pharisees, who had developed an extensive list of activities forbidden on the Sabbath. The healing itself was not the issue; rather, it was the instruction to carry the mat that drew the leaders' ire. This incident highlights the conflict between Jesus' interpretation of the law, which emphasized mercy and compassion, and the Pharisees' legalistic approach. This theme is echoed in other Gospel accounts, such as Matthew 12:1-14, where Jesus challenges the Pharisees' understanding of the Sabbath.

But the man who was healed did not know who it was
The man healed at the Pool of Bethesda had been an invalid for 38 years. His lack of knowledge about Jesus highlights the anonymity with which Jesus often performed miracles, emphasizing His humility and the focus on faith rather than fame. This incident reflects the broader theme in the Gospels where Jesus' identity is gradually revealed, often misunderstood or unrecognized by those He helps. The man's ignorance of Jesus' identity also underscores the grace of God, who acts even when we are unaware of His presence.

for Jesus had slipped away
This phrase indicates Jesus' intentional withdrawal from the scene, a common occurrence in His ministry. Jesus often avoided public acclaim and potential conflict with religious authorities, as His time had not yet come. This action reflects His strategic approach to ministry, balancing public teaching and private retreat. It also demonstrates His control over the situation, ensuring that His mission proceeded according to divine timing rather than human expectation.

while the crowd was there
The presence of a crowd at the Pool of Bethesda suggests a bustling environment, typical of Jerusalem, especially during feast times. Crowds often gathered around Jesus, drawn by His teachings and miracles. However, the crowd's presence also posed a risk of misunderstanding or misinterpretation of His mission, as many sought a political Messiah rather than a spiritual Savior. This setting underscores the tension between Jesus' growing popularity and the need for discretion in His ministry.

Afterward, Jesus found the man at the temple
This phrase indicates a subsequent event following the healing of the man at the Pool of Bethesda. The temple in Jerusalem was a central place of worship and gathering for the Jewish people, signifying a place of spiritual significance. Jesus finding the man here suggests a divine appointment, emphasizing the importance of the temple as a place of encounter with God. The temple setting also highlights the man's reintegration into religious and communal life, which he may have been excluded from due to his previous infirmity.

and said to him, “See, you have been made well.
Jesus acknowledges the man's physical healing, which serves as a testament to His divine authority and power. This healing is not just a physical restoration but also a sign pointing to Jesus as the Messiah, fulfilling prophecies of healing and restoration found in Isaiah 35:5-6. The phrase underscores the completeness of the healing, indicating a transformation that goes beyond mere physical recovery.

Stop sinning,
This command suggests a link between sin and the man's previous condition, though not necessarily implying that his specific sin caused his ailment. It reflects the broader biblical theme that sin has consequences and that spiritual health is as important as physical health. Jesus' admonition aligns with the call to repentance found throughout Scripture, emphasizing the need for a changed life following divine intervention.

or something worse may happen to you.”
This warning implies that spiritual consequences can be more severe than physical ailments. It serves as a reminder of the eternal implications of sin and the necessity of living a life aligned with God's will. The "something worse" could refer to spiritual death or separation from God, which is a consistent theme in biblical teachings about the consequences of sin. This phrase echoes the warnings found in passages like Hebrews 10:26-27, which speak of judgment for those who continue in sin after receiving knowledge of the truth.

And the man went away
This phrase indicates the immediate action taken by the man after his healing. It reflects a sense of urgency and purpose. In the context of the narrative, the man had been healed after 38 years of infirmity, which would naturally lead to a desire to share the news. This action also demonstrates the man's obedience to Jesus' command to "get up, pick up your mat, and walk."

and told the Jews
The term "the Jews" in the Gospel of John often refers to the Jewish leaders or authorities, rather than the Jewish people as a whole. This reflects the tension between Jesus and the religious leaders of the time. The man’s decision to inform them may have been motivated by a sense of duty or fear, as the Jewish leaders were known to enforce strict adherence to the Sabbath laws.

that it was Jesus
Identifying Jesus as the one who healed him is significant. It highlights Jesus' authority and power to perform miracles, which is a central theme in the Gospel of John. This identification also sets the stage for the growing conflict between Jesus and the Jewish leaders, as they were increasingly concerned about His influence and the claims He made about His identity.

who had made him well
This phrase emphasizes the miraculous nature of the healing. The man had been an invalid for a long time, and his restoration to health was a testament to Jesus' divine power. This act of healing is one of the signs in John's Gospel that point to Jesus as the Messiah and the Son of God. It also fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the coming of a healer and restorer, such as those found in Isaiah 35:5-6, which speak of the blind seeing and the lame walking.

Now because Jesus was doing these things on the Sabbath
The Sabbath, a day of rest and worship, was central to Jewish religious life, rooted in the creation narrative (Genesis 2:2-3) and codified in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:8-11). Jesus' actions on the Sabbath, such as healing, challenged the Pharisaic interpretation of Sabbath laws, which had become burdensome with numerous restrictions. His works on the Sabbath highlighted His authority over the law and pointed to His identity as the Lord of the Sabbath (Matthew 12:8). This phrase underscores the tension between Jesus' ministry and the religious leaders' legalism.

the Jews began to persecute Him
The term "the Jews" often refers to the Jewish religious leaders, such as the Pharisees and Sadducees, who were influential in the Sanhedrin. Their persecution of Jesus was rooted in His perceived violation of the Sabbath and His claims of divine authority, which they saw as blasphemous (John 5:18). This opposition is a recurring theme in the Gospels, illustrating the growing conflict that would eventually lead to Jesus' crucifixion. The persecution also fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the suffering Messiah (Isaiah 53:3), and it foreshadows the trials faced by early Christians as they spread the Gospel.

But Jesus answered them
In this context, Jesus is responding to the Jewish leaders who were questioning His actions, particularly His healing on the Sabbath. This phrase indicates a direct response to their accusations, showcasing Jesus' authority and willingness to engage with religious leaders. The use of "answered" suggests a defense or explanation, highlighting the tension between Jesus and the Jewish authorities.

“To this very day
This phrase emphasizes the continuity and ongoing nature of God's work. It suggests that God's activity did not cease after creation but continues in sustaining and governing the world. The phrase "to this very day" implies that God's work is not bound by human constraints such as the Sabbath, which is a key point in the context of the Sabbath controversy.

My Father is at His work
Here, Jesus refers to God as "My Father," indicating a unique and intimate relationship with God. This was a radical claim, as it implied equality with God, which was considered blasphemous by the Jewish leaders. The concept of God working continuously is rooted in Jewish understanding of God's providence and care for creation, as seen in passages like Psalm 121:4, which states that God does not slumber or sleep.

and I too am working.”
Jesus aligns His actions with those of the Father, asserting His divine authority and mission. This statement reinforces the idea that Jesus' works, including His miracles and teachings, are in harmony with God's will. It also foreshadows the greater works Jesus would accomplish, such as His death and resurrection. Theologically, this phrase underscores the unity of the Father and the Son, a theme that is further developed in the Gospel of John, particularly in John 10:30, where Jesus states, "I and the Father are one."

Because of this, the Jews tried all the harder to kill Him.
This phrase highlights the growing tension between Jesus and the Jewish religious leaders. The "Jews" here refers to the Jewish authorities, particularly the Pharisees and Sadducees, who were responsible for maintaining religious law and order. Their increasing hostility towards Jesus was due to His actions and teachings, which they perceived as a threat to their authority and interpretation of the Law. The desire to kill Jesus reflects the severity of the conflict, as blasphemy and Sabbath-breaking were considered capital offenses under Jewish law (Leviticus 24:16).

Not only was He breaking the Sabbath,
Jesus' actions on the Sabbath, such as healing the sick, were seen as violations of the traditional Jewish Sabbath laws. The Sabbath was a day of rest, instituted by God in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:8-11), and was strictly observed by the Jewish people. However, Jesus challenged the prevailing interpretations by emphasizing the spirit of the law over the letter, teaching that acts of mercy and necessity were lawful on the Sabbath (Mark 2:27-28). This reinterpretation was radical and controversial, leading to accusations of law-breaking.

but He was even calling God His own Father,
By referring to God as His own Father, Jesus was making a profound theological statement about His unique relationship with God. In Jewish culture, calling God "Father" was not uncommon, but the personal and intimate way Jesus did so implied a special status and authority. This claim was understood by the Jewish leaders as a direct challenge to their monotheistic beliefs, as it suggested a unique divine sonship that went beyond the traditional understanding of God as the Father of Israel (Deuteronomy 32:6).

making Himself equal with God.
This phrase underscores the central issue of the Jewish leaders' opposition to Jesus: His claim to divinity. By equating Himself with God, Jesus was asserting His divine nature and authority, which was considered blasphemous by the Jewish authorities. This claim is consistent with other New Testament passages that affirm the deity of Christ (John 1:1, Colossians 2:9). The assertion of equality with God is a cornerstone of Christian doctrine, emphasizing the belief in the Trinity and the incarnation of God in Jesus Christ. This claim also fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the coming Messiah, who would be both divine and human (Isaiah 9:6).

So Jesus replied
In this context, Jesus is responding to the Jewish leaders who were questioning His authority and actions, particularly His healing on the Sabbath. This reply is part of a larger discourse where Jesus explains His relationship with the Father, emphasizing His divine authority and unity with God.

Truly, truly, I tell you
The phrase "Truly, truly" (or "Amen, amen" in Greek) is used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of His statement. It is a solemn affirmation, indicating that what follows is of great significance and should be heeded carefully.

the Son can do nothing by Himself
This highlights the complete dependence and unity of the Son with the Father. It underscores the concept of the Trinity, where the Son, though distinct in person, is not independent in action or will from the Father. This statement refutes any notion of Jesus acting separately from God, affirming His divine nature and mission.

unless He sees the Father doing it
This phrase indicates the perfect harmony and alignment between the Father and the Son. It suggests a continuous and intimate relationship where the Son observes and participates in the Father's work. This reflects the Jewish understanding of a rabbi-disciple relationship, where the disciple learns by observing the master.

For whatever the Father does, the Son also does
This statement asserts the equality and unity of purpose between the Father and the Son. It implies that the works of Jesus are the works of God, reinforcing His divine authority. This mirrors the Old Testament prophecies and types, such as the role of the Messiah as God's representative on earth, fulfilling the divine will perfectly.

The Father loves the Son
This phrase emphasizes the intimate and unique relationship between God the Father and Jesus Christ, the Son. The love mentioned here is foundational to the Trinity, reflecting a perfect and eternal bond. This love is also seen in other scriptures, such as Matthew 3:17, where God declares His pleasure in His Son. Theologically, this love underscores the unity and co-equality of the Father and the Son, which is central to understanding the nature of God in Christian doctrine.

and shows Him all He does.
This indicates the complete transparency and shared purpose between the Father and the Son. In the context of Jesus' ministry, it suggests that Jesus' actions and teachings are direct reflections of the Father's will. This aligns with John 14:10, where Jesus states that the words He speaks are not His own but the Father's. The phrase also implies the Son's divine insight and authority, as He is privy to the Father's works, which are hidden from others.

And to your amazement,
Here, Jesus addresses His audience, likely the Jewish leaders and bystanders, indicating that what they will witness will surpass their expectations. This phrase sets the stage for the unfolding of miraculous events and teachings that challenge their understanding and beliefs. The amazement is not just at the miracles themselves but at the revelation of Jesus' divine identity and mission.

He will show Him even greater works than these.
This points to the future acts of Jesus that will reveal His divine authority and power more fully. The "greater works" can be understood as the miracles that follow, such as the raising of Lazarus (John 11) and ultimately, Jesus' own resurrection. These works serve as signs pointing to Jesus as the Messiah and the Son of God. Theologically, this phrase also foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, culminating in His death and resurrection, which are the greatest works of salvation history.

For just as the Father raises the dead and gives them life
This phrase emphasizes the divine power and authority of God the Father, who is recognized throughout the Old Testament as the giver of life. Instances of God raising the dead can be seen in the stories of Elijah and Elisha (1 Kings 17:17-24; 2 Kings 4:32-37). The power to give life is a divine attribute, underscoring God's sovereignty over life and death. This sets the stage for understanding the nature of Jesus' ministry and His divine authority.

so also the Son gives life
Here, the text draws a parallel between the Father and the Son, indicating that Jesus possesses the same life-giving power as God. This is a profound statement of Jesus' divinity and equality with the Father. In the context of the Gospel of John, this aligns with the prologue (John 1:1-4), where Jesus is described as the Word through whom all things were made, and in Him was life. This life-giving ability is not just physical but also spiritual, as seen in Jesus' teachings about eternal life (John 3:16).

to whom He wishes
This phrase highlights the sovereign will of Jesus in dispensing life. It suggests that Jesus has the authority to choose whom to grant life, reflecting His divine prerogative. This is consistent with the theme of divine election found throughout Scripture, where God chooses individuals for specific purposes (Romans 9:15-16). It also points to the personal relationship Jesus has with those who believe in Him, as He calls them by name and grants them eternal life (John 10:27-28).

Furthermore, the Father judges no one
This phrase emphasizes the unique role of Jesus Christ in the divine plan. In the context of Jewish tradition, God is often seen as the ultimate judge of humanity. However, this statement highlights a shift in the New Testament, where judgment is delegated to the Son. This reflects the intimate relationship between the Father and the Son, and the trust placed in Jesus to execute judgment. It also underscores the authority and divinity of Christ, aligning with passages such as John 3:35, where the Father loves the Son and has given all things into His hand.

but has assigned all judgment to the Son
This phrase indicates the comprehensive authority given to Jesus. In the cultural context of the time, a son often acted on behalf of his father, especially in matters of business or legal affairs. This cultural understanding helps illuminate the trust and authority the Father places in the Son. Biblically, this assignment of judgment to Jesus is significant because it fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah's role in judgment, such as in Isaiah 11:3-4, where the Messiah judges with righteousness. It also connects to the eschatological themes in the New Testament, where Jesus is depicted as the judge of the living and the dead, as seen in Acts 10:42 and 2 Timothy 4:1. This delegation of judgment underscores the belief in Jesus' divine nature and His role in the ultimate redemption and justice of the world.

so that all may honor the Son
This phrase emphasizes the equality of honor between the Son and the Father, highlighting the divine nature of Jesus. In the cultural context of first-century Judaism, honor was a significant social value, often associated with one's status and authority. By stating that all should honor the Son, Jesus is asserting His divine authority and status, which was a radical claim in a monotheistic society. This aligns with Philippians 2:9-11, where every knee shall bow to Jesus, indicating universal recognition of His lordship.

just as they honor the Father.
The comparison here underscores the unity and equality between the Father and the Son. In Jewish tradition, God the Father was the ultimate object of worship and reverence. By equating the honor due to the Son with that due to the Father, Jesus is making a profound theological statement about His identity. This is consistent with the prologue of John (John 1:1-14), which presents Jesus as the Word, who was with God and was God, reinforcing the concept of the Trinity.

Whoever does not honor the Son
This phrase serves as a warning and a delineation of true faith. In the context of the Gospel of John, belief in Jesus as the Son of God is central to salvation (John 3:16-18). The rejection of the Son is equated with a rejection of the Father, which was a contentious point with the Jewish leaders who claimed to honor God but rejected Jesus. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the necessity of recognizing Jesus' divine role for a proper relationship with God.

does not honor the Father who sent Him.
This statement reinforces the mission and authority of Jesus as being directly from the Father. The concept of being "sent" is significant in John's Gospel, emphasizing Jesus' divine origin and purpose (John 3:17, John 17:3). It also reflects the prophetic tradition where prophets were sent by God to deliver His message. However, Jesus is more than a prophet; He is the Son, and to reject Him is to reject the Father Himself, as seen in the parable of the tenants (Mark 12:1-12). This underscores the inseparable relationship between the Father and the Son in the work of salvation.

Truly, truly, I tell you
This phrase, often translated as "Verily, verily" or "Amen, amen," is used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of His statement. It is a solemn affirmation, indicating that what follows is of great significance. In Jewish culture, repetition is a method of emphasizing certainty and authority. Jesus uses this phrase to assert His divine authority and the reliability of His words.

whoever hears My word
Hearing in this context implies not just the physical act of listening but an active, obedient response to Jesus' teachings. In the Jewish tradition, hearing is closely linked to obedience, as seen in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4-5). Jesus' word refers to His teachings and the revelation of God's will through Him. This phrase underscores the importance of receiving and responding to the message of Christ.

and believes Him who sent Me
Belief here is more than intellectual assent; it involves trust and reliance on God the Father, who sent Jesus. This phrase highlights the relationship between Jesus and the Father, emphasizing the divine mission of Christ. It reflects the consistent theme in John's Gospel of Jesus being sent by the Father (John 3:17, John 6:29). Belief in the Father is inseparable from belief in the Son, as they are united in purpose and essence.

has eternal life
Eternal life is a present possession for the believer, not just a future hope. This life is characterized by a relationship with God through Jesus Christ. In the context of John's Gospel, eternal life is knowing God and Jesus Christ (John 17:3). It contrasts with the temporal life and is a central theme in the New Testament, offering assurance of salvation and a transformed life.

and will not come under judgment
This phrase assures believers that they are exempt from the final judgment that leads to condemnation. It reflects the promise of Romans 8:1, where there is no condemnation for those in Christ Jesus. The judgment referred to here is the ultimate separation from God, which believers are spared from through faith in Christ.

Indeed, he has crossed over from death to life
This metaphor of crossing over signifies a definitive change in spiritual status. Death represents separation from God due to sin, while life represents reconciliation and union with God. This transition is immediate upon belief, as seen in Ephesians 2:1-5, where believers are made alive with Christ. It echoes the Exodus theme of passing from slavery to freedom and is a powerful image of salvation and transformation through Christ.

Truly, truly, I tell you
This phrase, often translated as "Amen, amen, I say to you," is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of His statement. It underscores the authority of Jesus' words, a common teaching method in Jewish tradition to highlight significant teachings.

the hour is coming and has now come
This indicates both a present and future reality. Theologically, it suggests the inauguration of a new era through Jesus' ministry, where spiritual resurrection is already occurring, and it anticipates the future physical resurrection. This dual aspect is a recurring theme in John's Gospel, emphasizing the "already but not yet" nature of God's kingdom.

when the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God
The "dead" here can be understood both spiritually and physically. Spiritually, it refers to those who are dead in sin, echoing Ephesians 2:1, where Paul speaks of being "dead in trespasses and sins." Physically, it foreshadows the future resurrection of the dead at the end of the age. The "voice of the Son of God" signifies Jesus' divine authority and power, reminiscent of God's creative word in Genesis.

and those who hear will live
Hearing, in biblical terms, often implies obedience and acceptance. This phrase suggests that those who respond to Jesus' call will experience new life, both spiritually now and physically in the resurrection. It connects to the theme of eternal life found throughout John's Gospel, such as in John 3:16, where belief in Jesus leads to everlasting life.

For as the Father has life in Himself
This phrase emphasizes the self-existence and eternal nature of God the Father. In biblical theology, God is often described as the source of all life, having no beginning or end (Psalm 90:2). The concept of God having life "in Himself" underscores His independence and self-sufficiency, distinguishing Him from all created beings who derive their life from Him. This self-existence is a foundational attribute of God, aligning with the Old Testament revelation of God as "I AM" (Exodus 3:14), indicating His eternal presence and unchanging nature.

so also He has granted the Son to have life in Himself
This part of the verse highlights the unique relationship between the Father and the Son, Jesus Christ. The granting of life to the Son signifies the divine authority and equality shared between them. It reflects the doctrine of the Trinity, where the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct persons yet one in essence. The Son's possession of life in Himself points to His divinity and role as the giver of eternal life (John 1:4, John 14:6). This authority to have life in Himself is also a testament to the Son's role in the resurrection and judgment, as seen in the broader context of John 5. Theologically, this phrase affirms the Son's pre-existence and His active participation in creation (Colossians 1:16-17), as well as His power to grant eternal life to believers (John 10:28).

And He has given Him authority to execute judgment
This phrase highlights the divine authority bestowed upon Jesus by God the Father. In the context of the Gospel of John, this authority is a central theme, emphasizing Jesus' divine role and mission. The concept of judgment is rooted in Old Testament prophecies, such as Daniel 7:13-14, where the "Son of Man" is given dominion and authority. This authority to judge is not merely a future event but is active in Jesus' earthly ministry, as seen in His teachings and miracles. The authority to execute judgment also underscores Jesus' role as the ultimate arbiter of justice, aligning with passages like Matthew 25:31-46, where Jesus describes the final judgment.

because He is the Son of Man
The title "Son of Man" is significant, appearing frequently in the Gospels and rooted in Jewish apocalyptic literature, particularly in Daniel 7:13-14. It conveys both Jesus' humanity and His divine authority. In the cultural context of first-century Judaism, this title would resonate with messianic expectations, yet Jesus redefines it through His life, death, and resurrection. The use of "Son of Man" emphasizes Jesus' identification with humanity, fulfilling the role of the perfect mediator between God and man. It also connects to the theme of Jesus as the second Adam, as seen in 1 Corinthians 15:45-49, highlighting His role in restoring what was lost through the fall.

Do not be amazed at this
Jesus addresses the crowd, urging them not to be astonished by His teachings and miracles. This phrase reflects the common reaction of amazement to Jesus' works, as seen throughout the Gospels. It also serves as a prelude to a profound truth about resurrection and judgment. The call to not be amazed suggests that what Jesus is about to reveal is part of God's divine plan, consistent with Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah's role in bringing life and judgment (Isaiah 26:19, Daniel 12:2).

for the hour is coming
This phrase indicates a specific future time, emphasizing the certainty and imminence of the event Jesus is describing. The "hour" often refers to a divinely appointed time in the New Testament, particularly in the context of Jesus' mission and the unfolding of God's redemptive plan (John 4:23, John 12:23). It underscores the eschatological aspect of Jesus' ministry, pointing to the future resurrection and final judgment.

when all who are in their graves
The reference to "all who are in their graves" highlights the universal scope of the resurrection. This includes both the righteous and the wicked, indicating a comprehensive resurrection of all humanity. The concept of resurrection was a well-established belief in Jewish thought, particularly among the Pharisees, and is rooted in Old Testament scriptures (Ezekiel 37:12-14). It affirms the belief in life after death and the eventual restoration of the body.

will hear His voice
The phrase "will hear His voice" signifies the authority and power of Jesus, as it is His voice that will call the dead to rise. This echoes the authority of God in creation, where His word brought life into existence (Genesis 1). It also connects to other instances in the Gospels where Jesus' voice commands authority over life and death, such as the raising of Lazarus (John 11:43). This demonstrates Jesus' divine nature and His role as the life-giver, fulfilling the messianic prophecies of the Old Testament.

and come out—
This phrase refers to the resurrection, a core belief in Christian eschatology. The concept of resurrection is rooted in Jewish tradition, as seen in Daniel 12:2, which speaks of many who sleep in the dust of the earth awakening to everlasting life or shame. The idea of coming out from the grave signifies a physical resurrection, aligning with the belief in bodily resurrection as demonstrated by Jesus' own resurrection.

those who have done good to the resurrection of life,
This part emphasizes the moral and ethical dimension of Christian teaching. The "good" refers to living in accordance with God's commandments and the teachings of Jesus. This is not merely about actions but also about faith, as seen in James 2:26, which states that faith without works is dead. The "resurrection of life" is synonymous with eternal life, a promise for those who follow Christ, as seen in John 3:16. This reflects the hope of believers for a future in the presence of God.

and those who have done evil to the resurrection of judgment.
This phrase highlights the dual outcome of the resurrection. "Those who have done evil" refers to those who have rejected God's ways and lived in sin. The "resurrection of judgment" indicates a future accountability before God, as seen in Revelation 20:12-15, where the dead are judged according to their deeds. This underscores the biblical teaching of divine justice and the reality of eternal separation from God for those who do not repent. The concept of judgment is consistent with the prophetic warnings throughout the Old Testament, calling people to repentance and righteousness.

I can do nothing by Myself;
This phrase emphasizes Jesus' complete dependence on the Father, highlighting the unity and cooperation within the Trinity. It reflects the humility and submission of Jesus, who, though fully God, chose to operate within the limitations of His humanity. This dependence is consistent with the theme of Jesus' ministry, where He often withdrew to pray and seek the Father's guidance (Luke 5:16). It also aligns with the concept of kenosis, the self-emptying of Jesus' own will to fully embrace the Father's will (Philippians 2:7).

I judge only as I hear.
Here, Jesus underscores His role as a judge who is perfectly aligned with the Father's will. His judgments are not based on human standards or perceptions but are divinely informed. This reflects the Jewish understanding of a judge who must be impartial and just, as seen in Deuteronomy 1:16-17. Jesus' ability to judge as He hears from the Father assures believers of the fairness and righteousness of His judgments, contrasting with the flawed judgments of human leaders.

And My judgment is just,
Jesus affirms the righteousness and fairness of His judgments. This statement reassures believers that His decisions are based on divine truth and justice, not on personal bias or external influence. The concept of divine justice is rooted in the Old Testament, where God is portrayed as the ultimate judge who upholds righteousness (Psalm 9:8). Jesus, as the embodiment of God's justice, fulfills the messianic prophecies of a righteous judge (Isaiah 11:3-4).

because I do not seek My own will,
This phrase highlights Jesus' selflessness and His commitment to fulfilling the Father's mission. It contrasts with the human tendency to pursue personal desires and ambitions. Jesus' submission to the Father's will is a central theme in the Gospels, culminating in His prayer in Gethsemane (Matthew 26:39). This self-denial serves as a model for believers, encouraging them to prioritize God's will over their own.

but the will of Him who sent Me.
Jesus identifies His mission as being sent by the Father, emphasizing His divine authority and purpose. This sending motif is prevalent in John's Gospel, where Jesus frequently refers to being sent by the Father (John 3:17, 6:38). It underscores the divine origin of His mission and His role as the Messiah. The concept of being sent also connects to the Old Testament prophets, who were sent by God to deliver His message (Jeremiah 1:7). Jesus, as the ultimate prophet, priest, and king, fulfills these roles perfectly.

If I testify about Myself
In the context of Jewish law, a single testimony was not considered sufficient to establish a matter. Deuteronomy 19:15 states that a matter must be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses. Jesus acknowledges this principle, emphasizing the importance of corroborating evidence. This reflects the broader biblical theme of truth being established by multiple witnesses, as seen in both Old and New Testament passages.

My testimony is not valid
Here, Jesus is not suggesting that His testimony is false, but rather that according to Jewish legal standards, a self-testimony alone would not be accepted as valid. This statement sets the stage for Jesus to introduce other witnesses to His identity and mission, such as John the Baptist, His works, the Father, and the Scriptures. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative where God often provides multiple confirmations of His truth, as seen in the prophetic tradition and the fulfillment of prophecy in Christ.

There is another who testifies about Me
In this passage, Jesus is speaking to the Jewish leaders, emphasizing the importance of testimony in establishing truth. In Jewish law, the testimony of two or three witnesses was required to confirm a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). Jesus refers to "another" who testifies about Him, which can be understood as God the Father. This aligns with the broader context of John's Gospel, where the Father’s testimony is seen through the works Jesus performs (John 5:36) and the voice from heaven at Jesus' baptism (Matthew 3:17). The concept of divine testimony is crucial, as it underscores Jesus' divine authority and mission.

and I know that His testimony about Me is valid
Jesus expresses certainty in the validity of the Father's testimony. This assurance is rooted in the intimate relationship between the Father and the Son, a recurring theme in the Gospel of John (John 10:30). The term "valid" indicates that the testimony is trustworthy and authoritative, surpassing human testimony. This reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah, such as Isaiah 42:1, where God declares His chosen servant. Jesus' confidence in the Father's testimony also serves as a model for believers, encouraging trust in divine revelation and the truth of the Gospel message.

You have sent to John
This phrase refers to the Jewish leaders sending representatives to John the Baptist to inquire about his identity and mission. This event is recorded in John 1:19-28, where priests and Levites from Jerusalem question John. The act of sending emissaries indicates the authority and concern of the religious leaders regarding John's growing influence and the potential implications for their own power. It reflects the Jewish practice of seeking validation from recognized religious figures. John the Baptist's role as a forerunner to Christ is prophesied in Isaiah 40:3 and Malachi 3:1, where he is described as a voice preparing the way for the Lord.

and he has testified to the truth
John the Baptist's testimony is centered on the identity and mission of Jesus Christ. In John 1:29-34, John declares Jesus as the "Lamb of God" and the "Son of God," affirming His divine nature and redemptive purpose. John's testimony aligns with the truth of the Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah, such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant. The concept of truth in John's Gospel is significant, as it is often associated with the revelation of God's character and purposes through Jesus (John 14:6). John's role as a witness to the truth underscores the importance of credible testimony in establishing Jesus' identity and mission, fulfilling the requirement of Deuteronomy 19:15 for multiple witnesses to confirm a matter.

Even though I do not accept human testimony
In this phrase, Jesus emphasizes His divine authority and the sufficiency of His own testimony. In the context of John 5, Jesus is addressing the Jewish leaders who are questioning His authority. The statement reflects the broader biblical theme that God's truth stands independent of human validation. This echoes the Old Testament principle found in Deuteronomy 19:15, where two or three witnesses are required to establish a matter, yet Jesus, being divine, transcends this requirement. His works and the testimony of the Father (John 5:36-37) are sufficient to validate His claims.

I say these things so that you may be saved
Here, Jesus reveals His purpose in speaking to the people: their salvation. This aligns with the overarching mission of Jesus as described in the Gospels, particularly in John 3:17, where it is stated that God sent His Son into the world not to condemn it, but to save it. The use of "saved" indicates a deliverance from sin and its consequences, a central theme in Christian theology. This phrase also highlights Jesus' compassion and desire for all to come to repentance, as seen in 2 Peter 3:9. The context of this passage in John 5 shows Jesus addressing the unbelief of the Jewish leaders, urging them to recognize Him as the Messiah for their own spiritual benefit.

John was a lamp that burned and gave light
John the Baptist is described as a "lamp," indicating his role as a forerunner to Christ, illuminating the path for others to see the coming Messiah. In biblical times, lamps were essential for providing light in darkness, symbolizing guidance and revelation. John's ministry was marked by his call to repentance and preparation for the coming of Jesus, as seen in Isaiah 40:3, which prophesies a voice crying in the wilderness. His burning zeal and commitment to his mission reflect the fervor with which he proclaimed the truth, much like the prophets of the Old Testament. The imagery of light is significant throughout Scripture, often representing truth, holiness, and the presence of God, as seen in Psalm 119:105 and John 1:4-9.

and you were willing for a season to bask in his light
The phrase "for a season" suggests a temporary acceptance and enthusiasm for John's message among the people. This reflects the initial widespread interest and excitement about his ministry, as crowds came to hear him preach and be baptized (Matthew 3:5-6). However, this enthusiasm was short-lived, as many did not fully embrace the deeper implications of his message or the coming of Christ, leading to a decline in his following once Jesus began His public ministry. This temporary acceptance can be seen as a reflection of human nature's tendency to be drawn to charismatic figures and new teachings without a lasting commitment, as illustrated in the parable of the sower (Matthew 13:20-21). The phrase also highlights the transient nature of human approval and the need for a deeper, enduring faith in Christ, who is the true Light of the world (John 8:12).

But I have testimony more substantial than that of John.
In this passage, Jesus refers to the testimony of John the Baptist, who was a significant prophetic figure and the forerunner of Christ. John’s role was to prepare the way for Jesus, as prophesied in Isaiah 40:3. However, Jesus emphasizes that His own testimony is greater. This is because His works and miracles provide direct evidence of His divine authority and mission. The testimony of John was important, but it was ultimately human. Jesus’ testimony is divine, rooted in His unity with the Father.

For the works that the Father has given Me to accomplish—
The "works" refer to the miracles and teachings of Jesus, which were not random acts but were given by the Father as part of His divine mission. These works include healing the sick, raising the dead, and other signs that demonstrate His authority over creation. In Jewish culture, works were often seen as evidence of one's relationship with God. Jesus’ works fulfill Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah 35:5-6, which speak of the Messiah performing miraculous deeds.

the very works I am doing—
Jesus is actively engaged in His ministry, performing works that reveal His identity as the Son of God. These works are ongoing and visible to those around Him, providing continuous evidence of His divine mission. The present tense "I am doing" indicates that His ministry is active and dynamic, not just a past event. This aligns with the concept of Jesus as the living Word, as described in John 1:1-14.

testify about Me that the Father has sent Me.
The works of Jesus serve as a testimony to His divine origin and mission. They confirm that He is sent by the Father, fulfilling the role of the Messiah. This is a central theme in the Gospel of John, where Jesus’ identity and relationship with the Father are repeatedly emphasized. The concept of being "sent" by the Father underscores Jesus’ authority and purpose, as seen in John 3:17 and John 17:3. The works are not just miracles but are signs pointing to His divine nature and the truth of His message.

And the Father who sent Me has Himself testified about Me.
This phrase emphasizes the divine authority and mission of Jesus. The Father’s testimony about Jesus is seen in various ways, including through the Old Testament prophecies that point to the coming Messiah (e.g., Isaiah 53, Psalm 22). The Father’s voice was audibly heard at Jesus’ baptism (Matthew 3:17) and the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:5), affirming Jesus as His beloved Son. This divine endorsement underscores Jesus’ identity and mission, aligning with the Jewish understanding of a prophet being sent by God, as seen in the lives of Moses and Elijah.

You have never heard His voice nor seen His form,
This statement highlights the spiritual blindness and lack of understanding among Jesus’ audience. Despite their religious knowledge, they failed to recognize God’s revelation in Jesus. In the Old Testament, God’s voice was heard by figures like Moses (Exodus 33:11) and the prophets, but the people Jesus addressed had not experienced such direct encounters. This also reflects the Jewish belief that God is spirit and cannot be seen (Exodus 33:20, John 4:24). The phrase challenges the audience to recognize Jesus as the visible representation of the invisible God (Colossians 1:15), fulfilling the role of the ultimate mediator between God and humanity.

nor does His word abide in you
This phrase highlights the importance of internalizing God's word. In the Jewish tradition, the Torah was central to life and worship, and memorization of scripture was common. The word "abide" suggests a deep, ongoing presence, indicating that God's word should dwell within believers, influencing their thoughts and actions. This echoes Psalm 119:11, "I have hidden your word in my heart that I might not sin against you," emphasizing the transformative power of scripture when it truly resides within a person.

because you do not believe
Belief is a central theme in the Gospel of John, where faith in Jesus is presented as the pathway to eternal life (John 3:16). The lack of belief here is not just intellectual assent but a failure to trust and commit to the truth of Jesus' identity and mission. This reflects the broader context of John 5, where Jesus is addressing Jewish leaders who are skeptical of His claims and miracles. Their unbelief prevents them from understanding and accepting the deeper truths of God's revelation.

the One He sent
This phrase refers to Jesus as the sent one from God, a concept rooted in the Old Testament where prophets were often described as being sent by God (e.g., Isaiah 6:8). In the New Testament, Jesus is uniquely the sent one, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 61:1, which Jesus reads in Luke 4:18-21, declaring its fulfillment in Him. The sending of Jesus is a key theme in John, underscoring His divine mission and authority. This also connects to the concept of Jesus as the ultimate revelation of God, as seen in John 1:14, where the Word becomes flesh and dwells among us.

You pore over the Scriptures
The act of poring over the Scriptures indicates a diligent and thorough study. In the Jewish context, this refers to the Hebrew Scriptures, known as the Tanakh, which includes the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings. The Pharisees and religious leaders of Jesus' time were known for their meticulous study of these texts. This phrase highlights their dedication to understanding God's word, yet it also implies a potential misdirection in their focus.

because you presume that by them you possess eternal life.
The presumption here is that the mere study and knowledge of the Scriptures could grant eternal life. This reflects a common belief among the Jewish leaders that adherence to the Law and the traditions could secure one's standing before God. However, Jesus challenges this notion by suggesting that the Scriptures themselves are not the source of life, but rather point to something greater. This echoes the theme found in Deuteronomy 30:15-20, where life is found in choosing to love and obey God, not merely in the letter of the law.

These are the very words that testify about Me,
Jesus asserts that the Scriptures testify about Him, indicating that He is the fulfillment of the prophecies and promises contained within them. This is a profound claim, as it positions Jesus as the central figure of the biblical narrative. Passages such as Isaiah 53, Psalm 22, and Micah 5:2 are often cited as prophetic references to the Messiah, which Jesus fulfills. The testimony of the Scriptures about Jesus is a recurring theme in the New Testament, as seen in Luke 24:27, where Jesus explains to the disciples on the road to Emmaus how the Scriptures point to Him.

yet you refuse
This phrase highlights the willful rejection of Jesus by the religious leaders and people of His time. Despite witnessing His miracles and hearing His teachings, they chose not to believe. This refusal is a recurring theme in the Gospels, where Jesus often encounters disbelief and opposition, particularly from the Pharisees and Sadducees. This reflects the hardness of heart that can prevent individuals from accepting the truth, as seen in other scriptures like Matthew 23:37, where Jesus laments over Jerusalem's unwillingness to accept Him.

to come to Me
"Come to Me" is an invitation from Jesus, emphasizing a personal relationship with Him as the source of spiritual life. This invitation is consistent with other passages, such as Matthew 11:28, where Jesus calls those who are weary to find rest in Him. The act of coming to Jesus implies faith and trust, a central theme in the New Testament. It also reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah being a shepherd who gathers His flock, as seen in Ezekiel 34:11-16.

to have life
The concept of life here is not merely physical but eternal and spiritual, a key theme in the Gospel of John. Jesus is presented as the source of eternal life, as seen in John 10:10, where He states that He came to give life abundantly. This life is a fulfillment of the promises found in the Old Testament, such as in Isaiah 55:3, where God promises an everlasting covenant. The life Jesus offers is contrasted with the spiritual death that comes from sin, as explained in Romans 6:23.

I do not accept glory from men
In this statement, Jesus emphasizes His divine nature and mission, contrasting human recognition with divine approval. Throughout His ministry, Jesus consistently sought to fulfill the will of the Father rather than seeking human accolades. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's glory being distinct from human glory, as seen in passages like Isaiah 42:8, where God declares He will not give His glory to another. Jesus' rejection of human glory underscores His role as the humble servant prophesied in Isaiah 53, who came to serve and give His life as a ransom for many (Mark 10:45). This phrase also highlights the cultural context of first-century Judea, where religious leaders often sought honor from one another, as seen in John 12:43, where it is noted that many loved the praise of men more than the praise of God. Jesus' statement serves as a rebuke to such attitudes, calling His followers to seek God's approval above all. but I know you
This phrase highlights Jesus' divine omniscience and His ability to discern the hearts and minds of individuals. Throughout the Gospels, Jesus demonstrates His knowledge of people's thoughts and intentions (e.g., John 2:24-25). This knowledge is not merely human insight but a divine attribute, affirming His deity. In the context of John 5, Jesus is addressing the Jewish leaders who are questioning His authority and actions, particularly His healing on the Sabbath. His statement underscores the personal and intimate understanding He has of their spiritual state.

that you do not have the love of God
The absence of the love of God in the hearts of the Jewish leaders is a significant indictment. In Jewish tradition, love for God is central, as seen in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4-5), which commands love for God with all one's heart, soul, and strength. Jesus' critique suggests that their religious practices and adherence to the law are devoid of genuine love for God. This echoes the prophetic tradition where God desires mercy and knowledge of Him over ritual sacrifice (Hosea 6:6). The love of God is also a theme in the New Testament, where it is seen as a defining characteristic of true believers (1 John 4:7-8).

within you
The phrase "within you" emphasizes the internal and spiritual nature of the love of God, contrasting with external religious observance. Jesus often criticized the Pharisees and religious leaders for their focus on outward appearances rather than inward transformation (Matthew 23:25-28). This internalization of faith is a key aspect of the New Covenant, where God's laws are written on the hearts of believers (Jeremiah 31:33). The absence of God's love within them indicates a lack of true relationship with God, despite their outward religiosity.

I have come in My Father’s name
This phrase emphasizes Jesus' divine authority and mission. In the cultural context of the time, coming in someone's name meant representing their authority and purpose. Jesus is asserting His identity as the Son of God, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 9:6, which speaks of a child born with divine titles. The phrase also highlights the intimate relationship between Jesus and God the Father, as seen in John 10:30, "I and the Father are one."

and you have not received Me;
This reflects the rejection Jesus faced from many of the Jewish leaders and people. Despite the signs and miracles He performed, which validated His claims, they did not accept Him as the Messiah. This rejection is a fulfillment of prophecies like Isaiah 53:3, which describes the Messiah as "despised and rejected by men." The cultural expectation of a political Messiah may have contributed to their inability to recognize Jesus' true mission.

but if someone else comes in his own name,
This part of the verse warns of false messiahs and leaders who would arise, seeking their own glory rather than God's. Historically, there were several figures who claimed to be the Messiah or led revolts against Roman rule, such as Simon bar Kokhba. This reflects a broader biblical theme of false prophets and teachers, as warned in passages like Matthew 24:24.

you will receive him.
This highlights the tendency of people to accept those who appeal to their desires or expectations, even if they lack divine authority. It serves as a caution against being swayed by charismatic leaders who do not align with God's truth. This phrase can be connected to 2 Thessalonians 2:9-10, which speaks of the coming of the lawless one with false signs and wonders, deceiving those who do not love the truth.

How can you believe
This phrase challenges the audience's capacity for genuine faith. In the context of John 5, Jesus is addressing the Jewish leaders who are skeptical of His identity and mission. The rhetorical question implies a barrier to belief, suggesting that true faith requires a shift in focus from human approval to divine approval. This echoes the broader biblical theme that faith is a gift from God (Ephesians 2:8-9) and requires a heart open to divine truth (Hebrews 11:6).

if you accept glory from one another
The pursuit of human approval is a recurring theme in Scripture, often contrasted with seeking God's approval. In the cultural context of first-century Judaism, religious leaders were highly esteemed, and social status was often linked to religious piety and adherence to the law. This phrase critiques the tendency to prioritize human accolades over divine commendation, a theme also seen in Matthew 6:1-6, where Jesus warns against performing religious acts for public recognition.

yet do not seek the glory that comes from the only God?
This part of the verse emphasizes the importance of seeking God's approval above all else. The "glory that comes from the only God" refers to the honor and validation that God bestows upon those who are faithful to Him. This is a call to prioritize eternal values over temporal ones, aligning with passages like Colossians 3:1-2, which urges believers to set their minds on things above. The phrase also underscores the exclusivity of God as the source of true glory, reinforcing the monotheistic belief central to both Judaism and Christianity.

Do not think that I will accuse you before the Father.
In this phrase, Jesus addresses the Jewish leaders, emphasizing His role not as an accuser but as a savior. This reflects His mission of redemption rather than condemnation, aligning with John 3:17, where Jesus states He came not to condemn the world but to save it. The context here is a legal metaphor, common in Jewish thought, where God is the ultimate judge. Jesus distances Himself from the role of a prosecutor, highlighting His intercessory role as seen in 1 John 2:1, where He is described as an advocate with the Father.

Your accuser is Moses,
Moses is a central figure in Jewish history, representing the Law given to Israel. By stating that Moses is their accuser, Jesus points to the Law itself as the standard by which they are judged. This is significant because the Jewish leaders prided themselves on their adherence to the Mosaic Law. In Deuteronomy 31:26-27, Moses himself warns that the Law will testify against Israel if they fail to keep it. This underscores the idea that the Law, which they rely on for righteousness, actually reveals their shortcomings.

in whom you have put your hope.
The Jewish leaders placed their hope in the Law of Moses for their salvation and identity as God's chosen people. This reflects a common belief of the time that adherence to the Law was the path to righteousness. However, Jesus challenges this notion by suggesting that their hope is misplaced if it is not ultimately in Him. This echoes Paul's argument in Romans 10:4, where Christ is described as the culmination of the Law so that there may be righteousness for everyone who believes. Jesus is positioning Himself as the fulfillment of the Law and the true source of hope and salvation.

If you had believed Moses
This phrase highlights the importance of Moses in Jewish tradition as the lawgiver and prophet. Moses is credited with writing the first five books of the Bible, known as the Torah or Pentateuch. In the context of John 5, Jesus is addressing Jewish leaders who prided themselves on their adherence to the Mosaic Law. The implication is that true belief in Moses would naturally lead to belief in Jesus, as Moses' writings contain prophecies and types that point to the coming Messiah. For example, Deuteronomy 18:15 speaks of a prophet like Moses whom God would raise up, which is understood as a reference to Christ.

you would believe Me
Here, Jesus asserts His authority and identity as the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets. The Jewish leaders' failure to recognize Jesus as the Messiah is attributed to their lack of genuine belief in the Scriptures they claim to uphold. This statement underscores the continuity between the Old and New Testaments, with Jesus as the central figure who fulfills the promises and prophecies of the Old Testament. The connection between belief in Moses and belief in Jesus is a call to recognize the unity of God's revelation.

because he wrote about Me
This phrase indicates that Moses' writings contain direct and indirect references to Jesus. Examples include the promise of a coming prophet (Deuteronomy 18:15), the typology of the Passover lamb (Exodus 12), and the bronze serpent lifted up in the wilderness (Numbers 21:9), which Jesus Himself references in John 3:14. These elements serve as types and shadows that find their ultimate fulfillment in Christ. The assertion that Moses wrote about Jesus challenges the audience to re-examine their understanding of the Scriptures and recognize Jesus as the anticipated Messiah.

But since you do not believe what he wrote
This phrase refers to the writings of Moses, which are foundational to the Jewish faith and include the first five books of the Old Testament, known as the Torah. Moses is a central figure in Judaism, and his writings are considered authoritative. Jesus is addressing the Jewish leaders who prided themselves on their adherence to the Law of Moses. The implication is that their disbelief in Moses' writings, which testify about the coming Messiah, indicates a deeper spiritual blindness. This connects to other scriptures where Jesus emphasizes the importance of the Law and the Prophets as pointing to Him (Luke 24:27, John 1:45).

how will you believe what I say?
Here, Jesus challenges the Jewish leaders' ability to accept His teachings if they cannot accept the foundational truths of their own scriptures. This highlights the continuity between the Old and New Testaments, with Jesus fulfilling the prophecies and promises found in the Old Testament. The inability to believe Moses' writings suggests a hardened heart, which is a recurring theme in the Bible (Isaiah 6:9-10, Matthew 13:14-15). Jesus' words also underscore His authority and identity as the Messiah, as He places His teachings on par with the revered writings of Moses. This statement serves as a call to examine the scriptures with an open heart to recognize Jesus as the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.