As they approached Jerusalem
Jerusalem is the central city in Jewish religious life, the location of the Temple, and the destination for Jewish pilgrims during major feasts. This approach signifies the culmination of Jesus' ministry and His impending passion. Jerusalem is often seen as a symbol of God's presence and the center of His redemptive work. The city's significance is highlighted in prophecies such as Zechariah 9:9, which foretells the coming of a king to Jerusalem.

and came to Bethphage
Bethphage is a small village on the Mount of Olives, near Jerusalem. Its name means "house of unripe figs," indicating its agricultural nature. This location is significant as it is the starting point for Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, fulfilling the prophecy of Zechariah 9:9. Bethphage's proximity to Jerusalem makes it a strategic location for Jesus to prepare for His entry.

on the Mount of Olives
The Mount of Olives is a ridge east of Jerusalem, significant in both Jewish and Christian eschatology. It is associated with the Messiah's coming and is the site of Jesus' ascension (Acts 1:9-12). The Mount of Olives provides a panoramic view of Jerusalem, symbolizing the connection between Jesus' ministry and the city. It is also a place of prayer and reflection for Jesus, as seen in the Garden of Gethsemane.

Jesus sent out two disciples
Jesus' sending of two disciples reflects His authority and the importance of the task. The number two is significant in Jewish law, where two witnesses are required to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). This act demonstrates Jesus' intentional fulfillment of prophecy and His preparation for the events leading to His crucifixion. The disciples' obedience highlights the theme of discipleship and trust in Jesus' instructions.

saying to them
Jesus is addressing two of His disciples, giving them specific instructions. This reflects His authority and foreknowledge, as He knows the details of what they will encounter. It also demonstrates His role as a teacher and leader, guiding His followers in fulfilling His mission.

Go into the village ahead of you
The village referred to is likely Bethphage, located near the Mount of Olives. This area is significant in biblical prophecy and history, as it is close to Jerusalem, where many key events in Jesus' ministry occur. The instruction to go ahead suggests a deliberate preparation for what is to come, emphasizing the importance of the upcoming events.

and at once you will find a donkey tied there, with her colt beside her
The immediate finding of the donkey and colt indicates Jesus' divine knowledge and the fulfillment of prophecy. This scene fulfills Zechariah 9:9, which predicts the Messiah entering Jerusalem on a donkey, symbolizing peace and humility. The presence of both the donkey and her colt highlights the completeness of the prophecy and the care for the animals, reflecting Jesus' compassion.

Untie them and bring them to Me
The act of untying and bringing the animals signifies obedience to Jesus' command and the preparation for His triumphal entry into Jerusalem. This action is a precursor to the fulfillment of His messianic role and the events leading to His crucifixion and resurrection. It also illustrates the disciples' trust in Jesus' instructions, even when the purpose may not be immediately clear.

If anyone questions you
This phrase anticipates potential resistance or inquiry from the owners of the donkey and colt. In the cultural context of first-century Judea, it was customary for travelers to borrow animals for transportation, especially during significant events like festivals. The disciples were instructed to be prepared for such questioning, which reflects the importance of Jesus' mission and the divine authority behind it.

tell him that the Lord needs them
The term "Lord" here signifies Jesus' divine authority and messianic identity. This phrase indicates that Jesus is fulfilling a specific purpose, aligning with Old Testament prophecies such as Zechariah 9:9, which foretells the Messiah entering Jerusalem on a donkey. The use of "needs" underscores the divine plan and necessity of this action in the unfolding of salvation history.

and he will send them right away.
This assurance suggests divine orchestration and the readiness of the owners to comply with the Lord's request. It reflects the sovereignty of God in ensuring that His plans are accomplished without hindrance. The immediate compliance also highlights the recognition of Jesus' authority and the fulfillment of His mission, as seen in the seamless execution of His instructions.

This took place
This phrase indicates that the events being described are part of a divine plan. The actions of Jesus are not random but are fulfilling a specific purpose. This reflects the belief in God's sovereignty and the unfolding of His redemptive plan through history.

to fulfill
The concept of fulfillment is central to the Gospel of Matthew, which frequently highlights how Jesus' life and actions complete Old Testament prophecies. This underscores the continuity between the Old and New Testaments and affirms Jesus as the promised Messiah.

what was spoken
This emphasizes the authority and reliability of the prophetic word. The phrase suggests that the events were not only predicted but also divinely ordained. It highlights the importance of Scripture as a record of God's promises and their realization.

through the prophet
The reference to "the prophet" connects Jesus' actions to the prophetic tradition of Israel. This particular prophecy is from Zechariah 9:9, which speaks of a king coming to Jerusalem humbly on a donkey. It underscores Jesus' role as a fulfillment of messianic expectations and His identity as the true King of Israel.

Say to the Daughter of Zion
This phrase refers to the people of Jerusalem, often called Zion, which is a term used for the city of David and the spiritual center of Israel. The "Daughter of Zion" is a poetic way to address the inhabitants of Jerusalem, emphasizing their special relationship with God. This phrase is rooted in Old Testament prophecy, particularly in Isaiah 62:11 and Zechariah 9:9, where the coming of a savior to Zion is foretold. It highlights the fulfillment of God's promises to His chosen people.

See, your King comes to you
This statement announces the arrival of a king, which in the context of the New Testament, refers to Jesus Christ. The use of "your King" signifies a personal and direct relationship between the King and the people of Jerusalem. Historically, kings would enter cities in grand processions, but this King comes in humility. This phrase fulfills the prophecy of Zechariah 9:9, which speaks of a king coming to Jerusalem, bringing salvation. It underscores the messianic expectation of the Jews and the recognition of Jesus as the promised Messiah.

Gentle and riding on a donkey
The description of the King as "gentle" contrasts with the typical image of a conquering ruler. In ancient times, a donkey was a symbol of peace, as opposed to a horse, which was associated with war. By riding a donkey, Jesus demonstrates His mission of peace and humility. This act fulfills the prophecy in Zechariah 9:9, emphasizing the nature of Christ's kingdom as one of peace rather than military might. It also reflects the character of Jesus, who embodies humility and servanthood.

On a colt, the foal of a donkey
This specific detail highlights the fulfillment of prophecy with precision. A colt, being a young donkey, signifies purity and newness, symbolizing the new covenant Jesus brings. The mention of both a donkey and its colt emphasizes the fulfillment of Zechariah's prophecy to the letter. In the cultural context, riding a colt that had never been ridden (as mentioned in other Gospel accounts) signifies a sacred or royal act, further affirming Jesus' messianic role. This imagery connects to the theme of Jesus as the humble King who inaugurates a new era of peace and salvation.

So the disciples went
The disciples' obedience is immediate and without question, reflecting their trust in Jesus' authority and wisdom. This act of following Jesus' instructions is a demonstration of their faith and commitment. In the broader biblical context, this obedience is reminiscent of the call of Abraham, who also acted in faith without knowing the full picture (Genesis 12:1-4). The disciples' actions here set a precedent for Christian discipleship, emphasizing the importance of following Christ's commands.

and did as Jesus had directed them.
This phrase highlights the fulfillment of Jesus' specific instructions regarding the procurement of a donkey and a colt for His entry into Jerusalem (Matthew 21:2-3). This act is significant as it fulfills the prophecy found in Zechariah 9:9, which speaks of the King coming to Jerusalem "gentle and riding on a donkey." The disciples' compliance with Jesus' directions underscores the theme of divine sovereignty and the unfolding of God's redemptive plan. It also illustrates the role of the disciples as active participants in the fulfillment of prophecy, serving as instruments in God's plan. This obedience is a model for believers, showing the importance of aligning one's actions with the will of Christ.

They brought the donkey and the colt
This phrase refers to the fulfillment of the prophecy found in Zechariah 9:9, which speaks of the King coming to Jerusalem "gentle and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey." The act of bringing both the donkey and the colt highlights the precision with which Jesus fulfills Old Testament prophecy. In the cultural context of the time, a donkey was a symbol of peace, as opposed to a horse, which was associated with war. This choice of animal underscores Jesus' role as the Prince of Peace.

and laid their cloaks on them
Laying cloaks on the animals served as a makeshift saddle and was a gesture of honor and respect. In 2 Kings 9:13, cloaks were spread under Jehu as a sign of his recognition as king. This act by the disciples and the crowd signifies their acknowledgment of Jesus' royal status, even if they did not fully understand the nature of His kingship. It also reflects the cultural practice of showing reverence to someone of high status.

and Jesus sat on them
The phrase "sat on them" refers to Jesus sitting on the cloaks placed on the donkey and the colt, not on both animals simultaneously. This action is significant as it marks Jesus' public declaration of His messianic identity. By choosing to enter Jerusalem in this manner, Jesus aligns Himself with the messianic expectations of the Jewish people, while also redefining those expectations through His humble approach. This event, known as the Triumphal Entry, is a pivotal moment in the Gospels, as it sets the stage for the events of Holy Week, leading to His crucifixion and resurrection.

A massive crowd
The gathering of a large crowd signifies the widespread anticipation and recognition of Jesus as a significant figure. This event occurs during the Passover festival, a time when Jerusalem's population swells with pilgrims. The crowd's size underscores the impact of Jesus' ministry and the hope that many had in Him as a potential Messiah.

spread their cloaks on the road
Laying cloaks on the road is an act of homage and respect, reminiscent of the reception given to royalty. This gesture parallels the actions in 2 Kings 9:13, where Jehu is acknowledged as king. It symbolizes submission and honor, indicating the crowd's recognition of Jesus' authority and kingship.

while others cut branches from the trees
The cutting of branches, particularly palm branches as noted in John 12:13, is a symbol of victory and triumph. In Jewish tradition, palms were used in celebrations, such as the Feast of Tabernacles (Leviticus 23:40). This act reflects the people's hope for deliverance and victory through Jesus.

and spread them on the road
Spreading branches on the road further emphasizes the celebratory and royal nature of Jesus' entry into Jerusalem. This action is part of the fulfillment of Zechariah 9:9, which prophesies the coming of a king to Zion. It highlights the messianic expectations of the people and their desire for a savior who would bring peace and restoration.

The crowds that went ahead of Him and those that followed were shouting:
This scene takes place during Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, a significant event in the final week of His earthly ministry. The crowds, likely composed of pilgrims coming to Jerusalem for Passover, recognize Jesus as a significant figure. The act of going ahead and following Him signifies a procession, a common practice for honoring royalty or a victorious leader. This public acclamation fulfills the prophecy of Zechariah 9:9, where the King comes to Jerusalem riding on a donkey, symbolizing peace rather than war.

“Hosanna to the Son of David!”
"Hosanna" is a Hebrew expression meaning "save now" or "save, we pray." It is both a plea for salvation and an exclamation of praise. The title "Son of David" acknowledges Jesus as the promised Messiah, a descendant of King David, fulfilling the covenant God made with David in 2 Samuel 7:12-16. This title is significant as it connects Jesus to the messianic prophecies and expectations of the Jewish people, who anticipated a deliverer from David's line.

“Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord!”
This phrase is a direct quotation from Psalm 118:26, a messianic psalm often recited during Passover. It was traditionally used to greet pilgrims entering Jerusalem, but here it takes on a deeper meaning as the crowd acknowledges Jesus as the one sent by God. The phrase signifies divine approval and mission, indicating that Jesus comes with God's authority and blessing. This acknowledgment aligns with the Jewish expectation of a divinely appointed leader who would restore Israel.

“Hosanna in the highest!”
This expression elevates the plea for salvation to the highest heavens, suggesting that the salvation Jesus brings is not just earthly but has heavenly significance. It implies that the praise and recognition of Jesus' messianic role extend beyond the earthly realm to the heavenly hosts. This phrase echoes the angelic announcement at Jesus' birth in Luke 2:14, where peace and glory are proclaimed in the highest heavens, further affirming Jesus' divine mission and identity.

When Jesus had entered Jerusalem
This event occurs during the final week of Jesus' earthly ministry, often referred to as the Passion Week. Jerusalem, the city of David, holds significant religious and historical importance as the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. Jesus' entry fulfills the prophecy of Zechariah 9:9, which speaks of a king coming to Jerusalem "gentle and riding on a donkey." This act symbolizes peace, contrasting with a conquering king who would ride a horse. Jesus' entry into Jerusalem marks the beginning of the culmination of His mission on earth, leading to His crucifixion and resurrection.

the whole city was stirred
The Greek word used here for "stirred" can also mean "shaken" or "agitated," indicating a significant commotion among the people. This reaction reflects the anticipation and excitement surrounding Jesus, who had gained a reputation as a teacher, healer, and miracle worker. The city's population would have been swelled due to the Passover festival, with pilgrims from all over the region. The stirring of the city also foreshadows the division Jesus' presence would cause, as some would accept Him as the Messiah while others would reject Him.

and asked, “Who is this?”
This question highlights the mixed understanding and expectations of the people regarding Jesus' identity. Despite His public ministry and the signs He performed, many were still uncertain about who He was. This question echoes the broader theme of the Gospels, which is the revelation of Jesus as the Messiah and the Son of God. It also reflects the fulfillment of prophecies such as Isaiah 53, where the Messiah is not immediately recognized by His own people. The inquiry "Who is this?" invites readers to explore the identity of Jesus and His role in God's redemptive plan.

The crowds replied
The response of the crowds highlights the public perception of Jesus during His triumphal entry into Jerusalem. This event occurs during Passover, a time when Jerusalem was filled with pilgrims. The crowd's acknowledgment of Jesus indicates His growing influence and the anticipation surrounding His ministry. The collective voice of the crowd reflects a common understanding or belief about Jesus' identity at that moment.

“This is Jesus
The name "Jesus" is the Greek form of the Hebrew name "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This name is significant as it encapsulates the mission of Jesus to bring salvation to humanity. The crowd's use of His name shows familiarity and recognition, suggesting that His reputation had spread widely.

the prophet
Referring to Jesus as "the prophet" connects Him to the Jewish expectation of a prophet like Moses, as foretold in Deuteronomy 18:15. This title acknowledges Jesus' role as a spokesperson for God, delivering divine messages and performing miracles. It also reflects the crowd's understanding of Jesus as a significant religious figure, though not yet fully grasping His identity as the Messiah.

from Nazareth
Nazareth was a small, insignificant town in Galilee, often looked down upon by others in Judea (John 1:46). Jesus' association with Nazareth fulfills the prophecy that the Messiah would be called a Nazarene (Matthew 2:23). This detail emphasizes the humble and unexpected origins of Jesus, contrasting with the grandeur often expected of a messianic figure.

in Galilee.”
Galilee was a region known for its diverse population and was considered less orthodox in religious practices compared to Judea. Jesus' ministry in Galilee included many miracles and teachings, establishing it as a significant location in His earthly ministry. The mention of Galilee highlights the fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy that a great light would come from this region (Isaiah 9:1-2), further affirming Jesus' role as the light to the Gentiles and the fulfillment of messianic prophecies.

Then Jesus entered the temple courts
The temple courts refer to the outer areas of the Temple in Jerusalem, specifically the Court of the Gentiles. This was the only area where non-Jews could come to worship the God of Israel. The Temple was the center of Jewish religious life, and its courts were meant to be a place of prayer and reverence. Jesus' entry into the temple courts signifies His authority and His concern for the purity of worship. This act fulfills the prophecy of Malachi 3:1, where the Lord is said to come suddenly to His temple.

and drove out all who were buying and selling there.
The buying and selling in the temple courts were related to the sacrificial system. Pilgrims coming to Jerusalem for Passover needed to purchase animals for sacrifices, and money changers were necessary because Roman currency had to be exchanged for Tyrian shekels, the only currency accepted for the temple tax. However, this commercial activity had become exploitative and was conducted in a manner that disrupted the sanctity of the temple. Jesus' actions demonstrate His zeal for true worship and His condemnation of the corruption and commercialization of religious practices, echoing the prophetic call for justice and righteousness found in Isaiah 56:7 and Jeremiah 7:11.

He overturned the tables of the money changers
The money changers were essential for the temple economy, but their practices had become corrupt, often involving exorbitant exchange rates. By overturning their tables, Jesus symbolically disrupts the corrupt system and asserts His authority over the temple. This act of cleansing is reminiscent of the prophetic actions of Old Testament prophets who often used dramatic gestures to convey God's message. It also foreshadows the ultimate cleansing and renewal that Jesus would bring through His death and resurrection.

and the seats of those selling doves.
Doves were the offerings of the poor, as prescribed in Leviticus 5:7. By targeting those selling doves, Jesus highlights the exploitation of the most vulnerable worshippers. His actions emphasize God's concern for justice and the proper treatment of the poor. This act also points to Jesus as the ultimate sacrifice, who would replace the need for animal offerings. The cleansing of the temple serves as a type of Christ's redemptive work, purifying and restoring true worship.

And He declared to them
This phrase indicates Jesus' authoritative stance as He addresses those in the temple. His declaration is not merely a suggestion but a pronouncement with divine authority. Jesus often spoke with authority, as seen in Matthew 7:29, where it is noted that He taught as one having authority, unlike the scribes.

It is written
Jesus frequently used this phrase to reference the Hebrew Scriptures, affirming their divine inspiration and authority. By saying "It is written," He underscores the importance of Scripture as the foundation for His actions and teachings. This phrase is a common introduction to Old Testament quotations, emphasizing the continuity between Jesus' ministry and the Jewish Scriptures.

‘My house will be called a house of prayer.’
This is a direct quotation from Isaiah 56:7, where God speaks of His temple as a place for all nations to pray. The temple in Jerusalem was intended to be a sacred space for worship and communion with God. Jesus' use of this phrase highlights the intended purpose of the temple as a place of spiritual connection, not commercial activity. The phrase also points to the inclusivity of God's plan, as Isaiah's prophecy speaks of a house of prayer for all peoples.

But you are making it
Here, Jesus contrasts the divine intention for the temple with the current actions of the people. The use of "you are making it" indicates a direct accusation against those who have corrupted the temple's purpose. This phrase suggests a deliberate and ongoing action that deviates from God's original design.

‘a den of robbers.’”
This phrase is a reference to Jeremiah 7:11, where God condemns the people for turning His house into a den of thieves. In the context of Matthew 21:13, Jesus accuses the temple authorities and merchants of exploiting worshippers through dishonest practices, such as overcharging for sacrificial animals and currency exchange. The term "den of robbers" implies a place where thieves retreat after committing their crimes, suggesting that the temple had become a refuge for corrupt practices rather than a place of worship. This accusation is a powerful indictment of the religious leaders' failure to uphold the sanctity of the temple.

The blind and the lame came to Him at the temple
In the context of first-century Judaism, the temple in Jerusalem was the center of religious life and worship. It was a place where sacrifices were offered, and people gathered for prayer and teaching. The presence of the blind and the lame at the temple is significant because, according to Levitical law, those with physical defects were often excluded from certain religious activities (Leviticus 21:17-23). However, Jesus' ministry consistently demonstrated a breaking down of barriers and an inclusion of those marginalized by society. This act of the blind and the lame coming to Jesus at the temple signifies a fulfillment of messianic prophecies, such as Isaiah 35:5-6, which foretold that the Messiah would bring healing and restoration.

and He healed them
Jesus' healing of the blind and the lame at the temple is a powerful demonstration of His divine authority and compassion. It underscores His role as the promised Messiah who brings physical and spiritual restoration. This act of healing not only fulfills Old Testament prophecies but also serves as a type of the ultimate healing and redemption that Jesus offers through His death and resurrection. The healing miracles of Jesus are a foretaste of the complete restoration that will occur in the new creation, as described in Revelation 21:4, where there will be no more pain or suffering. This phrase highlights Jesus' power over physical ailments and His willingness to engage with and restore those whom society often overlooked.

But the chief priests and scribes were indignant
The chief priests and scribes were religious leaders responsible for maintaining the temple's sanctity and teaching the law. Their indignation reflects a recurring theme in the Gospels where religious authorities oppose Jesus. This opposition is rooted in their fear of losing power and influence, as Jesus' teachings and miracles challenge their authority. The term "indignant" suggests a deep-seated anger and resentment, highlighting their inability to recognize Jesus as the Messiah despite the evidence of His works.

when they saw the wonders He performed
The wonders refer to the miraculous acts Jesus performed, such as healing the blind and the lame, which are mentioned earlier in the chapter. These miracles serve as signs of Jesus' divine authority and fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 35:5-6, which speaks of the Messiah bringing healing. The religious leaders' inability to accept these wonders as divine acts underscores their spiritual blindness and hard-heartedness.

and the children shouting in the temple courts,
The presence of children in the temple courts is significant, as it demonstrates the widespread impact of Jesus' ministry. Children, often seen as insignificant in ancient society, recognize Jesus' true identity, contrasting with the religious leaders' rejection. This scene fulfills Psalm 8:2, which speaks of God ordaining praise from the mouths of children, highlighting the purity and sincerity of their worship.

“Hosanna to the Son of David!”
"Hosanna" is a Hebrew expression meaning "save now" or "save, we pray," and is a cry for deliverance. The title "Son of David" is a messianic designation, acknowledging Jesus as the promised descendant of David who would establish God's kingdom. This acclamation by the children echoes the crowd's earlier praises during Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem (Matthew 21:9), reinforcing His identity as the Messiah. The religious leaders' indignation is further fueled by this messianic recognition, which they perceive as a threat to their authority and the established order.

“Do You hear what these children are saying?” they asked.
The religious leaders, likely the chief priests and scribes, are questioning Jesus about the children's cries of "Hosanna to the Son of David" (Matthew 21:15). This title acknowledges Jesus as the Messiah, a significant claim that the leaders find troubling. In Jewish tradition, the Messiah was expected to be a political and military leader, and the leaders are concerned about the implications of this public acclamation. The setting is the temple in Jerusalem, a place of significant religious authority, which adds to the tension of the moment.

“Yes,” Jesus answered.
Jesus affirms that He hears the children, indicating His acceptance of their praise. This response is significant because it shows Jesus' willingness to receive worship, a role reserved for God, thus reinforcing His divine identity. His affirmation also challenges the religious leaders' authority and understanding of the Messiah.

“Have you never read: ‘From the mouths of children and infants You have ordained praise’?”
Jesus quotes Psalm 8:2, a psalm of David, which speaks of God's strength being established through the praise of children. By referencing this scripture, Jesus highlights the purity and truth of the children's praise, contrasting it with the skepticism of the religious leaders. This citation also underscores the theme of God using the humble and seemingly insignificant to reveal His glory. The use of this psalm connects Jesus to the Davidic line and emphasizes His fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy. The phrase suggests that God has ordained or established praise from the most innocent and humble, indicating that true worship comes from a place of sincerity and purity.

Then He left them
This phrase indicates a deliberate action by Jesus to depart from the presence of the people in Jerusalem. It follows His cleansing of the temple and the confrontation with the religious leaders, highlighting His authority and the tension between Him and the Jewish authorities. This departure can be seen as a symbolic act of judgment against those who rejected His message.

and went out of the city
Jesus leaving the city of Jerusalem is significant as it reflects His pattern of retreating from the crowds to seek solitude or to be with His disciples. Jerusalem, the center of Jewish religious life, is also the place where Jesus would later be crucified. His temporary departure foreshadows the ultimate rejection He would face there.

to Bethany
Bethany is a small village located about two miles east of Jerusalem on the Mount of Olives. It is significant in the Gospels as the home of Mary, Martha, and Lazarus, whom Jesus raised from the dead. Bethany served as a place of refuge and rest for Jesus during His final week before the crucifixion. The village's proximity to Jerusalem made it a convenient location for Jesus to stay while still being able to enter the city during the day.

where He spent the night
This detail emphasizes Jesus' humanity and His need for rest. It also shows His intentional withdrawal from the city, possibly to avoid further confrontation with the authorities at that time. Spending the night in Bethany allowed Jesus to be in a supportive environment among friends. This act of retreating for the night can be seen as a preparation for the events that would soon unfold in Jerusalem, including His passion and crucifixion.

In the morning
This phrase indicates the time of day, suggesting a new beginning or fresh start. Mornings in biblical times were often associated with new mercies and opportunities for reflection and action, as seen in Lamentations 3:22-23, which speaks of God's mercies being new every morning.

as Jesus was returning to the city
The city referred to here is Jerusalem, the center of Jewish religious life and the location of the Temple. Jesus' return to the city signifies His continued mission and purpose, as Jerusalem is the place where significant events of His ministry, including His crucifixion and resurrection, would unfold. This journey also fulfills the prophecy of the Messiah's presence in Jerusalem, as seen in Zechariah 9:9.

He was hungry
This phrase highlights the humanity of Jesus, showing that He experienced physical needs like hunger. It serves as a reminder of the Incarnation, where Jesus, though fully divine, took on human form and its limitations. This moment also sets the stage for the subsequent teaching moment with the fig tree, illustrating spiritual truths about fruitfulness and judgment.

Seeing a fig tree by the road
In the biblical context, fig trees were common in Israel and often symbolized prosperity and blessing. The location "by the road" suggests accessibility and visibility, indicating that the tree was in a place where it should have been fruitful. Fig trees typically bear fruit before or with their leaves, so seeing a leafy tree would imply the presence of fruit.

He went up to it but found nothing on it except leaves
This phrase highlights the expectation of fruitfulness. In the Old Testament, Israel is often symbolized by a fig tree (Hosea 9:10, Jeremiah 8:13). The absence of fruit despite the presence of leaves can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual barrenness, where outward appearances do not match inner reality. This reflects Jesus' critique of religious leaders who appeared righteous but lacked true spiritual fruit.

“May you never bear fruit again!” He said
Jesus' pronouncement is a prophetic act symbolizing judgment. The fig tree represents those who fail to produce spiritual fruit despite having the appearance of godliness. This act foreshadows the judgment on Israel for not recognizing the Messiah and serves as a warning to all believers about the importance of genuine faith and fruitfulness (John 15:2, Galatians 5:22-23).

And immediately the tree withered
The immediate withering of the tree demonstrates Jesus' authority over creation and serves as a visible sign of divine judgment. This act is unique in the Gospels and underscores the seriousness of spiritual unfruitfulness. It also connects to the broader biblical theme of God's judgment on those who do not live according to His will (Isaiah 5:1-7). The withering serves as a powerful reminder of the consequences of failing to bear fruit in keeping with repentance (Matthew 3:8).

When the disciples saw this
The disciples had just witnessed Jesus cursing the fig tree, which immediately withered. This event occurs during the final week of Jesus' life, a time filled with significant teaching and symbolic actions. The fig tree represents Israel, often symbolized by a fig tree in the Old Testament (Hosea 9:10, Jeremiah 8:13). The disciples' observation highlights their role as witnesses to Jesus' teachings and miracles, preparing them for their future mission.

they marveled
The disciples' amazement reflects their growing understanding of Jesus' divine authority. Despite witnessing numerous miracles, they continue to be astonished by His power over nature. This reaction underscores the human tendency to be surprised by the supernatural, even when it aligns with God's revealed character and power.

and asked, “How did the fig tree wither so quickly?”
Their question indicates a lack of understanding of the symbolic nature of Jesus' actions. The rapid withering of the fig tree serves as a prophetic sign of judgment against unfruitfulness, particularly in the context of Israel's spiritual barrenness. This event foreshadows the coming judgment on Jerusalem and the temple, as Jesus later prophesies in Matthew 24. The disciples' inquiry opens the door for Jesus to teach about faith and the power of prayer, emphasizing the importance of spiritual fruitfulness and reliance on God.

Truly I tell you,
This phrase is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of His statement. It is a common introductory phrase in Jesus' teachings, underscoring the authority and certainty of His words. In the context of the Gospels, it often precedes a profound spiritual truth or principle.

Jesus replied,
This indicates that Jesus is responding to a situation or question. In the context of Matthew 21, Jesus had just performed the miracle of withering the fig tree, which astonished His disciples. His reply serves as a teaching moment to convey deeper spiritual lessons about faith and the power of belief.

if you have faith and do not doubt,
Faith is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, often linked to trust in God and His promises. The absence of doubt is crucial, as doubt can undermine faith. This phrase highlights the importance of unwavering belief in God's power and willingness to act. It echoes the teachings found in James 1:6, where believers are encouraged to ask in faith without doubting.

not only will you do what was done to the fig tree,
The withering of the fig tree is symbolic of judgment and the consequences of fruitlessness. In a broader sense, it represents the power of faith to effect change and bring about God's will. This phrase suggests that believers, through faith, can participate in God's miraculous works.

but even if you say to this mountain,
Mountains in biblical literature often symbolize obstacles or significant challenges. Jesus uses hyperbolic language to illustrate the potential of faith to overcome seemingly insurmountable difficulties. This imagery is consistent with Jewish idiomatic expressions of the time, where moving mountains was a metaphor for accomplishing great feats.

‘Be lifted up and thrown into the sea,’
The sea, often representing chaos or the unknown, contrasts with the stability of a mountain. This phrase emphasizes the transformative power of faith to alter reality and confront chaos. It also reflects the authority given to believers to command and influence the natural world through divine power.

it will happen.
This assurance underscores the certainty and effectiveness of faith when aligned with God's will. It reflects the biblical principle that nothing is impossible with God (Luke 1:37) and encourages believers to trust in God's ability to fulfill His promises. This statement is a call to active faith, inviting believers to participate in God's miraculous work through confident prayer and belief.

If you believe
This phrase emphasizes the necessity of faith in the life of a believer. Faith is a central theme throughout the Bible, and it is often linked to the power of prayer. Hebrews 11:6 states that "without faith it is impossible to please God," highlighting the importance of belief in the Christian walk. In the context of Matthew 21, Jesus had just performed the miracle of withering the fig tree, demonstrating the power of faith. This act serves as a tangible example of the potential of faith when aligned with God's will.

you will receive
The promise of receiving is contingent upon the condition of belief. This reflects the biblical principle that God responds to the faith of His people. In James 1:6-7, believers are instructed to ask in faith without doubting, as doubt can hinder the reception of God's blessings. The assurance of receiving is not a blanket promise for any request but is understood within the context of God's will and purpose. The concept of receiving is also tied to the idea of God's provision, as seen in Philippians 4:19, where God supplies the needs of His people.

whatever you ask for
This phrase suggests a broad scope of requests that can be brought before God in prayer. However, it is important to interpret this within the broader biblical teaching on prayer. In 1 John 5:14-15, it is clarified that requests should be made according to God's will. The cultural context of the time emphasized the importance of aligning one's desires with God's purposes, rather than treating prayer as a means to fulfill personal whims. The phrase encourages believers to approach God with confidence, knowing that He is attentive to their needs and desires.

in prayer.
Prayer is the means by which believers communicate with God, and it is a vital aspect of the Christian faith. Throughout the Gospels, Jesus models a life of prayer, often retreating to solitary places to pray (Luke 5:16). The historical context of Jewish prayer practices involved regular, structured times of prayer, which Jesus both participated in and expanded upon. The New Testament further develops the concept of prayer as a continual, relational dialogue with God (1 Thessalonians 5:17). This phrase underscores the importance of prayer as the context in which faith is exercised and God's promises are realized.

When Jesus returned to the temple courts and began to teach
This phrase indicates Jesus' return to a central place of Jewish worship and teaching, the temple in Jerusalem. The temple courts were a hub of religious activity, where rabbis often taught their disciples. Jesus' presence here underscores His role as a teacher and His authority to interpret the Law. The temple was the heart of Jewish religious life, and Jesus' actions in this setting highlight His challenge to the existing religious order. His teaching in the temple courts also fulfills prophecies about the Messiah bringing new understanding and authority to God's Word.

the chief priests and elders of the people came up to Him
The chief priests and elders were key religious leaders in Jewish society, responsible for maintaining temple worship and interpreting the Law. Their approach to Jesus signifies a confrontation between the established religious authority and Jesus' emerging authority. This encounter reflects the tension between Jesus and the Jewish leaders, who felt threatened by His growing influence and His challenges to their interpretations of the Law. The presence of both chief priests and elders indicates a united front from the religious establishment against Jesus.

“By what authority are You doing these things?” they asked
The question of authority is central to this passage. The religious leaders are questioning Jesus' right to teach and perform actions such as cleansing the temple, which He had done earlier. Authority in Jewish tradition was typically derived from lineage, training, or appointment by established leaders. Jesus' authority, however, comes directly from God, which the religious leaders fail to recognize. This question also reflects their inability to understand the divine nature of Jesus' mission and His fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.

“And who gave You this authority?”
This follow-up question emphasizes the leaders' demand for a human source of Jesus' authority. In Jewish culture, authority was often passed down through recognized channels, such as rabbinical schools or priestly lineage. The leaders' question reveals their blindness to Jesus' divine authority and their focus on human credentials. This moment foreshadows the ultimate rejection of Jesus by the religious establishment, as they cannot accept His divine mission and identity as the Son of God.

I will also ask you one question,
In this passage, Jesus employs a rabbinic teaching method known as counter-questioning, which was common in Jewish scholarly debate. This approach not only challenges the questioners but also reveals their intentions. By asking a question in return, Jesus places the religious leaders in a position where they must confront their own understanding and motives.

Jesus replied,
The context here is Jesus' interaction with the chief priests and elders in the temple courts. His response is significant as it demonstrates His wisdom and authority. Jesus often used parables and questions to teach profound truths, and His replies were always purposeful, aiming to reveal deeper spiritual insights.

and if you answer Me,
This conditional statement sets the stage for a test of integrity and discernment. Jesus is not merely engaging in a debate; He is inviting the leaders to reflect on their own beliefs and the implications of their answer. It highlights the importance of truthfulness and the willingness to acknowledge divine authority.

I will tell you by what authority I am doing these things.
The phrase "these things" refers to Jesus' actions in the temple, including the cleansing of the temple and His teachings. The question of authority is central to the narrative, as it challenges the religious leaders' understanding of divine authority versus human authority. Jesus' authority is rooted in His identity as the Son of God, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies and typologies of the Messiah. This moment foreshadows the ultimate revelation of His authority through His death and resurrection.

What was the source of John’s baptism?
John the Baptist's baptism was a significant event in the New Testament, symbolizing repentance and preparation for the coming Messiah. The question of its source challenges the religious leaders to consider whether John's authority was divine or merely human. This reflects the broader theme of divine authority versus human tradition, a recurring issue in Jesus' ministry. John's role as a forerunner to Christ is prophesied in Isaiah 40:3 and Malachi 3:1, emphasizing his divine mission.

Was it from heaven or from men?”
The dichotomy presented here—heaven or men—forces the religious leaders to confront the origin of spiritual authority. "From heaven" implies divine endorsement, while "from men" suggests human invention. This question highlights the tension between acknowledging God's work and maintaining human control. The leaders' struggle to answer reveals their fear of losing authority and their unwillingness to accept divine intervention that challenges their status quo.

They deliberated among themselves and said,
The act of deliberation indicates the leaders' internal conflict and political maneuvering. Their discussion is not about seeking truth but about preserving their power and influence. This reflects the broader cultural and religious context of first-century Judea, where religious leaders often prioritized tradition and authority over genuine spiritual insight.

“If we say, ‘From heaven,’ He will ask,
Acknowledging John's baptism as "from heaven" would validate his message and, by extension, Jesus' ministry. This admission would undermine the leaders' authority and challenge their rejection of both John and Jesus. The leaders' fear of this question reveals their awareness of the truth yet their unwillingness to accept it due to the implications for their power and control.

‘Why then did you not believe him?’
This question underscores the leaders' hypocrisy and lack of faith. Belief in John's message would naturally lead to acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah, as John pointed to Jesus as the "Lamb of God" (John 1:29). Their failure to believe highlights their spiritual blindness and resistance to God's plan. This phrase also serves as a broader indictment of unbelief and the consequences of rejecting divine revelation.

But if we say, ‘From men,’
This phrase reflects the dilemma faced by the religious leaders when questioned about the authority of John the Baptist. They are considering the option of attributing John's baptism to human origin rather than divine. This reflects their fear of losing credibility and authority among the people. The leaders are aware that denying divine origin would undermine their own spiritual authority, as John was widely recognized as a prophet. This situation highlights the tension between human authority and divine authority, a recurring theme in the Gospels.

we are afraid of the people,
The religious leaders' fear of the people indicates the high regard in which John the Baptist was held by the general populace. This fear underscores the leaders' awareness of their precarious position; they are more concerned with maintaining their social and political power than with seeking truth. This fear of the people also reflects the leaders' lack of genuine spiritual insight and their failure to recognize the prophetic role of John, who prepared the way for Jesus. The leaders' fear contrasts with the boldness of John and Jesus, who both spoke truth regardless of public opinion.

for they all regard John as a prophet.”
John the Baptist was widely accepted by the people as a prophet, which is significant because it shows the continuity of God's revelation from the Old Testament prophets to the New Testament. John's role as a prophet is affirmed by his call to repentance and his announcement of the coming Messiah, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 40:3. The people's recognition of John as a prophet also highlights the spiritual blindness of the religious leaders, who failed to see what was evident to the common people. This acknowledgment of John as a prophet sets the stage for understanding Jesus' authority, as John himself testified to Jesus' divine mission.

So they answered, “We do not know.”
The religious leaders, including the chief priests and elders, were questioned by Jesus about the origin of John the Baptist's authority. Their response, "We do not know," reveals their unwillingness to commit to an answer that could undermine their position. This reflects their fear of the people, who regarded John as a prophet, and their inability to recognize divine authority. Their indecision highlights a recurring theme in the Gospels: the spiritual blindness of the religious elite. This phrase also underscores the tension between Jesus and the religious authorities, who often challenged His teachings and actions.

And Jesus replied, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I am doing these things.
Jesus' response is a strategic refusal to disclose His authority to those who are not genuinely seeking truth. By withholding an answer, He exposes their insincerity and lack of spiritual discernment. This moment is significant in the context of Jesus' ministry, as it demonstrates His wisdom in dealing with opposition. The "things" Jesus refers to include His teachings, miracles, and actions in the temple, which were all done under divine authority. This encounter is a fulfillment of the prophecy in Isaiah 6:9-10, where the people's hearts are described as dull and unperceptive. Jesus' authority is a central theme in the Gospels, pointing to His identity as the Messiah and the Son of God, as seen in passages like Matthew 28:18, where He declares that all authority in heaven and on earth has been given to Him.

But what do you think?
This phrase introduces a parable, a common teaching method used by Jesus. It invites the listener to engage and reflect on the story's meaning. Parables were a way to convey deep spiritual truths through simple, relatable stories. This question challenges the audience to consider their own actions and beliefs.

There was a man who had two sons.
The man represents God, and the two sons symbolize different responses to God's call. The number two often signifies contrast or choice in biblical narratives, highlighting the different paths individuals can take. This familial setting would resonate with Jesus' audience, familiar with the dynamics of family life.

He went to the first one and said,
The father's initiative in approaching the son underscores God's proactive role in reaching out to humanity. This reflects the biblical theme of God seeking a relationship with His people, as seen throughout the Old and New Testaments.

‘Son, go and work today in the vineyard.’
The vineyard is a common biblical metaphor for Israel (Isaiah 5:1-7) and God's kingdom. The call to work in the vineyard signifies a call to participate in God's work and mission. The urgency of "today" emphasizes the immediacy and importance of responding to God's call without delay. This reflects the biblical principle of obedience and action in faith.

‘I will not,’ he replied.
This phrase reflects a direct refusal to obey the father's request, illustrating a rebellious attitude. In the cultural context of the time, such a response would be seen as disrespectful, as honoring one's parents was a significant aspect of Jewish law (Exodus 20:12). This initial refusal can be compared to the Israelites' frequent disobedience to God's commands throughout the Old Testament, such as in the wilderness (Numbers 14:2-4). It also highlights the human tendency to resist divine authority, a theme seen in the parable of the two sons, where actions speak louder than words.

But later he changed his mind and went.
This change of heart signifies repentance, a central theme in the teachings of Jesus. The Greek term used here for "changed his mind" is often associated with repentance, indicating a transformation of heart and will. This mirrors the call to repentance found throughout the New Testament, such as in the ministry of John the Baptist (Matthew 3:2) and Jesus' own message (Mark 1:15). The son's eventual obedience aligns with the biblical principle that true repentance leads to action, as seen in the parable of the prodigal son (Luke 15:17-20). This transformation also prefigures the acceptance of the gospel by those initially resistant, such as the Gentiles, who later embraced the faith (Acts 11:18).

Then the man went to the second son and told him the same thing.
In this parable, the "man" represents God the Father, who approaches His children with a call to work in His vineyard, symbolizing His kingdom. The "second son" represents those who outwardly profess obedience to God but fail to follow through with action. This reflects the religious leaders of Jesus' time, who claimed to uphold God's law but often neglected its true spirit. The repetition of the father's request emphasizes God's consistent and patient call to all His children, regardless of their initial response.

‘I will, sir,’ he said.
The second son's response is respectful and appears obedient, addressing his father as "sir," which indicates a recognition of authority. This mirrors the behavior of those who honor God with their lips but whose hearts are far from Him, as seen in Isaiah 29:13. The son’s verbal commitment contrasts with his subsequent actions, highlighting the theme of hypocrisy and the importance of genuine obedience over mere words.

But he did not go.
This phrase underscores the central message of the parable: the discrepancy between words and actions. The second son's failure to act on his promise serves as a warning against empty professions of faith. James 2:17 reinforces this idea, stating that faith without works is dead. The parable challenges believers to examine their own lives for consistency between their declarations of faith and their deeds. It also serves as a call to repentance and true obedience, aligning one's actions with God's will.

Which of the two did the will of his father?”
This question is part of a parable Jesus tells to illustrate obedience and repentance. The context is a conversation with the religious leaders, who are being challenged to consider their own actions in light of God's will. The parable involves two sons, one who initially refuses to work in the vineyard but later repents and goes, and another who agrees to go but does not. This reflects the broader biblical theme of true obedience being demonstrated through actions rather than mere words, as seen in James 1:22.

“The first,” they answered.
The religious leaders correctly identify the son who ultimately did the will of his father, highlighting their understanding of the principle that actions speak louder than words. This acknowledgment sets the stage for Jesus to confront them with their own failure to act on their professed beliefs. The response also underscores the importance of repentance and change, a recurring theme in the teachings of Jesus.

Jesus said to them, “Truly I tell you,
The phrase "Truly I tell you" (or "Amen, I say to you" in some translations) is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of what follows. It is a call to pay close attention, as Jesus is about to deliver a significant and perhaps unexpected message. This phrase is used frequently in the Gospels to introduce teachings that challenge conventional wisdom or religious norms.

the tax collectors and prostitutes are entering the kingdom of God before you.
This statement would have been shocking to Jesus' audience, as tax collectors and prostitutes were considered sinners and outcasts in Jewish society. By stating that these individuals are entering the kingdom of God before the religious leaders, Jesus highlights the power of repentance and faith over mere religious status or outward piety. This echoes the message of John the Baptist, who called for repentance and prepared the way for Jesus (Matthew 3:1-2). It also aligns with the prophetic tradition of God valuing a contrite heart over ritual sacrifice, as seen in passages like Psalm 51:17. Jesus' ministry consistently reached out to those marginalized by society, demonstrating the inclusive nature of God's kingdom.

For John came to you in the way of righteousness
John the Baptist is a pivotal figure in the New Testament, serving as the forerunner to Jesus Christ. His "way of righteousness" refers to his call for repentance and preparation for the coming Messiah. John’s lifestyle and message were consistent with the prophetic tradition, emphasizing moral integrity and spiritual renewal. His ministry fulfilled the prophecy in Isaiah 40:3, "A voice of one calling in the wilderness, 'Prepare the way for the Lord, make straight paths for him.'" John's baptism of repentance was a symbolic act pointing to the need for inner transformation.

and you did not believe him
The religious leaders, particularly the Pharisees and Sadducees, rejected John's message despite his clear alignment with Old Testament prophecies. Their disbelief was not due to a lack of evidence but rather a hardened heart and unwillingness to acknowledge their need for repentance. This rejection is a recurring theme in the Gospels, where the religious elite often fail to recognize God's messengers.

but the tax collectors and prostitutes did
Tax collectors and prostitutes were considered social outcasts and sinners in Jewish society. Their acceptance of John's message highlights the theme of God's grace and the reversal of human expectations. These individuals, aware of their sinfulness, were more open to repentance and transformation. This echoes Jesus' teaching that "the last will be first, and the first will be last" (Matthew 20:16), emphasizing that God's kingdom is accessible to all who repent, regardless of their past.

And even after you saw this
The religious leaders witnessed the transformation in the lives of those who accepted John's message. This visible change should have served as a powerful testimony to the truth of John's ministry and the authenticity of his call to repentance. The leaders' continued disbelief, despite this evidence, underscores their spiritual blindness and resistance to God's work.

you did not repent and believe him
Repentance and belief are central themes in the New Testament, representing a turning away from sin and a turning towards God. The religious leaders' failure to repent and believe John is indicative of their broader rejection of Jesus, whom John heralded. This phrase serves as a warning about the dangers of spiritual pride and the importance of humility in recognizing and responding to God's truth. The call to repentance is a consistent message throughout Scripture, urging individuals to align their lives with God's will.

Listen to another parable:
Jesus often used parables to convey deeper spiritual truths. This method of teaching was common in Jewish tradition and allowed listeners to engage with the story on multiple levels. Parables were designed to reveal truths to those open to understanding while concealing them from those who were not receptive.

There was a landowner who planted a vineyard:
The landowner represents God, and the vineyard symbolizes Israel, a common metaphor in the Old Testament (Isaiah 5:1-7). God is depicted as the one who establishes and cares for His people, expecting them to bear fruit.

He put a wall around it:
The wall signifies protection and separation, indicating God's provision and care for Israel. It also implies a boundary that sets apart the people of God from the surrounding nations, emphasizing holiness and dedication to God.

Dug a winepress in it:
The winepress is a tool for producing wine, symbolizing the expectation of fruitfulness and productivity. In a spiritual sense, it represents the fruits of righteousness that God desires from His people.

And built a tower:
The tower serves as a lookout for protection and oversight, suggesting God's vigilance and watchfulness over Israel. It also implies a place of refuge and security, highlighting God's role as a protector.

Then he rented it out to some tenants:
The tenants represent the leaders of Israel, such as the religious authorities, who were entrusted with the care and spiritual leadership of the people. This arrangement indicates a responsibility to manage and cultivate what belongs to God.

And went away on a journey:
The landowner's departure signifies God's trust in the leaders to fulfill their duties. It also suggests a period of testing or waiting, where the true character and faithfulness of the tenants would be revealed. This phrase can also allude to the patience and long-suffering nature of God, who gives time for repentance and fruitfulness.

When the harvest time drew near
This phrase indicates a time of expectation and fulfillment. In the agricultural context of ancient Israel, harvest time was a significant period when the fruits of labor were gathered. Biblically, harvest often symbolizes judgment or the gathering of believers (Matthew 13:30, Revelation 14:15). The timing suggests God's patience and the anticipation of rightful returns from His people.

he sent his servants
The servants represent the prophets sent by God throughout Israel's history to call His people to repentance and faithfulness (Jeremiah 7:25, Amos 3:7). This action reflects God's initiative and persistent outreach to His people despite their repeated disobedience. The sending of servants underscores the authority and ownership of the landowner, symbolizing God's sovereign right over Israel.

to the tenants
The tenants symbolize the religious leaders of Israel, who were entrusted with the care of God's vineyard, representing His people (Isaiah 5:1-7). Their role was to cultivate and produce fruit, meaning spiritual growth and obedience. The tenants' responsibility highlights the accountability of those in leadership positions within God's kingdom.

to collect his share of the fruit
This phrase emphasizes the expectation of productivity and faithfulness. The fruit represents the spiritual fruits of righteousness and justice that God desires from His people (Galatians 5:22-23, John 15:8). The collection of fruit signifies God's rightful claim to the results of His investment and care, pointing to the ultimate accountability of humanity to God.

But the tenants seized his servants.
In the parable of the tenants, the tenants represent the religious leaders of Israel, and the servants symbolize the prophets sent by God. The act of seizing indicates a forceful and rebellious rejection of God's messengers. Historically, Israel often resisted the prophets, as seen in the accounts of Jeremiah and others who faced persecution. This reflects the broader biblical theme of humanity's resistance to divine authority.

They beat one,
The beating of the servant signifies the physical and verbal abuse that many prophets endured. For example, Jeremiah was beaten and put in stocks (Jeremiah 20:2). This action highlights the hostility and violence that God's messengers faced, emphasizing the tenants' (religious leaders') unwillingness to heed God's warnings and calls for repentance.

killed another,
The killing of the servant underscores the extreme rejection and hatred towards God's prophets. This can be seen in the martyrdom of prophets like Zechariah, who was stoned to death (2 Chronicles 24:21). It foreshadows the ultimate rejection and crucifixion of Jesus Christ, the Son, by the religious leaders.

and stoned a third.
Stoning was a common method of execution in ancient Israel, often used for those deemed to have committed blasphemy or serious transgressions. This act of stoning another servant further illustrates the tenants' (leaders') complete disregard for God's messengers. It connects to the broader biblical narrative of Israel's history of rejecting prophets, as seen in the stoning of Stephen in Acts 7:58, which parallels the rejection of Christ and His message.

Again, he sent other servants, more than the first group.
This phrase indicates the persistence and patience of the landowner, symbolizing God's continued outreach to His people. The sending of more servants represents the prophets sent by God throughout Israel's history, as seen in the Old Testament. Prophets like Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel were sent to call Israel back to faithfulness. The increase in the number of servants highlights God's abundant grace and mercy, despite Israel's repeated disobedience. This action reflects God's desire for repentance and reconciliation, as seen in 2 Chronicles 36:15-16, where God persistently sent messengers to His people.

But the tenants did the same to them.
The tenants' repeated mistreatment of the servants symbolizes Israel's historical rejection and persecution of the prophets. This behavior is a reflection of the hard-heartedness and rebellion of the people, as seen in passages like Nehemiah 9:26 and Acts 7:52, where the prophets were often met with hostility. The tenants' actions foreshadow the ultimate rejection of Jesus Christ, the Son, by the religious leaders of His time. This rejection is a fulfillment of the prophecy found in Isaiah 53:3, where the Messiah is described as being despised and rejected by men. The tenants' consistent behavior underscores the theme of human resistance to divine authority and the tragic consequences of rejecting God's messengers.

Finally, he sent his son to them.
This phrase is part of the Parable of the Tenants, where the landowner represents God, and the son symbolizes Jesus Christ. The sending of the son signifies the culmination of God's attempts to reach humanity, following the rejection of the prophets. This reflects the historical context of Israel's repeated rejection of God's messengers, as seen in the Old Testament. The "son" here is a type of Christ, the ultimate messenger and heir, emphasizing His unique status and authority. This act of sending the son highlights God's patience and long-suffering nature, as He continues to offer reconciliation despite previous rejections.

‘They will respect my son,’ he said.
This statement reflects the expectation of honor and reverence due to the son, which is consistent with cultural norms of the time where a son, especially an heir, would be treated with the same respect as the father. The expectation of respect underscores the authority and divinity of Jesus, as the Son of God. However, the tragic irony is that, contrary to the landowner's expectation, the tenants plot to kill the son, foreshadowing the rejection and crucifixion of Jesus by the religious leaders. This connects to prophecies such as Isaiah 53, which foretells the suffering and rejection of the Messiah. The phrase also serves as a critique of the religious leaders' failure to recognize and honor Jesus as the Son of God.

But when the tenants saw the son
In the parable of the tenants, the son represents Jesus Christ, sent by God to the people of Israel. The tenants symbolize the religious leaders and the people who have been entrusted with God's vineyard, Israel. The act of seeing the son indicates recognition and awareness of his identity and authority. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's messengers being rejected by those they are sent to, as seen in the rejection of prophets throughout the Old Testament (e.g., Jeremiah 7:25-26).

they said to one another
This phrase highlights the premeditated nature of the tenants' actions. It suggests a conspiracy and collective decision-making process among the tenants, akin to the plotting of the religious leaders against Jesus. This mirrors the council of the Sanhedrin, where the chief priests and Pharisees conspired to arrest and kill Jesus (John 11:47-53).

‘This is the heir.
The acknowledgment of the son as the heir underscores his rightful claim to the vineyard, symbolizing Jesus' divine authority and messianic role. In Jewish culture, the heir held a position of honor and was entitled to the inheritance. This recognition by the tenants parallels the understanding of Jesus' identity by some religious leaders, who, despite knowing his claims, chose to reject him (John 3:2).

Come, let us kill him
This phrase reveals the tenants' malicious intent and willingness to commit murder to achieve their goals. It foreshadows the crucifixion of Jesus, where the religious leaders sought to eliminate him to maintain their power and control. The call to kill the son echoes the Old Testament accounts of prophets being killed for delivering God's message (Matthew 23:37).

and take his inheritance.’
The desire to take the inheritance reflects the tenants' greed and usurpation of authority. It symbolizes the religious leaders' attempt to seize control of God's kingdom for themselves, rejecting the rightful heir, Jesus. This act of rebellion against God's plan is reminiscent of Satan's original rebellion and the ongoing spiritual battle for dominion over God's creation (Isaiah 14:12-14). The inheritance ultimately points to the kingdom of God, which Jesus came to establish and which the religious leaders sought to control for their own purposes.

So they seized him
This phrase reflects the actions of the tenants in the parable of the wicked tenants. The seizing of the son represents the rejection and mistreatment of God's messengers, culminating in the rejection of Jesus Christ. Historically, this mirrors the treatment of prophets in Israel, such as Jeremiah and Zechariah, who faced persecution for delivering God's messages. The act of seizing indicates a premeditated and forceful rejection, symbolizing the religious leaders' opposition to Jesus.

and threw him out of the vineyard
The vineyard is a metaphor for Israel, as seen in Isaiah 5:1-7, where Israel is depicted as a vineyard planted by God. Throwing the son out of the vineyard signifies the rejection of Jesus by the Jewish leaders and His crucifixion outside the city of Jerusalem, as noted in Hebrews 13:12. This act of casting out also fulfills the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53, who was despised and rejected by men.

and killed him
This phrase foreshadows the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, the ultimate act of rejection by the Jewish leaders. The killing of the son in the parable parallels the historical event of Jesus' death, which was orchestrated by the religious authorities and carried out by the Romans. This act fulfills numerous Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 22 and Isaiah 53, which speak of the Messiah's suffering and death. Theologically, this represents the culmination of humanity's sin and rebellion against God, yet it also sets the stage for redemption through Christ's resurrection.

Therefore, when the owner of the vineyard returns,
The word "therefore" connects this statement to the preceding parable of the wicked tenants. The "owner of the vineyard" symbolizes God, who is often depicted as a landowner or vineyard owner in biblical literature (Isaiah 5:1-7). The vineyard represents Israel, God's chosen people. The concept of God returning is a common theme in Scripture, often associated with judgment and accountability (Malachi 3:1-2). The return of the owner signifies a time of reckoning, reflecting the eschatological expectation of God's ultimate judgment.

what will he do to those tenants?”
The "tenants" represent the religious leaders of Israel who were entrusted with the care of God's people but failed in their responsibilities. This question is rhetorical, prompting the audience to consider the justice and consequences of the tenants' actions. In the cultural context, tenant farming was common, and failure to deliver the produce to the owner would result in severe penalties. This mirrors the biblical principle of reaping what one sows (Galatians 6:7). The question foreshadows the judgment that will come upon those who reject God's messengers and ultimately His Son, Jesus Christ, who is the heir in the parable. This aligns with the prophetic warnings found throughout the Old Testament, where God promises to hold His people accountable for their unfaithfulness (Jeremiah 25:4-7).

He will bring those wretches to a wretched end,
This phrase reflects the judgment of God upon those who reject His messengers and ultimately His Son. In the parable of the tenants, the "wretches" are the tenants who killed the landowner's servants and son. This is a direct reference to the religious leaders of Israel who rejected the prophets and Jesus. The concept of divine retribution is consistent with Old Testament themes, such as in Isaiah 5:1-7, where Israel is depicted as a vineyard that fails to produce good fruit and faces judgment.

they replied,
The response comes from the listeners of Jesus' parable, likely the chief priests and Pharisees. Their answer unwittingly pronounces their own judgment, as they fail to see themselves in the story. This interaction highlights the blindness and hardness of heart that Jesus often confronted in the religious leaders.

and will rent out the vineyard to other tenants
This signifies the transfer of God's kingdom from Israel to a new people who will be faithful. The "other tenants" symbolize the Gentiles and the early Christian church, which would bear fruit for God's kingdom. This shift is echoed in passages like Romans 11:11-24, where Paul discusses the inclusion of the Gentiles into God's plan.

who will give him his share of the fruit at harvest time.
The expectation of fruitfulness is a recurring biblical theme, representing the righteous deeds and faithfulness expected from God's people. The "harvest time" alludes to the final judgment when God will assess the faithfulness of His people. This is consistent with the teachings of Jesus in other parables, such as the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30), where accountability and fruitfulness are emphasized.

Jesus said to them
In this passage, Jesus is addressing the religious leaders of Israel, specifically the chief priests and Pharisees. This interaction occurs during His final week in Jerusalem, a time filled with tension and confrontation. Jesus often used parables and direct quotes from Scripture to challenge the leaders' understanding and authority.

Have you never read in the Scriptures
Jesus frequently used this phrase to highlight the religious leaders' lack of understanding of the Scriptures, despite their extensive study. It underscores the irony that those who were supposed to be experts in the Law and Prophets were missing the fulfillment of these texts in Jesus Himself.

‘The stone the builders rejected
This phrase is a direct reference to Psalm 118:22. In the context of the psalm, it speaks of a stone that was initially dismissed but later became essential. Historically, builders would discard stones that did not fit their plans, symbolizing how Jesus was rejected by the Jewish leaders. This rejection is a recurring theme in the Gospels, as Jesus was not the Messiah they expected.

has become the cornerstone.
The cornerstone is the most crucial stone in a building's foundation, ensuring the structure's stability and alignment. In the New Testament, Jesus is often referred to as the cornerstone (Ephesians 2:20, 1 Peter 2:6-7), signifying His foundational role in the Church. This transformation from rejected stone to cornerstone illustrates God's sovereign plan and the establishment of a new covenant through Christ.

This is from the Lord
This phrase emphasizes divine intervention and purpose. The transformation of the rejected stone into the cornerstone is not a human achievement but an act of God. It highlights the fulfillment of prophecy and God's redemptive plan through Jesus, which was orchestrated by divine will.

and it is marvelous in our eyes’?
The term "marvelous" indicates something extraordinary and beyond human comprehension. This reflects the awe and wonder of God's work in salvation history. The fulfillment of prophecy and the establishment of Jesus as the cornerstone of faith is a cause for worship and amazement among believers. This phrase invites reflection on the unexpected ways God accomplishes His purposes, often contrary to human expectations.

Therefore I tell you
This phrase indicates a direct and authoritative statement from Jesus. It follows a parable or teaching, emphasizing the importance of the message. Jesus often used "therefore" to draw conclusions from His teachings, highlighting the seriousness of His words.

that the kingdom of God
The "kingdom of God" refers to God's sovereign rule and reign. In the context of Jesus' ministry, it signifies the spiritual reign of God in the hearts of believers and the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises. This concept is central to Jesus' teachings and is a recurring theme throughout the Gospels.

will be taken away from you
This phrase is directed at the religious leaders of Israel, particularly the Pharisees and Sadducees, who were rejecting Jesus as the Messiah. Historically, Israel was chosen as God's people, but their rejection of Jesus led to a shift in God's redemptive plan. This statement foreshadows the judgment and consequences of their unbelief.

and given to a people
The "people" here refers to those who would accept Jesus and His message, including Gentiles. This transfer signifies the opening of God's kingdom to all nations, fulfilling the Abrahamic promise that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3).

who will produce its fruit
"Producing fruit" is a metaphor for living a life that reflects the values and principles of God's kingdom. It implies obedience, righteousness, and the manifestation of the Holy Spirit's work in believers. This echoes Jesus' teachings on the importance of bearing good fruit as evidence of true faith (Matthew 7:16-20).

He who falls on this stone will be broken to pieces
This phrase refers to the metaphorical "stone" which is often understood as Jesus Christ Himself, the cornerstone rejected by the builders, as mentioned earlier in Matthew 21:42. The imagery of falling on the stone suggests an encounter with Christ that leads to a humbling or breaking of one's pride and self-reliance. In biblical context, this can be seen as a call to repentance and acknowledgment of Jesus as the Messiah. The idea of being "broken" aligns with the concept of contrition and the need for a broken spirit as seen in Psalm 51:17, where a broken and contrite heart is valued by God. Historically, the cornerstone was the most important stone in ancient building practices, setting the foundation and alignment for the entire structure, symbolizing Christ's foundational role in faith.

but he on whom it falls will be crushed.
This part of the verse emphasizes the finality and severity of judgment for those who ultimately reject Christ. The imagery of the stone falling and crushing is a powerful depiction of divine judgment. It echoes the prophecy in Daniel 2:34-35, where a stone not cut by human hands crushes the statue representing earthly kingdoms, symbolizing God's ultimate authority and the establishment of His kingdom. The crushing signifies complete destruction, indicating the irreversible consequences of rejecting Jesus. This serves as a warning of the eschatological judgment that awaits those who oppose God's plan of salvation through Christ. The cultural context of the time would have understood this as a severe and unavoidable outcome, reinforcing the necessity of aligning oneself with the cornerstone, Jesus Christ.

When the chief priests and Pharisees heard His parables
The chief priests and Pharisees were influential religious leaders in Jewish society. The chief priests were part of the temple hierarchy, responsible for temple rituals and sacrifices, while the Pharisees were a sect known for their strict adherence to the Law and oral traditions. Jesus often used parables, which are simple stories with spiritual or moral lessons, to convey deeper truths. In the context of Matthew 21, Jesus had just told the Parable of the Tenants, which was a direct critique of the religious leaders' failure to lead Israel faithfully. This setting is significant as it takes place in Jerusalem, the center of Jewish religious life, during the final week of Jesus' earthly ministry.

they knew that Jesus was speaking about them
The religious leaders' realization that Jesus was speaking about them indicates their understanding of the parables' implications. The parables were not just stories but were prophetic and confrontational, revealing the leaders' rejection of God's messengers and ultimately His Son. This awareness highlights their hardened hearts and unwillingness to repent despite recognizing the truth. The parables served as a mirror, reflecting their spiritual condition and the impending judgment. This moment foreshadows the growing tension between Jesus and the religious authorities, which would culminate in His crucifixion. The leaders' recognition of Jesus' message also fulfills the prophetic nature of His ministry, as seen in passages like Isaiah 6:9-10, where the people's inability to perceive and understand is foretold.

Although they wanted to arrest Him
The religious leaders, particularly the chief priests and Pharisees, were increasingly threatened by Jesus' teachings and influence. Their desire to arrest Him stemmed from His challenge to their authority and His growing popularity among the people. This tension is a recurring theme in the Gospels, highlighting the conflict between Jesus and the Jewish authorities. The leaders' intent to arrest Jesus foreshadows His eventual arrest and crucifixion, fulfilling the prophecies of the suffering Messiah (Isaiah 53).

they were afraid of the crowds
The fear of the crowds indicates the significant support Jesus had among the common people. The leaders were cautious because any action against Jesus could incite a public uproar. This fear reflects the political and social dynamics of the time, where maintaining public order was crucial, especially under Roman occupation. The leaders' fear also underscores their recognition of Jesus' influence and the potential for unrest if they acted against Him openly.

because the people regarded Him as a prophet
The people saw Jesus as a prophet, akin to the prophets of the Old Testament, who spoke with authority and performed miracles. This perception was due to His teachings, miracles, and fulfillment of prophecies. The recognition of Jesus as a prophet aligns with His role as the ultimate prophet, priest, and king, fulfilling the messianic expectations. This acknowledgment by the people contrasts with the religious leaders' rejection, highlighting the division in how Jesus was perceived. The people's regard for Jesus as a prophet also connects to His identity as the Word made flesh (John 1:14), who came to reveal God's truth to humanity.