Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus
Paul identifies himself as a servant, or "doulos," which means bondservant or slave. This term reflects a position of humility and total devotion. In the cultural context of the Roman Empire, a servant was someone who was completely under the authority of their master. Paul’s use of this term indicates his complete submission to Christ. This echoes the Old Testament concept of servanthood seen in figures like Moses and David, who were also called servants of God (Joshua 1:1, Psalm 89:3). It highlights the transformation in Paul’s life from a persecutor of Christians to a devoted follower of Christ (Acts 9:1-22).

called to be an apostle
Paul emphasizes his divine calling to the role of an apostle. The term "apostle" means "one who is sent" and refers to someone who is commissioned with a specific mission. This calling is not self-appointed but is a divine appointment by Christ Himself (Galatians 1:1). The apostles were foundational to the early church, tasked with spreading the gospel and establishing churches (Ephesians 2:20). Paul's apostleship is significant because it underscores his authority and the authenticity of his message, as he was directly chosen by Christ (Acts 9:15).

and set apart for the gospel of God—
Being "set apart" indicates a specific purpose and mission. In the Jewish tradition, being set apart was a concept associated with holiness and dedication to God’s service, as seen in the consecration of priests (Exodus 28:41). Paul’s mission was to preach the gospel, the good news of salvation through Jesus Christ. This gospel is described as "of God," emphasizing its divine origin and authority. The gospel was promised beforehand through the prophets in the Holy Scriptures (Romans 1:2), fulfilling the prophecies and promises of the Old Testament concerning the coming Messiah (Isaiah 53, Psalm 22). Paul’s role in spreading this message was crucial in the expansion of the early church and the inclusion of Gentiles into the faith (Romans 11:13).

the gospel He promised beforehand
The concept of the gospel being promised beforehand highlights the continuity of God's plan for salvation. This promise is rooted in the Old Testament, where God foreshadowed the coming of a Savior. Genesis 3:15 is often seen as the first messianic prophecy, indicating the defeat of sin through the seed of the woman. The promise of the gospel is not a new development but a fulfillment of God's eternal plan, as seen in passages like Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant, and Psalm 22, which describes the crucifixion in detail.

through His prophets
The prophets played a crucial role in conveying God's messages to His people. Figures such as Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel were instrumental in revealing God's plans and promises. The prophets often spoke of a coming Messiah who would bring salvation and establish God's kingdom. For example, Isaiah 9:6-7 speaks of a child born to us, a son given, who will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God. The prophets' messages were not only for their immediate context but also pointed forward to the ultimate fulfillment in Christ.

in the Holy Scriptures
The term "Holy Scriptures" refers to the sacred writings of the Old Testament, which were regarded as divinely inspired and authoritative. These texts were meticulously preserved and revered by the Jewish people. The Scriptures contain numerous prophecies and types that point to Jesus Christ. For instance, the sacrificial system outlined in Leviticus foreshadows Christ's ultimate sacrifice. The Scriptures serve as a testament to God's faithfulness and the unfolding of His redemptive plan throughout history.

regarding His Son
This phrase emphasizes the centrality of Jesus Christ in the message of the Gospel. The term "His Son" underscores the divine nature of Jesus, affirming His unique relationship with God the Father. This is a foundational Christian belief, as seen in other scriptures such as John 3:16, which highlights the love of God in sending His only Son. The concept of Jesus as the Son of God is also a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 2:7, which speaks of the Messiah as God's Son.

who was a descendant of David
This phrase establishes Jesus' legitimate claim to the throne of Israel, fulfilling the Old Testament prophecies that the Messiah would come from the line of David. This lineage is crucial for validating Jesus' messianic credentials, as seen in prophecies like 2 Samuel 7:12-16, where God promises David that his throne will be established forever. The genealogies in Matthew 1 and Luke 3 trace Jesus' ancestry back to David, reinforcing His rightful place in Jewish history and prophecy.

according to the flesh
This phrase highlights the humanity of Jesus, affirming that He was truly human and shared in the physical nature of mankind. It underscores the doctrine of the Incarnation, where Jesus took on human flesh, as described in John 1:14. This is significant because it means that Jesus experienced human life fully, including its limitations and sufferings, yet without sin. This dual nature of Christ—fully God and fully man—is a mystery central to Christian theology, allowing Him to be the perfect mediator between God and humanity, as explained in Hebrews 4:15.

and who through the Spirit of holiness
This phrase highlights the role of the Holy Spirit in the life and ministry of Jesus. The "Spirit of holiness" refers to the Holy Spirit, emphasizing His sanctifying work. The Holy Spirit's involvement in Jesus' life is evident from His conception (Luke 1:35) to His baptism (Matthew 3:16) and throughout His ministry (Luke 4:1). The Spirit's role in declaring Jesus as the Son of God underscores the divine nature and mission of Christ, aligning with Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah being anointed by the Spirit (Isaiah 61:1).

was declared with power
The declaration "with power" signifies the authoritative and undeniable nature of Jesus' identity as the Son of God. This power is not merely human but divine, indicating a supernatural affirmation of Jesus' divine sonship. The Greek term used here for "declared" can also mean "appointed" or "designated," suggesting a formal recognition of Jesus' status. This powerful declaration is a fulfillment of the messianic expectations found in the Old Testament, where the Messiah is portrayed as a figure of divine authority (Psalm 2:7).

to be the Son of God
The title "Son of God" is central to Christian theology, affirming Jesus' unique relationship with the Father. This title is rooted in Jewish messianic expectations and is seen in passages like Psalm 2:7 and 2 Samuel 7:14, where the king is referred to as God's son. In the New Testament, this title is used to express both Jesus' divine nature and His role as the promised Messiah. The acknowledgment of Jesus as the Son of God is a cornerstone of Christian faith, as seen in Peter's confession (Matthew 16:16).

by His resurrection from the dead
The resurrection is the pivotal event that confirms Jesus' identity and mission. It serves as the ultimate validation of His claims and teachings. The resurrection is not only a historical event but also a theological cornerstone, as it demonstrates Jesus' victory over sin and death (1 Corinthians 15:17). The resurrection fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God's Holy One not seeing decay. It also prefigures the future resurrection of believers, as Paul elaborates in 1 Corinthians 15.

Jesus Christ our Lord
This phrase encapsulates the full identity and authority of Jesus. "Jesus" refers to His human name, given at birth (Matthew 1:21), while "Christ" is the Greek equivalent of "Messiah," meaning "Anointed One." "Our Lord" signifies His divine authority and lordship over all creation, a theme echoed throughout the New Testament (Philippians 2:9-11). The acknowledgment of Jesus as "our Lord" is a declaration of allegiance and faith, recognizing His sovereignty and role as the head of the Church (Ephesians 1:22).

Through Him and on behalf of His name
This phrase emphasizes the centrality of Jesus Christ in the mission and message of the apostles. "Through Him" indicates that it is only by the power and authority of Christ that the apostles can carry out their mission. The phrase "on behalf of His name" underscores the purpose of their mission: to glorify and represent Jesus. In biblical times, a name was more than just a label; it represented the character and authority of a person. Thus, the apostles' work is done under the authority and for the glory of Jesus Christ, aligning with passages like Acts 4:12, which speaks of salvation being found in no other name.

we received grace and apostleship
The "grace" mentioned here refers to the unmerited favor and empowerment given by God to the apostles. This grace is not only for personal salvation but also for the specific calling and equipping for ministry. "Apostleship" denotes the office and mission given to the apostles, particularly Paul, who was called to be an apostle to the Gentiles (Galatians 2:8). This dual gift of grace and apostleship highlights the divine initiative and empowerment in the spread of the Gospel, as seen in Ephesians 3:7-8, where Paul speaks of becoming a servant of the Gospel by the gift of God's grace.

to call all those among the Gentiles
The mission to the Gentiles is a significant theme in Paul's ministry. This phrase indicates the universal scope of the Gospel, breaking the boundaries of Jewish exclusivity and extending God's salvation to all nations. This aligns with the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19, where Jesus commands His disciples to make disciples of all nations. Historically, the inclusion of Gentiles was a radical shift, challenging Jewish cultural and religious norms. Paul's role as the apostle to the Gentiles is further emphasized in Acts 9:15, where God declares that Paul is His chosen instrument to carry His name before the Gentiles.

to the obedience that comes from faith
This phrase highlights the relationship between faith and obedience in the Christian life. True faith in Christ results in a transformed life characterized by obedience to God's commands. This is not a legalistic obedience but one that flows naturally from a genuine faith. James 2:17 reinforces this by stating that faith without works is dead. The obedience of faith is a recurring theme in Paul's writings, as seen in Romans 16:26, where he speaks of the mystery of the Gospel being revealed to lead to the obedience of faith among all nations. This obedience is a response to the grace received and is empowered by the Holy Spirit.

And you also are among those
This phrase emphasizes the inclusion of the Roman believers in the broader community of faith. The letter to the Romans is addressed to both Jewish and Gentile Christians, highlighting the universal nature of the gospel. The use of "you also" suggests that the Roman believers share in the same calling and privileges as other Christians, regardless of their ethnic or cultural background. This reflects the early church's struggle and eventual acceptance of Gentiles as equal members of the faith community, as seen in Acts 15 during the Jerusalem Council.

who are called
The concept of being "called" is significant in biblical theology, indicating a divine initiative. In the New Testament, this calling is often associated with God's sovereign choice and grace, as seen in passages like Ephesians 1:4-5, where believers are chosen before the foundation of the world. This calling is not based on human merit but on God's purpose and grace, underscoring the doctrine of election. The calling also implies a response, as believers are called to live in a manner worthy of their calling (Ephesians 4:1).

to belong to Jesus Christ.
Belonging to Jesus Christ signifies a personal and communal relationship with the Savior. This relationship is central to Christian identity, as believers are united with Christ in His death and resurrection (Romans 6:3-5). The phrase also implies ownership and allegiance, as Christians are no longer their own but have been bought with a price (1 Corinthians 6:19-20). This belonging is both a privilege and a responsibility, as it calls believers to live in obedience to Christ and to reflect His character in their lives. The idea of belonging to Christ also connects to the imagery of the church as the body of Christ, with each member playing a vital role in the community of faith (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).

To all in Rome
The city of Rome was the heart of the Roman Empire, a bustling metropolis and a center of political power, culture, and commerce. The early Christian community in Rome was diverse, consisting of both Jewish and Gentile believers. This letter addresses the entire Christian community in Rome, indicating the universal nature of the gospel message. The church in Rome was not founded by Paul, but he writes to them with authority as an apostle.

who are loved by God
This phrase emphasizes the special relationship between God and believers. The love of God is a central theme in Scripture, highlighting His grace and mercy. This love is not based on human merit but is a divine initiative. It echoes the covenantal love God has shown throughout the Old Testament, such as His love for Israel (Deuteronomy 7:7-8).

and called to be saints:
The term "saints" refers to those set apart for God's purposes. In the New Testament, all believers are considered saints, not just a select few. This calling is both a privilege and a responsibility, as it involves living a life that reflects God's holiness. The concept of being "called" is significant, as it denotes God's sovereign choice and purpose for His people, similar to the calling of Israel as a holy nation (Exodus 19:6).

Grace and peace to you
"Grace" and "peace" are common greetings in Paul's letters, combining Greek and Hebrew salutations. Grace refers to God's unmerited favor, a foundational concept in Christian theology. Peace, or "shalom," signifies wholeness and well-being, a state of reconciliation with God. Together, they encapsulate the essence of the gospel message, which brings both grace and peace to believers.

from God our Father
This phrase highlights the intimate relationship believers have with God, who is not only the Creator but also a loving Father. This familial language underscores the adoption of believers into God's family, a theme Paul elaborates on in Romans 8:15-17. It reflects the new covenant relationship established through Christ.

and the Lord Jesus Christ.
The title "Lord" affirms the divinity and authority of Jesus, acknowledging Him as sovereign over all. "Jesus" is His human name, and "Christ" signifies Him as the Messiah, the anointed one promised in the Old Testament. This dual reference to God the Father and Jesus Christ emphasizes the unity and co-equality within the Godhead, a foundational doctrine of the Christian faith.

First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you
Paul begins his letter with gratitude, a common practice in his epistles, reflecting the importance of thanksgiving in Christian life. The phrase "my God" indicates a personal relationship with God, emphasizing intimacy and devotion. The mention of "through Jesus Christ" highlights the mediatory role of Christ, underscoring that all communication with God is facilitated through Him, aligning with John 14:6, where Jesus states He is the way to the Father. This introduction sets a tone of unity and shared faith, as Paul acknowledges the Roman believers' role in the broader Christian community.

because your faith is being proclaimed all over the world
The faith of the Roman Christians is noteworthy and widely recognized, suggesting a strong and vibrant community. Rome, being the center of the Roman Empire, was a strategic location for the spread of Christianity. The phrase "all over the world" indicates the far-reaching impact of their faith, possibly referring to the known world of the Roman Empire. This widespread proclamation of faith fulfills the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19, where Jesus commands His followers to make disciples of all nations. The Roman church's reputation serves as an encouragement and model for other believers, demonstrating the power of a faithful witness in a prominent city.

God, whom I serve with my spirit
Paul emphasizes his deep, spiritual commitment to God, highlighting that his service is not merely external or ritualistic but comes from his innermost being. This reflects the biblical theme of worshiping God "in spirit and truth" (John 4:24). The phrase underscores the sincerity and authenticity of Paul's ministry, aligning with the Old Testament prophets who served God with their whole heart (Jeremiah 29:13).

in preaching the gospel of His Son
Paul's mission is centered on the proclamation of the gospel, the good news of Jesus Christ. This phrase underscores the centrality of Christ in Paul's message, fulfilling the prophecies of a coming Messiah (Isaiah 53). The "gospel of His Son" indicates the divine nature of Jesus, affirming His role as the Son of God, a key tenet of Christian faith. Paul's dedication to this mission is evident throughout his epistles, as seen in 1 Corinthians 9:16, where he states, "Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel!"

is my witness
Paul calls upon God as his witness, a solemn declaration of truthfulness and integrity. This reflects the cultural and historical context of the time, where oaths and witnesses were crucial in affirming one's honesty (Hebrews 6:16). By invoking God as his witness, Paul assures the Roman believers of his genuine concern and commitment to them, even though he has not yet visited them.

how constantly I remember you
Paul's constant remembrance of the Roman believers in his prayers demonstrates his pastoral heart and deep love for the church. This aligns with his practice of praying for all the churches he established or hoped to visit, as seen in his letters to the Corinthians (1 Corinthians 1:4) and Ephesians (Ephesians 1:16). His persistent prayers reflect the early Christian emphasis on intercessory prayer and the unity of the body of Christ, transcending geographical boundaries.

in my prayers at all times
Paul emphasizes the importance of constant prayer, reflecting a life devoted to communication with God. This aligns with 1 Thessalonians 5:17, where believers are encouraged to "pray without ceasing." The phrase suggests a disciplined spiritual life, where prayer is not sporadic but a regular practice. In the cultural context of the early church, prayer was a communal and individual act, vital for spiritual growth and guidance.

asking that now at last
Paul's request indicates a persistent desire, showing that he has been praying for this opportunity for some time. This persistence in prayer is reminiscent of Jesus' teaching in Luke 18:1-8, where the parable of the persistent widow illustrates the importance of continual prayer. The phrase "at last" suggests a culmination of hope and anticipation, reflecting Paul's deep longing to visit the Roman believers.

by God’s will
Paul acknowledges the sovereignty of God in his plans, demonstrating submission to divine authority. This reflects the biblical principle found in James 4:15, where believers are encouraged to say, "If it is the Lord's will, we will live and do this or that." The phrase underscores the belief that God's will is paramount, and human plans must align with divine purposes.

I may succeed in coming to you
Paul's desire to visit Rome is not merely personal but is driven by his mission to spread the Gospel. The historical context reveals that Rome was a significant center of influence in the ancient world, and Paul’s visit would have strategic importance for the spread of Christianity. This journey is later fulfilled in Acts 28, where Paul finally arrives in Rome, albeit as a prisoner, showing that God's plans may unfold in unexpected ways.

For I long to see you
Paul expresses a deep desire to visit the believers in Rome. This longing reflects his pastoral heart and commitment to the spread of the Gospel. Historically, Rome was the center of the Roman Empire, a strategic location for the dissemination of Christian teachings. Paul's desire to visit is not merely personal but is driven by his mission to strengthen the church and expand its influence. This longing also highlights the importance of fellowship and personal connection within the early Christian communities, as seen in other epistles where Paul emphasizes the value of being physically present with fellow believers (e.g., 1 Thessalonians 2:17-18).

so that I may impart to you some spiritual gift
Paul's intention to impart a spiritual gift suggests his role as an apostle with authority to edify the church. The term "spiritual gift" can refer to various gifts of the Holy Spirit, such as teaching, prophecy, or encouragement, which are meant to build up the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:4-11). This phrase underscores the belief that spiritual gifts are given for the common good and are essential for the growth and maturity of the church. It also reflects the early church's understanding of the Holy Spirit's active role in equipping believers for ministry.

to strengthen you
The purpose of imparting a spiritual gift is to strengthen or establish the believers in their faith. This reflects a common theme in Paul's letters, where he often emphasizes the need for believers to be rooted and grounded in their faith (Ephesians 3:16-17). The strengthening of the church is crucial for its perseverance amidst persecution and false teachings, which were prevalent in the first-century Roman context. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical narrative of God empowering His people, as seen in the Old Testament with figures like Joshua, who was strengthened to lead Israel (Joshua 1:6-9).

that is,
This phrase serves as a clarification or explanation of the preceding statement. Paul often uses such phrases to ensure his readers understand his intentions. In the context of Romans, Paul is expressing his desire to visit the Roman believers to strengthen their faith and his own.

that you and I
Paul emphasizes the mutual relationship between himself and the Roman Christians. Despite being an apostle, Paul sees himself as part of the same body of Christ, highlighting the equality and unity among believers. This reflects the early church's emphasis on community and shared faith.

may be mutually encouraged
The concept of mutual encouragement underscores the reciprocal nature of Christian fellowship. Paul acknowledges that both he and the Roman believers can benefit from each other's faith. This aligns with the biblical principle found in Proverbs 27:17, "As iron sharpens iron, so one person sharpens another."

by each other’s faith.
Faith is the central element of Christian life and community. Paul recognizes that the faith of the Roman believers can inspire and strengthen his own, just as his faith can do for them. This reflects the early church's understanding of faith as a communal experience, where believers support and uplift one another. The idea is also echoed in Hebrews 10:24-25, which encourages believers to spur one another on toward love and good deeds.

I do not want you to be unaware, brothers
Paul often uses the phrase "I do not want you to be unaware" to emphasize the importance of the information he is about to share. This phrase is a common rhetorical device in his letters, indicating that he is addressing a potential misunderstanding or lack of knowledge among his audience. The term "brothers" signifies the familial bond among believers, emphasizing unity and equality within the body of Christ, transcending ethnic and social barriers.

how often I planned to come to you
Paul's desire to visit Rome reflects his missionary strategy to reach major urban centers of the Roman Empire, which were influential in spreading the Gospel. His repeated planning indicates a strong commitment to the Roman believers and his strategic vision for the church's growth. This also highlights the apostle's human limitations and the sovereignty of God in directing his ministry efforts.

(but have been prevented from visiting until now)
The prevention of Paul's visit can be understood in light of spiritual warfare, as seen in 1 Thessalonians 2:18, where Paul attributes hindrances to Satan. It also reflects the practical challenges of travel in the ancient world, including political, social, and logistical obstacles. This phrase underscores the theme of divine timing and providence in Paul's ministry.

in order that I might have a harvest among you
The metaphor of a "harvest" is frequently used in Scripture to describe the gathering of believers and the fruitful results of evangelistic efforts. This imagery connects to Jesus' teachings, such as in Matthew 9:37-38, where He speaks of the plentiful harvest and the need for laborers. Paul's use of this metaphor indicates his hope for spiritual growth and the conversion of souls in Rome.

just as I have had among the other Gentiles
Paul's reference to his success among other Gentiles highlights his role as the apostle to the Gentiles, as stated in Galatians 2:8. This phrase underscores the inclusivity of the Gospel message, breaking down the dividing wall between Jews and Gentiles, as elaborated in Ephesians 2:14-16. It also serves as an encouragement to the Roman believers, assuring them of the effectiveness of the Gospel and Paul's ministry.

I am obligated
Paul expresses a deep sense of duty and responsibility. This obligation is not self-imposed but divinely mandated, reflecting his calling as an apostle to the Gentiles (Acts 9:15). The term "obligated" suggests a debt that must be repaid, indicating Paul's commitment to share the gospel with all people.

both to Greeks and non-Greeks
The phrase highlights the universal scope of Paul's mission. "Greeks" refers to those who were part of the Hellenistic culture, which was dominant in the Roman Empire. "Non-Greeks" (or "barbarians" in some translations) refers to those outside this cultural sphere. This distinction underscores the inclusivity of the gospel, breaking down cultural and ethnic barriers (Galatians 3:28).

both to the wise and the foolish
Paul's message is for all intellectual and social classes. "The wise" could refer to the educated and philosophically inclined, while "the foolish" might denote those without formal education or societal status. This reflects the biblical principle that God's wisdom often confounds human wisdom (1 Corinthians 1:18-25). The gospel is accessible to everyone, regardless of intellectual capacity or social standing.

That is why I am so eager
Paul's eagerness reflects his deep commitment to his apostolic mission. This enthusiasm is rooted in his understanding of the gospel as the power of God for salvation (Romans 1:16). His zeal is reminiscent of the prophets, such as Isaiah, who were eager to proclaim God's message despite opposition. Paul's transformation from a persecutor of Christians to an apostle underscores the transformative power of the gospel, which fuels his eagerness.

to preach the gospel
The gospel, or "good news," is central to Paul's ministry. It encompasses the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, offering salvation to all who believe. Paul's focus on preaching highlights the importance of verbal proclamation in spreading the Christian faith. This aligns with the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20), where Jesus commands His disciples to make disciples of all nations. Paul's dedication to preaching is a model for Christian evangelism.

also to you who are in Rome
Rome, the heart of the Roman Empire, was a significant and strategic location for the spread of Christianity. The city's diverse population and status as a cultural and political hub made it an ideal place for the gospel to take root and spread throughout the empire. Paul's desire to visit Rome reflects his strategic approach to mission work, aiming to establish a strong Christian presence in influential cities. The Roman church, likely founded by Jewish and Gentile converts, faced challenges of unity and cultural integration, which Paul addresses in his letter.

I am not ashamed of the gospel
Paul's declaration of not being ashamed is significant given the cultural context of the Roman Empire, where the message of a crucified Messiah was seen as foolishness (1 Corinthians 1:23). The gospel, or "good news," refers to the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Paul’s boldness contrasts with the shame associated with crucifixion, a method of execution reserved for the lowest criminals. His confidence in the gospel underscores its divine origin and transformative power.

because it is the power of God for salvation
The gospel is described as the "power of God," indicating its divine authority and ability to effect change. This power is not merely a concept but an active force that brings about salvation, which in biblical terms means deliverance from sin and its consequences. The power of God is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in creation (Genesis 1), the Exodus (Exodus 14), and the resurrection of Christ (Ephesians 1:19-20).

to everyone who believes
Salvation is available to "everyone who believes," emphasizing faith as the means of receiving God's grace. This inclusivity breaks down barriers of ethnicity, social status, and gender, aligning with the message in Galatians 3:28. Belief is not just intellectual assent but involves trust and reliance on Jesus Christ for salvation, as seen in John 3:16.

first to the Jew, then to the Greek
The phrase "first to the Jew" acknowledges the historical and covenantal priority of the Jewish people in God's redemptive plan (Romans 9:4-5). The gospel was first preached to the Jews, as seen in Jesus' ministry (Matthew 15:24) and the early church (Acts 1:8). "Then to the Greek" signifies the extension of the gospel to the Gentiles, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 49:6, which speaks of salvation reaching the ends of the earth. This order reflects God's unfolding plan of salvation history, where the promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3) is realized in Christ.

For the gospel reveals the righteousness of God
The gospel, or "good news," is central to Christian doctrine, emphasizing salvation through Jesus Christ. The righteousness of God refers to His perfect moral nature and His plan to make humans righteous through faith. This concept is rooted in the Old Testament, where God's righteousness is often associated with His faithfulness to His covenant (e.g., Psalm 98:2). The gospel reveals this righteousness, showing how God remains just while justifying those who believe in Jesus (Romans 3:26).

that comes by faith
Faith is the means by which believers receive God's righteousness. This principle is foundational in Christian theology, contrasting with the idea of earning righteousness through works. The emphasis on faith aligns with Abraham's example, who was counted as righteous because of his faith (Genesis 15:6). This faith is not merely intellectual assent but a trust in God's promises and character.

from start to finish
This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of faith in the believer's life. It begins with initial belief and continues throughout one's spiritual journey. The idea is that faith is not a one-time event but a continual reliance on God. This aligns with Hebrews 12:2, which describes Jesus as the "author and perfecter of our faith," indicating that faith is both initiated and completed through Him.

just as it is written: “The righteous will live by faith.”
This quotation is from Habakkuk 2:4, a prophetic book addressing the problem of evil and God's justice. In its original context, it reassures the faithful that God will ultimately vindicate them. Paul uses this verse to support the doctrine of justification by faith, a central theme in his letters. This principle is echoed in other New Testament writings, such as Galatians 3:11 and Hebrews 10:38, reinforcing the idea that true life, both now and eternally, is found through faith in God.

The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven
This phrase indicates the divine displeasure and judgment that God expresses towards sin. The concept of God's wrath is consistent throughout Scripture, seen in both the Old and New Testaments. In the Old Testament, God's wrath is often depicted in events such as the flood (Genesis 6-9) and the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19). The phrase "from heaven" emphasizes the divine origin and authority of this judgment, contrasting human justice with divine justice. It underscores the idea that God's perspective is not limited by earthly constraints and is all-encompassing.

against all the godlessness and wickedness of men
This part of the verse highlights the universal scope of human sinfulness. "Godlessness" refers to a lack of reverence for God, while "wickedness" pertains to moral corruption and evil actions. The Bible consistently portrays humanity's fallen nature, beginning with Adam and Eve's disobedience in Genesis 3. The universality of sin is further emphasized in Romans 3:23, which states that all have sinned. This phrase serves as a reminder of the pervasive nature of sin and the need for divine intervention.

who suppress the truth by their wickedness
This phrase suggests an active effort to reject or ignore the truth of God. The "truth" here refers to the knowledge of God and His righteous standards, which are evident in creation and conscience (Romans 1:19-20). The suppression of truth is a willful act, indicating that people choose to ignore or distort the truth due to their sinful nature. This concept is echoed in John 3:19-20, where people love darkness rather than light because their deeds are evil. The suppression of truth leads to further moral decay and separation from God.

For what may be known about God
This phrase suggests that there is a certain level of knowledge about God that is accessible to all people. This aligns with the concept of general revelation, where God's existence and attributes are evident in creation (Psalm 19:1-4). The idea is that God's nature and power are visible in the world around us, making it possible for everyone to have some understanding of Him.

is plain to them
The term "plain" indicates clarity and obviousness. This suggests that the knowledge of God is not hidden or obscure but is evident and understandable. This can be connected to the idea that humans are created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27), which includes the capacity to perceive and understand divine truths. The clarity of God's revelation in nature leaves humanity without excuse for unbelief.

because God has made it plain to them
This emphasizes God's active role in revealing Himself to humanity. It is not merely that the evidence of God is available, but that God Himself has ensured that this knowledge is accessible. This reflects God's desire for relationship and communication with His creation. Theologically, this can be linked to the concept of prevenient grace, where God initiates the revelation and relationship with humanity. This also ties into the broader biblical narrative where God continually reveals Himself through prophets, scripture, and ultimately through Jesus Christ (Hebrews 1:1-2).

For since the creation of the world
This phrase emphasizes the beginning of time as described in Genesis 1. The creation account establishes God as the Creator, setting the foundation for His authority and sovereignty over all things. The phrase suggests that evidence of God’s existence and attributes has been present since the very beginning, aligning with the biblical narrative that God’s handiwork is evident in the natural world.

God’s invisible qualities
These qualities refer to aspects of God that are not physically seen but are understood through His creation. Attributes such as His wisdom, creativity, and order are reflected in the complexity and beauty of the universe. This aligns with Psalm 19:1, which states, "The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands."

His eternal power and divine nature
Eternal power refers to God’s omnipotence and timelessness, indicating that He is not bound by the constraints of time and space. Divine nature encompasses His holiness, righteousness, and other attributes that set Him apart from His creation. This is consistent with Isaiah 40:28, which speaks of God as the everlasting Creator who does not grow tired or weary.

have been clearly seen
The clarity with which God’s attributes are perceived in creation suggests that they are evident and unmistakable. This is supported by the intricate design and order found in nature, which points to an intelligent Designer. The clarity of this revelation is such that it leaves humanity without a valid argument against the existence of God.

being understood from His workmanship
Workmanship refers to the created world, which acts as a testament to God’s attributes. The complexity of ecosystems, the vastness of the universe, and the intricacies of biological life all serve as evidence of a purposeful Creator. This understanding is accessible to all people, regardless of their cultural or historical context.

so that men are without excuse
This phrase underscores the accountability of humanity in recognizing God’s existence and attributes. The natural revelation provided through creation is sufficient for people to acknowledge God, leaving them without excuse for unbelief. This is echoed in Acts 14:17, where Paul speaks of God’s kindness in providing rain and crops as a witness to His existence.

For although they knew God
This phrase indicates an awareness or acknowledgment of God's existence and attributes. It suggests a general revelation of God to humanity, as seen in creation (Psalm 19:1-4). Historically, this reflects the knowledge of God that was evident to all people, including Gentiles, through nature and conscience (Romans 1:19-20). This knowledge is not salvific but leaves humanity without excuse for their unbelief.

they neither glorified Him as God
The failure to glorify God points to a lack of reverence and worship due to Him. This is a central theme in Scripture, where God demands and deserves glory (Isaiah 42:8). Theologically, this reflects the sin of idolatry, where people turn to created things rather than the Creator (Exodus 20:3-5). This failure is a rejection of God's rightful place in their lives.

nor gave thanks to Him
Ingratitude towards God is a significant issue, as thanksgiving is a fundamental response to His provision and grace (1 Thessalonians 5:18). This lack of thankfulness is indicative of a heart that does not recognize God's sovereignty and goodness. Culturally, this reflects a self-centered worldview, prevalent in societies that prioritize human achievement over divine providence.

but they became futile in their thinking
Futility in thinking refers to the emptiness and vanity of human reasoning apart from God (Ecclesiastes 1:2). This futility is a result of rejecting divine truth, leading to moral and intellectual decay. Biblically, this is seen in the wisdom of the world being foolishness to God (1 Corinthians 3:19). It highlights the contrast between human wisdom and divine revelation.

and darkened in their foolish hearts
A darkened heart signifies spiritual blindness and moral corruption (Ephesians 4:18). This darkness is a consequence of turning away from the light of God's truth (John 3:19-20). Theologically, it represents the state of humanity under sin, unable to perceive or accept spiritual realities without divine intervention. This darkness is overcome only through the light of Christ (John 8:12).

Although they claimed to be wise
This phrase highlights the self-perception of wisdom among certain individuals or groups. In the context of Romans 1, Paul addresses the Gentile world, which prided itself on philosophical and intellectual achievements. The Greco-Roman culture was heavily influenced by philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, who emphasized human reason and wisdom. However, Paul contrasts this human wisdom with the wisdom of God, which is often seen as foolishness by the world (1 Corinthians 1:18-25). This self-proclaimed wisdom is a reflection of pride, a recurring theme in Scripture, where human arrogance leads to a downfall (Proverbs 16:18).

they became fools
Despite their claims to wisdom, these individuals are described as becoming fools. This is a direct consequence of rejecting God's truth and relying solely on human understanding. The biblical concept of foolishness is not merely a lack of intelligence but a moral and spiritual failing. Psalm 14:1 states, "The fool says in his heart, 'There is no God.'" This foolishness is characterized by a rejection of divine revelation and a preference for idolatry and immorality, as further elaborated in the subsequent verses of Romans 1. The transformation from perceived wisdom to foolishness underscores the futility of human efforts apart from God, echoing the warnings found in Proverbs 3:5-7 about leaning on one's own understanding rather than trusting in the Lord.

and exchanged the glory of the immortal God
This phrase highlights the fundamental error of idolatry, where humanity turns away from the worship of the one true God. The "glory" of God refers to His divine majesty and holiness, which is eternal and unchanging. The term "immortal" emphasizes God's eternal nature, contrasting with the temporal nature of created things. This exchange is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in the Israelites' worship of the golden calf (Exodus 32) and the warnings against idolatry throughout the Old Testament (e.g., Isaiah 42:8). Theologically, this exchange represents a rejection of God's sovereignty and a turning to self-made deities, which is a central issue in Paul's argument about the fallen state of humanity.

for images of mortal man
The creation of images or idols in the likeness of humans is a direct violation of the second commandment (Exodus 20:4). In the ancient world, it was common for people to create statues or images of gods in human form, reflecting their own attributes and desires. This anthropomorphism diminishes the divine nature of God, reducing Him to something finite and comprehensible. Theologically, this reflects humanity's attempt to control and manipulate the divine, rather than submitting to God's will. This practice is condemned throughout Scripture, as it leads to spiritual blindness and moral decay (Psalm 115:4-8).

and birds
Birds were often associated with various deities in ancient cultures. For example, the Egyptians worshiped Horus, depicted as a falcon, and the Greeks had gods like Zeus, who was symbolized by an eagle. The worship of birds as divine representations is a further step away from the worship of the Creator, as it places the creation above the Creator (Romans 1:25). This reflects a distortion of the created order, where the beauty and majesty of birds, meant to point to God's creative power, become objects of worship themselves.

and animals
Animals were frequently deified in ancient religions. The Egyptians, for instance, revered the Apis bull and the cat goddess Bastet. This practice is a clear example of humanity's tendency to worship the creation rather than the Creator. In biblical history, the worship of animals is seen in the golden calf incident (Exodus 32), which was a direct affront to God's command. Theologically, this reflects a regression to a more primitive form of religion, where the tangible and visible are preferred over the spiritual and invisible.

and reptiles
Reptiles, such as snakes and crocodiles, were also objects of worship in various ancient cultures. The serpent, in particular, has a significant biblical history, being associated with the fall of man in Genesis 3. In Egypt, the cobra was a symbol of protection and royalty, often depicted on the crowns of pharaohs. The worship of reptiles is indicative of humanity's descent into more base forms of idolatry, as these creatures are often seen as unclean or dangerous. This highlights the absurdity and futility of idolatry, as described in Isaiah 44:9-20, where the prophet mocks the making and worship of idols.

Therefore God gave them over
This phrase indicates a judicial act of God, where He allows individuals to pursue their sinful desires as a form of judgment. It reflects the principle of divine retribution, where God permits people to experience the consequences of their choices. This concept is echoed in Psalm 81:12, where God gives people over to their stubborn hearts. It highlights the seriousness of rejecting God's truth and the resulting spiritual consequences.

in the desires of their hearts
The "desires of their hearts" refers to the deep-seated sinful inclinations and passions that reside within humanity. This phrase underscores the biblical teaching of the fallen nature of man, as seen in Jeremiah 17:9, which describes the heart as deceitful and desperately wicked. It emphasizes the internal source of sin, contrasting with the external observance of the law, and aligns with Jesus' teaching in Mark 7:21-23 about the evil that comes from within.

to impurity
Impurity here denotes moral and sexual uncleanness, a common theme in Paul's writings. It reflects the cultural context of the Greco-Roman world, where sexual immorality was prevalent and often intertwined with pagan worship practices. This impurity is not just physical but also spiritual, as it represents a departure from God's holiness. The call to purity is a recurring theme in Scripture, as seen in 1 Thessalonians 4:7, where believers are called to live a holy life.

for the dishonoring of their bodies
This phrase highlights the physical consequences of sin, where the body, created in the image of God, is used in ways that degrade and dishonor it. It reflects the biblical view of the body as a temple of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19-20) and the importance of honoring God with one's body. The dishonoring of the body is a result of exchanging the truth of God for a lie, as mentioned earlier in Romans 1:25.

with one another
The communal aspect of sin is emphasized here, indicating that these actions are not isolated but involve others, leading to a collective moral decline. This reflects the social nature of humanity and the impact of individual sin on the community. It also points to the relational aspect of sin, where relationships are distorted and corrupted by sinful desires, contrasting with the biblical ideal of love and mutual respect found in passages like Ephesians 5:21-33.

They exchanged the truth of God for a lie
This phrase highlights the deliberate choice to reject God's revealed truth. In the biblical context, "truth of God" refers to the knowledge of God as Creator and Sustainer, evident in creation (Romans 1:20). The "lie" represents idolatry and falsehood, reminiscent of the serpent's deception in Genesis 3:1-5. Historically, this exchange reflects humanity's tendency to turn away from divine truth, as seen in Israel's idolatry (Exodus 32:1-6). Theologically, this exchange is a fundamental sin, leading to spiritual blindness and moral decay.

and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator
This phrase underscores the misdirection of worship from God to created things. Biblically, worship is due to God alone (Deuteronomy 6:13). The act of serving the creature includes idolatry, where people venerate images, nature, or human achievements (Isaiah 44:9-20). Culturally, the Greco-Roman world was rife with polytheism and emperor worship, which Paul addresses. This misplacement of worship is a reversal of the intended order, where creation should lead to worship of the Creator (Psalm 19:1).

who is forever worthy of praise!
This phrase affirms God's eternal nature and His deserving of perpetual worship. Theologically, it emphasizes God's unchanging character and His sovereignty over creation (Psalm 90:2). The phrase serves as a doxology, a spontaneous expression of praise, common in Paul's writings (Ephesians 3:20-21). It contrasts the temporal nature of created things with the eternal worthiness of God, reinforcing the call to worship Him alone.

Amen
"Amen" is a Hebrew word meaning "truly" or "so be it," used to affirm the truth of a statement. In biblical usage, it signifies agreement and certainty (Nehemiah 8:6). It is often used at the end of prayers and doxologies, as seen in the Psalms and New Testament letters, to express confidence in God's promises and declarations. Here, it seals the truth of God's worthiness of praise, inviting readers to join in this affirmation.

For this reason God gave them over to dishonorable passions.
This phrase indicates a divine response to human actions. The "reason" refers to the preceding verses where humanity's rejection of God's truth and idolatry is described. The concept of God "giving them over" suggests a judicial act, where God allows individuals to pursue their sinful desires as a form of judgment. This aligns with the biblical principle of sowing and reaping (Galatians 6:7-8). The term "dishonorable passions" refers to desires that are contrary to God's design and moral order. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the consequences of sin, as seen in the fall of humanity in Genesis 3.

Even their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural ones.
This phrase highlights a specific example of the dishonorable passions mentioned. The focus on women first is notable, as it emphasizes the extent of the moral decline. The "exchange" of natural for unnatural relations suggests a deliberate choice to abandon God's created order. This mirrors the exchange of truth for a lie mentioned earlier in the chapter (Romans 1:25). The term "natural relations" refers to heterosexual relationships as designed by God, while "unnatural ones" indicates homosexual behavior, which is consistently viewed as contrary to God's design in both Old and New Testament passages (e.g., Leviticus 18:22, 1 Corinthians 6:9-10). This reflects the broader biblical narrative of humanity's tendency to deviate from God's intentions, necessitating redemption through Christ.

Likewise, the men abandoned natural relations with women
This phrase indicates a departure from the created order as established in Genesis 2:24, where a man is united with his wife. The term "natural relations" refers to the biological and complementary design of male and female. The abandonment suggests a willful rejection of God's design, echoing the broader theme of humanity's rebellion against divine order found throughout Romans 1.

and burned with lust for one another
The imagery of "burned with lust" conveys intense, uncontrolled desires. This phrase highlights the depth of the moral and spiritual corruption that Paul is addressing. The use of "burned" suggests a consuming passion that overtakes rational thought, reminiscent of the warnings against idolatry and immorality in the Old Testament, such as in Leviticus 18:22.

Men committed indecent acts with other men
This phrase directly addresses homosexual behavior, which is consistently viewed negatively in the biblical texts, including Leviticus 20:13 and 1 Corinthians 6:9-10. The term "indecent acts" underscores the violation of God's moral law, reflecting the broader biblical theme of sin as a distortion of God's intended purpose for humanity.

and received in themselves the due penalty for their error
The "due penalty" suggests a consequence that is both just and inherent to the actions themselves. This can be understood as both a physical and spiritual repercussion, aligning with the biblical principle that sin leads to death (Romans 6:23). The phrase "for their error" indicates a deviation from truth, echoing the concept of sin as missing the mark of God's holiness. This also connects to the broader narrative of judgment and redemption found throughout Scripture, culminating in the redemptive work of Jesus Christ.

Furthermore, since they did not see fit to acknowledge God
This phrase highlights the willful rejection of God by humanity. In the broader context of Romans 1, Paul is addressing the Gentile world, emphasizing that despite the evidence of God's existence and nature through creation (Romans 1:20), people chose not to honor Him. This reflects the biblical theme of human rebellion against God, seen as early as Genesis 3 with the fall of man. The phrase "did not see fit" suggests a deliberate decision, indicating moral and spiritual blindness. This rejection is not due to ignorance but a conscious choice to ignore God's revelation.

He gave them up to a depraved mind
The concept of God "giving them up" is a judicial act, where God allows individuals to follow their sinful desires as a form of judgment. This is a recurring theme in Romans 1, where God gives people over to various sins as a consequence of their rejection of Him (Romans 1:24, 26). The "depraved mind" refers to a corrupted way of thinking, unable to discern right from wrong. This echoes the Old Testament, where similar language is used to describe the consequences of persistent sin (e.g., Psalm 81:12). Theologically, it underscores the seriousness of turning away from God and the resulting moral decay.

to do what ought not to be done
This phrase describes the actions that result from a depraved mind. The "ought not to be done" implies a violation of God's moral order, which is evident in the natural law written on human hearts (Romans 2:14-15). The actions that follow are detailed in the subsequent verses (Romans 1:29-31), which list various sins that characterize a life apart from God. This reflects the biblical principle that thoughts lead to actions, as seen in Jesus' teachings on the heart's role in sin (Matthew 15:19). The phrase serves as a warning of the destructive path of sin and the need for repentance and transformation through Christ.

They have become filled with every kind of wickedness, evil, greed, and depravity.
This phrase highlights the totality of human sinfulness. The use of "filled" suggests a saturation or complete permeation of these negative qualities. In biblical context, this reflects the fallen nature of humanity post-Genesis 3, where sin entered the world through Adam and Eve. The terms "wickedness," "evil," "greed," and "depravity" encompass a broad spectrum of moral corruption, indicating a departure from God's intended order. Greed, in particular, is often condemned in Scripture (e.g., 1 Timothy 6:10) as it reflects a heart turned away from God towards materialism. This phrase serves as a reminder of the need for redemption through Christ, who offers a path away from such a state.

They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and malice.
Here, Paul lists specific sins that characterize the fallen human condition. Envy is a destructive emotion that can lead to other sins, as seen in the story of Cain and Abel (Genesis 4:3-8). Murder, strife, deceit, and malice further illustrate the breakdown of relationships and community, which are central to God's design for humanity. The mention of "murder" connects to the sixth commandment (Exodus 20:13), emphasizing the sanctity of life. "Strife" and "deceit" are often linked in Proverbs, warning against discord and dishonesty (Proverbs 6:16-19). This list underscores the pervasive nature of sin and the need for divine intervention through Jesus Christ, who embodies truth and reconciliation.

They are gossips,
Gossip is a sin that undermines trust and community, often leading to division and hurt. In the cultural context of the early church, maintaining unity was crucial, as seen in Paul's letters to various congregations. Gossip is condemned in Proverbs (Proverbs 16:28) and is seen as contrary to the love and edification that should characterize Christian fellowship. The destructive power of words is a recurring theme in Scripture, with James 3:5-6 likening the tongue to a fire. This phrase serves as a warning against idle talk and encourages believers to use their words to build up rather than tear down.

slanderers
Slanderers are those who speak false statements that damage another's reputation. In biblical times, slander was a serious offense, often leading to social and legal repercussions. The Old Testament frequently condemns slander (e.g., Proverbs 10:18, Leviticus 19:16), emphasizing the importance of truth and integrity. In the New Testament, slander is seen as a manifestation of a corrupt heart (Matthew 15:19) and is contrary to the love and unity expected within the Christian community (Ephesians 4:31).

God-haters
This term refers to those who are actively opposed to God, rejecting His authority and commandments. Throughout Scripture, the rejection of God is depicted as a grave sin, leading to spiritual and often physical consequences (Psalm 81:15). The concept of being a "God-hater" is tied to the broader biblical theme of rebellion against divine authority, as seen in the fall of Satan (Isaiah 14:12-15) and the persistent idolatry of Israel (Jeremiah 2:13).

insolent
Insolence involves a disrespectful and contemptuous attitude, often towards authority. The Bible frequently warns against such behavior, as it reflects a heart that is not submissive to God's will (Proverbs 16:18). Insolence is seen in the actions of figures like Pharaoh, who defied God's commands through Moses (Exodus 5:2), and is contrasted with the humility exemplified by Christ (Philippians 2:5-8).

arrogant
Arrogance is characterized by an inflated sense of self-worth and a lack of humility. The Bible consistently condemns arrogance, associating it with pride, which precedes a fall (Proverbs 16:18). Arrogance is seen in the actions of King Nebuchadnezzar, who was humbled by God for his pride (Daniel 4:30-37). In contrast, Jesus taught and modeled humility, urging His followers to do the same (Matthew 23:12).

boastful
Boastfulness involves speaking with excessive pride about one's achievements or possessions. Scripture warns against boasting, as it reflects a reliance on self rather than on God (James 4:16). The Apostle Paul, in his letters, often contrasts worldly boasting with boasting in the Lord (2 Corinthians 10:17), emphasizing that true worth and success come from God alone.

They invent new forms of evil
This phrase suggests a creativity in sinning, going beyond traditional transgressions to devise new ways of doing wrong. This reflects the depth of human depravity and the continual rebellion against God's moral order. The Bible records various instances of humanity's inventiveness in sin, such as the construction of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9), which symbolized human pride and defiance against God.

they disobey their parents
Disobedience to parents is a violation of the fifth commandment (Exodus 20:12), which underscores the importance of family structure and respect for authority. In biblical culture, honoring one's parents was foundational to societal stability and was seen as a reflection of one's relationship with God. The New Testament reiterates this commandment, highlighting its significance for Christian living (Ephesians 6:1-3).

They are senseless
This phrase highlights a lack of understanding or wisdom, often associated with a rejection of God's truth. In biblical context, wisdom is closely tied to the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10). The senselessness here can be seen as a result of turning away from God, as described earlier in Romans 1, where people exchanged the truth of God for a lie. This senselessness is not merely intellectual but moral and spiritual, indicating a deep-seated rebellion against divine order.

Faithless
Faithlessness refers to a lack of fidelity or trustworthiness, particularly in relation to God. In the Old Testament, Israel is often described as faithless when they turn to idolatry or fail to trust in God's promises (Jeremiah 3:6-10). This term underscores a breach in the covenant relationship with God, which is central to biblical theology. In the New Testament, faith is foundational to the Christian life (Hebrews 11:6), and faithlessness is a serious charge, indicating a rejection of the gospel message.

Heartless
The term heartless suggests a lack of natural affection or compassion, which is contrary to the biblical command to love one's neighbor (Leviticus 19:18; Matthew 22:39). In the cultural context of the Roman Empire, where familial and social bonds were highly valued, being heartless would be seen as a severe moral failing. This lack of compassion is indicative of a society that has turned away from God's love, as true love is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22).

Merciless
Mercilessness is the absence of mercy, a key attribute of God (Exodus 34:6-7) and a central tenet of Christian ethics (Matthew 5:7). In the biblical narrative, mercy is often linked with justice and righteousness, and the lack of it is a sign of moral decay. The call to be merciful is echoed throughout Scripture, as believers are urged to reflect God's character in their interactions with others (Micah 6:8; James 2:13). The merciless behavior described here is a stark contrast to the life of Jesus Christ, who exemplified mercy in His ministry.

Although they know God’s righteous decree
This phrase indicates an awareness of God's moral standards, which are evident through natural revelation and the conscience (Romans 2:14-15). The concept of a "righteous decree" suggests a divine law that is universally understood, echoing the moral law given to Israel and the inherent understanding of right and wrong in all humanity. This awareness is not limited to those with direct access to Scripture but is a universal knowledge of God's expectations.

that those who do such things are worthy of death
The phrase "worthy of death" reflects the severity of sin in God's eyes, aligning with the Old Testament law where certain sins warranted capital punishment (Leviticus 20:10-16). It underscores the gravity of sin and its ultimate consequence, which is spiritual death and separation from God (Romans 6:23). This echoes the justice of God, who cannot tolerate sin, and the need for atonement, which is fulfilled in Christ.

they not only continue to do these things
This highlights the persistence in sin despite knowing its consequences. It reflects a hardened heart and a willful rebellion against God. The continuation in sin is indicative of a depraved mind, as described earlier in Romans 1:28, where God gives people over to their sinful desires as a form of judgment. This persistence is a rejection of God's mercy and a refusal to repent.

but also approve of those who practice them
Approving of sin in others compounds the guilt, as it not only involves personal sin but also encourages and endorses sin in the community. This approval can be seen as a societal acceptance of immorality, which was prevalent in the Roman culture of Paul's time, known for its decadence and moral relativism. It reflects a deeper level of corruption where sin is not only practiced but celebrated, drawing a parallel to Isaiah 5:20, where evil is called good. This approval is a direct challenge to the transformative power of the Gospel, which calls believers to a life of holiness and separation from the world (1 Peter 1:15-16).