Paul
Paul, originally named Saul, was a Pharisee and a zealous persecutor of Christians before his dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus (Acts 9:1-19). His transformation from a persecutor to a leading apostle highlights the power of God's grace and calling. Paul is credited with writing many of the New Testament epistles, which have been foundational for Christian doctrine and practice.

called to be an apostle
The term "apostle" means "one who is sent" and refers to those who were specifically chosen by Christ to spread the Gospel. Paul's apostleship was unique because he was not one of the original twelve disciples. His calling was direct from Jesus Christ, as described in Galatians 1:1, emphasizing the divine authority and legitimacy of his mission.

of Christ Jesus
Paul's apostleship is rooted in his relationship with Christ Jesus, underscoring the centrality of Christ in his life and ministry. This phrase affirms that his authority and message are not self-derived but are given by Christ Himself. It reflects the early Christian confession of Jesus as the Messiah and Lord.

by the will of God
Paul's calling as an apostle was not by human decision or merit but by God's sovereign will. This emphasizes the divine initiative in salvation and ministry, aligning with passages like Ephesians 1:11, which speaks of God's purpose and will. It reassures believers of God's control and purpose in their lives.

and our brother Sosthenes
Sosthenes is mentioned as a co-sender of the letter, indicating his importance in the early church. He may be the same Sosthenes mentioned in Acts 18:17, who was a leader of the synagogue in Corinth and possibly converted to Christianity. His inclusion highlights the communal and collaborative nature of early Christian ministry.

To the church of God in Corinth
Corinth was a major city in ancient Greece, known for its wealth, commerce, and moral depravity. The church in Corinth was established by Paul during his second missionary journey (Acts 18:1-11). The phrase "church of God" emphasizes that the church belongs to God, not to any human leader. This is significant in a city known for its diverse religious practices and idolatry. The church's location in Corinth highlights the transformative power of the Gospel in a challenging cultural environment.

to those sanctified in Christ Jesus
Sanctification refers to being set apart for God's purposes. In Christ Jesus, believers are made holy, not by their own merit, but through the redemptive work of Christ. This sanctification is both a positional reality and an ongoing process. The Corinthian believers, despite their struggles with sin, are reminded of their identity in Christ. This echoes the Old Testament concept of Israel being set apart as God's holy people (Exodus 19:6).

and called to be holy
The call to holiness is a recurring theme in Scripture, reflecting God's nature and His desire for His people to reflect His character (Leviticus 11:44-45, 1 Peter 1:15-16). In the context of Corinth, a city rife with immorality, this call underscores the countercultural nature of the Christian life. Holiness involves both separation from sin and dedication to God.

together with all those everywhere who call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ
This phrase emphasizes the universal nature of the Christian faith. Believers in Corinth are part of a larger body of Christ that transcends geographical and cultural boundaries. Calling on the name of the Lord is an expression of faith and dependence on Jesus for salvation, echoing Joel 2:32 and Acts 2:21. It signifies a personal relationship with Christ and a shared identity among all believers.

their Lord and ours
This affirms the unity of believers under the lordship of Jesus Christ. Despite diverse backgrounds and locations, all Christians acknowledge Jesus as their Lord. This unity is a central theme in Paul's letters, as seen in Ephesians 4:4-6. It challenges divisions within the church and calls believers to live in harmony, reflecting the oneness of the body of Christ.

Grace and peace to you
The greeting "Grace and peace" is a common apostolic salutation found in many of Paul's letters. "Grace" (Greek: charis) refers to the unmerited favor and kindness of God, a central theme in Christian theology emphasizing salvation as a gift from God. "Peace" (Greek: eirene) reflects the Hebrew concept of "shalom," which means wholeness and well-being. This greeting encapsulates the essence of the Gospel message, which brings reconciliation with God and inner tranquility. The combination of grace and peace signifies the transformation that believers experience through faith in Christ.

from God our Father
The phrase "from God our Father" highlights the intimate relationship believers have with God, who is not only the Creator but also a loving Father. This familial language underscores the adoption of believers into God's family, as seen in passages like Romans 8:15, where Paul speaks of receiving the Spirit of sonship. The use of "our" indicates a communal relationship, emphasizing the unity of the church as the family of God. This reflects the Jewish understanding of God as Father, a concept that Jesus frequently taught, as seen in the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:9).

and the Lord Jesus Christ
The title "Lord Jesus Christ" affirms the divinity and authority of Jesus. "Lord" (Greek: Kyrios) was a term used for God in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament, and its application to Jesus signifies His divine status. "Jesus" is the human name given at His birth, meaning "Yahweh saves," and "Christ" (Greek: Christos) is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew "Messiah," meaning "Anointed One." This title encapsulates the belief in Jesus as both Savior and King, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies about the coming Messiah. The acknowledgment of Jesus as Lord was a radical declaration in the Roman world, where Caesar was often hailed as lord, thus affirming the early Christians' allegiance to Christ above all earthly powers.

I always thank my God for you
Paul begins his letter with a tone of gratitude, a common practice in his epistles. This expression of thanks is not just a formality but reflects a deep spiritual connection and affection for the Corinthian believers. The phrase "my God" indicates a personal relationship with God, emphasizing Paul's intimate and devoted faith. This gratitude is significant given the issues within the Corinthian church, showing Paul's commitment to seeing the good in them despite their struggles. This mirrors other Pauline letters, such as Philippians 1:3, where he similarly expresses thankfulness.

because of the grace He has given you
The grace mentioned here refers to the unmerited favor and spiritual gifts bestowed upon the Corinthians. This grace is foundational to their identity as believers and is a central theme in Paul's theology. It underscores the transformative power of God's grace in the lives of individuals and the community. The Corinthian church, despite its challenges, is a testament to God's grace at work. This grace is not earned but freely given, aligning with Ephesians 2:8-9, which speaks of salvation by grace through faith.

in Christ Jesus
The phrase "in Christ Jesus" is pivotal in Paul's writings, denoting the believer's union with Christ. This union is the source of all spiritual blessings and grace. It signifies a new identity and position for believers, as seen in 2 Corinthians 5:17, where those in Christ are described as new creations. The Corinthian church's existence and spiritual gifts are rooted in this relationship with Christ, highlighting the centrality of Jesus in the life of the church and individual believers. This connection to Christ is both a present reality and a future hope, as believers anticipate the fullness of their salvation.

For in Him
This phrase emphasizes the believer's union with Christ. The concept of being "in Him" is central to Pauline theology, highlighting the intimate relationship between Christ and the believer. This union is foundational for receiving spiritual blessings and is echoed in other scriptures such as Ephesians 1:3, where believers are blessed with every spiritual blessing in Christ. The phrase underscores the transformative power of being in Christ, which is a recurring theme in the New Testament.

you have been enriched
The enrichment mentioned here refers to spiritual wealth rather than material prosperity. This enrichment is a result of God's grace and is a common theme in Paul's letters, as seen in Ephesians 3:8, where Paul speaks of the "unsearchable riches of Christ." The Greek word used for "enriched" suggests an abundance or overflow, indicating that believers have been given more than enough to fulfill their spiritual calling.

in every way
This phrase indicates the comprehensive nature of the enrichment believers receive. It suggests that no aspect of the believer's life is untouched by the grace of God. This aligns with 2 Peter 1:3, which states that God's divine power has given us everything we need for life and godliness. The phrase assures believers that they are fully equipped for their spiritual journey.

in all speech
The reference to "speech" highlights the importance of communication in the Christian life. In the context of Corinth, a city known for its rhetoric and eloquence, Paul emphasizes that the true enrichment of speech comes from God. This is further supported by 1 Corinthians 2:4, where Paul contrasts human wisdom with the power of the Spirit. The ability to speak truthfully and effectively is a gift from God, meant to edify the church and spread the gospel.

and all knowledge
Knowledge here refers to spiritual understanding and insight, not merely intellectual attainment. In a culture that prized knowledge and wisdom, Paul points to a higher, divinely given knowledge. This is consistent with Colossians 1:9, where Paul prays for believers to be filled with the knowledge of God's will. The knowledge given by God enables believers to discern truth and live according to His purposes, reflecting the mind of Christ.

because our testimony about Christ
The phrase "our testimony about Christ" refers to the apostolic witness and preaching of the Gospel by Paul and his companions. This testimony is rooted in the historical events of Jesus' life, death, and resurrection. The apostles were eyewitnesses to these events, and their testimony is foundational to the Christian faith (Acts 1:8, 1 John 1:1-3). The term "testimony" underscores the legal and authoritative nature of their witness, akin to a courtroom setting where truth is established by reliable witnesses. This testimony is not just a recounting of events but a proclamation of the transformative power of the Gospel (Romans 1:16).

was confirmed in you
The confirmation of the testimony in the Corinthians is evidenced by the spiritual gifts and transformation in their lives (1 Corinthians 1:7, 2 Corinthians 5:17). This confirmation is both an internal witness of the Holy Spirit (Romans 8:16) and an external manifestation of changed lives and spiritual gifts (Galatians 5:22-23). The word "confirmed" suggests a process of validation and strengthening, indicating that the Corinthians' faith was not based on mere words but on the power of God (1 Corinthians 2:4-5). This transformation serves as a testament to the truth of the Gospel and the work of the Holy Spirit in the believers' lives, fulfilling the promise of Jesus that His followers would do greater works (John 14:12).

Therefore you do not lack any spiritual gift
The Corinthian church was richly endowed with spiritual gifts, a testament to the Holy Spirit's work among them. Spiritual gifts, as outlined in 1 Corinthians 12, include wisdom, knowledge, faith, healing, prophecy, and tongues, among others. These gifts were given for the edification of the church and the spread of the Gospel. The phrase underscores the completeness and sufficiency of God's provision for the church's needs. The abundance of spiritual gifts in Corinth also highlights the diversity within the body of Christ, as each member contributes uniquely to the community's spiritual health.

as you eagerly await
The early Christians lived with a sense of expectancy for the return of Jesus Christ. This anticipation was not passive but active, influencing their daily lives and decisions. The Greek word used here for "eagerly await" conveys a sense of intense anticipation and longing. This expectation is a recurring theme in the New Testament, encouraging believers to live holy and godly lives (2 Peter 3:11-12) and to be watchful and prepared (Matthew 24:42-44).

the revelation of our Lord Jesus Christ
The "revelation" refers to the second coming of Christ, a central tenet of Christian eschatology. This event is described in various passages, such as 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17 and Revelation 1:7, where Christ returns in glory and power. The term "revelation" (Greek: apokalypsis) implies an unveiling or disclosure of what is hidden. For believers, this will be a time of vindication and fulfillment of God's promises. The anticipation of this revelation serves as a motivation for holy living and perseverance in faith, as believers look forward to the ultimate redemption and restoration of all things.

He will sustain you to the end
This phrase emphasizes God's faithfulness and His active role in the believer's life. The Greek word for "sustain" implies a firm establishment or confirmation, suggesting that God provides the necessary strength and support for believers to persevere. This assurance is rooted in the character of God, who is unchanging and reliable. The concept of being sustained "to the end" reflects the eschatological hope present in the New Testament, where believers anticipate the culmination of God's redemptive plan. This promise is echoed in Philippians 1:6, where Paul expresses confidence that God, who began a good work in believers, will carry it on to completion.

so that you will be blameless
The term "blameless" indicates a state of being without fault or guilt. In the cultural context of Corinth, a city known for its moral laxity, the call to be blameless would have been a significant challenge. However, this blamelessness is not achieved through human effort but through the sanctifying work of Christ. The idea of being presented blameless is also found in Ephesians 1:4, where believers are chosen to be holy and blameless in God's sight. This reflects the transformative power of the Gospel, which not only forgives sin but also purifies and sanctifies.

on the day of our Lord Jesus Christ
This phrase refers to the eschatological "Day of the Lord," a time of judgment and fulfillment of God's promises. In the Old Testament, the "Day of the Lord" often signified a time of divine intervention, both in judgment and salvation. In the New Testament, it is closely associated with the return of Christ and the final judgment. The use of "our Lord Jesus Christ" underscores the personal relationship believers have with Christ and the assurance that He will return as both Savior and Judge. This expectation is a central theme in Pauline theology, as seen in passages like 1 Thessalonians 5:2-4, where the day is described as coming like a thief in the night, urging believers to live in readiness and holiness.

God
The term "God" here refers to the one true God of Israel, the Creator and Sustainer of the universe. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul emphasizes the sovereignty and authority of God, who is the source of all spiritual gifts and the one who initiates the call to salvation. This aligns with the Old Testament understanding of God as the covenant-keeping deity who is actively involved in the lives of His people.

who has called you
The concept of being "called" is significant in Pauline theology. It implies a divine initiative where God invites individuals into a relationship with Him. This calling is not based on human merit but on God's grace and purpose. It echoes the calling of the Israelites in the Old Testament, where God chose them to be His people. In the New Testament, this calling extends to all believers, signifying their election and purpose in God's plan.

into fellowship with His Son
"Fellowship" (Greek: koinonia) denotes a deep, intimate relationship. This fellowship is not merely social but spiritual, involving a shared life with Jesus Christ. It reflects the unity and communion believers have with Christ, akin to the vine and branches metaphor in John 15. This fellowship is both a present reality and a future hope, as believers are united with Christ in His death and resurrection.

Jesus Christ our Lord
The full title "Jesus Christ our Lord" underscores the identity and authority of Jesus. "Jesus" refers to His human name, "Christ" signifies His role as the Messiah, and "Lord" denotes His divine authority. This title affirms the early Christian confession of Jesus as both Savior and Sovereign, a central tenet of the faith. It also connects to Old Testament prophecies of the coming Messiah and the New Testament revelation of Jesus as the fulfillment of those prophecies.

is faithful
The faithfulness of God is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. It assures believers of God's reliability and trustworthiness in fulfilling His promises. This faithfulness is demonstrated in His covenant with Israel and ultimately in the sending of His Son. In the context of 1 Corinthians, it reassures the church of God's steadfastness despite their struggles and divisions, encouraging them to trust in His ongoing work in their lives.

I appeal to you, brothers
Paul begins with an appeal, indicating a heartfelt request rather than a command. The term "brothers" signifies a familial relationship among believers, emphasizing unity and equality within the body of Christ. This familial language is consistent with Paul's other letters, where he often addresses the church as a family (e.g., Romans 12:1, Philippians 4:1).

in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ
Paul invokes the authority of Jesus Christ, underscoring the seriousness of his appeal. The name of Jesus carries weight and authority, as seen throughout the New Testament (Acts 4:12, Philippians 2:9-11). This phrase also highlights the centrality of Christ in the life and unity of the church.

that all of you agree together
The call for agreement is a plea for doctrinal and relational harmony. In the context of Corinth, a city known for its diversity and division, this was a significant challenge. The Greek word used here, "katartizo," implies being perfectly joined together, as seen in Ephesians 4:3, where believers are urged to maintain the unity of the Spirit.

so that there may be no divisions among you
Divisions, or "schismata," were a major issue in the Corinthian church, as evidenced by the factions mentioned in 1 Corinthians 1:12. Paul addresses these divisions throughout the letter, urging the church to focus on their shared faith in Christ rather than personal allegiances.

and that you may be united in mind and conviction
Unity in mind and conviction suggests a deep, internal agreement on essential beliefs and purposes. This unity is not merely external but involves a shared understanding and commitment to the gospel. Philippians 2:2 echoes this call for unity, urging believers to be of the same mind, having the same love, and being in full accord.

My brothers
Paul often uses familial language to address the believers, emphasizing the unity and equality of all Christians as members of God's family. This reflects the early Christian understanding of the church as a close-knit community, transcending social and ethnic divisions. The term "brothers" includes both men and women, highlighting the inclusive nature of the Christian community.

some from Chloe’s household
Chloe was likely a prominent figure in the Corinthian church, possibly a wealthy businesswoman whose household included family, servants, and possibly employees. Her household's involvement suggests that she was a person of influence and respect within the community. This mention indicates the interconnectedness of early Christian communities and the role of women in the early church.

have informed me
Paul's information comes from a reliable source, indicating that he is addressing real and specific issues within the Corinthian church. This reflects the apostolic practice of addressing problems directly and personally, rather than through intermediaries. It also shows the importance of communication and accountability within the church.

that there are quarrels among you
The Corinthian church was plagued by divisions and disputes, which Paul addresses throughout the letter. These quarrels likely stemmed from various issues, including allegiance to different leaders, social status, and differing interpretations of Christian doctrine. This reflects the challenges of maintaining unity in a diverse and dynamic community. The call for unity is a recurring theme in Paul's letters, as seen in passages like Ephesians 4:3-6, where he urges believers to maintain the unity of the Spirit.

What I mean is this:
Paul is clarifying his previous statement about divisions within the Corinthian church. The phrase indicates a transition from a general observation to a specific example. This approach is typical of Paul's epistolary style, where he often begins with a broad principle before addressing particular issues. The context is the early church's struggle with unity, a recurring theme in Paul's letters.

Individuals among you are saying,
This phrase highlights the presence of factions within the Corinthian church. The use of "individuals" suggests that the divisions were not just theoretical but involved real people taking sides. This reflects the human tendency to align with charismatic leaders, a challenge in maintaining unity in the body of Christ. The early church, like many communities, faced internal conflicts that threatened its cohesion.

“I follow Paul,”
Paul was the founder of the Corinthian church, and his teachings and leadership naturally attracted followers. This allegiance to Paul may have been based on his role as an apostle to the Gentiles and his foundational work in establishing the church. However, Paul himself discouraged such divisions, emphasizing that he was merely a servant of Christ (1 Corinthians 3:5-7).

“I follow Apollos,”
Apollos was an eloquent speaker and a learned man, known for his knowledge of the Scriptures (Acts 18:24-28). His ministry in Corinth likely appealed to those who valued rhetorical skill and intellectual depth. The mention of Apollos indicates the diversity of gifts and personalities within the early church, which, while beneficial, also posed challenges for unity.

“I follow Cephas,”
Cephas, or Peter, was one of the original apostles and a prominent leader in the early church. His Jewish background and close association with Jesus may have attracted Jewish Christians or those who valued apostolic authority. This reference underscores the tension between Jewish and Gentile believers, a significant issue in the early church (Galatians 2:11-14).

“I follow Christ.”
While this statement seems theologically correct, in the context of the passage, it may indicate a group claiming a superior spirituality or direct connection to Christ, bypassing apostolic teaching. This highlights the danger of spiritual elitism and the need for humility and unity in the church. Paul later emphasizes that all believers are united in Christ, who is not divided (1 Corinthians 1:13).

Is Christ divided?
This rhetorical question addresses the issue of division within the Corinthian church. The early church in Corinth was experiencing factionalism, with different groups claiming allegiance to various leaders such as Paul, Apollos, and Cephas (Peter). The question implies that Christ, as the head of the church, cannot be divided. This reflects the unity that should exist among believers, as emphasized in Ephesians 4:4-6, which speaks of one body and one Spirit. Theologically, it underscores the indivisibility of Christ's body, the church, and calls believers to unity in Him.

Was Paul crucified for you?
Paul uses this question to highlight the centrality of Christ's crucifixion in the gospel message. By asking if he was crucified for them, Paul emphasizes that salvation comes through Jesus Christ alone, not through any human leader. This reflects the core Christian doctrine of substitutionary atonement, where Christ's death on the cross paid the penalty for sin. Historically, crucifixion was a Roman method of execution, and its use here underscores the gravity and significance of Christ's sacrifice. This question also serves to remind the Corinthians that their faith should be rooted in Christ's work, not in human leaders.

Were you baptized into the name of Paul?
Baptism in the early church was a public declaration of faith and identification with Christ. By asking if they were baptized into his name, Paul points out the absurdity of aligning themselves with him or any other leader instead of Christ. Baptism signifies being united with Christ in His death and resurrection, as explained in Romans 6:3-4. This question reinforces the idea that believers are to be identified with Christ alone. It also reflects the practice of baptism in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, as instructed in Matthew 28:19, emphasizing the Trinitarian nature of Christian faith and the believer's allegiance to Christ.

I thank God that I did not baptize any of you
Paul begins by expressing gratitude to God, emphasizing the divine orchestration in his ministry. This statement highlights the apostle's focus on preaching the gospel rather than performing baptisms, which were often seen as a sign of allegiance to the person performing the rite. In the context of Corinth, a city known for its divisions and factions, Paul’s words serve to remind the church that their faith should be centered on Christ, not on human leaders. This aligns with his broader message in 1 Corinthians, where he addresses the issue of divisions within the church (1 Corinthians 1:10-13).

except Crispus and Gaius
Crispus was the ruler of the synagogue in Corinth who converted to Christianity, as recorded in Acts 18:8. His conversion would have been significant, given his prominent position in the Jewish community. Gaius, on the other hand, is mentioned in Romans 16:23 as a host to Paul and the church, indicating his role in the early Christian community. The mention of these two individuals underscores the personal relationships Paul had with members of the Corinthian church and highlights the importance of unity among believers. Their baptisms by Paul serve as exceptions that prove the rule, emphasizing that the act of baptism is secondary to the message of the gospel.

so no one can say
This phrase highlights the issue of division within the Corinthian church. Paul addresses the problem of factions forming around different leaders, which is contrary to the unity that should characterize the body of Christ. The emphasis here is on preventing any claims that could lead to further division. This reflects the broader biblical theme of unity in the church, as seen in passages like Ephesians 4:3-6, which calls for maintaining the unity of the Spirit.

that you were baptized
Baptism in the early church was a significant rite of initiation, symbolizing the believer's identification with the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ (Romans 6:3-4). In the context of Corinth, a city known for its diverse religious practices, baptism marked a clear break from pagan traditions and a commitment to the Christian faith. The act of baptism was not just a personal declaration but a public testimony of faith in Christ.

into my name
Paul is concerned that the Corinthians might mistakenly attribute their spiritual allegiance to him rather than to Christ. In the Greco-Roman world, names held significant power and identity, often associated with authority and allegiance. By emphasizing that baptism should not be in his name, Paul underscores the centrality of Christ in the believer's life. This aligns with the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19, where Jesus commands baptism in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, highlighting the Trinitarian foundation of Christian faith.

Yes, I also baptized the household of Stephanas;
Paul acknowledges that he personally baptized the household of Stephanas. Stephanas is mentioned later in 1 Corinthians 16:15 as the first convert in Achaia, indicating his significance in the early church. The mention of a household suggests a family or group closely associated with Stephanas, possibly including servants, which was a common social structure in the Greco-Roman world. This reflects the early Christian practice of household baptisms, as seen in Acts 16:15 with Lydia and Acts 16:33 with the Philippian jailer. Baptism here signifies the initiation into the Christian faith, symbolizing cleansing and new life in Christ.

beyond that I do not remember if I baptized anyone else.
Paul's statement highlights his primary mission of preaching the gospel rather than performing baptisms, as he emphasizes in 1 Corinthians 1:17. This reflects the apostolic focus on spreading the message of Christ rather than the ritual acts, which were often delegated to others. The phrase also underscores Paul's humility and human limitations, acknowledging that he may not recall every detail of his ministry. This admission serves to de-emphasize the importance of who performs the baptism, aligning with the broader message of unity in Christ rather than division over leaders, as addressed in the surrounding verses of 1 Corinthians 1.

For Christ did not send me to baptize
Paul emphasizes his primary mission, which was to preach the gospel rather than perform baptisms. This highlights the distinction between the roles of different ministers in the early church. Baptism, while important, is not the central focus of Paul's calling. This reflects the division of labor in the early church, where different leaders had different roles, as seen in Acts 6:2-4, where the apostles delegate certain tasks to focus on prayer and ministry of the word.

but to preach the gospel
Paul's primary mission was to proclaim the good news of Jesus Christ. This aligns with the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19-20, where Jesus commands His disciples to make disciples of all nations. The emphasis on preaching underscores the importance of spreading the message of salvation through faith in Christ, which is central to the New Testament.

not with words of wisdom
Paul contrasts the simplicity of the gospel message with the rhetorical and philosophical sophistication valued in Greek culture. In 1 Corinthians 2:1-5, Paul further explains that his message and preaching were not with persuasive words of human wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power. This reflects a reliance on the Holy Spirit rather than human eloquence.

lest the cross of Christ be emptied of its power
The power of the gospel lies in the message of the cross, which is the sacrificial death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Paul warns against diluting this message with human wisdom, which could undermine its transformative power. This is echoed in Romans 1:16, where Paul declares that the gospel is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes. The cross is central to Christian faith, representing both the atonement for sin and the victory over death.

For the message of the cross
The "message of the cross" refers to the core of the Christian gospel: the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the Greco-Roman world, crucifixion was a shameful and brutal form of execution reserved for the worst criminals. The idea that salvation could come through such a means was countercultural and offensive to many. This message is central to Christian doctrine, emphasizing that through Christ's sacrifice, humanity can be reconciled to God. The cross symbolizes both the suffering and the victory of Jesus, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant.

is foolishness to those who are perishing
To the unbelieving world, the concept of salvation through a crucified Messiah seemed absurd and irrational. The Greek word for "foolishness" is "moria," from which the English word "moron" is derived, indicating something perceived as nonsensical. Those "who are perishing" refers to individuals who reject the gospel and are on a path to spiritual destruction. This dichotomy between the wisdom of the world and the wisdom of God is a recurring theme in Paul's letters, highlighting the spiritual blindness of those who rely solely on human wisdom (1 Corinthians 2:14).

but to us who are being saved
The phrase "being saved" indicates an ongoing process of salvation. In Christian theology, salvation is often understood in three tenses: past (justification), present (sanctification), and future (glorification). Believers are justified by faith, are being sanctified through the work of the Holy Spirit, and will be glorified in eternity. This process underscores the transformative power of the gospel in the lives of believers, as they are continually conformed to the image of Christ (Romans 8:29).

it is the power of God
The "power of God" refers to the divine ability to bring about salvation through the cross. This power is not just a concept but is actively at work in the lives of believers, enabling them to overcome sin and live in righteousness. The cross, which appears as weakness to the world, is the ultimate demonstration of God's power and wisdom (1 Corinthians 1:24). This power is also evident in the resurrection of Jesus, which is the cornerstone of Christian faith and the assurance of eternal life for believers (1 Corinthians 15:14-17).

For it is written:
This phrase indicates that Paul is referencing Scripture, grounding his argument in the authority of the Old Testament. It reflects the Jewish tradition of citing sacred texts to support theological points. Paul often uses this method to connect his teachings with the Hebrew Scriptures, showing continuity and fulfillment in Christ.

“I will destroy the wisdom of the wise;
This part of the verse is a direct quotation from Isaiah 29:14. In its original context, it addresses the futility of relying on human wisdom and schemes instead of trusting in God. The "wise" refers to those who consider themselves knowledgeable and capable apart from divine revelation. Paul uses this to critique the Greek culture of his time, which highly valued philosophy and human reasoning. It also serves as a reminder that God's ways and thoughts are higher than human understanding (Isaiah 55:8-9).

the intelligence of the intelligent I will frustrate.”
This phrase emphasizes the limitations of human intellect when it stands in opposition to God's purposes. The term "frustrate" suggests that God actively works against the plans and understanding of those who rely solely on their own insight. This is a theme throughout Scripture, where God often chooses the foolish things of the world to shame the wise (1 Corinthians 1:27). It points to the paradox of the Gospel, where true wisdom is found in what the world considers foolishness—the message of the cross. This also foreshadows the ultimate triumph of God's wisdom in Christ, who embodies the wisdom and power of God (1 Corinthians 1:24).

Where is the wise man?
In the context of Corinth, a city known for its intellectual pursuits and philosophical debates, Paul challenges the value of human wisdom. The "wise man" refers to those esteemed for their knowledge and intellectual prowess. This echoes Isaiah 19:12, where the wisdom of Egypt's wise men is questioned. Paul emphasizes that human wisdom is insufficient for understanding God's plan, as seen in Proverbs 3:5, which advises trust in the Lord over one's own understanding.

Where is the scribe?
The scribe represents those skilled in the law and Jewish traditions. In the first-century Jewish context, scribes were respected for their knowledge of the Torah. Paul questions their ability to comprehend God's revelation through Christ, highlighting that adherence to the law alone cannot lead to salvation. This is reminiscent of Jesus' interactions with the scribes, where He often pointed out their spiritual blindness (Matthew 23:13-36).

Where is the philosopher of this age?
Philosophers in the Greco-Roman world were revered for their exploration of life's big questions. Paul challenges the prevailing philosophies of the time, such as Stoicism and Epicureanism, which were popular in Corinth. These philosophies often conflicted with the message of the cross, which Paul presents as the true wisdom of God. This critique aligns with Colossians 2:8, warning against being taken captive by hollow and deceptive philosophy.

Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world?
Paul asserts that God's wisdom, revealed through the crucifixion of Christ, subverts worldly wisdom. The cross, a symbol of shame and defeat, becomes the ultimate demonstration of God's power and wisdom (1 Corinthians 1:18). This paradox is a recurring theme in Scripture, where God's ways are higher than human ways (Isaiah 55:8-9). The wisdom of the world, which often relies on human reasoning and pride, is shown to be inadequate in the face of divine truth.

For since in the wisdom of God
This phrase highlights the divine wisdom that orchestrates the events of the world. It reflects the biblical theme that God's wisdom is far superior to human understanding (Isaiah 55:8-9). The wisdom of God is evident in creation (Psalm 104:24) and in His plan of salvation, which often defies human logic. This wisdom is also seen in the mystery of the Gospel, which was hidden for ages but revealed in Christ (Colossians 1:26-27).

the world through its wisdom did not know Him
Here, the "world" refers to humanity's collective understanding and philosophies that fail to recognize God. Despite the advancements in knowledge and philosophy, especially in Greek culture, human wisdom could not comprehend the nature of God or His plan (Romans 1:21-22). This reflects the limitations of human reasoning in spiritual matters and the need for divine revelation (1 Corinthians 2:14).

God was pleased through the foolishness of what was preached
This phrase underscores the paradox of the Gospel message. What is considered "foolishness" by worldly standards is actually the power of God (1 Corinthians 1:18). The preaching of the cross, a stumbling block to Jews and foolishness to Gentiles, is the means by which God chose to reveal His salvation (1 Corinthians 1:23-24). This demonstrates God's pleasure in using what seems weak to shame the strong (1 Corinthians 1:27).

to save those who believe
Salvation is presented as a gift received through faith (Ephesians 2:8-9). This phrase emphasizes the necessity of belief in the message of the Gospel for salvation. It aligns with the broader biblical narrative that faith, not works, is the means by which individuals are justified before God (Romans 3:28). The call to believe is universal, yet it requires a personal response to the preached word (John 3:16).

Jews demand signs
In the biblical context, the Jewish people often sought miraculous signs as evidence of divine authority. This expectation is rooted in the Old Testament, where God frequently used signs and wonders to validate His messengers and His covenant with Israel (e.g., Exodus 4:1-9, 1 Kings 18:36-39). During Jesus' ministry, the Pharisees and Sadducees repeatedly asked Him for signs to prove His messianic claims (Matthew 12:38-39, John 2:18). This demand for signs reflects a cultural and religious expectation for tangible proof of God's intervention and presence. The Jewish anticipation of a messianic deliverer was often linked to the expectation of miraculous acts, as seen in prophecies like Isaiah 35:5-6, which describe the coming of the Messiah with signs of healing and restoration.

and Greeks search for wisdom
The Greek culture highly valued wisdom, philosophy, and intellectual discourse. This pursuit of wisdom is evident in the works of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, who sought to understand the nature of reality, ethics, and the human condition through reason and debate. In the context of the New Testament, the city of Corinth, where the letter was addressed, was a hub of Greek culture and thought, known for its philosophical schools and public debates (Acts 17:18-21). The Greeks' search for wisdom often led them to value human reasoning and eloquence over divine revelation. This cultural emphasis on wisdom is contrasted with the message of the cross, which Paul describes as "foolishness" to those who rely on human wisdom (1 Corinthians 1:18-25). The Greek pursuit of wisdom can be seen as a type of human striving for understanding apart from God, highlighting the need for divine revelation through Jesus Christ, who is described as the "wisdom of God" (1 Corinthians 1:24, Colossians 2:3).

but we preach Christ crucified
The apostle Paul emphasizes the centrality of the crucifixion in the Christian message. The crucifixion of Jesus is the pivotal event in the New Testament, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant. The message of the cross is foundational to Christian theology, representing the atonement for sin and the means of reconciliation with God. In the Greco-Roman world, crucifixion was a shameful and brutal form of execution, reserved for the lowest criminals. Preaching Christ crucified was countercultural and challenged societal norms, highlighting the transformative power of the Gospel.

a stumbling block to Jews
For the Jewish people, the concept of a crucified Messiah was scandalous. The Jews expected a triumphant, political Messiah who would liberate them from Roman oppression and restore the kingdom of Israel. The idea of a suffering and crucified Messiah contradicted their messianic expectations and interpretations of the Hebrew Scriptures. Passages like Deuteronomy 21:23, which states that anyone hung on a tree is cursed, further complicated their acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah. This stumbling block is a fulfillment of prophecies such as Isaiah 8:14, where the Messiah is described as a stone of stumbling.

and foolishness to Gentiles
To the Gentiles, particularly the Greeks who valued wisdom and philosophy, the message of the cross appeared as foolishness. The idea that salvation could come through a crucified man was absurd and irrational to their philosophical mindset. Greek culture esteemed intellectualism and rhetorical skill, and the simplicity of the Gospel message seemed naive and unsophisticated. This perception is addressed in 1 Corinthians 1:18, where Paul contrasts the wisdom of the world with the wisdom of God. The cross, while foolish to human reasoning, is the power of God for salvation, demonstrating that divine wisdom often subverts human expectations.

but to those who are called
This phrase refers to individuals who have responded to God's invitation to salvation. In the biblical context, "called" often signifies those who have been chosen by God for a specific purpose or destiny (Romans 8:28-30). The calling is not based on human merit but on God's grace and sovereign will. This concept is rooted in the Old Testament, where God called Israel as His chosen people (Isaiah 43:1). In the New Testament, this calling extends to all who believe in Christ, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries.

both Jews and Greeks
This phrase highlights the inclusivity of the Gospel message. In the first-century context, Jews and Greeks represented the two primary cultural groups within the early church. Jews were the descendants of Abraham, bound by the covenant and the Law of Moses, while Greeks (or Gentiles) were non-Jews, often seen as outsiders to the covenant promises. The inclusion of both groups signifies the breaking down of the dividing wall of hostility (Ephesians 2:14) and the fulfillment of God's promise to bless all nations through Abraham's seed (Genesis 12:3). This reflects the universal scope of the Gospel, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19).

Christ the power of God
This phrase emphasizes that Christ embodies the power of God, which is contrary to human expectations of power. In the Greco-Roman world, power was often associated with military might or political influence. However, the power of God is demonstrated through the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus, which appears as foolishness to those who do not believe (1 Corinthians 1:18). This power is transformative, bringing salvation and new life to believers (Romans 1:16). It also fulfills Old Testament prophecies of a Messiah who would deliver and restore God's people (Isaiah 53).

and the wisdom of God
Here, Christ is identified as the wisdom of God, contrasting with human wisdom. In Jewish tradition, wisdom is personified in the book of Proverbs and is associated with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10). Greek culture highly valued philosophical wisdom, yet Paul asserts that true wisdom is found in Christ, who reveals God's redemptive plan. This wisdom is hidden from the wise and learned but revealed to those with childlike faith (Matthew 11:25). It fulfills the prophecy of a coming Messiah who would embody divine wisdom (Isaiah 11:2).

For the foolishness of God is wiser than man’s wisdom
This phrase highlights the paradoxical nature of divine wisdom compared to human understanding. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul addresses a church divided by allegiance to different leaders and philosophies. The "foolishness of God" refers to the message of the cross, which seems absurd to those relying on human wisdom (1 Corinthians 1:18-24). Historically, the Greco-Roman world valued rhetoric and philosophy, often dismissing the Christian message as simplistic. However, biblical wisdom is rooted in the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10), and God's ways are higher than human ways (Isaiah 55:8-9). This phrase underscores the superiority of divine revelation over human intellect, as seen in the fulfillment of prophecies and the life of Jesus Christ, who embodies wisdom (Colossians 2:3).

and the weakness of God is stronger than man’s strength
This part of the verse emphasizes the power of God manifest in what appears weak to human eyes. The crucifixion of Jesus, a seemingly weak and shameful event, is the ultimate demonstration of God's power and plan for salvation (Romans 1:16). In the cultural context of Corinth, strength and power were highly esteemed, yet Paul contrasts this with the strength found in Christ's sacrifice and resurrection. The "weakness of God" is a reference to the humility and suffering of Jesus, which paradoxically conquers sin and death (Philippians 2:5-11). This concept is echoed in the lives of believers, who are called to find strength in their own weaknesses through Christ (2 Corinthians 12:9-10). The phrase challenges the Corinthian church, and all believers, to reevaluate their understanding of true power and strength in light of the gospel.

Brothers, consider the time of your calling:
Paul addresses the Corinthian believers as "brothers," emphasizing their shared faith and spiritual kinship. The "time of your calling" refers to the moment they were called to faith in Christ. This calling is a divine initiative, highlighting God's sovereignty in salvation. In the broader biblical context, calling often signifies God's invitation to individuals to enter into a relationship with Him (Romans 8:30). The emphasis on considering their calling serves as a reminder of God's grace and the transformative power of the gospel.

Not many of you were wise by human standards:
The Corinthian church was composed largely of individuals who were not considered wise according to worldly criteria. In the Greco-Roman world, wisdom was highly valued, often associated with philosophical knowledge and rhetorical skill. Paul contrasts human wisdom with divine wisdom, which is revealed through the message of the cross (1 Corinthians 1:18-25). This distinction underscores the theme that God's ways often defy human expectations and values.

Not many were powerful:
The term "powerful" refers to those with influence, authority, or social standing. In Corinth, a city known for its wealth and status, power was a significant marker of success. However, the early Christian community was largely composed of individuals without such societal power. This reflects the broader biblical theme that God often chooses the weak and marginalized to accomplish His purposes (James 2:5).

Not many were of noble birth:
Being of noble birth implied a high social status and lineage. In the ancient world, nobility was associated with privilege and honor. The fact that few in the Corinthian church came from such backgrounds highlights the inclusive nature of the gospel, which transcends social and cultural barriers. This aligns with the biblical narrative that God does not show favoritism (Acts 10:34-35) and often works through those whom society overlooks.

Overall, this verse emphasizes the countercultural nature of God's calling and the church's composition, which reflects God's wisdom and power rather than human standards.

But God chose the foolish things of the world to shame the wise;
This phrase highlights the divine paradox where God often uses what the world considers foolish to confound those who are wise in their own eyes. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul addresses a church in a city known for its intellectual pride and philosophical debates. The "foolish things" can be seen as the simple message of the Gospel, which contrasts with the complex philosophies of the Greeks. This echoes the Old Testament theme where God uses unlikely individuals, such as David, a shepherd boy, to defeat Goliath, a mighty warrior (1 Samuel 17). It also reflects the prophecy in Isaiah 29:14, where God promises to destroy the wisdom of the wise. The ultimate example of this is Jesus Christ, whose crucifixion was seen as foolishness to the Greeks but is the power of God for salvation (1 Corinthians 1:18).

God chose the weak things of the world to shame the strong.
Here, Paul emphasizes that God often selects what is considered weak by worldly standards to demonstrate His power and sovereignty. This is evident in the calling of the disciples, many of whom were fishermen and not of noble birth or status. The "weak things" can also refer to the early Christian community, which was often marginalized and persecuted, yet it grew to transform the Roman Empire. This principle is seen throughout Scripture, such as in the story of Gideon, who with a small army defeated the Midianites (Judges 7). It underscores the idea that God's strength is made perfect in weakness (2 Corinthians 12:9). This approach ensures that no one can boast before God, as it is His power and not human strength that accomplishes His purposes.

He chose the lowly and despised things of the world
This phrase highlights God's preference for using what the world considers insignificant or contemptible to accomplish His purposes. In the cultural context of Corinth, a city known for its wealth and social stratification, this would have been a radical statement. The "lowly and despised" could refer to those of humble social status, the poor, or those without influence. This reflects a recurring biblical theme where God chooses the unlikely, such as David, a shepherd boy, to be king (1 Samuel 16:11-13), or Gideon, the least in his family, to deliver Israel (Judges 6:15). It underscores the idea that God's power is made perfect in weakness (2 Corinthians 12:9).

and the things that are not
This phrase suggests the use of what is considered non-existent or insignificant by worldly standards. In a historical context, this could refer to those who lack social standing or power. Theologically, it points to God's ability to create ex nihilo, or out of nothing, as seen in the creation narrative (Genesis 1). It also connects to the concept of faith, which calls into existence things that do not exist (Romans 4:17). This demonstrates God's sovereignty and His ability to bring about His will through unexpected means.

to nullify the things that are
Here, the purpose of God's choice is revealed: to nullify or bring to nothing the things that are esteemed by the world. This is a direct challenge to the values of the Corinthian society, which prized wisdom, power, and status. It echoes the theme of reversal found throughout Scripture, such as in the Magnificat where Mary proclaims that God has brought down rulers from their thrones but has lifted up the humble (Luke 1:52). This phrase also points to the ultimate victory of God's kingdom, where the first will be last and the last will be first (Matthew 19:30). It serves as a reminder that God's ways are not our ways (Isaiah 55:8-9), and His kingdom operates on principles that often contradict worldly wisdom.

so that no one may boast
This phrase emphasizes the theme of humility before God. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul addresses the divisions within the Corinthian church, where members were boasting about their allegiance to different leaders (1 Corinthians 1:12). The cultural backdrop of Corinth, a city known for its wealth and philosophical pride, further highlights the temptation to boast in human wisdom and achievements. This phrase echoes Jeremiah 9:23-24, where the Lord declares that the wise, the strong, and the rich should not boast in their wisdom, strength, or riches, but in understanding and knowing Him. The call to humility is a consistent biblical theme, reminding believers that all they have is from God, and thus, there is no room for personal boasting.

in His presence
The presence of God is a significant concept throughout Scripture, representing His holiness, authority, and the ultimate reality before which all human pretensions are laid bare. In the Old Testament, the presence of God was often associated with the tabernacle or temple, where His glory dwelled (Exodus 40:34-35). In the New Testament, through Christ, believers have direct access to God's presence (Hebrews 10:19-22). This phrase underscores the idea that in the presence of a holy and sovereign God, human boasting is not only inappropriate but impossible. It points to the eschatological reality when all will stand before God, and only what is done in Christ will have lasting value (2 Corinthians 5:10). The presence of God is a place of truth and humility, where human pride is silenced, and God's grace is magnified.

It is because of Him that you are in Christ Jesus
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty of God in the salvation process. It reflects the biblical teaching that salvation is initiated by God, not by human effort (Ephesians 2:8-9). The phrase "in Christ Jesus" is a key Pauline concept, indicating a spiritual union with Christ. This union is central to the believer's identity and is foundational to the New Testament's teaching on salvation and sanctification (Romans 8:1, Galatians 2:20). The phrase also echoes the covenantal language found throughout Scripture, where God is the initiator of a relationship with His people (Genesis 12:1-3).

who has become for us wisdom from God
In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul addresses a church struggling with divisions and a reliance on human wisdom. By stating that Christ has become wisdom from God, Paul contrasts divine wisdom with human wisdom, which the Corinthians were wrongly valuing (1 Corinthians 1:18-25). This wisdom is not merely intellectual but is embodied in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The Old Testament often associates wisdom with the fear of the Lord and righteous living (Proverbs 9:10), and in Christ, this wisdom is fully revealed and accessible to believers.

our righteousness
Righteousness in this context refers to the believer's right standing before God, which is made possible through faith in Christ (Romans 3:22). This righteousness is not achieved by adherence to the law but is imputed to believers through Christ's sacrificial death and resurrection (Philippians 3:9). The concept of righteousness is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, where it is associated with God's covenant faithfulness and justice (Isaiah 61:10).

holiness
Holiness, or sanctification, is the process by which believers are set apart for God's purposes and are progressively transformed into the likeness of Christ (1 Thessalonians 4:3-7). This transformation is both a positional reality, as believers are declared holy through Christ, and a practical process, as they grow in godliness. The call to holiness is a recurring theme in Scripture, reflecting God's own holy nature and His desire for His people to be distinct from the world (Leviticus 19:2, 1 Peter 1:15-16).

and redemption
Redemption refers to the deliverance from sin and its consequences, achieved through the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ (Ephesians 1:7). This term evokes the imagery of a ransom being paid to free a slave, a concept familiar in the Greco-Roman world and deeply rooted in the Exodus narrative, where God redeemed Israel from slavery in Egypt (Exodus 6:6). In the New Testament, Christ's redemptive work is seen as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and types, such as the Passover lamb (1 Peter 1:18-19).

Therefore, as it is written:
This phrase indicates a conclusion drawn from previous arguments. Paul often uses "as it is written" to reference Old Testament scripture, showing the continuity between the Old and New Testaments. Here, he is likely referring to Jeremiah 9:23-24, emphasizing the importance of relying on God's wisdom rather than human wisdom. This connection underscores the authority of scripture and its role in guiding Christian conduct.

Let him who boasts boast in the Lord:
Boasting in the Lord contrasts with the cultural norms of Corinth, where personal achievements and social status were highly valued. In the Greco-Roman world, boasting was often associated with one's own accomplishments or lineage. Paul redirects this concept, urging believers to find their identity and worth in God alone. This aligns with the broader biblical theme that true wisdom and strength come from God, not human effort (see also 2 Corinthians 10:17). It reflects the humility and dependence on God that is central to Christian life, echoing the teachings of Jesus about the kingdom of God being for the humble and meek.