On hearing this report
King Hezekiah received a distressing message from his officials about the threats from the Assyrian king, Sennacherib. This report was a direct challenge to the sovereignty of God and the security of Judah. The context is crucial as it highlights the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem, a significant historical event. The report likely included the blasphemous words of the Rabshakeh, Sennacherib's field commander, who mocked the God of Israel (2 Kings 18:19-35).

King Hezekiah
Hezekiah was the 13th king of Judah, known for his faithfulness to God and his efforts to restore proper worship in the temple. His reign is detailed in 2 Kings 18-20 and 2 Chronicles 29-32. Hezekiah's response to the Assyrian threat is a testament to his character and reliance on God, contrasting with the idolatry of his father, Ahaz.

tore his clothes
Tearing one's clothes was a traditional expression of grief, distress, or repentance in ancient Israel. This act signified Hezekiah's deep anguish and humility before God. It is a physical manifestation of an internal state of mourning, seen elsewhere in the Bible, such as in the story of Job (Job 1:20) and when Jacob believed Joseph was dead (Genesis 37:34).

put on sackcloth
Sackcloth, a coarse material, was worn as a sign of mourning or penitence. By donning sackcloth, Hezekiah demonstrated his humility and repentance, seeking God's mercy. This act is often associated with fasting and prayer, as seen in the story of Jonah and the repentance of Nineveh (Jonah 3:5-6).

and entered the house of the LORD
Hezekiah's decision to go to the temple underscores his dependence on God in times of crisis. The temple, located in Jerusalem, was the central place of worship and symbolized God's presence among His people. By entering the house of the LORD, Hezekiah sought divine intervention, aligning with the biblical principle of seeking God in prayer during trials (Psalm 27:4-5). This act foreshadows the ultimate intercessor, Jesus Christ, who provides access to God through His sacrifice (Hebrews 4:14-16).

And he sent Eliakim the palace administrator
Eliakim, the palace administrator, held a significant position in the royal court of Judah, responsible for managing the king's household and affairs. His role indicates the seriousness of the situation, as only trusted officials would be sent on such a mission. This reflects the gravity of the Assyrian threat under King Sennacherib. Eliakim's involvement underscores the importance of seeking divine guidance during national crises, a theme consistent throughout the Old Testament.

Shebna the scribe
Shebna, identified as the scribe, was responsible for recording and managing official documents. His inclusion in this delegation highlights the need for accurate communication and documentation of the king's message to Isaiah. In Isaiah 22:15-19, Shebna is rebuked for his pride, suggesting a complex character who, despite his flaws, was entrusted with significant responsibilities. This duality serves as a reminder of human imperfection and the need for humility before God.

and the leading priests
The leading priests were spiritual leaders in Judah, responsible for religious rites and maintaining the covenant relationship between God and His people. Their presence in the delegation signifies the religious dimension of the crisis, emphasizing the need for spiritual intervention. This aligns with the biblical principle that national deliverance often requires both political and spiritual action, as seen in other instances like the reforms of King Josiah (2 Kings 23).

all wearing sackcloth
Wearing sackcloth was a traditional expression of mourning, repentance, and humility in ancient Israel. It indicates the delegation's acknowledgment of their desperate situation and their appeal for divine mercy. This act of humility is a recurring theme in Scripture, where repentance and seeking God's favor are prerequisites for deliverance, as seen in the story of Jonah and Nineveh (Jonah 3:5-10).

to the prophet Isaiah son of Amoz
Isaiah, son of Amoz, was a major prophet in Judah, known for his messages of both judgment and hope. His role as a prophet was to convey God's will to the people and the king. The delegation's approach to Isaiah underscores the belief in prophetic intercession and guidance during times of crisis. Isaiah's prophecies often pointed to the coming of the Messiah, serving as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate mediator between God and humanity. Isaiah's involvement in this narrative highlights the importance of seeking God's word through His appointed messengers.

to tell him
This phrase indicates a message being delivered, highlighting the role of messengers in ancient times. In the context of 2 Kings 19, Hezekiah sends his officials to the prophet Isaiah, seeking divine guidance. This reflects the importance of prophets as intermediaries between God and the people.

“This is what Hezekiah says:
Hezekiah, the king of Judah, is portrayed as a leader who seeks God's counsel in times of crisis. His reliance on God contrasts with the idolatry of previous kings. This phrase underscores the king's humility and recognition of his need for divine intervention.

Today is a day of distress, rebuke, and disgrace;
The "day of distress" refers to the siege of Jerusalem by the Assyrian army under Sennacherib. The terms "rebuke" and "disgrace" suggest a sense of divine judgment and national humiliation. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where disobedience leads to consequences.

for children have come to the point of birth,
This metaphor illustrates a situation of extreme urgency and helplessness. It evokes the image of a woman in labor, emphasizing the critical nature of the crisis. The imagery is used elsewhere in Scripture to describe times of great peril (e.g., Isaiah 37:3).

but there is no strength to deliver them.
The lack of strength to deliver the children symbolizes Judah's inability to save itself from the Assyrian threat. It highlights human weakness and the need for divine intervention. This phrase can be seen as a type of Christ, who provides strength and deliverance where human efforts fail.

Perhaps the LORD your God will hear all the words of the Rabshakeh
This phrase reflects the hope and faith in God's ability to intervene in dire circumstances. The Rabshakeh was a high-ranking Assyrian official, sent by King Sennacherib to intimidate and demoralize the people of Judah. His words were not just a military threat but a challenge to the power and sovereignty of the God of Israel. The use of "perhaps" indicates a humble acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and the possibility of divine intervention. This echoes other biblical instances where God's people appeal to Him in times of distress, such as in Exodus 2:23-25, where God hears the cries of the Israelites in Egypt.

whom his master the king of Assyria has sent to defy the living God
The phrase highlights the direct challenge to God by the Assyrian king, Sennacherib. In the ancient Near East, military conquests were often seen as contests between the gods of the nations involved. By defying the "living God," the Assyrians were not just challenging Judah but the very existence and power of Yahweh. This sets the stage for God to demonstrate His supremacy over the false gods of the nations, similar to the showdown between Elijah and the prophets of Baal in 1 Kings 18.

and He will rebuke him for the words that the LORD your God has heard
This expresses confidence that God is not only aware of the blasphemous words spoken against Him but is also capable of responding with judgment. The concept of God hearing and responding is a recurring theme in Scripture, as seen in Psalm 18:6, where God hears the cries of His people and acts on their behalf. The rebuke of the Assyrian king would serve as a testament to God's power and justice, reinforcing His role as the defender of His people.

Therefore lift up a prayer for the remnant that still survives.
The call to prayer underscores the importance of intercession and reliance on God in times of crisis. The "remnant" refers to the faithful few who remain true to God amidst widespread apostasy and threat. This concept of a remnant is significant throughout the Bible, symbolizing hope and continuity of God's promises, as seen in Isaiah 10:20-22. The survival of the remnant is crucial for the fulfillment of God's covenant promises, ultimately pointing to the coming of Jesus Christ, who would emerge from this faithful lineage to bring salvation to all.

So the servants of King Hezekiah
The term "servants" here refers to the officials or representatives of King Hezekiah, who was the king of Judah during a time of great crisis. Hezekiah is known for his faithfulness to God, as described in 2 Kings 18:5-6, where he is praised for his trust in the Lord. The context of this passage is the Assyrian threat under King Sennacherib, who had invaded Judah and was besieging Jerusalem. Hezekiah's decision to send his servants indicates his reliance on divine guidance rather than solely on military or political solutions.

went to Isaiah
Isaiah was a major prophet in Judah, whose ministry spanned the reigns of several kings, including Hezekiah. He is known for his prophecies concerning both immediate events and future messianic expectations. Isaiah's role as a prophet was to communicate God's will to the people and the king. The act of going to Isaiah signifies seeking divine counsel, reflecting the belief that prophets were God's mouthpieces. This event is part of a larger narrative where Isaiah reassures Hezekiah of God's deliverance, as seen in Isaiah 37, which parallels this account. Isaiah's prophecies often pointed to the coming of a Messiah, which Christians interpret as fulfilled in Jesus Christ, highlighting the continuity of God's plan through history.

who replied
This phrase refers to the prophet Isaiah, who is responding to the messengers sent by King Hezekiah. Isaiah was a major prophet in Judah during the reigns of several kings, including Hezekiah. His role as a prophet was to convey God's messages to the people and their leaders. Isaiah's response is significant as it provides divine guidance and reassurance during a time of crisis.

“Tell your master that this is what the LORD says:
The phrase indicates a direct message from God, emphasizing the authority and divine origin of the words that follow. In the context of ancient Israel, prophets were seen as God's mouthpieces, and their messages were considered binding and authoritative. This introduction underscores the importance of the message and the need for Hezekiah to heed it.

‘Do not be afraid of the words you have heard,
Fear is a common human response to threats, and the Assyrian army was a formidable force known for its brutality and military prowess. The command not to fear is a recurring theme in Scripture, often associated with God's presence and protection (e.g., Joshua 1:9, Isaiah 41:10). This reassurance is meant to strengthen Hezekiah's faith and resolve in the face of overwhelming odds.

with which the servants of the king of Assyria have blasphemed Me.
The Assyrian officials, representing King Sennacherib, had mocked the God of Israel, equating Him with the powerless gods of other nations they had conquered. This blasphemy was not just an insult to Israel but a direct challenge to God's sovereignty and power. The term "blasphemed" indicates a serious offense against God, highlighting the spiritual dimension of the conflict. This situation foreshadows the ultimate vindication of God's name and power, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible, culminating in the victory of Christ over sin and death.

Behold, I will put a spirit in him
This phrase indicates divine intervention, where God actively influences the mind or spirit of an individual. In the biblical context, God often uses spiritual means to accomplish His purposes, as seen in other instances like 1 Samuel 16:14, where an evil spirit from the Lord tormented Saul. This demonstrates God's sovereignty over human affairs and His ability to direct the course of history according to His will.

so that he will hear a rumor
The use of rumors as a tool for divine intervention is significant. In ancient times, rumors could cause panic or lead to strategic decisions. This reflects the psychological warfare that God employs against the Assyrian king, Sennacherib. The rumor serves as a catalyst for Sennacherib's actions, showing how God can use even seemingly insignificant events to fulfill His purposes.

and return to his own land
This phrase highlights the reversal of Sennacherib's campaign against Judah. Historically, Assyrian kings were known for their military conquests and expansion. The return to his own land signifies a retreat, which would have been seen as a failure or a sign of weakness. This fulfills God's promise to protect Jerusalem and demonstrates His power over the mightiest empires.

where I will cause him to fall by the sword
This prophecy foretells the demise of Sennacherib, which is later fulfilled in 2 Kings 19:37 when he is assassinated by his own sons. The phrase underscores the theme of divine justice and retribution. It also connects to the broader biblical narrative where God defends His people and brings judgment upon their enemies, as seen in the stories of Pharaoh in Exodus and Haman in Esther. This serves as a reminder of God's ultimate control over life and death.

When the Rabshakeh heard that the king of Assyria had left Lachish
The Rabshakeh was a high-ranking Assyrian official, likely a chief cupbearer or military commander, sent by King Sennacherib to deliver messages. Lachish was a significant fortified city in Judah, second only to Jerusalem. Archaeological excavations have uncovered reliefs depicting the Assyrian siege of Lachish, confirming its historical importance. The departure of the king from Lachish indicates a strategic military movement, as Lachish was a key target in Assyria's campaign to subdue Judah.

he withdrew
The withdrawal of the Rabshakeh suggests a shift in military focus or a response to new intelligence. This movement reflects the fluid nature of ancient warfare, where commanders had to adapt quickly to changing circumstances. It also indicates the Rabshakeh's role as a messenger and strategist, responding to the king's movements and orders.

and found the king fighting against Libnah
Libnah was another fortified city in Judah, located southwest of Jerusalem. Its mention here highlights the ongoing Assyrian campaign to conquer Judah's strongholds. The king of Assyria's engagement at Libnah suggests a continued effort to weaken Judah's defenses and exert control over the region. This context underscores the persistent threat faced by Judah and the pressure on King Hezekiah to seek divine intervention, as seen in the surrounding chapters. The historical and geographical details emphasize the Assyrian empire's expansive reach and the challenges faced by smaller kingdoms like Judah.

Now Sennacherib had been warned about Tirhakah king of Cush:
Sennacherib, the Assyrian king, was a dominant force in the ancient Near East, known for his military campaigns and conquests. The mention of Tirhakah, king of Cush, introduces a significant geopolitical element. Cush, often associated with the region south of Egypt, was a powerful kingdom. Tirhakah's involvement suggests a coalition against Assyria, highlighting the widespread resistance to Assyrian expansion. This moment reflects the broader historical context of regional powers uniting against a common threat. The warning to Sennacherib indicates the strategic importance of intelligence in ancient warfare and the constant threat of shifting alliances.

“Look, he has set out to fight against you.”
This phrase underscores the imminent threat posed by Tirhakah's military movements. The anticipation of conflict is a recurring theme in the biblical narrative, where divine intervention often plays a crucial role. The impending battle serves as a backdrop for God's deliverance of Jerusalem, as seen in the subsequent verses. The phrase also reflects the tension and uncertainty faced by rulers in maintaining their empires amidst external threats. It sets the stage for the unfolding drama where God's sovereignty is demonstrated over earthly powers.

So Sennacherib again sent messengers to Hezekiah, saying,
Sennacherib's decision to send messengers to Hezekiah, the king of Judah, reveals his strategic approach to warfare, combining psychological tactics with military might. This act of sending messengers is a continuation of his earlier attempts to intimidate and demoralize Hezekiah and the people of Jerusalem. It reflects the Assyrian practice of using propaganda to weaken enemy resolve. Theologically, this moment highlights the testing of Hezekiah's faith and reliance on God. It also foreshadows the divine intervention that will protect Jerusalem, emphasizing the theme of God's faithfulness to His covenant people.

Give this message to Hezekiah king of Judah:
Hezekiah was the 13th king of Judah, known for his faithfulness to God and religious reforms. His reign is documented in 2 Kings 18-20, 2 Chronicles 29-32, and Isaiah 36-39. Hezekiah's leadership during the Assyrian siege is a pivotal moment in Judah's history. The message is delivered by the Assyrian envoys, reflecting the political tension and the threat posed by the Assyrian empire, which was the dominant power in the region at the time.

Do not let your God, in whom you trust, deceive you:
This phrase reflects the Assyrian king Sennacherib's attempt to undermine Hezekiah's faith in Yahweh. It highlights the spiritual warfare aspect of the conflict, where the Assyrians not only challenge Judah militarily but also spiritually. The Assyrians had a history of conquering nations and their gods, and this statement is meant to instill doubt in Hezekiah's reliance on God. This echoes the serpent's deception in Genesis 3:1, where doubt is cast on God's word.

by saying that Jerusalem will not be delivered into the hand of the king of Assyria:
Jerusalem, the capital of Judah, was under threat from the Assyrian army, known for its military prowess and brutality. The Assyrians had already conquered the northern kingdom of Israel and many other nations, making their threat credible. However, this statement is a direct challenge to the prophetic assurances given to Hezekiah by Isaiah, who had prophesied that Jerusalem would be spared (Isaiah 37:33-35). This situation foreshadows the ultimate deliverance and protection God provides, pointing to the messianic hope fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who delivers His people from spiritual bondage.

Surely you have heard
This phrase indicates that the speaker assumes familiarity with the events being referenced. In the context of 2 Kings 19, this is part of a message from the Assyrian king, Sennacherib, to Hezekiah, king of Judah. The Assyrians were known for their military campaigns and conquests, which were widely recognized and feared throughout the ancient Near East. The phrase suggests that the reputation of Assyria's power and previous victories was well-known.

what the kings of Assyria have done
The Assyrian Empire was a dominant force in the ancient world, known for its military prowess and expansionist policies. The kings of Assyria, such as Tiglath-Pileser III, Shalmaneser V, and Sargon II, had successfully conquered many nations. This historical context underscores the threat posed by Sennacherib, who was continuing this legacy of conquest. The Assyrian kings were often seen as instruments of God's judgment in the Old Testament, as seen in Isaiah 10:5-6.

to all the other countries
This refers to the widespread conquests of the Assyrian Empire, which included regions such as Aram, Israel, and parts of Mesopotamia. The Assyrians were known for their brutal tactics, including deportation and destruction, which served to instill fear and ensure control over their territories. The mention of "all the other countries" emphasizes the comprehensive nature of Assyrian dominance.

devoting them to destruction
The phrase "devoting them to destruction" is reminiscent of the Hebrew concept of "herem," which involves the complete destruction of a city or people as an offering to God. In this context, it highlights the totality of the Assyrian conquests and their ruthless approach to warfare. This concept is also seen in the conquest narratives of the Israelites, such as in Joshua 6:17, where Jericho was devoted to destruction.

Will you then be spared?
This rhetorical question is intended to intimidate and demoralize Hezekiah and the people of Judah. It implies that, given the Assyrian track record, Judah's chances of survival are slim. However, this sets the stage for a demonstration of God's power and faithfulness, as Hezekiah's reliance on God leads to a miraculous deliverance. This theme of divine intervention is echoed in other biblical narratives, such as the deliverance of Israel from Egypt in Exodus.

Did the gods of the nations destroyed by my fathers rescue those nations—
This phrase reflects the Assyrian king Sennacherib's taunt against the God of Israel, comparing Him to the gods of other nations that Assyria had conquered. Historically, Assyria was a dominant empire known for its military prowess and conquests. The rhetorical question implies the futility of relying on these gods, as they were unable to protect their people. This highlights the common ancient Near Eastern belief in the power of national deities, which were often seen as protectors of their respective lands. Theologically, this sets the stage for demonstrating the uniqueness and supremacy of the God of Israel, who is not limited by geography or political power.

the gods of Gozan, Haran, and Rezeph,
Gozan, Haran, and Rezeph were regions that had been conquered by the Assyrians. Gozan is often identified with the region around the Habur River in modern-day Syria. Haran is a city with biblical significance, known as the place where Abraham's family settled after leaving Ur (Genesis 11:31). Rezeph is less well-known but was another city under Assyrian control. The mention of these specific locations underscores the extent of Assyrian conquests and the perceived impotence of their gods. This serves as a contrast to the God of Israel, who is not bound by territorial limitations.

and of the people of Eden in Telassar?
The "people of Eden" here is not related to the Garden of Eden but refers to a region or people group in Mesopotamia. Telassar is thought to be a location within this region, though its exact identification remains uncertain. The mention of Eden and Telassar adds to the list of places that fell to Assyria, emphasizing the comprehensive nature of Assyrian victories. This phrase also serves to highlight the futility of idolatry, as these gods could not save their worshippers. In a broader biblical context, this underscores the theme of God's sovereignty over all nations and His ability to deliver His people, contrasting with the powerlessness of idols.

Where are the kings of Hamath, Arpad, Sepharvaim, Hena, and Ivvah?’
This verse is part of a taunt from the Assyrian king Sennacherib, delivered through his messengers to King Hezekiah of Judah. It is a rhetorical question meant to intimidate and demonstrate the futility of resisting Assyria, as these cities and their kings had already fallen to Assyrian power.

Where are the kings of Hamath
Hamath was a significant city-state located in modern-day Syria. It was known for its strategic location along trade routes and its fertile land. The mention of Hamath highlights the extent of Assyrian conquest, as it was a prominent city that had succumbed to Assyrian dominance. This serves as a warning to Judah about the power and reach of Assyria.

Arpad
Arpad was another city in northern Syria, often associated with Hamath in biblical texts. It was a fortified city that fell to the Assyrians under Tiglath-Pileser III. The inclusion of Arpad in this list underscores the systematic and relentless expansion of the Assyrian Empire, which left little room for resistance.

Sepharvaim
Sepharvaim is believed to be a city located in Mesopotamia, possibly near Babylon. Its mention here is significant because it was one of the cities whose people were resettled in Samaria after the fall of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. This resettlement policy was a common Assyrian practice to prevent rebellion by mixing populations.

Hena
Hena is less well-documented in historical records, but it is thought to be a city in Mesopotamia. Its inclusion in this list serves to emphasize the comprehensive nature of Assyrian conquests, as even lesser-known cities were not spared from their expansion.

and Ivvah?’
Ivvah, like Hena, is not well-documented, but it is believed to be another city in Mesopotamia. The rhetorical question about these cities and their kings is meant to instill fear and doubt in Hezekiah and the people of Judah, suggesting that their fate will be similar if they resist Assyria. This verse highlights the historical context of Assyrian military campaigns and the psychological warfare employed by Sennacherib to subdue his enemies.

So Hezekiah received the letter from the messengers
Hezekiah, the king of Judah, received a threatening letter from the Assyrian king Sennacherib, delivered by his messengers. This letter was a continuation of the psychological warfare intended to intimidate and demoralize the people of Judah. Historically, Assyria was a dominant military power, and their threats were not to be taken lightly. The letter likely contained demands for surrender and reminders of Assyria's previous conquests, emphasizing the futility of resistance. This moment highlights the political and military pressures faced by Judah during this period.

read it
Hezekiah's act of reading the letter signifies his direct engagement with the crisis. Unlike some kings who might have relied solely on advisors, Hezekiah personally confronted the threat. This action reflects his responsibility as a leader and his willingness to face the reality of the situation. It also sets the stage for his subsequent actions, demonstrating his proactive approach to leadership and faith.

and went up to the house of the LORD
The house of the LORD refers to the temple in Jerusalem, the central place of worship for the Israelites. Hezekiah's decision to go to the temple underscores his reliance on God in times of distress. The temple was not only a religious center but also a symbol of God's presence among His people. By going there, Hezekiah was seeking divine intervention and guidance, acknowledging that the battle was beyond human capability.

and spread it out before the LORD
Hezekiah's act of spreading the letter before the LORD is a powerful gesture of faith and submission. It symbolizes laying the problem directly at God's feet, trusting in His power and sovereignty. This act can be seen as a form of prayer, where Hezekiah presents his concerns openly to God. It reflects a deep trust in God's ability to handle the situation, reminiscent of other biblical figures who sought God's help in times of trouble. This action also prefigures the New Testament teaching of casting all anxieties on God, as seen in 1 Peter 5:7.

And Hezekiah prayed before the LORD:
Hezekiah, the king of Judah, is depicted as a devout leader who seeks divine intervention in times of crisis. This prayer occurs during the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem, highlighting the importance of prayer in seeking God's guidance and deliverance. Hezekiah's approach to God in prayer reflects a deep reliance on divine power rather than human strength or alliances.

O LORD, God of Israel:
This invocation acknowledges the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) emphasizes God's eternal and unchanging nature. By addressing God as the "God of Israel," Hezekiah affirms the special bond and promises made to the patriarchs, which are foundational to Israel's identity and hope.

enthroned between the cherubim:
This phrase refers to the mercy seat on the Ark of the Covenant, where God's presence was believed to dwell in the Holy of Holies within the temple. The imagery of God enthroned between the cherubim signifies His sovereignty and holiness. It also connects to the vision of God's throne in Isaiah 6 and Ezekiel 1, emphasizing His majesty and authority.

You alone are God over all the kingdoms of the earth:
Hezekiah acknowledges God's supremacy and sovereignty over all nations, not just Israel. This declaration contrasts the power of the Assyrian empire with the ultimate authority of God. It echoes the monotheistic belief central to Israel's faith, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:4, and foreshadows the universal reign of God in eschatological prophecies.

You made the heavens and the earth:
This statement affirms God as the Creator, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture, beginning with Genesis 1:1. It underscores God's omnipotence and the belief that the Creator has control over His creation. This acknowledgment of God's creative power serves as a foundation for trusting Him to intervene in the natural and political realms.

Incline Your ear, O LORD, and hear;
This phrase is a plea for God’s attention and intervention. It reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of petitioning a deity for help, emphasizing the personal relationship between Hezekiah and God. The request for God to "incline" His ear suggests a desire for God to be attentive and responsive, highlighting the urgency and desperation of the situation. This echoes other biblical prayers, such as Solomon's prayer in 1 Kings 8:28, where he asks God to hear the supplications of His people.

open Your eyes, O LORD, and see.
Here, Hezekiah asks God to observe the dire circumstances facing Judah. The anthropomorphic language—attributing human characteristics to God—serves to make the plea more relatable and earnest. This request for God to "see" is not about God’s lack of awareness but rather a call for divine action. It parallels the language used in Exodus 3:7, where God sees the affliction of His people in Egypt, indicating His readiness to deliver them.

Listen to the words that Sennacherib has sent to defy the living God.
Sennacherib, the Assyrian king, represents the earthly power opposing God’s people. His words are not just a threat to Judah but a challenge to God Himself. The term "living God" contrasts the true God with the lifeless idols worshiped by other nations, emphasizing God’s active presence and power. This defiance is reminiscent of Goliath’s challenge to the armies of Israel in 1 Samuel 17, where David also invokes the name of the living God. The historical context here is crucial: Assyria was a dominant empire, and Sennacherib’s campaign against Judah was part of a larger strategy to control the region. This plea underscores the belief that God’s honor and reputation are at stake, not just the survival of Judah.

Truly, O LORD
This phrase begins with an acknowledgment of truth and sincerity in prayer. The speaker, King Hezekiah, is addressing God directly, recognizing His sovereignty and omniscience. This reflects a deep faith and reliance on God, a common theme throughout the Old Testament. The use of "O LORD" signifies a personal relationship with Yahweh, the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature.

the kings of Assyria
The Assyrian Empire was a dominant force in the ancient Near East during the time of Hezekiah. Known for their military prowess and brutal conquests, the Assyrians were feared by many nations. The reference to "kings" indicates the succession of Assyrian rulers who expanded the empire's territory. This historical context highlights the threat faced by Judah and the significance of Hezekiah's plea for divine intervention.

have laid waste
This phrase describes the destructive actions of the Assyrians, who were notorious for their scorched-earth tactics. They would often destroy cities, deport populations, and leave lands desolate. This devastation serves as a backdrop for understanding the dire situation Judah faced and the miraculous nature of God's deliverance, as later recounted in the narrative.

these nations and their lands
The Assyrian conquests affected numerous nations, including Israel, Syria, and parts of Mesopotamia. The mention of "nations and their lands" underscores the widespread impact of Assyrian aggression. It also highlights the geopolitical reality of the time, where smaller states were often at the mercy of larger empires. This context sets the stage for understanding the miraculous preservation of Jerusalem, which stands in contrast to the fate of other nations.

They have cast their gods into the fire and destroyed them
This phrase refers to the actions of the Assyrians, who conquered various nations and destroyed their idols. In the ancient Near East, it was common for conquering armies to destroy the gods of the defeated peoples as a demonstration of their own gods' superiority. This act symbolized the complete subjugation of the conquered people and the perceived impotence of their deities. The destruction of idols by fire is significant, as fire was often used in purification rituals, suggesting a total eradication of the false gods' influence.

for they were not gods
This statement underscores the biblical theme of monotheism, emphasizing that the idols worshipped by the nations were not true deities. The Bible consistently teaches that there is only one true God, the God of Israel. This is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, where the impotence of idols is contrasted with the power and sovereignty of Yahweh. Passages such as Isaiah 44:9-20 and Psalm 115:4-8 echo this sentiment, ridiculing the idea that man-made objects could possess divine power.

but only wood and stone
The materials mentioned here, wood and stone, were commonly used in the construction of idols in the ancient world. These materials highlight the physical and perishable nature of the idols, contrasting with the eternal and spiritual nature of the true God. The use of such materials also points to the futility of idol worship, as these objects are lifeless and incapable of action or thought. This is a common biblical critique of idolatry, as seen in Jeremiah 10:3-5, where idols are described as being unable to speak, walk, or do any good.

the work of human hands
This phrase emphasizes the man-made origin of the idols, highlighting their lack of divine nature or power. The Bible often contrasts the Creator God with the created idols, pointing out the absurdity of worshipping something fashioned by human hands. This critique is found in passages like Psalm 135:15-18 and Acts 17:24-25, where the true God is described as the maker of heaven and earth, not something made by human hands. This distinction serves to remind believers of the futility of idolatry and the importance of worshipping the one true God.

And now, O LORD our God,
This phrase begins with a direct appeal to God, emphasizing a personal relationship. The use of "O LORD" reflects the covenant name of God, Yahweh, highlighting His eternal and unchanging nature. The phrase "our God" signifies a communal relationship, indicating that Hezekiah, the speaker, is not only praying for himself but for the entire nation of Judah. This reflects the biblical theme of God as the God of Israel, who has chosen them as His people (Exodus 6:7).

please save us from his hand,
Hezekiah is asking for deliverance from the Assyrian king Sennacherib, who has besieged Jerusalem. The phrase "from his hand" symbolizes power and control, indicating the dire situation Judah faces. Historically, the Assyrian Empire was known for its military might and brutality, making this plea urgent. This request for salvation echoes other biblical instances where God delivers His people from their enemies, such as the Exodus from Egypt (Exodus 14:30).

so that all the kingdoms of the earth may know
Hezekiah's prayer is not solely for the survival of Judah but for a greater purpose: the recognition of God's sovereignty by all nations. This reflects the biblical theme of God's desire for His glory to be known among all peoples (Psalm 46:10). It also foreshadows the New Testament mission of spreading the Gospel to all nations (Matthew 28:19).

that You alone, O LORD, are God.”
The conclusion of the prayer emphasizes monotheism, a central tenet of the faith. By stating "You alone," Hezekiah affirms that Yahweh is the only true God, contrasting with the polytheistic beliefs of surrounding nations. This declaration is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, as seen in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4). It also points to the exclusivity of God’s nature, which is fulfilled in the New Testament through Jesus Christ, who is the way, the truth, and the life (John 14:6).

Then Isaiah son of Amoz sent a message to Hezekiah:
Isaiah, a major prophet in the Hebrew Bible, is known for his role as a messenger of God. His father, Amoz, is mentioned to establish his lineage and authority. Isaiah's relationship with Hezekiah, the king of Judah, is significant as it highlights the prophet's influence in the royal court. Hezekiah, known for his religious reforms and trust in God, often sought Isaiah's counsel during times of crisis, such as the Assyrian threat. This interaction underscores the importance of prophetic guidance in the leadership of Israel.

This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says:
The phrase emphasizes the divine authority behind Isaiah's message. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) signifies the covenant name of God, reminding Hezekiah of God's promises to Israel. The title "God of Israel" reinforces the special relationship between God and His chosen people. This introduction assures Hezekiah that the message is not merely Isaiah's opinion but a direct communication from God, providing comfort and assurance in a time of national distress.

I have heard your prayer concerning Sennacherib king of Assyria:
Hezekiah's prayer, recorded earlier in the chapter, was a plea for deliverance from the Assyrian threat. Sennacherib, the king of Assyria, was known for his military campaigns and attempts to conquer Jerusalem. This phrase highlights God's responsiveness to sincere prayer and His power over earthly rulers. It also reflects the biblical theme of God hearing and answering the prayers of His people, as seen in other scriptures like Psalm 34:17 and James 5:16. The mention of Sennacherib by name personalizes the threat and God's intervention, demonstrating His sovereignty over nations and history.

This is the word that the LORD has spoken against him:
This phrase introduces a divine pronouncement, emphasizing the authority and certainty of God's message. In the context of 2 Kings 19, this word is directed against Sennacherib, the king of Assyria, who has blasphemed God and threatened Jerusalem. The phrase underscores the theme of divine retribution against those who oppose God's people, reflecting the broader biblical narrative where God defends Israel against its enemies (e.g., Exodus 14:14).

The Virgin Daughter of Zion despises you and mocks you;
"Virgin Daughter of Zion" is a poetic term for Jerusalem, symbolizing purity and the city's special status as God's chosen place. The use of "virgin" suggests inviolability, despite the threats from Assyria. The imagery of despising and mocking indicates a reversal of fortunes; the Assyrian king, who once seemed invincible, is now scorned by the very city he sought to conquer. This reflects the biblical theme of God humbling the proud (Isaiah 2:12).

the Daughter of Jerusalem shakes her head behind you.
The "Daughter of Jerusalem" is another personification of the city, emphasizing its identity and relationship with God. Shaking the head is a gesture of derision and disbelief, indicating that the threat posed by Sennacherib is ultimately futile. This act of defiance is rooted in faith in God's deliverance, as seen in other biblical accounts where God intervenes on behalf of His people (e.g., Psalm 44:7). The imagery also foreshadows the ultimate victory of God's kingdom, as seen in prophetic literature (e.g., Revelation 19:11-16).

Whom have you taunted and blasphemed?
This phrase is a rhetorical question posed by God through the prophet Isaiah, addressing the arrogance of the Assyrian king, Sennacherib. The context is the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem during the reign of King Hezekiah. Taunting and blaspheming refer to the Assyrian's mockery and disrespect towards the God of Israel. In the ancient Near Eastern context, blasphemy was a serious offense, often seen as a direct challenge to a deity's power. This phrase underscores the gravity of Sennacherib's actions, as he not only challenged a nation but the God who protected it. Theologically, it highlights the theme of divine retribution against those who defy God.

Against whom have you raised your voice and lifted your eyes in pride?
Raising one's voice and lifting one's eyes in pride signifies arrogance and defiance. In biblical literature, pride is often condemned as it leads to downfall (Proverbs 16:18). The Assyrian king's pride is evident in his belief that his military might could overpower any god, including the God of Israel. This phrase serves as a reminder of the biblical principle that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6). Historically, Assyria was known for its military prowess and often attributed its success to its own strength, disregarding the power of other nations' deities.

Against the Holy One of Israel!
The title "Holy One of Israel" emphasizes God's unique and set-apart nature, highlighting His covenant relationship with Israel. This title is frequently used in the book of Isaiah, underscoring God's holiness and His special bond with His chosen people. By using this title, the text reinforces the idea that the Assyrian king's blasphemy is not just against any god, but against the one true God who is intimately involved with His people. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's faithfulness to Israel despite their unfaithfulness, and His ultimate plan of redemption through Jesus Christ, who is seen as the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel.

Through your servants you have taunted the Lord
This phrase highlights the arrogance of the Assyrian king, Sennacherib, who used his messengers to mock the God of Israel. In the ancient Near East, kings often sent envoys to deliver messages, and these envoys were seen as extensions of the king's authority. The taunting of the Lord by Sennacherib's servants reflects a common practice of psychological warfare, intended to demoralize the enemy. This act of defiance against God is reminiscent of other biblical instances where pagan nations underestimated the power of the God of Israel, such as Pharaoh in Exodus.

and you have said: “With my many chariots I have ascended to the heights of the mountains,
Chariots were a symbol of military might and technological advancement in the ancient world. The Assyrians were known for their powerful and well-equipped army, which included a formidable chariotry. The reference to ascending the mountains signifies a boast of military conquest and dominance over difficult terrain, which was often seen as a divine realm. This echoes the pride of other rulers in the Bible who trusted in their military strength, such as Pharaoh in Exodus 14:7 and the Canaanite kings in Joshua 11:4.

to the remote peaks of Lebanon.
Lebanon was renowned for its majestic mountains and valuable cedar trees, which were highly prized in the ancient world for construction and trade. The mention of Lebanon signifies the extent of Assyrian ambition and conquest. The cedars of Lebanon are frequently mentioned in the Bible as symbols of strength and beauty (Psalm 92:12, Ezekiel 31:3). This phrase underscores the Assyrian king's pride in his ability to reach and conquer even the most distant and revered places.

I have cut down its tallest cedars, the finest of its cypresses.
The cutting down of cedars and cypresses symbolizes the destruction and exploitation of natural resources by the Assyrians. In biblical literature, trees often represent nations or leaders (Judges 9:8-15, Ezekiel 17:22-24). The act of cutting down these trees can be seen as a metaphor for the subjugation of nations and the stripping away of their glory. This imagery also foreshadows the eventual downfall of the Assyrian empire, as pride and defiance against God lead to judgment (Isaiah 10:33-34).

I have reached its farthest outposts, the densest of its forests.
This phrase emphasizes the extent of Assyrian expansion and the thoroughness of their conquests. The "farthest outposts" and "densest of its forests" suggest a complete domination over the land, leaving no area untouched. This reflects the historical reality of the Assyrian empire's vast reach and their reputation for ruthlessness. Biblically, it serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over all nations, as even the most powerful empires are ultimately subject to His will (Daniel 4:34-35).

I have dug wells and drunk foreign waters.
This phrase reflects the boastful claims of the Assyrian king, Sennacherib, as he recounts his military conquests and the resources he has seized. In the ancient Near East, water was a precious commodity, often symbolizing life and prosperity. By claiming to have dug wells and drunk foreign waters, Sennacherib is asserting his dominance over the lands he has conquered, suggesting that he has taken control of their most vital resources. This boast can be seen as a challenge to the God of Israel, who is often depicted as the provider of living water (Jeremiah 2:13, John 4:10-14). The phrase also highlights the arrogance of human power in contrast to divine sovereignty, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible.

With the soles of my feet I have dried up all the streams of Egypt.
This part of the verse continues Sennacherib's arrogant claims, suggesting that his mere presence is enough to dry up the streams of Egypt, a land known for its reliance on the Nile River. The imagery of drying up streams is significant, as it implies a supernatural level of power and control over nature, which in biblical terms, is reserved for God alone (Exodus 14:21, Isaiah 44:27). Historically, Egypt was a formidable power, and the idea of Assyria having such control over it would have been a bold claim. This boast can be seen as a direct affront to the God of Israel, who demonstrated His power over the waters during the Exodus. Theologically, this phrase underscores the futility of human pride and the ultimate authority of God over all creation, as later events in the narrative reveal the downfall of Sennacherib (2 Kings 19:35-37).

Have you not heard?
This rhetorical question implies that the message being delivered is something that should already be known. It suggests that the audience, likely the Assyrian king Sennacherib, is being reminded of God's sovereignty and past actions. This phrase emphasizes the importance of listening to God's word and recognizing His authority, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

Long ago I ordained it;
This phrase highlights God's eternal plan and foreknowledge. It reflects the biblical theme that God is in control of history and events, as seen in Isaiah 46:10, where God declares the end from the beginning. The use of "ordained" suggests a divine decree, indicating that what is happening is part of God's predetermined plan.

in days of old I planned it.
This reinforces the idea of God's timeless sovereignty. The reference to "days of old" connects to the ancient promises and covenants God made with Israel, such as those with Abraham, Moses, and David. It underscores the continuity of God's plan throughout history, as seen in passages like Psalm 33:11.

Now I have brought it to pass,
This indicates the fulfillment of God's plan in the present moment. It shows that God's purposes are not just theoretical but are actively being realized in history. This aligns with the biblical narrative of God intervening in human affairs, as seen in the Exodus and the conquest of Canaan.

that you should crush fortified cities into piles of rubble.
This phrase describes the specific action God has allowed the Assyrians to undertake as part of His judgment. The imagery of crushing fortified cities reflects the historical reality of Assyrian military campaigns, known for their brutality and effectiveness. It also serves as a reminder of God's power to use even pagan nations to accomplish His purposes, as seen in Habakkuk 1:6-11. This can be seen as a type of Christ in that, just as God used Assyria to fulfill His purposes, He later uses Christ to bring about redemption and the ultimate fulfillment of His plan.

Therefore their inhabitants, devoid of power,
This phrase highlights the powerlessness of the people being referred to, likely the Assyrians or other enemies of Israel. In the biblical context, this powerlessness is attributed to divine intervention. Theologically, it underscores the belief that human strength is insignificant without God's support. Historically, the Assyrian Empire was known for its might, yet here, they are depicted as powerless, emphasizing God's sovereignty over nations.

are dismayed and ashamed.
Dismay and shame are emotional responses to defeat and humiliation. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, military defeat was not only a physical loss but also a spiritual and social disgrace. This reflects the biblical theme that those who oppose God and His people will ultimately face shame and defeat, as seen in other scriptures like Psalm 83:17.

They are like plants in the field,
This simile compares the inhabitants to plants, suggesting their vulnerability and transience. In biblical literature, plants often symbolize human frailty and the temporary nature of life (Isaiah 40:6-8). This imagery reinforces the idea that without God's protection, even the strongest nations are fragile.

tender green shoots,
Tender green shoots represent new, undeveloped growth, indicating a lack of maturity and strength. This can be seen as a metaphor for the initial promise or potential that is ultimately unfulfilled due to divine judgment. It reflects the biblical principle that without God's blessing, potential remains unrealized.

grass on the rooftops,
Grass on rooftops is an image of futility and impermanence. In ancient Israel, roofs were flat and often covered with a thin layer of soil where grass might sprout but would not thrive due to lack of depth and nourishment. This symbolizes the superficial and fleeting nature of the enemies' power and success, as also mentioned in Psalm 129:6.

scorched before it is grown.
This phrase conveys the idea of destruction before maturity, emphasizing the sudden and complete nature of divine judgment. It suggests that the plans and strength of the enemies are thwarted before they can come to fruition. This imagery is consistent with the biblical theme of God's intervention to protect His people and frustrate the plans of the wicked, as seen in Job 8:12.

But I know your sitting down
This phrase emphasizes God's omniscience, highlighting His intimate knowledge of every aspect of human life. In the context of 2 Kings 19, God is addressing the Assyrian king Sennacherib, who has threatened Jerusalem. The phrase underscores that God is aware of Sennacherib's actions and intentions, even in his private moments. This reflects Psalm 139:2, where David acknowledges God's knowledge of his sitting and rising, illustrating that nothing is hidden from God.

your going out and coming in
This part of the verse further illustrates God's comprehensive awareness of human activities. In ancient Near Eastern culture, "going out and coming in" was a common expression denoting the entirety of one's daily life and activities. It signifies that God is aware of all movements and plans, not just those made in public or in secret. This is reminiscent of Deuteronomy 28:6, where blessings are pronounced on those who are obedient to God in their daily comings and goings.

and your raging against Me
Here, God directly addresses the hostility and arrogance of Sennacherib against Him. The Assyrian king's military campaigns and blasphemous words against the God of Israel are seen as a direct challenge to God's authority. This phrase highlights the futility of opposing God, as seen in the broader narrative of 2 Kings 19, where God ultimately delivers Jerusalem from Assyrian threat. The "raging" can be compared to Psalm 2:1-4, where the nations' rage against God is met with divine laughter, emphasizing God's sovereignty over earthly powers.

Because your rage and arrogance against Me have reached My ears
This phrase addresses the Assyrian king Sennacherib's pride and blasphemy against God. In the ancient Near East, kings often boasted of their conquests and power, attributing their success to their own might rather than acknowledging any divine authority. This arrogance is reminiscent of other biblical figures like Pharaoh in Exodus, who also defied God. The phrase "have reached My ears" indicates that God is fully aware of human actions and attitudes, emphasizing His omniscience and justice. It echoes the biblical theme that God hears the cries of the oppressed and the boasts of the proud, as seen in Psalm 94:9.

I will put My hook in your nose
This imagery is drawn from the Assyrian practice of leading captives with hooks through their noses, a method used to humiliate and control prisoners. It signifies God's intention to humble Sennacherib and demonstrates His power over even the mightiest of earthly rulers. The use of such vivid imagery underscores the severity of divine judgment. This act of divine retribution is a reversal of roles, where the oppressor becomes the oppressed, highlighting God's justice and sovereignty.

and My bit in your mouth
The bit, like a hook, is a tool of control, used to direct animals. This metaphor suggests that God will guide Sennacherib's actions, despite the king's previous defiance. It reflects the biblical principle that God can direct the hearts of kings, as seen in Proverbs 21:1. This phrase also serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority over human affairs, reinforcing the idea that no one is beyond His control.

I will send you back the way you came
This prophecy foretells the retreat of the Assyrian army from Jerusalem, which is fulfilled later in the chapter. Historically, Sennacherib's campaign against Judah was halted, and he returned to Nineveh without capturing Jerusalem. This outcome demonstrates God's protection of His people and the fulfillment of His promises. The phrase also connects to the broader biblical narrative of God delivering His people from their enemies, as seen in the Exodus story. It serves as a testament to God's faithfulness and His ability to thwart the plans of those who oppose Him.

And this will be a sign to you, O Hezekiah:
In the context of 2 Kings 19, King Hezekiah of Judah is facing the threat of the Assyrian army led by Sennacherib. The prophet Isaiah delivers a message from God, providing assurance and a sign to Hezekiah. Signs in the Old Testament often served as divine confirmation of God's promises or actions (e.g., Exodus 3:12, Isaiah 7:14). This sign is meant to reassure Hezekiah of God's deliverance and faithfulness.

This year you will eat what grows on its own:
The phrase refers to the practice of eating volunteer crops, which are plants that grow without being intentionally sown. This would occur due to the disruption of normal agricultural activities caused by the Assyrian invasion. The Israelites were familiar with the concept of sabbatical years (Leviticus 25:1-7), during which the land was left to rest, and they relied on what grew naturally. This situation mirrors that practice, emphasizing God's provision even in times of crisis.

And in the second year what springs from the same:
The continuation of eating from volunteer crops in the second year suggests ongoing disruption, likely due to the aftermath of the Assyrian siege. This period of reliance on naturally occurring produce underscores a time of recovery and transition. It also highlights God's sustaining power, as He provides for His people even when normal agricultural cycles are interrupted.

But in the third year you will sow and reap;
The promise of returning to normal agricultural activities in the third year signifies restoration and stability. Sowing and reaping are fundamental to agrarian life and symbolize a return to peace and prosperity. This assurance would have been particularly comforting to Hezekiah and the people of Judah, as it indicated the end of Assyrian oppression and a return to self-sufficiency.

You will plant vineyards and eat their fruit:
Planting vineyards and enjoying their produce is a sign of long-term security and blessing. Vineyards require several years to mature, so this promise indicates a future of sustained peace and prosperity. In biblical symbolism, vineyards often represent abundance and blessing (e.g., Psalm 104:15, Isaiah 5:1-7). This prophecy not only assures Hezekiah of immediate deliverance but also points to a hopeful future for Judah.

And the surviving remnant of the house of Judah
This phrase refers to the small group of Israelites who remained faithful to God after the Assyrian invasion. Historically, the Assyrian Empire had devastated much of the Northern Kingdom of Israel and threatened Judah. The "remnant" is a recurring biblical theme, emphasizing God's preservation of a faithful group despite widespread apostasy or destruction (Isaiah 10:20-22). The house of Judah, representing the Southern Kingdom, was under threat but promised survival through divine intervention. This remnant concept is also seen in the New Testament, where Paul speaks of a remnant chosen by grace (Romans 11:5).

will again take root below
This imagery of taking root suggests stability, growth, and a return to strength. In the context of ancient agriculture, roots are essential for a plant's nourishment and survival, symbolizing a return to spiritual and national vitality. The phrase implies a restoration of the people to their land and a re-establishment of their covenant relationship with God. This rooting is reminiscent of the promises in Jeremiah 17:7-8, where those who trust in the Lord are likened to a tree planted by the waters.

and bear fruit above.
Bearing fruit signifies productivity, prosperity, and the fulfillment of God's promises. In biblical terms, fruitfulness often represents the results of living in accordance with God's will, such as righteousness and justice (Galatians 5:22-23). This phrase suggests that the remnant will not only survive but thrive, producing outcomes that glorify God. The imagery of fruitfulness is also a type of Christ, who is the true vine, and believers are the branches called to bear much fruit (John 15:5). This promise of fruitfulness is a reassurance of God's continued blessing and presence with His people.

For a remnant will go forth from Jerusalem
This phrase highlights the concept of a "remnant," a recurring theme in the Bible where a small, faithful group is preserved by God amidst judgment or disaster. In the context of 2 Kings 19, this refers to the people of Judah who will survive the Assyrian siege under King Hezekiah's reign. The idea of a remnant is significant throughout Scripture, seen in passages like Isaiah 10:20-22 and Romans 11:5, where God preserves a faithful group for His purposes. Jerusalem, the city of David and the spiritual center of Israel, is often depicted as a place of divine protection and promise, reinforcing the idea that God's plans will prevail despite adversity.

and survivors from Mount Zion
Mount Zion is another name for Jerusalem, often used to emphasize its spiritual significance. It is the location of the Temple, symbolizing God's presence among His people. The mention of "survivors" underscores God's mercy and faithfulness in preserving His people. Historically, Mount Zion has been a focal point of Jewish identity and hope, as seen in Psalm 125:1, which speaks of the security of those who trust in the Lord. This phrase also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance and restoration that God promises, pointing to the eschatological hope found in Revelation 14:1, where the Lamb stands on Mount Zion with His redeemed.

The zeal of the LORD of Hosts will accomplish this
The "zeal of the LORD" refers to God's passionate commitment to His covenant and His people. The title "LORD of Hosts" emphasizes His sovereignty and power over all heavenly and earthly armies. This phrase assures that the deliverance of the remnant is not by human effort but by divine intervention. The concept of God's zeal is echoed in Isaiah 9:7, where it is linked to the establishment of the Messiah's kingdom. This zeal is a type of Christ, who embodies God's fervent love and purpose, ultimately fulfilling His redemptive plan through His life, death, and resurrection.

So this is what the LORD says about the king of Assyria:
This phrase introduces a divine oracle, emphasizing the authority and certainty of God's word. The context is the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem during the reign of King Hezekiah. The Assyrians, led by King Sennacherib, were a dominant military power, known for their brutal conquests. This statement underscores God's sovereignty over nations and kings, a recurring theme in the Bible (e.g., Isaiah 40:23). It also reflects the prophetic tradition where God communicates His will through prophets, in this case, Isaiah.

‘He will not enter this city
This assurance from God directly counters the threat posed by the Assyrian army. Jerusalem, the city in question, holds significant religious and political importance as the capital of Judah and the location of the Temple. Historically, cities under siege often fell to powerful empires like Assyria, but God's promise here highlights His protection over Jerusalem. This echoes other instances where God defends His people, such as in Exodus 14:14, where God fights for Israel against the Egyptians.

or shoot an arrow into it.
The imagery of an arrow signifies warfare and aggression. In ancient warfare, arrows were among the first weapons used in an assault, often signaling the beginning of an attack. God's promise that not even an arrow will be shot underscores the totality of His protection. This phrase can be seen as a testament to God's ability to prevent even the smallest act of aggression against His chosen city, reflecting His omnipotence and care.

He will not come before it with a shield
The shield represents the defensive preparations of an army ready to engage in battle. In ancient times, soldiers would advance with shields to protect themselves from enemy projectiles. The assurance that the Assyrian king will not come with a shield indicates that there will be no need for such preparations, as the battle will not occur. This highlights God's intervention in human affairs, preventing conflict before it begins, similar to how He intervened in the battle against the Midianites in Judges 7.

or build up a siege ramp against it.
Siege ramps were crucial in ancient warfare, allowing armies to breach city walls. The construction of a siege ramp was a significant military undertaking, often leading to the fall of a city. God's promise that no siege ramp will be built signifies that Jerusalem will not face the typical fate of besieged cities. This divine protection is reminiscent of God's deliverance of Israel in other dire situations, such as the miraculous fall of Jericho's walls in Joshua 6. It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Christ, who provides spiritual protection and victory over sin.

He will go back the way he came
This phrase refers to the Assyrian king Sennacherib, who had come to besiege Jerusalem. The prophecy indicates that Sennacherib would retreat without conquering the city. Historically, this aligns with the Assyrian military campaigns where they often returned the same route due to logistical needs. This prophecy was fulfilled when Sennacherib's army was struck by a divine intervention, as described later in the chapter. Theologically, this demonstrates God's sovereignty and protection over Jerusalem, emphasizing His control over the nations and their leaders.

and he will not enter this city
Jerusalem was under threat from the powerful Assyrian empire, known for its military might and brutal conquests. The assurance that Sennacherib would not enter the city highlights God's promise to protect His people. This is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where God defends Israel against overwhelming odds. The city of Jerusalem holds significant religious and cultural importance as the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. This protection can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate protector and deliverer of His people.

declares the LORD
This phrase underscores the authority and certainty of the prophecy. When the LORD declares something, it is an absolute assurance of its fulfillment. The use of "declares the LORD" is a common prophetic formula that emphasizes divine authority. It connects to other scriptures where God's word is shown to be powerful and effective, such as Isaiah 55:11, which states that God's word will not return void. This declaration also serves to remind the audience of God's faithfulness to His covenant promises, reinforcing the trustworthiness of His word.

I will defend this city
This phrase refers to God's promise to protect Jerusalem from the Assyrian threat. Historically, this occurred during the reign of King Hezekiah when the Assyrian king Sennacherib besieged the city. The defense of Jerusalem is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, highlighting God's sovereignty and faithfulness to His people. The city of Jerusalem holds significant religious and political importance as the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple.

and save it
The promise of salvation here is both physical and spiritual. Physically, God intervenes to prevent the destruction of Jerusalem by the Assyrians. Spiritually, it foreshadows the ultimate salvation through Jesus Christ, who is often seen as the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel. This act of deliverance is a testament to God's power and His ability to save His people against overwhelming odds.

for My own sake
God's actions are motivated by His own purposes and glory. This phrase emphasizes that God's intervention is not due to the merit of the people but to uphold His own name and reputation. It reflects the biblical theme that God's actions are ultimately for His glory, as seen in passages like Isaiah 48:11, where God acts to prevent His name from being profaned.

and for the sake of My servant David.’”
This reference to David underscores the Davidic Covenant, where God promised David that his descendants would rule Israel forever (2 Samuel 7:12-16). The protection of Jerusalem is linked to God's covenantal faithfulness to David. This promise is also seen as a messianic prophecy, pointing to Jesus Christ, who is often referred to as the Son of David in the New Testament, fulfilling the eternal kingship promised to David's line.

And that very night
This phrase indicates a specific and immediate divine intervention. The context is the siege of Jerusalem by the Assyrian army under King Sennacherib. The timing underscores God's swift response to King Hezekiah's prayer and the prophet Isaiah's prophecy (2 Kings 19:20-34). It highlights the immediacy of God's power and His ability to act decisively in the affairs of nations.

the angel of the LORD went out
The "angel of the LORD" is often seen as a divine messenger or agent of God's will, sometimes interpreted as a theophany or a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ. This phrase emphasizes the supernatural nature of the event, as it was not by human hands that the Assyrian army was defeated. The angel of the LORD appears in other significant biblical events, such as in Exodus 12:23 during the Passover, indicating divine judgment and deliverance.

and struck down 185,000 men
The number 185,000 signifies a massive and miraculous defeat of the Assyrian forces. This event demonstrates God's sovereignty over the nations and His ability to protect His people against overwhelming odds. Historically, the Assyrian army was known for its might and brutality, making this divine intervention even more significant. The destruction of such a large force without human intervention serves as a testament to God's power.

in the camp of the Assyrians
The Assyrian camp was likely located near Jerusalem, as they were besieging the city. This phrase indicates that the destruction was localized and specific to the enemy forces, sparing the city and its inhabitants. The Assyrians were a dominant empire during this period, and their defeat would have had significant geopolitical implications, demonstrating God's control over the rise and fall of empires.

When the people got up the next morning
This phrase suggests that the event occurred overnight, and the people of Jerusalem were unaware of the divine intervention until morning. It highlights the element of surprise and the totality of God's deliverance, as the threat was removed without the need for battle. The morning discovery aligns with biblical themes of light overcoming darkness and the dawning of God's salvation.

there were all the dead bodies!
The sight of the dead bodies would have been a powerful and sobering confirmation of God's intervention. It serves as a visual testament to God's judgment against the Assyrians and His protection of Jerusalem. This outcome fulfills the prophecy given by Isaiah and reinforces the theme of divine justice. The phrase also echoes other biblical instances where God delivers His people by defeating their enemies, such as the drowning of the Egyptian army in the Red Sea (Exodus 14:28-30).

So Sennacherib king of Assyria broke camp and withdrew.
Sennacherib was the powerful king of Assyria, known for his military campaigns and conquests. His withdrawal marks a significant moment in biblical history, as it follows the miraculous defeat of his army by divine intervention (2 Kings 19:35). This event underscores the sovereignty of God over the nations and His ability to protect His people. The Assyrian army's sudden retreat is a fulfillment of God's promise to defend Jerusalem, as prophesied by Isaiah (2 Kings 19:32-34). Historically, Assyrian records, such as the Taylor Prism, corroborate Sennacherib's campaign against Judah, though they do not mention the defeat, highlighting the Bible's unique perspective on divine intervention.

He returned to Nineveh
Nineveh was the capital of the Assyrian Empire, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris River, in present-day Iraq. It was a major cultural and political center, known for its impressive architecture and extensive library. Sennacherib's return to Nineveh signifies a retreat to his stronghold, possibly to regroup and reassess after the unexpected loss. This city later becomes the focus of the prophetic book of Jonah, where God sends Jonah to call the city to repentance, illustrating God's concern for all nations. Nineveh's eventual fall, as prophesied by Nahum, serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly powers in contrast to God's eternal kingdom.

and stayed there.
Sennacherib's decision to remain in Nineveh suggests a period of inactivity or consolidation following his failed campaign. This phrase indicates a cessation of his immediate military ambitions against Judah, aligning with God's promise that Sennacherib would not return to besiege Jerusalem (2 Kings 19:33). The Assyrian king's stay in Nineveh also foreshadows his eventual assassination by his own sons (2 Kings 19:37), fulfilling Isaiah's prophecy and demonstrating the ultimate justice and judgment of God. This event highlights the theme of divine retribution and the futility of opposing God's will, a recurring motif throughout the biblical narrative.

One day, while he was worshiping in the temple of his god Nisroch
This phrase highlights the idolatrous practices of the Assyrian king Sennacherib. Worship in temples dedicated to various deities was common in ancient Near Eastern cultures. Nisroch is believed to be an Assyrian god, though little is known about this deity. The act of worshiping in a temple signifies Sennacherib's devotion to his gods, contrasting with the monotheistic worship of Yahweh by the Israelites. This setting also underscores the vulnerability of Sennacherib, as he is caught off guard in a place of supposed sanctuary.

his sons Adrammelech and Sharezer put him to the sword
The assassination of Sennacherib by his own sons, Adrammelech and Sharezer, fulfills the prophecy given by Isaiah in 2 Kings 19:7, where it was foretold that Sennacherib would fall by the sword in his own land. This act of patricide reflects the political instability and familial treachery often found in royal households of the ancient world. The names Adrammelech and Sharezer are of Assyrian origin, and their actions may have been motivated by a desire for power or as a result of internal family conflict.

and escaped to the land of Ararat
Ararat refers to a region in ancient Armenia, known today as part of modern Turkey. This area is historically significant as the resting place of Noah's Ark according to Genesis 8:4. The escape of Adrammelech and Sharezer to Ararat suggests a strategic retreat to a distant and possibly allied territory, away from the reach of Assyrian retribution. This move indicates the presence of political alliances and the complexity of ancient Near Eastern geopolitics.

And his son Esar-haddon reigned in his place
Esar-haddon's ascension to the throne marks a continuation of the Assyrian dynasty despite the internal strife. Historically, Esar-haddon is known for his successful reign and for rebuilding Babylon, which had been destroyed by his father. His rule is characterized by efforts to stabilize the empire and maintain its dominance. The transition of power, despite the violent circumstances, reflects the resilience of the Assyrian political structure. This event also aligns with the biblical theme of divine sovereignty over the rise and fall of kings and nations, as seen throughout the scriptures.