When the day of Pentecost came
Pentecost, also known as the Feast of Weeks, is one of the three major Jewish festivals, occurring 50 days after Passover. It commemorates the giving of the Law at Mount Sinai, which is significant as it marks the birth of Israel as a covenant community. In the New Testament context, Pentecost becomes the day when the Holy Spirit is poured out on the disciples, marking the birth of the Church. This event fulfills Jesus' promise of the coming of the Holy Spirit (John 14:16-17) and aligns with the prophecy in Joel 2:28-32 about God pouring out His Spirit on all people.

they were all together in one place
The disciples, numbering about 120 (Acts 1:15), were gathered in Jerusalem, likely in the upper room where they had been staying (Acts 1:13). This unity and obedience to Jesus' command to wait in Jerusalem (Acts 1:4) demonstrate their faith and readiness to receive the Holy Spirit. The gathering in one place also signifies the importance of community and fellowship in the early Church, setting a precedent for collective worship and prayer. This unity is a reflection of the unity of the Trinity and is essential for the mission of the Church, as seen in Jesus' prayer for unity among His followers (John 17:21).

Suddenly
The suddenness of the event emphasizes the unexpected and divine nature of the Holy Spirit's arrival. This aligns with the biblical theme of God's actions often occurring unexpectedly, as seen in the sudden appearance of angels or divine interventions throughout Scripture.

a sound like a mighty rushing wind
The sound is described as being similar to a powerful wind, which in biblical symbolism often represents the Spirit of God. The Hebrew word for spirit, "ruach," also means wind or breath, as seen in Genesis 1:2. This imagery connects to the presence of God and His creative power, as well as the prophecy in Ezekiel 37:9-10, where the breath of God brings life to dry bones.

came from heaven
The origin of the sound from heaven signifies its divine source, underscoring the heavenly authority and origin of the Holy Spirit. This aligns with the biblical understanding of heaven as the dwelling place of God, from where divine interventions and blessings are dispensed, as seen in the baptism of Jesus (Matthew 3:16-17).

and filled the whole house
The filling of the house symbolizes the comprehensive and all-encompassing nature of the Holy Spirit's presence. This mirrors the Old Testament accounts of God's glory filling the tabernacle and temple (Exodus 40:34-35, 1 Kings 8:10-11), indicating a new era where God's presence dwells among His people in a new way.

where they were sitting
The disciples were sitting, a posture of waiting and readiness, reflecting their obedience to Jesus' command to wait for the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:4). This setting in a house also highlights the intimate and communal aspect of the early church, which often gathered in homes for worship and fellowship, as seen throughout Acts.

They saw tongues
The phrase "they saw" indicates a visible, supernatural event witnessed by those present. This aligns with the biblical theme of God revealing Himself through signs and wonders. The "tongues" symbolize communication and the spreading of the Gospel, reflecting the reversal of the confusion of languages at the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9). This event marks the beginning of the Church's mission to proclaim the Gospel to all nations.

like flames of fire
Fire in the Bible often represents God's presence, purity, and judgment. In Exodus 3:2, God appears to Moses in a burning bush, and in Exodus 19:18, Mount Sinai is covered with smoke because the Lord descends on it in fire. The "flames of fire" here signify the Holy Spirit's purifying and empowering presence, preparing the disciples for their mission. This imagery also connects to the prophecy in Joel 2:28-29, where God promises to pour out His Spirit on all people.

that separated
The separation of the flames indicates the individual empowerment of each believer. This signifies that the Holy Spirit's presence and gifts are not limited to a select few but are available to all who believe. This democratization of the Spirit's power fulfills the promise of the New Covenant, where God writes His law on the hearts of His people (Jeremiah 31:33).

and came to rest on each of them
The resting of the flames on each person signifies the personal and abiding presence of the Holy Spirit. This fulfills Jesus' promise in John 14:16-17 that the Spirit would dwell with and in the believers. The individual indwelling of the Holy Spirit marks the believers as God's temple (1 Corinthians 6:19) and empowers them for witness and service, as seen throughout the Acts of the Apostles.

And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit
This event marks the fulfillment of Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8, where He assured the disciples that they would receive power when the Holy Spirit came upon them. The filling of the Holy Spirit signifies a new era in God's redemptive plan, where the Spirit empowers believers for ministry and witness. This moment is also a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, particularly Joel 2:28-29, which speaks of God's Spirit being poured out on all people. The filling of the Holy Spirit is a transformative experience, equipping the apostles for the mission of spreading the Gospel.

and began to speak in other tongues
The speaking in tongues here refers to the miraculous ability to speak in languages previously unknown to the speakers. This phenomenon serves as a sign of the Holy Spirit's power and presence. It also symbolizes the breaking down of language barriers, reflecting the universal nature of the Gospel message. This event reverses the confusion of languages at the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9), demonstrating God's desire for unity among all peoples through the message of Christ.

as the Spirit enabled them
The phrase emphasizes that the ability to speak in other tongues was not a human achievement but a divine gift. The Holy Spirit is the source of this empowerment, highlighting the dependence of believers on God's Spirit for effective ministry. This divine enabling is consistent with the broader biblical theme that God equips those He calls, as seen in the lives of Old Testament figures like Moses and the prophets. The Spirit's enabling underscores the importance of reliance on God rather than human strength or wisdom in the work of the Kingdom.

Now there were dwelling in Jerusalem
The phrase indicates a temporary or permanent residence in Jerusalem. Jerusalem was the religious and cultural center for Jews, especially during significant feasts like Pentecost. The city was bustling with activity, as Jews from various regions would travel to fulfill religious obligations. This setting is crucial for understanding the events of Pentecost, as it provided a diverse audience for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit.

God-fearing Jews
These were devout Jews who adhered to the Law of Moses and participated in Jewish religious practices. The term "God-fearing" often refers to those who were particularly pious and reverent, possibly including proselytes or Gentile converts to Judaism. Their presence in Jerusalem during Pentecost highlights their commitment to their faith and the significance of the festival.

from every nation under heaven
This hyperbolic expression emphasizes the widespread dispersion of Jews across the known world at the time. It reflects the historical context of the Jewish Diaspora, where Jews lived in various regions due to exile and trade. This diversity set the stage for the miraculous event of speaking in tongues, as it allowed the message of the Gospel to be understood by people of different languages and cultures. This moment also fulfills the prophecy of the Gospel reaching all nations, as seen in passages like Isaiah 2:2-3 and foreshadows the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19.

And when this sound rang out
The "sound" refers to the noise like a violent wind that filled the house where the apostles were gathered (Acts 2:2). This event took place during the Jewish festival of Pentecost, a time when Jerusalem was filled with pilgrims from various regions. The sound signifies the arrival of the Holy Spirit, fulfilling Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8. The imagery of wind is often associated with the Spirit in Scripture, as seen in Ezekiel 37:9-10 and John 3:8.

a crowd came together in bewilderment
The crowd's gathering indicates the significant impact of the sound, drawing people from different backgrounds. The term "bewilderment" suggests confusion and amazement, highlighting the supernatural nature of the event. This moment sets the stage for Peter's sermon, which leads to the conversion of about three thousand people (Acts 2:41). The gathering of the crowd fulfills the prophecy of Joel 2:28-32, where God promises to pour out His Spirit on all people.

because each one heard them speaking his own language
This miraculous event demonstrates the reversal of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9), where God confused human language. Here, the Holy Spirit enables the apostles to speak in various languages, symbolizing the unifying power of the Gospel. This moment foreshadows the global mission of the Church, as Jesus commanded in Matthew 28:19-20. The ability to speak in different tongues signifies the inclusivity of the Gospel, breaking down cultural and linguistic barriers, as later emphasized by Paul in Galatians 3:28.

Astounded and amazed
The reaction of the crowd highlights the miraculous nature of the event. The terms "astounded" and "amazed" indicate a profound sense of wonder and disbelief. This response is consistent with other biblical accounts where divine intervention elicits awe, such as the reactions to Jesus' miracles (e.g., Mark 6:51-52). The Holy Spirit's arrival at Pentecost fulfills Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8, empowering the disciples to be His witnesses. The crowd's amazement underscores the supernatural aspect of speaking in tongues, a sign of the Spirit's work.

they asked
The questioning by the crowd suggests a search for understanding and meaning. This mirrors other instances in Scripture where people seek to comprehend God's actions, such as Nicodemus questioning Jesus in John 3:4. The inquiry reflects a common human response to divine mysteries, prompting further exploration and dialogue. It sets the stage for Peter's subsequent sermon, which provides clarity and context to the events unfolding.

“Are not all these who are speaking Galileans?
The identification of the speakers as Galileans is significant. Galilee was a region often viewed with skepticism and prejudice by Judeans, as seen in John 1:46 when Nathanael questions if anything good can come from Nazareth. The Galilean identity of the disciples emphasizes God's use of the humble and unexpected to fulfill His purposes, aligning with the biblical theme of God choosing the lowly (1 Corinthians 1:27-29). This also highlights the fulfillment of prophecy, as Isaiah 9:1-2 speaks of a great light coming from Galilee. The ability of Galileans to speak in various languages further demonstrates the power of the Holy Spirit, breaking down cultural and linguistic barriers to spread the Gospel.

How is it then that each of us
This phrase reflects the astonishment and confusion of the crowd gathered in Jerusalem for the Feast of Pentecost. The crowd consisted of Jews from various regions, each with their own dialects and languages. The question highlights the miraculous nature of the event, as it was unexpected for such a diverse group to understand the apostles without a common language. This moment fulfills Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8 that the disciples would receive power from the Holy Spirit to be His witnesses to the ends of the earth.

hears them
The ability to hear and understand the apostles speaking in different languages was a supernatural event enabled by the Holy Spirit. This hearing was not just auditory but also comprehensible, indicating a divine intervention that allowed the message of the Gospel to transcend linguistic barriers. This event signifies the reversal of the confusion of languages at the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9), where God scattered people by giving them different languages. Here, God unites people through the understanding of the Gospel.

in his own native language?
The term "native language" refers to the specific dialect or language spoken by individuals from different regions. This detail emphasizes the personal nature of the miracle, as each person heard the message in the language most familiar to them. This inclusivity underscores the universal scope of the Gospel, intended for all nations and peoples. It also prefigures the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20), where Jesus commands His disciples to make disciples of all nations, highlighting the global mission of the Church.

Parthians, Medes, and Elamites;
The mention of Parthians, Medes, and Elamites highlights the diverse audience present at Pentecost. The Parthians were part of a significant empire east of the Roman Empire, known for their cavalry and conflicts with Rome. The Medes, historically linked with the Persians, were an ancient people mentioned in the Old Testament, notably in the book of Daniel. Elamites were from the region of Elam, an ancient civilization located in what is now southwestern Iran. This diversity underscores the fulfillment of the prophecy in Joel 2:28-32, where God's Spirit is poured out on all people, transcending ethnic and national boundaries.

residents of Mesopotamia,
Mesopotamia, meaning "land between rivers," refers to the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. This area is significant in biblical history as the location of the early chapters of Genesis, including the Garden of Eden and the Tower of Babel. The presence of Mesopotamian residents at Pentecost signifies the reach of Jewish diaspora communities and the spread of the gospel to regions foundational to human civilization.

Judea and Cappadocia,
Judea, the region surrounding Jerusalem, was the heart of Jewish religious life and the location of the temple. Its mention emphasizes the centrality of Jerusalem in God's redemptive plan, as prophesied in Isaiah 2:3, where the law and the word of the Lord would go forth from Zion. Cappadocia, located in modern-day Turkey, was a Roman province known for its unique geological formations and early Christian communities. The inclusion of Cappadocians illustrates the spread of Judaism and later Christianity into Asia Minor, as seen in Peter's epistles (1 Peter 1:1).

Pontus and Asia,
Pontus, a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, was known for its strategic importance and diverse population. It is mentioned in Acts 18:2, where Aquila, a native of Pontus, is introduced. Asia, in this context, refers to the Roman province of Asia, located in western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). This area included cities like Ephesus and Smyrna, which were significant centers for early Christianity. The mention of these regions highlights the widespread nature of the Jewish diaspora and sets the stage for the missionary journeys of Paul, who would later travel extensively through these areas, as recorded in Acts and his epistles.

Phrygia and Pamphylia
Phrygia and Pamphylia were regions in Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey. Phrygia was known for its diverse population and was a center for early Christian activity. Paul traveled through Phrygia during his missionary journeys (Acts 16:6, 18:23). Pamphylia, located on the southern coast, was a region Paul visited during his first missionary journey (Acts 13:13). The mention of these regions highlights the widespread nature of the Jewish diaspora and the early spread of Christianity.

Egypt
Egypt was a significant center of Jewish life outside of Israel, with a large Jewish population in Alexandria. This reflects the historical context of the Jewish diaspora, which began with the Babylonian exile and continued under various empires. Egypt's mention here underscores the fulfillment of prophecy regarding the spread of God's word to all nations (Isaiah 19:19-25). The presence of Jews from Egypt at Pentecost signifies the gathering of God's people from diverse regions.

and the parts of Libya near Cyrene
Cyrene was a city in present-day Libya, North Africa, and had a substantial Jewish community. Simon of Cyrene, who carried Jesus' cross, was from this region (Mark 15:21). The mention of Cyrene indicates the far-reaching influence of Judaism and the early Christian message. It also highlights the multicultural nature of the early church, as people from various backgrounds came to faith in Christ.

visitors from Rome
Rome was the heart of the Roman Empire and had a significant Jewish population. The presence of Roman visitors at Pentecost is crucial, as it foreshadows the spread of Christianity to the heart of the empire. Paul later writes to the Roman church, emphasizing the gospel's power and the unity of Jewish and Gentile believers (Romans 1:16, 11:11-24). This mention also points to the fulfillment of Jesus' command to be witnesses "to the ends of the earth" (Acts 1:8).

both Jews and converts to Judaism;
This phrase highlights the diverse audience present at Pentecost. Jews from various regions had gathered in Jerusalem for the Feast of Weeks, also known as Shavuot. Converts to Judaism, or proselytes, were Gentiles who had fully embraced Jewish faith and customs, including circumcision and adherence to the Law of Moses. This inclusion signifies the early church's outreach beyond ethnic Jews, foreshadowing the later mission to the Gentiles. The presence of both groups underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his descendants (Genesis 12:3).

Cretans and Arabs—
Crete is an island in the Mediterranean, known for its strategic location and diverse population. The mention of Cretans indicates the wide geographical spread of those present. Arabs, likely from the Nabatean Kingdom or surrounding regions, represent the easternmost attendees. This diversity illustrates the widespread Jewish diaspora and the reach of the Roman Empire. It also reflects the prophecy in Joel 2:28-32, where God's Spirit is poured out on all people, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries.

we hear them declaring the wonders of God
The apostles, filled with the Holy Spirit, spoke in various languages, allowing each person to hear the message in their native tongue. The "wonders of God" likely refer to the mighty works and acts of God throughout history, including creation, the Exodus, and the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. This miraculous event signifies the reversal of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9), where language was confused. Here, language becomes a tool for unity and understanding, emphasizing the universal nature of the Gospel.

in our own tongues!”
The ability to hear the message in their own languages was a powerful testament to the authenticity and divine origin of the apostles' message. It demonstrated the inclusivity of the Gospel, breaking down barriers of language and culture. This event prefigures the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20), where Jesus commands His followers to make disciples of all nations. The use of "tongues" also connects to the spiritual gift of speaking in tongues, later discussed by Paul in 1 Corinthians 12-14, as a sign for unbelievers and a means of edification within the church.

Astounded and perplexed
The crowd's reaction of being "astounded and perplexed" reflects the extraordinary nature of the events they witnessed. This occurred during the Feast of Pentecost, a significant Jewish festival, which drew Jews from various regions to Jerusalem. The sudden ability of the apostles to speak in different languages was a miraculous sign, fulfilling Jesus' promise of the Holy Spirit's power (Acts 1:8). The terms "astounded" and "perplexed" indicate a mix of amazement and confusion, highlighting the supernatural aspect of the event. This reaction is reminiscent of other biblical instances where divine intervention left people in awe, such as the parting of the Red Sea (Exodus 14:31).

they asked one another
The phrase "they asked one another" suggests a communal effort to understand the phenomenon. This reflects the Jewish tradition of discussing and interpreting events collectively, often seen in synagogues and among the Pharisees. The communal nature of their inquiry underscores the importance of community in seeking understanding and truth, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture (Proverbs 27:17).

“What does this mean?”
The question "What does this mean?" indicates a search for understanding and purpose behind the miraculous event. This question is central to the narrative, as it sets the stage for Peter's subsequent sermon, where he explains the fulfillment of prophecy from Joel 2:28-32 and the significance of Jesus' resurrection and ascension. The inquiry reflects a deeper spiritual hunger and openness to divine revelation, echoing the prophetic tradition where signs and wonders often required interpretation (Daniel 5:25-28). This moment also prefigures the spread of the Gospel, as the understanding of God's work through Christ would soon extend beyond the Jewish community to the Gentiles.

But others mocked them
This phrase highlights the skepticism and disbelief that some people had towards the miraculous events occurring at Pentecost. The mocking attitude reflects a common human response to the unfamiliar or supernatural, often seen throughout Scripture when God's power is displayed (e.g., 2 Kings 2:23-24, where Elisha is mocked). This reaction contrasts with those who were amazed and perplexed, showing the division in response to the Holy Spirit's work. The mockers represent a hardened heart, unwilling to accept the divine explanation for the apostles' behavior.

and said, “They are drunk
The accusation of drunkenness was a dismissive explanation for the apostles' speaking in tongues. In the cultural context of the time, public drunkenness was not uncommon, and attributing unusual behavior to intoxication was a way to undermine the legitimacy of the apostles' message. This reflects a misunderstanding of the spiritual event taking place, as the apostles were filled with the Holy Spirit, not wine. This misunderstanding is addressed by Peter in Acts 2:15, where he clarifies that it is only the third hour of the day, a time when people would not typically be drunk.

on new wine!”
New wine refers to freshly fermented wine, which could be more intoxicating due to its freshness. The mention of new wine is significant because it underscores the mockers' attempt to rationalize the supernatural with a natural explanation. This phrase also serves as a contrast to the "new wine" of the Holy Spirit, which brings about a new covenant and transformation in believers (Luke 5:37-39). The irony is that while the mockers attribute the apostles' behavior to physical intoxication, they are actually witnessing the spiritual "intoxication" of the Holy Spirit's power.

Then Peter stood up with the Eleven
Peter, as the leader among the apostles, takes a prominent role in addressing the crowd. This moment marks the beginning of the apostles' public ministry after the ascension of Jesus. The "Eleven" refers to the remaining apostles after Judas Iscariot's betrayal and death, highlighting the unity and authority of the apostolic group. This setting is significant as it occurs during Pentecost, a Jewish feast, when Jerusalem was filled with pilgrims from various regions.

lifted up his voice
Peter's action of raising his voice signifies the importance and urgency of his message. In the cultural context, public speaking was a common method for addressing large crowds, and Peter's boldness contrasts with his previous denials of Jesus. This transformation is attributed to the empowerment of the Holy Spirit, which had just been poured out on the apostles.

and addressed the crowd
The crowd consisted of devout Jews from every nation under heaven, gathered in Jerusalem for the feast. This diverse audience underscores the universal nature of the gospel message. Peter's address is a fulfillment of Jesus' command to be His witnesses in Jerusalem and beyond, as seen in Acts 1:8.

Men of Judea and all who dwell in Jerusalem
Peter specifically addresses the local inhabitants and those visiting Jerusalem, acknowledging their shared Jewish heritage. This greeting establishes common ground and respect, essential for effective communication. The mention of "Judea" and "Jerusalem" connects the message to the heart of Jewish religious life and prophecy.

let this be known to you
Peter's declaration emphasizes the importance and truth of the message he is about to deliver. This phrase serves as a call to attention, urging the audience to recognize the significance of the events they are witnessing, which are the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.

and listen carefully to my words
Peter's exhortation to listen carefully indicates the gravity of his message. In the biblical context, listening implies not just hearing but understanding and responding. This call to attentiveness is crucial as Peter is about to explain the outpouring of the Holy Spirit and its implications for salvation history, connecting it to the prophecy of Joel and the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

These men are not drunk, as you suppose.
In the context of Acts 2, the apostles had just been filled with the Holy Spirit, resulting in them speaking in various tongues. This miraculous event led some onlookers to mock them, suggesting they were drunk. Peter's response here is a defense against this accusation. The cultural context of the time shows that drunkenness was not uncommon, but Peter's assertion highlights the absurdity of the claim given the time of day. This moment also fulfills Jesus' promise of the Holy Spirit in John 14:16-17, marking the beginning of the Church's mission.

It is only the third hour of the day!
The "third hour" refers to approximately 9:00 AM, as the Jewish day began at sunrise, around 6:00 AM. This detail underscores the unlikelihood of the apostles being drunk, as it was customary for Jews to refrain from eating or drinking until after morning prayers. This time reference also connects to the Jewish practice of morning sacrifices, aligning the outpouring of the Holy Spirit with a time of worship and devotion. The early hour emphasizes the divine nature of the event, distinguishing it from ordinary human behavior and pointing to the fulfillment of Joel's prophecy about the outpouring of the Spirit (Joel 2:28-32).

No,
This phrase serves as a direct refutation or correction. Peter is addressing the crowd's misunderstanding of the events occurring at Pentecost, where some accused the apostles of being drunk. The use of "No" indicates a strong denial and sets the stage for a clarification based on Scripture.

this is what was spoken
Peter emphasizes that the events they are witnessing are not random or chaotic but are a fulfillment of prophecy. This phrase underscores the importance of prophecy in understanding God's plan and the continuity between the Old and New Testaments. It highlights the role of the Holy Spirit in revealing truth and fulfilling God's promises.

by the prophet Joel:
Peter references the prophet Joel, an Old Testament figure whose writings are part of the Minor Prophets. Joel's prophecy, found in Joel 2:28-32, speaks of the outpouring of the Spirit in the last days. This connection to Joel underscores the fulfillment of God's promises and the inauguration of a new era in salvation history. It also highlights the continuity of God's redemptive plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament. Joel's prophecy is significant because it points to the democratization of the Spirit, where all people, regardless of status, can receive the Spirit's power.

In the last days, God says,
This phrase refers to the eschatological period that began with the first coming of Christ and continues until His return. The "last days" are a time of fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, as seen in Joel 2:28-32, which Peter quotes in Acts 2. This period is characterized by the outpouring of the Holy Spirit and the establishment of the New Covenant. The term "last days" is also used in Hebrews 1:2 to describe the time when God has spoken to us by His Son.

I will pour out My Spirit on all people.
The promise of the Holy Spirit being poured out signifies a new era of accessibility to God's presence and power, not limited to specific individuals like prophets, priests, or kings, as in the Old Testament. This democratization of the Spirit is a fulfillment of Joel's prophecy and is evident at Pentecost when the Holy Spirit descends on the believers. The phrase "all people" indicates the inclusivity of this promise, transcending ethnic, gender, and social barriers, as seen in Galatians 3:28.

Your sons and daughters will prophesy,
This indicates that the gift of prophecy, once reserved for select individuals, will be widespread among God's people, including both genders. This is a radical departure from the cultural norms of the time, where women were often excluded from religious leadership roles. The inclusion of daughters highlights the breaking down of gender barriers in the New Covenant community. Prophecy here involves speaking forth God's truth and revelation, as seen in 1 Corinthians 14:1.

your young men will see visions,
Visions are a means by which God communicates His will and guidance, often providing insight into His plans and purposes. The mention of "young men" suggests that the younger generation will be active participants in receiving divine revelation. This aligns with biblical instances where God uses visions to direct His people, such as in the case of Joseph in Genesis 37 and Daniel in Daniel 7.

your old men will dream dreams.
Dreams, like visions, are a method of divine communication, often used to reveal God's plans or provide warnings. The inclusion of "old men" emphasizes that age is not a barrier to receiving God's revelation. This reflects the biblical tradition of God speaking through dreams, as seen with Jacob in Genesis 28 and Solomon in 1 Kings 3. The mention of both young and old receiving revelation underscores the comprehensive nature of the Spirit's work in the community of believers.

Even on My menservants and maidservants
This phrase highlights the inclusivity of God's promise, extending beyond societal hierarchies. In the ancient world, servants were often considered the lowest social class, yet God promises His Spirit to them as well. This reflects the breaking down of social barriers in the early Christian community, as seen in Galatians 3:28, where Paul states that there is neither slave nor free in Christ. The use of "menservants and maidservants" also echoes Joel 2:29, emphasizing the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy.

I will pour out My Spirit
The imagery of pouring out suggests abundance and generosity. This act signifies a new era of divine interaction with humanity, where the Holy Spirit is not limited to prophets, priests, or kings but is available to all believers. This outpouring fulfills the promise of the New Covenant found in Ezekiel 36:26-27, where God promises to give a new heart and spirit to His people. The event of Pentecost, described earlier in Acts 2, is the initial fulfillment of this promise, marking the birth of the Church.

in those days
This phrase refers to the eschatological period initiated by the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. "Those days" are the last days, a term used in the New Testament to describe the time between Christ's first and second coming. This period is characterized by the active work of the Holy Spirit in the world, as seen in the spread of the Gospel and the growth of the Church.

and they will prophesy
Prophesying here is not limited to predicting the future but includes speaking forth God's truth, inspired by the Holy Spirit. This democratization of prophecy signifies that all believers, regardless of social status, can be vessels of divine revelation. The ability to prophesy is a sign of the Spirit's presence, as seen in 1 Corinthians 14:1, where Paul encourages believers to desire spiritual gifts, especially prophecy. This empowerment for ministry and witness is a key aspect of the Spirit's work in the Church.

I will show wonders in the heavens above
This phrase indicates divine intervention and the manifestation of God's power. In biblical context, "wonders" often refer to miraculous events that signify God's presence and authority. The heavens are frequently associated with God's domain, and wonders in the heavens can symbolize divine messages or judgments. This aligns with Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Joel 2:30-31, which speak of cosmic signs preceding the Day of the Lord. These wonders serve as a testament to God's sovereignty and are meant to capture the attention of humanity, urging them to recognize His power and authority.

and signs on the earth below
Signs on the earth are tangible events or phenomena that indicate God's active involvement in the world. In biblical history, signs often accompany significant divine actions or covenants, such as the plagues in Egypt or the parting of the Red Sea. These signs are meant to confirm God's word and prompt a response from people, whether it be repentance, faith, or awe. The dual mention of wonders in the heavens and signs on the earth underscores the comprehensive nature of God's revelation, affecting both the spiritual and physical realms.

blood and fire and billows of smoke
This imagery is evocative of apocalyptic literature, where such elements often symbolize judgment and purification. Blood can represent sacrifice, violence, or the cost of sin, while fire is frequently associated with God's presence, judgment, and purification, as seen in passages like Malachi 3:2-3. Billows of smoke can indicate destruction or the aftermath of divine judgment, reminiscent of the smoke that rose from Sodom and Gomorrah. These elements together suggest a time of upheaval and transformation, pointing to the eschatological events that accompany the coming of God's kingdom. They serve as a call to readiness and repentance, urging believers to align themselves with God's purposes in anticipation of His ultimate intervention in history.

The sun will be turned to darkness
This phrase is often associated with apocalyptic imagery found throughout the Bible, symbolizing significant divine intervention or judgment. In the Old Testament, similar language is used in prophetic books like Joel 2:31, which Acts 2:20 directly quotes. This imagery is also present in Isaiah 13:10 and Amos 8:9, where cosmic disturbances accompany God's judgment. The darkening of the sun can symbolize the removal of God's favor or the onset of a period of tribulation. In the New Testament, such imagery is echoed in the descriptions of the end times in Matthew 24:29 and Revelation 6:12, indicating a time of upheaval and the fulfillment of divine prophecy.

and the moon to blood
The transformation of the moon to blood is another apocalyptic sign, often interpreted as a portent of significant events in God's redemptive plan. This imagery suggests a dramatic change in the natural order, reflecting the severity and magnitude of the events to come. The "blood moon" is a phenomenon that can occur during a lunar eclipse, but in biblical prophecy, it symbolizes impending judgment or the ushering in of a new era. This phrase is also found in Joel 2:31 and is echoed in Revelation 6:12, reinforcing the theme of cosmic signs preceding divine intervention.

before the coming of the great and glorious Day of the Lord
The "Day of the Lord" is a recurring theme in biblical prophecy, representing a time when God will decisively intervene in human history to judge the wicked and deliver the righteous. This concept is prevalent in the Old Testament, seen in passages like Zephaniah 1:14-18 and Malachi 4:5, where it is depicted as a day of both judgment and salvation. In the New Testament, the Day of the Lord is associated with the second coming of Christ, as seen in 1 Thessalonians 5:2 and 2 Peter 3:10. The use of "great and glorious" emphasizes the majesty and significance of this event, highlighting both the awe-inspiring nature of God's intervention and the ultimate fulfillment of His promises.

And everyone
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity of the gospel message. In the context of Acts 2, Peter is addressing a diverse crowd during Pentecost, a Jewish festival that attracted people from various regions. The use of "everyone" signifies that salvation is available to all, regardless of ethnicity, social status, or previous religious background. This aligns with the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19, where Jesus instructs His disciples to make disciples of all nations.

who calls on the name
Calling on the name implies an act of faith and reliance on God. In the Old Testament, calling on the name of the Lord was a common expression of worship and dependence (e.g., Genesis 4:26, Psalm 116:4). It signifies a personal relationship and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty. This act of calling is not merely verbal but involves a heartfelt appeal to God, recognizing His authority and power.

of the Lord
The term "Lord" here is significant as it refers to Jesus Christ, affirming His divinity and role in salvation. In the context of Peter's sermon, he is making a direct connection between Jesus and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Joel 2:32, which this verse quotes. The acknowledgment of Jesus as Lord is central to Christian faith, as seen in Romans 10:9, where confessing Jesus as Lord is linked to salvation.

will be saved.
Salvation is the ultimate promise and hope of the Christian faith. In the historical context of Acts, this message was revolutionary, offering hope beyond the confines of the Jewish law. Salvation encompasses deliverance from sin, reconciliation with God, and the promise of eternal life. This assurance is echoed throughout the New Testament, such as in Ephesians 2:8-9, which emphasizes that salvation is a gift of grace through faith. The certainty of "will be saved" underscores the reliability of God's promise to those who believe.

Men of Israel, listen to this message:
This phrase addresses the Jewish audience present at Pentecost. The term "Men of Israel" signifies the direct appeal to the Jewish people, emphasizing their shared heritage and covenant with God. The call to "listen" underscores the importance of the message, echoing the prophetic tradition where prophets would call the people to hear God's word (e.g., Isaiah 1:10).

Jesus of Nazareth was a man certified by God to you:
"Jesus of Nazareth" identifies Jesus with His earthly origins, fulfilling prophecies about the Messiah's humble beginnings (e.g., Isaiah 53:2-3). The phrase "certified by God" indicates divine approval and authentication of Jesus' ministry. This certification is crucial for the Jewish audience, as it aligns with the expectation of a divinely appointed Messiah.

by miracles, wonders, and signs:
These terms refer to the supernatural acts performed by Jesus, which served as evidence of His divine authority and messianic identity. "Miracles" (dunamis) emphasize power, "wonders" (teras) highlight the awe they inspired, and "signs" (semeion) point to their significance in revealing God's kingdom. These acts fulfilled Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah (e.g., Isaiah 35:5-6).

which God did among you through Him:
This phrase emphasizes that the miracles were acts of God, performed through Jesus, underscoring the divine-human partnership in Jesus' ministry. It highlights the presence of God's power in their midst, affirming Jesus' role as the mediator of God's will and the fulfillment of the messianic promise.

as you yourselves know:
This appeal to the audience's personal knowledge serves as a rhetorical device to affirm the truth of the message. The Jewish people present had either witnessed or heard of Jesus' works, making them firsthand or reliable secondhand witnesses to His ministry. This acknowledgment reinforces the credibility of the apostolic testimony and the undeniable impact of Jesus' life and works.

He was delivered up by God’s set plan and foreknowledge
This phrase emphasizes the divine sovereignty and predetermined plan of God in the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion. It reflects the theological concept that Jesus' death was not an accident or merely the result of human actions, but part of God's redemptive plan from the beginning. This aligns with prophecies such as Isaiah 53:10, which speaks of the suffering servant being crushed by the will of the Lord. The foreknowledge of God indicates His omniscience, knowing all events before they occur, as seen in passages like Psalm 139:16 and Romans 8:29.

and you, by the hands of the lawless,
The "you" refers to the Jewish audience Peter is addressing, implicating them in the crucifixion of Jesus. The "lawless" are the Roman authorities who carried out the execution, as they were not under the Jewish Law. This highlights the collaboration between Jewish leaders and Roman officials in the death of Jesus, fulfilling the prophecy of Psalm 2:1-2, where nations and peoples conspire against the Lord's Anointed. The term "lawless" also underscores the injustice of the trial and execution, as Jesus was sinless and undeserving of death.

put Him to death by nailing Him to the cross.
Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution reserved for the most serious criminals and was considered a curse under Jewish Law (Deuteronomy 21:23). This method of death fulfills the prophecy of Psalm 22:16, which describes the piercing of hands and feet, and Zechariah 12:10, which speaks of looking on the one they have pierced. The act of nailing to the cross symbolizes the ultimate sacrifice for sin, as Jesus bore the punishment on behalf of humanity, aligning with the typology of the Passover lamb in Exodus 12 and the suffering servant in Isaiah 53.

But God raised Him from the dead
This phrase emphasizes the divine intervention in the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The resurrection is central to Christian faith, affirming Jesus' victory over sin and death. It fulfills Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not allowing His Holy One to see decay. The resurrection is also a cornerstone of apostolic preaching, as seen in 1 Corinthians 15:3-4, where Paul underscores its importance. The act of God raising Jesus signifies His approval of Jesus' sacrifice and His power over life and death, distinguishing Christianity from other beliefs.

releasing Him from the agony of death
The "agony of death" refers to the suffering and separation associated with death. In Jewish thought, death was often seen as a state of suffering and corruption. Jesus' release from this agony signifies the breaking of death's power, as prophesied in Isaiah 25:8, which speaks of God swallowing up death forever. This release also prefigures the future resurrection of believers, as promised in 1 Thessalonians 4:14, where those who have died in Christ will be raised.

because it was impossible for death to keep Him in its grip
This phrase highlights the divine necessity and inevitability of the resurrection. Death could not hold Jesus because of His sinless nature and divine identity. Romans 6:9 states that death no longer has dominion over Him, underscoring His eternal life. The impossibility of death's hold is also a testament to Jesus' fulfillment of the law and the prophets, as He is the promised Messiah who conquers death. This victory is a type of the ultimate triumph over evil, as seen in Revelation 1:18, where Jesus declares He holds the keys of death and Hades.

David says about Him:
This phrase introduces a quotation from King David, highlighting the prophetic nature of his words. David, a central figure in Israel's history, is often seen as a type of Christ, foreshadowing the Messiah. The reference to David underscores the continuity between the Old Testament prophecies and their fulfillment in Jesus Christ. This connection is crucial for understanding the legitimacy of Jesus as the promised Messiah, as David's lineage and his writings in the Psalms are frequently cited in the New Testament to affirm Jesus' messianic role.

‘I saw the Lord always before me;
This part of the verse emphasizes the constant presence and guidance of the Lord. In the context of David's life, it reflects his reliance on God during times of trial and triumph. For early Christians, this statement would resonate as an assurance of Christ's presence and guidance. Theologically, it speaks to the omnipresence of God and the believer's ability to live with the awareness of God's continual presence. This phrase also connects to the idea of Jesus as the Good Shepherd, always leading and protecting His flock.

because He is at my right hand,
The right hand is a position of honor and strength. In ancient cultures, being at someone's right hand signified a place of power and support. For David, this meant God's unwavering support and strength in his kingship and personal life. In the New Testament context, it reflects Jesus' exalted position at the right hand of God, as seen in passages like Hebrews 1:3. This imagery reinforces the authority and power of Christ, who intercedes for believers and reigns with God.

I will not be shaken.
This phrase conveys a sense of security and stability. For David, it meant confidence in God's protection and promises, despite the challenges he faced. In the broader biblical narrative, it speaks to the unshakeable foundation that faith in God provides. For Christians, this assurance is found in Jesus Christ, who is described as the cornerstone and the rock of salvation. This confidence is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 62:6, where the psalmist declares trust in God as a refuge and fortress.

Therefore my heart is glad
This phrase reflects a deep sense of joy and assurance. In the context of Acts 2, Peter is quoting Psalm 16:9, attributed to King David. The joy expressed here is rooted in the confidence of God's faithfulness and promises. In the broader biblical narrative, joy is often linked to the presence and promises of God (Psalm 16:11, Philippians 4:4). The heart, in biblical terms, represents the center of one's being, encompassing emotions, will, and intellect.

and my tongue rejoices;
The rejoicing of the tongue signifies an outward expression of the inner joy and confidence found in God. This aligns with the biblical theme of verbal praise and proclamation of God's goodness (Psalm 71:23, Hebrews 13:15). In the cultural context of ancient Israel, oral expression was a primary means of communication and worship, emphasizing the importance of speaking out one's faith and joy.

my body also will dwell in hope,
This phrase speaks to the assurance of physical security and resurrection. In the immediate context of Acts 2, Peter uses this to affirm the resurrection of Jesus, connecting it to the hope of believers' future resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:20-22). The term "dwell" suggests a sense of abiding or resting, indicating a state of peace and security. The hope mentioned here is not wishful thinking but a confident expectation based on God's promises, as seen throughout Scripture (Romans 8:23-25, 1 Peter 1:3-5).

because You will not abandon my soul to Hades
This phrase is a quotation from Psalm 16:10, where David expresses confidence that God will not leave him in the realm of the dead. In the context of Acts 2, Peter uses this verse to argue that David was speaking prophetically about the Messiah, Jesus Christ. The term "Hades" refers to the abode of the dead, a concept familiar in both Jewish and Greco-Roman thought. In Jewish tradition, Sheol is the equivalent of Hades, a place where souls reside after death. Theologically, this phrase underscores the belief in the resurrection, affirming that Jesus' soul was not left in the grave, but He was raised to life, fulfilling the prophecy and demonstrating His victory over death.

nor will You let Your Holy One see decay
The term "Holy One" is a messianic title, indicating someone set apart by God for a divine purpose. In the New Testament, Jesus is frequently identified as the Holy One of God. The phrase "see decay" refers to the physical decomposition that occurs after death. Peter's argument in Acts 2 is that David, who died and was buried, did see decay, but Jesus, as the Holy One, did not. This is a critical point in early Christian preaching, emphasizing the bodily resurrection of Jesus as a unique event that sets Him apart from all others. The resurrection is seen as a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and a cornerstone of Christian faith, affirming Jesus' divine nature and His role as the Savior.

You have made known to me the paths of life;
This phrase reflects the revelation of divine guidance and wisdom. In the context of Acts 2, Peter is quoting Psalm 16:11, attributed to David, which speaks of God's guidance and the assurance of life beyond death. The "paths of life" can be understood as the ways of righteousness and eternal life, which are revealed through Jesus Christ. This aligns with Jesus' declaration in John 14:6, where He states, "I am the way, the truth, and the life." The phrase emphasizes the fulfillment of God's promises and the clarity provided through the Holy Spirit, which was poured out at Pentecost, enabling believers to understand and walk in God's ways.

You will fill me with joy in Your presence.
This part of the verse highlights the joy and fulfillment found in communion with God. The presence of God is a central theme throughout Scripture, often associated with the temple in the Old Testament and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit in the New Testament. The joy mentioned here is not merely an emotional state but a profound sense of peace and satisfaction that comes from being in right relationship with God. This joy is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and is fully realized in the presence of God, both now and in the eternal future. The early church experienced this joy as they gathered in unity and fellowship, empowered by the Holy Spirit, as described in Acts 2.

Brothers,
The term "brothers" indicates Peter is addressing fellow Jews, emphasizing a shared heritage and faith. This term fosters a sense of community and unity among the listeners, who are gathered in Jerusalem for Pentecost.

I can tell you with confidence
Peter speaks with authority and certainty, underscoring the reliability of his message. This confidence is rooted in his firsthand experience with Jesus and the empowerment of the Holy Spirit, which has just been poured out on the apostles.

that the patriarch David
David is a central figure in Jewish history, revered as a king and a man after God's own heart. His role as a patriarch highlights his foundational place in the lineage of Israel and the messianic expectations tied to his descendants.

died and was buried,
This statement acknowledges the historical reality of David's death, countering any claims of his bodily resurrection. It emphasizes the human mortality of even the greatest of Israel's leaders, setting the stage for the contrast with Jesus' resurrection.

and his tomb is with us to this day.
David's tomb was a well-known site in Jerusalem, serving as a tangible reminder of his death. This reference underscores the permanence of David's physical death, contrasting with the empty tomb of Jesus. It also serves as a historical anchor, grounding Peter's message in verifiable facts.

But he was a prophet
David is recognized as a prophet in the New Testament, highlighting his role beyond that of a king. This acknowledgment aligns with the Jewish understanding of David as a recipient of divine revelation, as seen in the Psalms, which often contain prophetic elements pointing to the Messiah.

and knew that God had promised him on oath
This refers to the Davidic Covenant found in 2 Samuel 7:12-16, where God promises David that his lineage will endure forever. The oath signifies the unbreakable nature of God's promise, emphasizing the certainty and divine authority behind it.

that He would place one of his descendants on his throne
This is a direct reference to the messianic expectation that the Messiah would come from the line of David. It connects to prophecies such as Isaiah 9:7 and Jeremiah 23:5-6, which speak of a righteous ruler from David's line. In the New Testament, Jesus is identified as this descendant, fulfilling the promise through His eternal reign, as seen in Luke 1:32-33.

Foreseeing this
David, as a prophet, had the ability to foresee events beyond his own time. This phrase indicates the divine inspiration given to David, allowing him to speak of future events. In the context of biblical prophecy, foreseeing often involves a revelation from God, which is consistent with the role of prophets in the Old Testament.

David spoke about the resurrection of the Christ
David's writings, particularly in the Psalms, are seen as prophetic, pointing to the Messiah. Psalm 16:10 is often cited as a prophecy of Christ's resurrection. The connection between David and Jesus is significant, as Jesus is often referred to as the Son of David, fulfilling the Davidic covenant that promised a ruler from David's line.

that He was not abandoned to Hades
Hades, in Jewish thought, is the realm of the dead. The prophecy indicates that the Messiah would not be left in the state of death. This aligns with the New Testament teaching of Jesus' victory over death and His resurrection, which is central to Christian faith.

nor did His body see decay
This phrase emphasizes the physical resurrection of Jesus. Unlike others who die and experience bodily decay, Jesus' resurrection was unique in that His body did not undergo corruption. This fulfills the prophecy and underscores the miraculous nature of the resurrection, affirming Jesus' divine nature and the power of God over death.

God has raised this Jesus to life
This phrase emphasizes the central Christian doctrine of the resurrection. The resurrection is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 16:10, which Peter quotes earlier in Acts 2:27. The resurrection is a divine act, underscoring Jesus' identity as the Son of God. It confirms Jesus' victory over death and sin, a cornerstone of Christian faith. The resurrection is also a pivotal event that distinguishes Christianity from other religions, as it asserts that Jesus is alive and active in the world today.

to which we are all witnesses
The term "witnesses" refers to the apostles and other followers of Jesus who personally saw the risen Christ. This eyewitness testimony is crucial for the credibility of the resurrection account. In 1 Corinthians 15:5-8, Paul lists those who witnessed the resurrected Jesus, providing a historical basis for the claim. The role of a witness in the first-century context was significant, as it provided legal and social validation. The apostles' willingness to suffer and die for their testimony further supports the truth of their claims. This phrase also highlights the communal aspect of the early church, united in their experience and proclamation of the risen Christ.

Exalted, then, to the right hand of God
This phrase signifies Jesus Christ's ascension and His position of authority and honor. The "right hand" is a metaphor for power and sovereignty, reflecting Psalm 110:1, where David speaks of the Messiah sitting at God's right hand. This exaltation fulfills the prophecy of Daniel 7:13-14, where the Son of Man is given dominion and glory. It underscores the completion of Jesus' earthly mission and His divine nature, affirming His role as the mediator between God and humanity.

He has received from the Father the promised Holy Spirit
This indicates the fulfillment of Jesus' promise to send the Holy Spirit, as mentioned in John 14:16-17 and John 16:7. The Holy Spirit's coming was prophesied in Joel 2:28-29, which Peter later quotes in Acts 2:17-18. The reception of the Holy Spirit by Jesus signifies the approval and empowerment from the Father, marking the beginning of a new era in God's redemptive plan, where the Spirit would indwell and empower believers.

and has poured out what you now see and hear
This refers to the events of Pentecost, where the Holy Spirit was visibly and audibly manifested through the apostles speaking in tongues, as described earlier in Acts 2:1-4. The outpouring of the Spirit is a sign of the new covenant, as foretold in Ezekiel 36:26-27, where God promises to give a new heart and spirit to His people. This event marks the birth of the Church and the empowerment of believers to spread the Gospel, fulfilling Jesus' command in Acts 1:8.

For David did not ascend into heaven
This phrase emphasizes that King David, despite his significant role in Israel's history, did not physically ascend to heaven. In the context of Acts 2, Peter is addressing the crowd at Pentecost, clarifying that David's prophetic words in the Psalms were not about himself but about the Messiah. This distinction is crucial because it underscores the belief in Jesus' unique resurrection and ascension, setting Him apart from all other figures in Jewish history. Theologically, this points to the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy in the New Testament, affirming Jesus' divine nature and His role as the promised Messiah.

but he himself says:
Here, Peter is quoting David to support his argument. This phrase indicates that David, through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, spoke words that were prophetic and not merely personal reflections. It highlights the belief in the divine inspiration of Scripture, where human authors were guided by God to convey truths that often extended beyond their immediate understanding or experience. This also reflects the Jewish tradition of interpreting the Psalms as containing messianic prophecies.

‘The Lord said to my Lord,
This is a direct quotation from Psalm 110:1, a psalm attributed to David. In this context, "The Lord" refers to Yahweh, the covenant name of God, while "my Lord" refers to the Messiah. This verse is significant because it shows a conversation between God and the Messiah, indicating the Messiah's divine authority and pre-existence. The use of "my Lord" by David suggests a recognition of the Messiah's superiority, which is a key point in Peter's argument that Jesus is the Messiah. This verse is frequently cited in the New Testament to affirm Jesus' divine status and His fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy.

“Sit at My right hand
Sitting at the right hand of God is a position of honor, authority, and power. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the right hand was considered a place of favor and strength. This imagery conveys the exaltation of the Messiah, who is given authority over all creation. In the New Testament, this is understood as Jesus' ascension and His current reign in heaven. It signifies the completion of His redemptive work and His ongoing intercession for believers. This phrase also connects to other New Testament passages, such as Hebrews 1:3 and Ephesians 1:20-22, which describe Jesus' exalted position and His role as King and High Priest.

until I make
This phrase indicates a future action, suggesting a period of waiting or anticipation. It reflects God's sovereign timing and plan, emphasizing that the fulfillment of His promises occurs according to His divine schedule. This aligns with the biblical theme of God's control over history and His ultimate authority over all events.

Your enemies
In the biblical context, "enemies" often refers to those who oppose God's will and His people. This can be understood both spiritually, as in the forces of evil, and physically, as in nations or individuals who resist God's purposes. The concept of enemies being subdued is a recurring theme in Scripture, symbolizing the ultimate victory of God's kingdom over all opposition.

a footstool
The imagery of a footstool signifies complete subjugation and defeat. In ancient Near Eastern culture, placing one's feet on the necks of conquered foes was a common practice to demonstrate victory and dominance. This metaphor illustrates the total and final defeat of all opposition to God's reign.

for Your feet.”’
This phrase completes the imagery of victory and authority. It signifies the exaltation and supremacy of the one who is victorious. In the context of Acts 2:35, this is a reference to Jesus Christ, who is exalted at the right hand of God. The fulfillment of this prophecy underscores the messianic role of Jesus and His ultimate triumph over all powers and authorities, as foretold in Psalm 110:1, which is the source of this quotation.

Therefore let all Israel know with certainty
This phrase serves as a conclusive statement following Peter's sermon at Pentecost. The term "all Israel" refers to the Jewish people, emphasizing the message's importance to the entire nation. The certainty mentioned here underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the undeniable truth of Jesus' identity and mission. This call to knowledge is rooted in the Jewish tradition of seeking truth and understanding, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:4-9, where the Shema calls Israel to hear and know the Lord.

that God has made this Jesus
The phrase highlights the divine action in establishing Jesus' role and authority. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promises and His sovereign plan. The use of "this Jesus" points directly to the historical figure who lived, taught, and performed miracles among them, as recorded in the Gospels. It emphasizes the continuity of Jesus' earthly ministry with His exalted status. This aligns with Philippians 2:9-11, where God exalts Jesus and gives Him the name above every name.

whom you crucified
This part of the verse directly addresses the responsibility of the Jewish people in the crucifixion of Jesus. It serves as a convicting reminder of their actions, which were part of God's redemptive plan. The crucifixion, a Roman method of execution, was carried out at the behest of Jewish leaders, as seen in the Gospel accounts. This phrase also connects to Isaiah 53, where the suffering servant is described, pointing to the sacrificial nature of Jesus' death.

both Lord and Christ!
The declaration of Jesus as "Lord" and "Christ" affirms His divine authority and messianic role. "Lord" (Kyrios in Greek) is a title of divinity and sovereignty, often used in the Septuagint to translate the Hebrew name for God, Yahweh. "Christ" (Christos in Greek) means "Anointed One," equivalent to the Hebrew "Messiah." This dual title confirms Jesus as the promised deliverer and ruler, fulfilling prophecies such as Psalm 110:1 and Daniel 7:13-14. The acknowledgment of Jesus as both Lord and Christ is central to Christian faith, as seen in Romans 10:9, where confessing Jesus as Lord is linked to salvation.

When the people heard this
This phrase refers to the crowd's reaction to Peter's sermon on the day of Pentecost. Peter had just explained the fulfillment of prophecy through Jesus Christ's death and resurrection. The audience, primarily Jewish, would have been familiar with the Old Testament prophecies Peter referenced, such as those from Joel and Psalms. The sermon was delivered in Jerusalem, a city central to Jewish religious life, during a major festival, which meant the audience was diverse, including Jews from various regions.

they were cut to the heart
This expression indicates a deep conviction and emotional response. The Greek term used here implies a piercing or stabbing sensation, suggesting that the message profoundly affected the listeners. This conviction is a work of the Holy Spirit, who was poured out on the apostles at Pentecost. The concept of being "cut to the heart" aligns with Hebrews 4:12, which describes the Word of God as living and active, sharper than any double-edged sword.

and asked Peter and the other apostles
Peter, as the spokesperson, stands with the other apostles, signifying unity and collective authority. The apostles were eyewitnesses to Jesus' ministry, death, and resurrection, giving them credibility. This moment marks the beginning of the apostolic ministry, where they take on the role of teaching and guiding the early church.

“Brothers, what shall we do?”
The term "brothers" indicates a sense of community and shared heritage among the Jewish people. The question "what shall we do?" reflects a desire for repentance and action in response to the conviction they felt. This mirrors the response in Luke 3:10, where the crowd asks John the Baptist a similar question. The inquiry shows an openness to change and a willingness to follow the apostles' guidance, setting the stage for Peter's call to repentance and baptism in the following verses.

Peter replied
Peter, one of the twelve apostles and a leading figure in the early church, speaks with authority. His response is to a crowd gathered during Pentecost, a Jewish festival. This moment follows the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, which fulfills Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8. Peter's role as a spokesperson highlights his leadership and the fulfillment of Jesus' words in Matthew 16:18-19.

Repent
Repentance is a call to turn away from sin and change one's mind and heart towards God. It is a consistent theme throughout Scripture, seen in the messages of John the Baptist (Matthew 3:2) and Jesus (Mark 1:15). Repentance is foundational for entering the Kingdom of God and is a prerequisite for receiving forgiveness and salvation.

and be baptized
Baptism is an outward expression of an inward change, symbolizing the believer's identification with the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ (Romans 6:3-4). It was practiced by John the Baptist and commanded by Jesus in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19). Baptism serves as a public declaration of faith and commitment to follow Christ.

every one of you
This phrase emphasizes the universality of the call to repentance and baptism. It is inclusive, extending the invitation to all individuals, regardless of their background or status. This aligns with the message of the Gospel being for all nations (Matthew 28:19) and the breaking down of barriers between Jew and Gentile (Ephesians 2:14).

in the name of Jesus Christ
Baptism in the name of Jesus Christ signifies allegiance to Him and acknowledgment of His authority. It reflects the early church's understanding of Jesus as the Messiah and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies (Isaiah 53, Daniel 9:25-26). The name of Jesus carries power and is central to salvation (Acts 4:12).

for the forgiveness of your sins
Forgiveness is a core aspect of the Gospel, made possible through Jesus' sacrificial death and resurrection (Ephesians 1:7). It restores the broken relationship between humanity and God, fulfilling the promise of a new covenant (Jeremiah 31:31-34). Forgiveness is both a legal and relational act, removing the penalty of sin and reconciling believers to God.

and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit is promised to all believers as a gift, marking the new era of the church. This gift empowers, guides, and sanctifies Christians (John 14:16-17, Galatians 5:22-23). The indwelling of the Holy Spirit is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Joel 2:28-29, and signifies the believer's adoption into God's family (Romans 8:15-16).

This promise belongs to you and your children
The promise refers to the gift of the Holy Spirit, as mentioned earlier in Acts 2:38. This promise is rooted in the Old Testament, where God often made covenants with His people, such as the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:7) that included blessings for future generations. The inclusion of "your children" emphasizes the continuity of God's covenantal faithfulness across generations, reflecting the Jewish understanding of communal and familial blessings.

and to all who are far off
This phrase expands the scope of the promise beyond the immediate Jewish audience to include Gentiles and those geographically distant from Jerusalem. It echoes the prophetic vision of Isaiah 57:19, which speaks of peace to those "far and near." This inclusion signifies the universal nature of the Gospel, fulfilling Jesus' command in Acts 1:8 to be witnesses "to the ends of the earth." It also prefigures the later missionary journeys of Paul, who would bring the Gospel to the Gentiles.

to all whom the Lord our God will call to Himself.
This highlights the divine initiative in salvation, underscoring that it is God who calls individuals to Himself. It aligns with the doctrine of election, as seen in passages like Romans 8:30 and Ephesians 1:4-5, where God predestines and calls His people. The phrase also reflects the fulfillment of Joel 2:32, quoted earlier in Acts 2:21, which states that "everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved." This calling is both an invitation and a divine action, ensuring that the promise of salvation is available to all whom God chooses to draw near.

With many other words he testified
Peter, filled with the Holy Spirit, continues to speak to the crowd gathered at Pentecost. This phrase indicates that the sermon recorded in Acts 2 is a summary, and Peter likely shared more detailed teachings and explanations. The act of testifying is significant in the early church, as it involves bearing witness to the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. This aligns with the role of the apostles as witnesses (Acts 1:8). The use of "many other words" suggests a comprehensive effort to communicate the gospel message, emphasizing the importance of thorough teaching in the early church.

and he urged them
Peter's urging reflects a sense of urgency and importance. The Greek word used here implies a strong exhortation or encouragement. This reflects the apostolic mission to persuade and lead people to repentance and faith in Christ. The urgency is heightened by the eschatological context of the early church, which lived with the expectation of Christ's imminent return. This call to action is consistent with the prophetic tradition, where prophets often urged the people to return to God (e.g., Jeremiah 25:4-5).

“Be saved from this corrupt generation.”
This phrase echoes the prophetic call to separate from the sinful practices of the surrounding culture. The term "corrupt generation" reflects the moral and spiritual decay present in society, reminiscent of the language used by Jesus in Matthew 12:39. The call to "be saved" indicates a need for divine intervention and deliverance, which is a central theme in the New Testament. Salvation is presented as both a present reality and a future hope, achieved through faith in Jesus Christ. This call to be distinct from the world aligns with the biblical theme of holiness and the call to be a "peculiar people" (1 Peter 2:9).

Those who embraced his message
This phrase refers to the response of the crowd to Peter's sermon on the day of Pentecost. Peter's message centered on the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as those found in Joel 2:28-32 and Psalm 16:8-11. The term "embraced" indicates a wholehearted acceptance and belief in the gospel, a transformative moment for the listeners. This acceptance is a fulfillment of Jesus' promise in John 12:32, where He said, "And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people to myself."

were baptized
Baptism here is a public declaration of faith and repentance, symbolizing the washing away of sins and the believer's identification with the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ (Romans 6:3-4). This act follows the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19, where Jesus commands His disciples to baptize in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The practice of baptism has roots in Jewish purification rituals but is given new meaning in the Christian context as an initiation into the community of believers.

and about three thousand
The number "three thousand" signifies a significant and rapid growth of the early church, indicating the powerful work of the Holy Spirit. This event is reminiscent of the giving of the Law at Mount Sinai, where about three thousand people died due to idolatry (Exodus 32:28). In contrast, the giving of the Spirit at Pentecost brings life and salvation to about three thousand, highlighting the new covenant's superiority and grace.

were added to the believers
This addition to the believers marks the formation of the early Christian community, united in faith and purpose. The term "added" suggests divine action, as it is God who grows the church (1 Corinthians 3:6). This community is characterized by devotion to the apostles' teaching, fellowship, breaking of bread, and prayer (Acts 2:42), reflecting the communal and spiritual life intended for the church.

that day
The phrase "that day" refers to the day of Pentecost, a Jewish feast occurring fifty days after Passover, celebrating the firstfruits of the wheat harvest and the giving of the Law. This timing is significant as it marks the birth of the church and the firstfruits of the new covenant community. The events of this day fulfill Jesus' promise of the Holy Spirit in Acts 1:8, empowering the disciples to be His witnesses in Jerusalem and beyond.

They devoted themselves to the apostles’ teaching
The early believers committed themselves wholeheartedly to the teachings of the apostles, who were the primary witnesses of Jesus Christ's life, death, and resurrection. This devotion indicates a continuous and steadfast adherence to the doctrine that the apostles imparted, which was rooted in the teachings of Jesus and the Hebrew Scriptures. The apostles' teaching formed the foundation of Christian doctrine and practice, emphasizing the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies in Christ. This dedication to learning reflects the Jewish tradition of studying the Torah, but now with the revelation of Christ as the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets.

and to the fellowship
The term "fellowship" (Greek: koinonia) implies a deep, communal bond among believers, characterized by mutual support, sharing, and unity. This fellowship was not merely social but spiritual, reflecting the unity of the body of Christ. The early church's fellowship was a radical departure from the individualism of the surrounding Greco-Roman culture, emphasizing instead a community that shared resources and supported one another. This communal life is reminiscent of the communal aspects of Jewish life, such as the shared meals and festivals, but now centered around the shared faith in Christ.

to the breaking of bread
The breaking of bread likely refers to both the communal meals shared among believers and the observance of the Lord's Supper, or Communion. This practice was a tangible expression of their unity in Christ and a remembrance of His sacrifice. The breaking of bread is rooted in Jewish customs, such as the Passover meal, which Jesus reinterpreted at the Last Supper as a symbol of the new covenant in His blood. This act of breaking bread together was a proclamation of the Lord's death until He comes, as Paul later explains in 1 Corinthians 11:26.

and to prayer
Prayer was a central aspect of the early church's life, reflecting their dependence on God and their desire for His guidance and power. The early Christians continued the Jewish tradition of regular prayer, but with a new focus on the name of Jesus and the coming of the Holy Spirit. Prayer was both a personal and communal activity, encompassing praise, thanksgiving, intercession, and supplication. The emphasis on prayer highlights the church's reliance on the Holy Spirit, who empowered them for witness and service, fulfilling Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8.

A sense of awe came over everyone
This phrase indicates the profound impact of the Holy Spirit's work among the early believers. The "sense of awe" reflects a deep reverence and fear of God, often associated with His manifest presence. In the Old Testament, similar reactions are seen when God reveals Himself, such as at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:16). This awe is not merely emotional but a recognition of God's holiness and power. The early church's unity and devotion, as described earlier in Acts 2, contributed to this atmosphere of reverence.

and the apostles performed many wonders and signs
The apostles' ability to perform "wonders and signs" is a testament to the authority and power given to them by Jesus Christ. These miracles served as divine validation of their message and ministry, similar to how Jesus' miracles confirmed His identity and mission (John 20:30-31). The term "wonders and signs" is often used in Scripture to describe acts that reveal God's power and provoke amazement, as seen in the miracles performed by Moses in Egypt (Exodus 7-11). These acts were not just displays of power but were meant to point people to the truth of the Gospel and the reality of the Kingdom of God. The apostles' miracles fulfilled Jesus' promise that they would do greater works (John 14:12) and were a continuation of His ministry on earth.

All the believers
This phrase refers to the early Christian community, consisting of those who had accepted the message of Jesus Christ and were baptized. This group was primarily composed of Jewish converts at this time, as the events of Acts 2 occur shortly after Pentecost, a Jewish festival. The term "believers" underscores their faith in Jesus as the Messiah, a central tenet of early Christian identity. This community was characterized by a shared faith and commitment to the teachings of the apostles.

were together
The physical and spiritual unity of the believers is emphasized here. This togetherness was not just a matter of proximity but also of purpose and mission. The early church gathered regularly for prayer, teaching, and fellowship, as seen in Acts 2:42. This unity fulfilled Jesus' prayer for His followers to be one (John 17:21). The communal life of the early Christians was a powerful witness to the surrounding culture, demonstrating the transformative power of the Gospel.

and had everything in common.
This phrase indicates a radical form of communal living where personal possessions were shared among the community. This practice was voluntary and motivated by love and concern for one another, reflecting the teachings of Jesus about caring for the needy (Matthew 25:35-40). It also echoes the Old Testament ideal of community life, as seen in the laws of Jubilee (Leviticus 25). This sharing was not a form of socialism but rather a spontaneous expression of the believers' unity and love, facilitated by the Holy Spirit. The practice of having "everything in common" was a practical response to the needs within the community, ensuring that no one lacked basic necessities.

Selling their possessions and goods
In the early church, believers demonstrated radical generosity by selling their possessions and goods. This act reflects the communal lifestyle of the early Christians, who prioritized the needs of the community over individual wealth. The practice of selling possessions is reminiscent of Jesus' teachings in the Gospels, such as in Matthew 19:21, where Jesus tells the rich young ruler to sell his possessions and give to the poor. This action also echoes the Old Testament principles of caring for the needy, as seen in Deuteronomy 15:7-11. The early church's willingness to part with material goods underscores their commitment to living out the teachings of Christ and fostering a sense of unity and equality among believers.

they shared with anyone who was in need
The sharing of resources among the early Christians highlights the fulfillment of Jesus' command to love one's neighbor as oneself (Mark 12:31). This practice of sharing is a tangible expression of the love and compassion that characterized the early church. It also reflects the communal ethos found in the teachings of the apostles, such as in 1 John 3:17, which emphasizes the importance of helping those in need. The early church's actions serve as a model for Christian communities, demonstrating the importance of generosity and selflessness. This practice also foreshadows the eschatological vision of a restored community where there is no lack, as seen in prophetic passages like Isaiah 65:21-23. The early Christians' commitment to sharing with those in need illustrates the transformative power of the Gospel in creating a new kind of community centered on Christ-like love and service.

With one accord
The early believers demonstrated unity and harmony, reflecting the prayer of Jesus in John 17:21 for His followers to be one. This unity was essential for the growth and strength of the early church, as it allowed them to present a unified witness to the world.

they continued to meet daily
The commitment to daily gatherings highlights the fervor and dedication of the early Christians. This practice was rooted in Jewish tradition, where daily prayers and gatherings were common. It also emphasizes the importance of community and fellowship in the life of believers.

in the temple courts
The temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish religious life, and the early Christians, many of whom were Jewish, continued to gather there. This setting provided a public space for teaching and evangelism, as seen in Acts 3:11 and Acts 5:12. It also signifies the continuity of the Christian faith with its Jewish roots.

and to break bread from house to house
Breaking bread likely refers to both communal meals and the Lord's Supper, reflecting the intimate fellowship among believers. Meeting in homes was practical and personal, fostering close relationships. This practice is echoed in Romans 16:5 and 1 Corinthians 16:19, where house churches are mentioned.

sharing their meals with gladness
The joy experienced by the early Christians was a testament to the transformative power of the Holy Spirit. This gladness was not dependent on external circumstances but was a fruit of their faith and fellowship, as seen in Galatians 5:22.

and sincerity of heart
The believers' sincerity indicates a genuine and pure devotion to God and each other. This authenticity was crucial for the integrity and witness of the early church, aligning with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:8 about the blessedness of the pure in heart.

praising God
The early believers were characterized by their continuous worship and adoration of God. This reflects the Jewish tradition of praising God in the temple and synagogues, as seen in Psalms. Their praise was a response to the mighty works of God, including the resurrection of Jesus and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. This act of worship was central to their community life and mirrored the heavenly worship described in Revelation.

and enjoying the favor of all the people.
The early church's communal life, marked by love, generosity, and unity, earned them goodwill among the broader Jewish population in Jerusalem. This favor can be seen as a fulfillment of Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:16, where believers are called to let their light shine before others. The church's positive reputation was crucial for its growth and acceptance in a society that was often hostile to new movements.

And the Lord added to their number daily
The growth of the early church was attributed to divine action rather than human effort. This aligns with the biblical theme that God is the one who gives the increase, as seen in 1 Corinthians 3:6-7. The phrase emphasizes the sovereignty of God in salvation and the fulfillment of Jesus' promise in Matthew 16:18 that He would build His church.

those who were being saved.
Salvation is presented as an ongoing process, not just a one-time event. This reflects the New Testament understanding of salvation as involving justification, sanctification, and future glorification. The phrase also highlights the communal aspect of salvation, as individuals were added to the church, the body of Christ. This echoes the prophetic vision of a restored people of God, as seen in passages like Ezekiel 36:26-28.