For the kingdom of heaven is like
This phrase introduces a parable, a common teaching method used by Jesus to convey spiritual truths through everyday scenarios. The "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's sovereign rule and reign, both in the present spiritual sense and the future eschatological fulfillment. Parables about the kingdom often reveal the nature of God's rule and the values of His kingdom, contrasting them with worldly expectations.

a landowner
The landowner represents God, who is sovereign and just. In biblical times, landowners were figures of authority and wealth, responsible for managing their estates and hiring laborers. This imagery would resonate with Jesus' audience, who were familiar with agricultural practices and the social dynamics between landowners and workers.

who went out early in the morning
The phrase "early in the morning" indicates the diligence and initiative of the landowner. It reflects God's proactive nature in seeking and calling people into His service. In the Jewish context, the workday began at sunrise, around 6 a.m., emphasizing the urgency and importance of the task at hand.

to hire workers
Hiring workers signifies God's invitation to individuals to participate in His kingdom work. This reflects the biblical theme of calling and vocation, where God invites people to join in His redemptive mission. The act of hiring also implies a relationship based on agreement and commitment, mirroring the covenant relationship between God and His people.

for his vineyard
The vineyard is a common biblical metaphor for Israel (Isaiah 5:1-7) and, by extension, God's kingdom. It symbolizes a place of growth, fruitfulness, and divine care. The imagery of a vineyard suggests the expectation of productivity and the nurturing environment provided by God for His people to flourish.

He agreed to pay them a denarius for the day
In the context of first-century Judea, a denarius was a common day's wage for a laborer. This coin, typically made of silver, was the standard payment for a day's work, reflecting the economic practices of the Roman Empire. The agreement to pay a denarius underscores the fairness and sufficiency of the wage, aligning with the cultural expectations of the time. This phrase also highlights the landowner's integrity and the workers' acceptance of the terms, setting the stage for the parable's later exploration of grace and generosity. The denarius can be seen as a symbol of God's provision, echoing the daily bread mentioned in the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:11).

and sent them into his vineyard
The vineyard is a significant biblical motif, often representing Israel (Isaiah 5:1-7) or the Kingdom of God. In this parable, the vineyard symbolizes the realm of God's work and mission. The act of sending workers into the vineyard reflects the call to participate in God's purposes, reminiscent of Jesus sending out His disciples (Matthew 10:5-8). The vineyard setting also evokes the imagery of fruitfulness and harvest, themes prevalent in Jesus' teachings (John 15:1-8). This phrase invites reflection on the nature of divine calling and the privilege of laboring in God's service, emphasizing the inclusivity of the Kingdom where all are invited to contribute, regardless of the hour they begin.

About the third hour
The "third hour" refers to approximately 9:00 AM in Jewish timekeeping, which began at sunrise around 6:00 AM. This time reference is significant in understanding the workday in ancient Israel, which typically started early in the morning. The third hour was still early enough for laborers to be hired and complete a full day's work. This timing also reflects the urgency and diligence of the landowner, who is eager to gather workers for his vineyard, symbolizing God's kingdom and His call to service.

he went out
The landowner's action of going out himself indicates a proactive and personal approach. This reflects the character of God, who actively seeks out individuals to participate in His work. It emphasizes the initiative of God in reaching out to humanity, rather than waiting for people to come to Him. This mirrors the biblical theme of God as the Good Shepherd who seeks out His sheep.

and saw others standing
The act of seeing others standing suggests awareness and compassion. The landowner notices those who are idle, indicating his concern for their well-being and potential. This can be seen as a reflection of God's omniscience and His ability to see the needs and potential of every individual. It also highlights the theme of divine selection and calling, where God sees beyond the surface to the heart and potential of a person.

in the marketplace
The marketplace was a central location in ancient towns where people gathered for trade and employment. It was common for day laborers to wait there in hopes of being hired. This setting underscores the reality of economic uncertainty and the dependence of laborers on the mercy of employers. The marketplace serves as a metaphor for the world, where people are waiting for purpose and direction, and God calls them into His service.

doing nothing
The phrase "doing nothing" indicates idleness, not necessarily by choice but due to lack of opportunity. It reflects the human condition of spiritual idleness without God's intervention. This highlights the grace of God, who calls individuals not based on their merit or activity but out of His generosity and desire to give purpose. It also connects to the broader biblical theme of God providing for those who are unable to provide for themselves, as seen in the provision of manna in the wilderness or Jesus feeding the 5,000.

‘You also go into my vineyard,’ he said,
In the context of Matthew 20, this phrase is part of the Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard. The vineyard is a common biblical metaphor for Israel (Isaiah 5:1-7) and God's kingdom. The landowner represents God, who calls people to work in His kingdom. The invitation to "go into my vineyard" signifies God's call to service and participation in His work. This reflects the inclusivity of God's call, extending to all, regardless of the time or circumstances of their calling. The vineyard setting also highlights the agricultural context of first-century Palestine, where vineyards were a significant part of the economy and daily life.

‘and I will pay you whatever is right.’
This phrase emphasizes the justice and fairness of God. The landowner's promise to pay "whatever is right" suggests a trust in his integrity and fairness, reflecting God's righteous nature. In the parable, this statement challenges human notions of fairness, as later workers receive the same wage as those who worked all day, illustrating the concept of grace. This mirrors the biblical theme that God's ways are higher than human ways (Isaiah 55:8-9). The promise of a fair wage also connects to the broader biblical principle of just compensation for labor (Leviticus 19:13; James 5:4). The phrase invites reflection on the nature of divine justice and grace, which often surpass human understanding and expectations.

So they went.
This phrase indicates the obedience of the laborers who were hired by the landowner. In the context of the parable, it reflects the willingness of individuals to respond to God's call, similar to the disciples' immediate response to Jesus' invitation to follow Him (Matthew 4:19-20). The act of going signifies faith and trust in the landowner's promise, paralleling the Christian's journey of faith.

He went out again about the sixth hour and the ninth hour
The sixth hour corresponds to noon, and the ninth hour to 3 PM, according to Jewish timekeeping. This detail highlights the landowner's persistent search for workers throughout the day, symbolizing God's continual invitation to people at various stages of life. The repeated action emphasizes God's grace and the inclusivity of His kingdom, as seen in the parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32), where the father eagerly welcomes back his son at any time.

and did the same thing.
The landowner's consistent approach in hiring workers at different times of the day illustrates the unchanging nature of God's grace and His desire for all to come to Him, regardless of when they respond. This mirrors the message in 2 Peter 3:9, where God is patient, not wanting anyone to perish. The repetition of the landowner's actions underscores the theme of divine generosity and the equal opportunity for salvation, akin to the vineyard workers receiving the same wage regardless of their start time, symbolizing the equal reward of eternal life for all believers.

About the eleventh hour
The "eleventh hour" refers to the late afternoon, around 5 PM, in the Jewish workday, which typically ended at sunset. This timing emphasizes the urgency and unexpected nature of the landowner's actions. In biblical symbolism, the eleventh hour can represent the last opportunity for repentance and salvation, highlighting God's grace extended even at the last moment. This concept is echoed in the parable's broader message of God's kingdom, where the last can be first, and vice versa.

he went out and found still others standing around
The landowner's repeated trips to find laborers illustrate God's persistent pursuit of individuals to join His kingdom. The "others standing around" may symbolize those who have not yet found their purpose or calling in life. This reflects the biblical theme of God seeking the lost and offering them a place in His work, as seen in Luke 19:10, where Jesus states His mission to seek and save the lost.

‘Why have you been standing here all day long doing nothing?’ he asked.
This question highlights the inactivity and potential waste of time by those not engaged in the vineyard work. Culturally, day laborers would gather in marketplaces hoping to be hired, and not being chosen could lead to shame and economic hardship. The question implies a call to action and purpose, resonating with the biblical call to be active in faith and service. It also reflects the urgency of responding to God's call, as seen in Ephesians 5:16, which urges believers to make the most of every opportunity.

Because no one has hired us,
This phrase reflects the plight of the laborers who were standing idle in the marketplace. In the historical context of first-century Judea, day laborers would gather in public places hoping to be hired for work. The fact that no one had hired them suggests a sense of desperation and vulnerability, as they depended on daily wages for survival. This situation highlights the social and economic challenges of the time, where employment was uncertain and often insufficient. Theologically, this can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual idleness and the need for divine intervention to find purpose and fulfillment.

they answered.
The laborers' response indicates their willingness to work and their readiness to accept any opportunity that comes their way. This reflects a broader biblical theme of human response to God's call. In the parable, their answer signifies an openness to the invitation of the landowner, which can be seen as a representation of God's call to individuals. This mirrors the call to discipleship found throughout the New Testament, where believers are invited to respond to Jesus' invitation to follow Him.

So he told them,
The landowner's response is immediate and decisive. This reflects the character of God as portrayed in the Bible—compassionate, just, and eager to include all who are willing. The landowner's actions can be seen as a type of Christ, who seeks out the lost and offers them a place in His kingdom. This also connects to the biblical theme of God's grace, which is extended to all, regardless of their status or previous inactivity.

‘You also go into my vineyard.’
The vineyard is a significant biblical symbol, often representing Israel or the Kingdom of God. In this context, the invitation to work in the vineyard signifies an invitation to participate in God's work and to be part of His kingdom. This phrase echoes the call to service and mission found in other parts of Scripture, such as the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19-20. It underscores the inclusivity of God's call, extending to those who may feel overlooked or marginalized. Theologically, it emphasizes that God's grace and opportunity for service are available to all, regardless of when they come to faith or begin their labor in His kingdom.

When evening came
In biblical times, the workday typically ended at sunset, marking the transition from labor to rest. Evening signifies the completion of a day's work and often symbolizes the end of an era or the final judgment in biblical literature. This phrase sets the stage for the resolution of the parable, emphasizing the conclusion of the laborers' efforts.

the owner of the vineyard
The owner represents God, who is sovereign over His kingdom. Vineyards were common in Israel and often used in Scripture to symbolize God's people or His kingdom (Isaiah 5:1-7). The owner’s authority and decision-making reflect God's ultimate control and justice.

said to his foreman
The foreman acts as an intermediary, similar to prophets or apostles who convey God's messages. This role highlights the structured order within the parable, where the foreman executes the owner's will, akin to how God's servants carry out His commands.

‘Call the workers and pay them their wages
This action reflects the principle of divine justice and reward. In the cultural context, paying wages at the end of the day was customary (Leviticus 19:13). The payment symbolizes the rewards of faithfulness and service in God's kingdom, aligning with the biblical theme of recompense for labor (1 Corinthians 3:8).

starting with the last ones hired and moving on to the first.’
This reversal of order challenges human notions of fairness and merit, illustrating the kingdom of God's values, where the last shall be first (Matthew 19:30). It underscores the theme of grace, where God's generosity transcends human expectations and calculations, reflecting the parable's message that God's grace is not earned by works but given freely.

The workers who were hired about the eleventh hour
In the context of first-century Jewish culture, the workday typically began at sunrise, around 6 a.m., and ended at sunset, approximately 6 p.m. The "eleventh hour" refers to about 5 p.m., just one hour before the end of the workday. This phrase highlights the unexpected nature of the landowner's generosity, as these workers were hired at the last possible moment. Theologically, this can be seen as a representation of God's grace, which is extended to all, regardless of when they come to faith. This concept is echoed in the parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32), where the father's love is lavishly given to the repentant son despite his late return.

came and each received a denarius
A denarius was a common day's wage for a laborer during the time of Jesus, as seen in other biblical references such as Matthew 22:19 and Revelation 6:6. The payment of a full day's wage to those who worked only one hour underscores the theme of divine grace and the kingdom of heaven's values, which often subvert human expectations of fairness and merit. This act of generosity by the landowner can be seen as a type of Christ's redemptive work, where salvation is offered equally to all, regardless of their past or the timing of their conversion. The denarius symbolizes the reward of eternal life, which is given not based on human effort but on God's sovereign grace, as reflected in Ephesians 2:8-9.

So when the original workers came
The original workers in this parable represent those who have been serving God for a long time, possibly the Jewish people who were the first to receive God's covenant. This phrase sets the stage for the expectation of reward based on tenure and effort. In the cultural context of first-century Palestine, laborers would gather in the marketplace to be hired for the day, and those hired first would naturally expect greater compensation for their longer hours.

they assumed they would receive more
This assumption reflects a human tendency to equate time and effort with greater reward. It highlights the theme of human expectations versus divine grace. Biblically, this can be connected to the idea that God's ways are not our ways (Isaiah 55:8-9). The workers' assumption also mirrors the attitude of the Pharisees and religious leaders who believed their adherence to the law entitled them to greater favor from God.

But each of them also received a denarius
A denarius was a common day's wage for a laborer at the time, indicating fairness and sufficiency in the eyes of the landowner. This phrase underscores the parable's message about the kingdom of heaven, where God's grace is given equally, regardless of human calculations of worthiness. The equal payment symbolizes the equal gift of salvation offered to all believers, whether they come early or late to faith. This can be seen as a type of Christ's teaching on grace, where the last will be first, and the first will be last (Matthew 20:16).

On receiving their pay
This phrase refers to the laborers in the parable of the workers in the vineyard. The context is a vineyard owner who hires workers at different times of the day but pays them all the same wage. The payment symbolizes the grace of God, which is given equally to all believers, regardless of when they come to faith. This reflects the kingdom of heaven's values, where God's generosity surpasses human notions of fairness. The vineyard is a common biblical metaphor for Israel (Isaiah 5:1-7), and the payment can be seen as the reward of eternal life.

they began to grumble
Grumbling here indicates dissatisfaction and a sense of injustice among the workers who labored longer. This mirrors the human tendency to compare oneself with others and feel entitled to more based on effort or time. Biblically, grumbling is often associated with a lack of faith or trust in God's provision, as seen in the Israelites' complaints in the wilderness (Exodus 16:2-3). This attitude contrasts with the call to rejoice in others' blessings and trust in God's equitable justice.

against the landowner
The landowner represents God, who is sovereign and just in His dealings. The workers' grumbling against him highlights a misunderstanding of God's grace and generosity. In the cultural context, a landowner had the right to manage his resources as he saw fit, reflecting God's authority over His creation. This part of the parable challenges the audience to trust in God's wisdom and fairness, even when it defies human expectations. The landowner's actions echo the biblical theme that God's ways are higher than human ways (Isaiah 55:8-9).

‘These men who were hired last worked only one hour,’ they said,
This phrase highlights the parable of the workers in the vineyard, where laborers are hired at different times of the day but receive the same wage. The context is a vineyard, a common setting in Israel, symbolizing God's kingdom. The complaint reflects human notions of fairness and justice, contrasting with divine grace. The one-hour workers represent those who come to faith later in life, emphasizing that God's grace is not earned by the length of service but is a gift.

‘and you have made them equal to us’
This statement underscores the theme of equality in the kingdom of heaven. It challenges the cultural and societal norms of the time, where status and hierarchy were prevalent. The equality here is a reflection of the early church's teaching that in Christ, there is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free (Galatians 3:28). It points to the radical nature of God's grace, which does not discriminate based on human standards.

‘who have borne the burden and the scorching heat of the day.’
This phrase reflects the hard labor and conditions faced by the early workers, symbolizing those who have long served in God's kingdom. The "burden" and "scorching heat" can be seen as the trials and perseverance required in the Christian life. It echoes the experiences of the Israelites in the wilderness and the endurance of the prophets. This imagery also connects to Jesus' own suffering and the call for His followers to take up their cross (Matthew 16:24), highlighting the cost of discipleship.

But he answered one of them
In this parable, the landowner represents God, and the workers symbolize believers. The response is directed to one of the laborers who felt wronged, highlighting the personal nature of God's relationship with each individual. This reflects the biblical theme of God addressing individuals directly, as seen in His interactions with figures like Moses (Exodus 3:4) and Elijah (1 Kings 19:9).

‘Friend, I am not being unfair to you.
The term "friend" is used to address the worker, indicating a relationship that is not hostile despite the complaint. This mirrors Jesus' use of "friend" in other parables (Matthew 22:12, 26:50), suggesting a tone of gentle correction. The concept of fairness is central to the parable, emphasizing God's justice and generosity. The landowner's fairness is rooted in the agreed-upon terms, reflecting God's faithfulness to His promises (Deuteronomy 7:9).

Did you not agree with me on one denarius?
A denarius was a common day's wage for a laborer in Roman times, reflecting the economic context of the period. The agreement on this wage underscores the fairness of the landowner's actions. This phrase highlights the importance of covenant and agreement, echoing the biblical theme of God's covenants with His people (Genesis 15:18, Exodus 19:5). The parable challenges the human tendency to compare and question God's distribution of grace, reminding believers of the sufficiency of God's provision.

Take your pay and go.
This phrase is part of the parable of the workers in the vineyard, where a landowner hires laborers at different times of the day but pays them all the same wage. The instruction to "take your pay and go" reflects the landowner's authority and fairness in fulfilling his agreement. In biblical times, daily wages were common, and workers were paid at the end of each day (Leviticus 19:13). This reflects the immediate provision for daily needs, as seen in the Lord's Prayer, "Give us this day our daily bread" (Matthew 6:11). The command to "go" signifies the completion of the agreed-upon work and the fulfillment of the contract, emphasizing the landowner's right to distribute his resources as he sees fit.

I want to give this last man the same as I gave you.
This statement highlights the landowner's generosity and the theme of divine grace. The "last man" refers to those hired later in the day, who worked fewer hours but received the same wage. This challenges human notions of fairness and merit, illustrating God's sovereign grace and generosity. The parable reflects the kingdom of heaven, where God's grace is extended equally to all, regardless of their time of service or perceived worthiness. This mirrors the teaching in Ephesians 2:8-9, where salvation is described as a gift from God, not based on works. The landowner's desire to give equally underscores the principle that God's ways are higher than human ways (Isaiah 55:8-9), and His grace is not limited by human standards of justice.

Do I not have the right to do as I please with what is mine?
This phrase reflects the sovereignty and authority of God, akin to a landowner's rights over his property. In the parable of the workers in the vineyard, the landowner represents God, who exercises His divine prerogative. This echoes the biblical theme of God's ownership over all creation (Psalm 24:1). The rhetorical question emphasizes God's freedom to dispense grace and blessings according to His will, without human interference or judgment. It challenges the listener to recognize God's ultimate authority and the concept of divine justice, which may differ from human expectations.

Or are you envious because I am generous?
This phrase addresses the human tendency towards jealousy and resentment when others receive what we perceive as unearned favor. The Greek word for "envious" can also be translated as "evil eye," a term used in ancient cultures to describe jealousy or covetousness. This reflects the cultural context where envy was seen as a destructive force. The landowner's generosity symbolizes God's grace, which is freely given and not based on human merit. This mirrors the biblical principle found in Ephesians 2:8-9, where salvation is described as a gift from God, not a result of works. The phrase challenges believers to rejoice in God's generosity towards others and to trust in His just and loving nature.

So the last will be first,
This phrase encapsulates a recurring theme in Jesus' teachings, emphasizing the reversal of worldly values in the Kingdom of Heaven. It challenges the societal norms of status and hierarchy, suggesting that those who are humble and serve others will be exalted. This concept is echoed in other parts of the Gospels, such as Matthew 19:30 and Mark 10:31, where Jesus teaches about the rewards of discipleship and the nature of true greatness. The idea is also reflected in the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12), where the meek and poor in spirit are blessed. Historically, this teaching would have been radical in a culture that valued social status and power. It aligns with the prophetic vision of the Messiah as a servant leader, as seen in Isaiah 53.

and the first will be last.”
This part of the verse serves as a warning to those who rely on their own status or achievements for favor in God's Kingdom. It suggests that those who seek to elevate themselves will ultimately be humbled. This principle is illustrated in the parable of the workers in the vineyard (Matthew 20:1-15), which precedes this verse, where those hired last receive the same reward as those hired first. It underscores the grace and generosity of God, who rewards not based on human merit but on His own sovereign will. This teaching is consistent with the message of humility found throughout Scripture, such as in James 4:6, "God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble." It also reflects the life of Jesus, who, though being in very nature God, took on the form of a servant (Philippians 2:5-7).

As Jesus was going up to Jerusalem
This phrase indicates a geographical movement towards Jerusalem, which is situated on a hill, hence the term "going up." Jerusalem is the center of Jewish religious life and the location of the Temple. This journey is significant as it marks the final approach to the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion. The journey to Jerusalem is a fulfillment of Jesus' mission and aligns with Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah's suffering and sacrifice (Isaiah 53). The ascent to Jerusalem is symbolic of Jesus' obedience to the Father's will, despite knowing the suffering that awaits Him.

He took the twelve disciples aside
Jesus often took His disciples aside to teach them privately, indicating the importance of the message He was about to share. The twelve disciples represent the foundation of the early Church, and their understanding of Jesus' mission is crucial for the spread of the Gospel. This private setting underscores the intimate relationship between Jesus and His disciples and highlights the importance of preparing them for the events to come. It also reflects the pattern of rabbinic teaching, where a rabbi would instruct his closest followers in private.

and said
The act of speaking here is significant as it demonstrates Jesus' role as a teacher and prophet. His words are authoritative and prophetic, often revealing truths about His identity and mission. In this context, Jesus is about to predict His suffering, death, and resurrection, which is a central theme in the Gospels. This prediction is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and serves to prepare the disciples for the coming events, reinforcing their faith and understanding of Jesus as the Messiah.

Look, we are going up to Jerusalem
This phrase marks a significant moment in Jesus' ministry as He and His disciples journey towards Jerusalem, the center of Jewish religious life. Jerusalem is not only the geographical destination but also the prophetic fulfillment of Jesus' mission. The city is where the temple is located, symbolizing God's presence among His people. This journey is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah 53, which speak of the suffering servant. The phrase "going up" is literal, as Jerusalem is situated on a hill, but it also signifies the spiritual ascent towards the culmination of Jesus' earthly ministry.

and the Son of Man will be delivered over to the chief priests and scribes.
The title "Son of Man" is a messianic term that Jesus frequently uses for Himself, drawing from Daniel 7:13-14, where the Son of Man is given authority and an everlasting kingdom. This phrase indicates the beginning of Jesus' passion, where He will be handed over to the religious authorities. The chief priests and scribes represent the Jewish leadership, who are responsible for maintaining religious law and order. This handing over is a fulfillment of the divine plan, as foretold in scriptures like Psalm 22 and Isaiah 53, which describe the suffering and rejection of the Messiah.

They will condemn Him to death
This phrase highlights the legal and religious proceedings that will lead to Jesus' crucifixion. The condemnation by the Jewish leaders fulfills the prophecies of a suffering Messiah, as seen in passages like Isaiah 53:8, which speaks of the Messiah being "cut off from the land of the living." The act of condemnation by the religious authorities underscores the rejection of Jesus by His own people, as prophesied in John 1:11. This legal condemnation is a pivotal moment that sets the stage for the Roman involvement in Jesus' execution, as the Jewish leaders lacked the authority to carry out a death sentence under Roman rule.

and will deliver Him over to the Gentiles
This phrase indicates the transfer of Jesus from Jewish authorities to Roman authorities, fulfilling the prophecy of His suffering at the hands of Gentiles. The Jewish leaders, unable to execute capital punishment under Roman rule, handed Jesus over to Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor. This act signifies the rejection of Jesus by His own people and the involvement of the Gentiles in His crucifixion, highlighting the universal scope of His mission and sacrifice.

to be mocked
Mocking was a common form of humiliation for those condemned to death, especially in Roman culture. Jesus was ridiculed by Roman soldiers, who placed a crown of thorns on His head and a robe on His shoulders, sarcastically hailing Him as "King of the Jews." This fulfilled Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53:3, which speaks of the Messiah being despised and rejected.

and flogged
Flogging, or scourging, was a brutal Roman punishment involving a whip with multiple leather thongs, often embedded with metal or bone. This punishment was intended to weaken the victim before crucifixion. Jesus' flogging fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 53:5, which states, "by His stripes we are healed," emphasizing the physical suffering He endured for humanity's redemption.

and crucified
Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution reserved for the most serious offenders, symbolizing extreme shame and suffering. Jesus' crucifixion was prophesied in Psalm 22:16, which describes the piercing of hands and feet. This method of death underscores the gravity of sin and the extent of Jesus' sacrifice, as He bore the curse of the law (Galatians 3:13) to bring salvation to all.

And on the third day
The reference to the third day is significant in Jewish tradition, often associated with divine intervention and new beginnings. Jesus' resurrection on the third day fulfills His own predictions (Matthew 16:21) and aligns with the sign of Jonah (Matthew 12:40), symbolizing victory over death and the inauguration of a new covenant.

He will be raised to life.
The resurrection is the cornerstone of Christian faith, affirming Jesus' divinity and the truth of His teachings. It fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not allowing His Holy One to see decay. The resurrection assures believers of eternal life and the ultimate triumph over sin and death, as articulated in 1 Corinthians 15:20-22.

Then the mother of Zebedee’s sons
This refers to Salome, the wife of Zebedee and mother of James and John, two of Jesus' disciples. Salome is believed to be a follower of Jesus and is mentioned in other Gospel accounts (Mark 15:40, 16:1). The family is likely from a fishing background, as Zebedee was a fisherman on the Sea of Galilee. This request highlights the close-knit nature of Jesus' followers and their families.

came to Jesus with her sons
James and John, often referred to as the "Sons of Thunder" (Mark 3:17), accompany their mother. This indicates their involvement and agreement with the request being made. It also reflects the cultural norms of the time, where family units often acted together, and mothers played a significant role in advocating for their children.

and knelt down
Kneeling is a posture of respect and submission, often used in the presence of someone of higher status or authority. This act signifies Salome's recognition of Jesus' authority and her reverence for Him. It also sets the stage for the seriousness of her request.

to make a request of Him
The request that follows is for her sons to sit at Jesus' right and left in His kingdom (Matthew 20:21). This reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of Jesus' kingdom, which is not of this world (John 18:36). It also shows the human desire for status and recognition, even among Jesus' closest followers. This moment provides a teaching opportunity for Jesus to explain the true nature of leadership and greatness in His kingdom, which is characterized by servanthood and humility (Matthew 20:25-28).

“What do you want?” He inquired.
This question is posed by Jesus to the mother of James and John, the sons of Zebedee. It reflects Jesus' willingness to engage with those who approach Him, demonstrating His openness and readiness to listen. This interaction occurs as Jesus is on His way to Jerusalem, where He will face crucifixion. The question also serves to reveal the intentions and desires of those who follow Him, highlighting the human tendency to seek personal gain even in spiritual matters.

She answered, “Declare that in Your kingdom one of these two sons of mine may sit at Your right hand, and the other at Your left.”
The request made by the mother of James and John reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of Jesus' kingdom. In Jewish culture, sitting at the right and left hand of a king was a position of honor and authority. This request indicates a desire for prominence and power, which contrasts with Jesus' teachings on servanthood and humility. The request also shows a lack of awareness of the suffering and sacrifice that Jesus' kingdom entails. This moment is paralleled in Mark 10:35-37, where James and John themselves make the request, emphasizing the ambition and misunderstanding among the disciples. Jesus' response to this request, which follows in the subsequent verses, underscores the values of His kingdom, where greatness is defined by service and sacrifice, not by status or power.

“You do not know what you are asking,” Jesus replied.
This phrase highlights the disciples' misunderstanding of the nature of Jesus' mission and the kingdom of God. They were expecting a political or earthly kingdom, not realizing the spiritual and sacrificial nature of Jesus' work. This reflects a common theme in the Gospels where Jesus' followers often misunderstand His teachings and mission. The request made by James and John, through their mother, for positions of honor in Jesus' kingdom (Matthew 20:20-21) shows their lack of comprehension of the suffering and service that true leadership in God's kingdom entails.

“Can you drink the cup I am going to drink?”
The "cup" is a metaphor for the suffering and sacrifice that Jesus would endure, particularly His crucifixion. In the Old Testament, the cup often symbolizes God's judgment and wrath (Psalm 75:8, Isaiah 51:17). Jesus uses this imagery to foreshadow His impending suffering and to challenge the disciples' understanding of what it means to follow Him. This question is a call to consider the cost of discipleship, which involves sharing in Christ's sufferings (Philippians 3:10).

“We can,” the brothers answered.
James and John confidently assert their willingness to share in Jesus' fate, yet their response reveals their naivety and lack of understanding of the true cost of discipleship. Historically, James would indeed face martyrdom (Acts 12:2), and John would endure persecution and exile (Revelation 1:9). Their answer reflects a common human tendency to overestimate one's own strength and commitment without fully grasping the challenges ahead. This moment serves as a reminder of the need for humility and reliance on God's strength in the face of trials.

You will indeed drink My cup,
This phrase indicates that the disciples, specifically James and John, will share in the sufferings of Christ. The "cup" is a metaphor for the experiences, often of suffering or judgment, that one is destined to undergo. In the Old Testament, the cup is frequently associated with God's wrath (Isaiah 51:17, Jeremiah 25:15). In the New Testament, Jesus refers to His impending suffering and crucifixion as a cup He must drink (Matthew 26:39). Historically, James was martyred (Acts 12:2), and John faced persecution and exile (Revelation 1:9), fulfilling this prophecy of shared suffering.

Jesus said.
This emphasizes the authority of Jesus in making this statement. In the context of the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus is portrayed as the authoritative teacher and Messiah. His words carry weight and are often used to reveal deeper spiritual truths. The use of direct speech here highlights the personal nature of His response to the disciples' request.

But to sit at My right or left is not Mine to grant.
This statement underscores the divine order and the roles within the Trinity. While Jesus is fully God, He submits to the Father's will, reflecting the functional subordination within the Godhead. The right and left seats are positions of honor and authority, often associated with a king's closest advisors. In biblical culture, these positions were not given lightly and were often reserved for those with special favor or purpose.

These seats belong to those for whom My Father has prepared them.
This phrase indicates God's sovereign will and predestination. It reflects the biblical theme that God has a predetermined plan and purpose for each individual (Ephesians 1:11). The preparation by the Father suggests a divine election and purpose, aligning with the broader biblical narrative of God's chosen people and His ultimate plan for redemption. This also connects to the idea of rewards in heaven, where positions of honor are determined by God's criteria, not human ambition.

When the ten heard about this,
The "ten" refers to the other disciples of Jesus, excluding James and John, who are the "two brothers" mentioned later. This moment occurs after James and John's mother asked Jesus for her sons to sit at His right and left in His kingdom. The request highlights the human tendency towards ambition and status, which was a common cultural value in the Greco-Roman world. The disciples' reaction indicates that they were closely following the conversation and were aware of the implications of such a request.

they were indignant
The word "indignant" suggests a strong emotional response, likely a mix of anger and jealousy. This reaction is consistent with human nature and reflects the disciples' misunderstanding of Jesus' teachings on servanthood and humility. Their indignation reveals their own desires for prominence and power, which Jesus frequently addressed throughout His ministry. This moment serves as a teaching opportunity for Jesus to further explain the nature of His kingdom, contrasting earthly power with spiritual leadership.

with the two brothers.
James and John, the sons of Zebedee, are the "two brothers" who were part of Jesus' inner circle. Their request, made through their mother, reflects a misunderstanding of Jesus' mission and the nature of His kingdom. In Jewish culture, family ties were significant, and it was not uncommon for family members to advocate for one another. This incident highlights the ongoing theme in the Gospels of the disciples' struggle to grasp the concept of servant leadership, which Jesus exemplified. The brothers' ambition is juxtaposed with Jesus' call to humility and service, as He later explains that true greatness in His kingdom is measured by one's willingness to serve others.

But Jesus called them aside and said,
In this passage, Jesus is addressing His disciples privately, indicating the importance of the lesson He is about to impart. This setting underscores the intimate teacher-student relationship Jesus maintained with His disciples. The act of calling them aside suggests a moment of correction or deeper teaching, often seen in rabbinic traditions where a teacher would gather his students for important lessons.

“You know that the rulers of the Gentiles
The term "Gentiles" refers to non-Jewish people, often seen as outsiders to the covenant community of Israel. In the context of the Roman Empire, which ruled over Judea at the time, the "rulers of the Gentiles" would include Roman officials and local client kings. This phrase sets up a contrast between the worldly systems of power and the kingdom of God. Historically, the Roman rulers were known for their authoritarian rule, which often involved heavy taxation and military enforcement.

lord it over them,
This phrase highlights the oppressive nature of Gentile leadership, characterized by domination and control. The Greek term used here implies a harsh or tyrannical rule. This contrasts with the servant leadership model that Jesus exemplifies and teaches. The concept of "lording over" is antithetical to the servant-hearted leadership that Jesus advocates, which is a recurring theme in His teachings.

and their superiors exercise authority over them.
The structure of authority in the Roman world was hierarchical, with clear distinctions between those in power and those subject to it. This phrase emphasizes the top-down approach to leadership prevalent in the Gentile world. In contrast, Jesus' kingdom operates on principles of humility and service. This teaching is consistent with other scriptural references, such as Philippians 2:3-8, where Paul speaks of Christ's humility and servanthood. Jesus' model of leadership is one of self-sacrifice and service, which He ultimately demonstrated through His death on the cross.

It shall not be this way among you.
This phrase indicates a contrast between the worldly view of leadership and the kingdom principles Jesus is teaching. In the context of Matthew 20, Jesus addresses the disciples' misunderstanding of greatness, which they equate with power and authority. This statement is a direct response to the request of James and John's mother for her sons to sit at Jesus' right and left in His kingdom. Jesus emphasizes that His followers are to adopt a different standard, one that is countercultural and rooted in humility and service.

Instead, whoever wants to become great among you
Here, Jesus acknowledges the natural human desire for greatness but redirects it towards a godly ambition. The concept of greatness in the kingdom of God is not about status or position but about character and service. This teaching is consistent with the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12), where Jesus describes the blessed as those who are poor in spirit, meek, and merciful. The desire for greatness is not condemned but is redefined in terms of servanthood.

must be your servant,
The term "servant" (Greek: diakonos) implies one who serves others, often in a humble or menial capacity. This is a radical departure from the societal norms of the time, where servants were considered lowly. Jesus Himself exemplifies this principle, as seen in John 13:1-17, where He washes the disciples' feet, a task reserved for the lowest servant. This act foreshadows His ultimate service through His sacrificial death on the cross. The call to servanthood is a call to follow Christ's example, as He came not to be served but to serve (Matthew 20:28). This teaching challenges believers to adopt a lifestyle of humility and selflessness, reflecting the heart of Christ in their interactions with others.

and whoever wants to be first among you
This phrase addresses the desire for prominence and leadership within the community of believers. In the cultural context of the time, positions of authority were highly sought after, often associated with power and prestige. Jesus challenges this notion by redefining what it means to be "first." This teaching is consistent with other passages, such as Matthew 23:11, where Jesus states, "The greatest among you shall be your servant." The concept of being "first" is not about status but about service and humility, reflecting the upside-down nature of the Kingdom of God.

must be your slave—
The term "slave" here is translated from the Greek word "doulos," which implies complete devotion and service to others. In the Roman world, a slave had no rights and was entirely subject to the will of their master. Jesus uses this strong imagery to emphasize the level of selflessness and dedication required of His followers. This teaching is a radical departure from the societal norms of the time, where slaves were considered the lowest class. It also foreshadows Jesus' own example, as He came "not to be served, but to serve" (Matthew 20:28). This call to servitude is a type of Christ, who exemplified ultimate humility and sacrifice.

just as the Son of Man
The title "Son of Man" is a messianic term rooted in Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a figure with divine authority. Jesus frequently uses this title to emphasize both His humanity and His divine mission. It highlights His role as the representative of humanity and His fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy.

did not come to be served
In the cultural context of the time, leaders and kings were typically served by others. Jesus contrasts this expectation by emphasizing His mission of humility and service. This reflects the upside-down nature of the Kingdom of God, where greatness is defined by servanthood (Matthew 23:11).

but to serve
Jesus' life exemplified servanthood, as seen in His actions such as washing the disciples' feet (John 13:1-17). This phrase underscores His role as a servant leader, fulfilling the prophecy of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53. His service is not just in word but in action, providing a model for His followers.

and to give His life
This phrase points to the sacrificial nature of Jesus' mission. His life was not taken from Him; He willingly laid it down (John 10:18). This act of giving is central to the Christian understanding of atonement and redemption.

as a ransom for many.”
The term "ransom" refers to the price paid to free a slave or captive. In the biblical context, it signifies Jesus' sacrificial death as the means of liberating humanity from sin and death. The "many" indicates the wide scope of His redemptive work, aligning with prophecies such as Isaiah 53:11-12, which speak of the Servant bearing the sins of many.

As they were leaving Jericho
Jericho is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, located near the Jordan River. In biblical history, it is known for the miraculous conquest by Joshua (Joshua 6). By the time of Jesus, there were two Jerichos: the ancient city and the newer Herodian city. Jesus' journey through Jericho signifies His movement towards Jerusalem, where He would fulfill His mission. This departure from Jericho can symbolize leaving behind the old life and moving towards the new covenant.

a large crowd followed Him
The large crowd signifies Jesus' growing popularity and the anticipation surrounding His ministry. Crowds often followed Jesus, drawn by His teachings, miracles, and the hope of the coming Kingdom of God. This gathering of people also highlights the communal aspect of Jesus' ministry, as He often taught and performed miracles in the presence of many witnesses. The crowd's presence sets the stage for the subsequent miracle, emphasizing the public nature of Jesus' works and His compassion for those in need.

And there were two blind men sitting beside the road.
In the context of the Gospels, blindness often symbolizes spiritual ignorance or lack of insight. The fact that there are two blind men may emphasize the completeness of their testimony and the certainty of the miracle. Sitting beside the road suggests their marginalization in society, as the blind were often reduced to begging. This setting is near Jericho, a city with a rich biblical history, known for the fall of its walls in the Old Testament, symbolizing the breaking down of barriers.

When they heard that Jesus was passing by,
The blind men’s awareness of Jesus' presence, despite their physical blindness, highlights their spiritual insight. This moment underscores the importance of faith coming by hearing, as noted in Romans 10:17. Jesus' reputation as a healer and teacher had spread, and even those marginalized by society were aware of His power and authority.

they cried out,
Their cry is an act of desperation and faith. In the cultural context, shouting in public was a bold move, especially for those considered lowly. This action reflects their belief that Jesus could change their circumstances, demonstrating a faith that is vocal and persistent.

“Lord, Son of David,
The title "Lord" acknowledges Jesus' authority and divinity. "Son of David" is a messianic title, recognizing Jesus as the promised descendant of David who would establish an everlasting kingdom, as prophesied in 2 Samuel 7:12-16. This acknowledgment of Jesus as the Messiah is significant, especially coming from those who were physically blind yet spiritually perceptive.

have mercy on us!”
Their plea for mercy indicates a recognition of their need for divine intervention. Mercy, in this context, is not just about physical healing but also encompasses forgiveness and restoration. This request aligns with the biblical theme of God’s compassion and willingness to respond to those who humbly seek Him, as seen throughout the Psalms and the teachings of Jesus.

The crowd admonished them to be silent
In the context of Matthew 20, Jesus is on His way to Jerusalem, and a large crowd follows Him. The crowd's attempt to silence the blind men reflects a common cultural attitude of the time, where those with disabilities were often marginalized and seen as less deserving of attention. This moment highlights the societal barriers that Jesus frequently challenged. The crowd's reaction can also be seen as a misunderstanding of Jesus' mission, as they fail to recognize the importance of compassion and mercy that He embodies.

but they cried out all the louder
The persistence of the blind men is significant. Despite societal pressure to remain silent, their desperation and faith drive them to continue seeking Jesus' attention. This persistence is a recurring theme in the Gospels, where those who earnestly seek Jesus often overcome obstacles to receive His help. Their actions demonstrate a deep faith and recognition of Jesus' authority and ability to heal, which is a key aspect of His ministry.

“Lord, Son of David, have mercy on us!”
The title "Son of David" is a messianic term, acknowledging Jesus as the promised descendant of David who would establish God's kingdom. This recognition by the blind men is profound, as it shows their spiritual insight despite their physical blindness. The plea for mercy is a common biblical theme, reflecting a humble acknowledgment of one's need for God's grace. This cry for mercy is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as the Psalms, where individuals seek God's compassion and intervention. The use of "Lord" signifies their recognition of Jesus' divine authority, further emphasizing their faith in Him as the Messiah.

Jesus stopped and called them.
In the context of Matthew 20, Jesus is on His way to Jerusalem, where He will soon face crucifixion. Despite the urgency of His mission, He stops for two blind men who are calling out to Him. This demonstrates Jesus' compassion and willingness to address the needs of individuals, even when He is focused on a larger mission. The act of stopping signifies the importance Jesus places on personal interaction and care. This moment reflects the nature of Jesus as the Good Shepherd, who knows His sheep and responds to their cries (John 10:14). The calling of the blind men also echoes the call of God to humanity, inviting them into a relationship with Him.

“What do you want Me to do for you?”
Jesus' question is not due to a lack of knowledge, as He is omniscient, but rather serves to engage the blind men in expressing their faith and desire. This question invites them to articulate their need, demonstrating their faith in His ability to heal. It is reminiscent of God's invitation to Solomon to ask for whatever he wanted (1 Kings 3:5), highlighting the importance of asking in faith. This interaction underscores the biblical principle of asking and receiving, as seen in Matthew 7:7, where Jesus teaches about the importance of prayer and seeking God's help. The question also serves to focus the men's faith specifically on Jesus as the source of their healing, reinforcing the personal nature of their encounter with Him.

He asked.
The act of asking indicates Jesus' desire for a personal relationship and interaction with those He encounters. It reflects the relational aspect of God's nature, as seen throughout Scripture, where God engages with individuals in a personal and direct manner. This moment is a demonstration of Jesus' humility and approachability, qualities that are central to His ministry. By asking, Jesus also models the importance of communication and dialogue in relationships, both with God and with others. This approach is consistent with the biblical theme of God seeking a personal relationship with humanity, as seen in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3:9) and throughout the narrative of Scripture.

"Lord," they answered
The term "Lord" here is a title of respect and recognition of authority. In the context of the Gospels, it often signifies acknowledgment of Jesus' divine authority and messianic role. The blind men addressing Jesus as "Lord" indicates their faith in His power to heal. This title is consistent with other instances in the New Testament where individuals recognize Jesus' divine nature (e.g., Matthew 8:2, Matthew 14:28-30). The use of "Lord" also reflects the cultural understanding of a master-servant relationship, where the master has the power to grant requests.

"let our eyes be opened."
This request is both literal and metaphorical. Literally, the blind men are asking for physical sight, which is a common miracle performed by Jesus, demonstrating His compassion and divine authority over physical ailments (e.g., John 9:1-7). Metaphorically, the opening of eyes symbolizes spiritual enlightenment and understanding. In biblical literature, blindness often represents spiritual ignorance or lack of faith, while sight represents knowledge and faith (e.g., Isaiah 42:7, Ephesians 1:18). The plea for opened eyes can be seen as a deeper request for spiritual insight and recognition of Jesus as the Messiah. This aligns with the prophetic mission of the Messiah to bring light to those in darkness (Isaiah 61:1).

Moved with compassion
This phrase highlights Jesus' deep empathy and love for those in need. Compassion is a recurring theme in Jesus' ministry, reflecting God's character as merciful and loving. In the Gospels, Jesus often responds to human suffering with compassion, as seen in Matthew 9:36 and Mark 1:41. This compassion is not just an emotional response but leads to action, demonstrating the divine nature of Jesus as the Good Shepherd who cares for His flock.

Jesus touched their eyes
The act of touching signifies a personal and intimate connection. In the cultural context of the time, touching a blind person would have been seen as an act of kindness and breaking social norms, as physical ailments were often stigmatized. Jesus' touch is a powerful symbol of His willingness to engage with and heal those marginalized by society. This act also fulfills the messianic prophecies of healing found in Isaiah 35:5, which speaks of the eyes of the blind being opened.

and at once they received their sight
The immediacy of the healing underscores Jesus' divine authority and power. Unlike other healers of the time, who might have used rituals or incantations, Jesus' word and touch alone bring about miraculous change. This instantaneous healing is a testament to His identity as the Son of God and serves as a sign of the inbreaking of God's kingdom, where restoration and wholeness are realized.

and followed Him
The response of the healed individuals is one of discipleship and gratitude. Following Jesus implies a commitment to His teachings and a transformation of life. This mirrors the call of the first disciples in Matthew 4:19-20, who left everything to follow Him. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of spiritual enlightenment, where physical sight symbolizes the opening of spiritual eyes to recognize and follow the truth of Christ.