And you were dead
This phrase highlights the spiritual state of humanity before salvation. In biblical terms, "dead" refers to a separation from God, the source of life. This concept is rooted in Genesis 2:17, where God warns Adam that eating from the tree of knowledge of good and evil would result in death. The death here is not immediate physical death but spiritual death, a separation from God. This spiritual death is a universal condition, as seen in Romans 3:23, which states that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. The idea of being "dead" underscores the inability of humans to save themselves, emphasizing the need for divine intervention.

in your trespasses
"Trespasses" refers to specific acts of wrongdoing or deviations from the right path. The term implies a conscious crossing of boundaries set by God. In the cultural context of the time, laws and boundaries were well understood, and crossing them had serious consequences. This concept is echoed in the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:12), where forgiveness of "trespasses" is sought. The use of "your" personalizes the message, indicating that these are individual acts for which each person is accountable. Theologically, this highlights the personal nature of sin and the need for personal repentance and forgiveness.

and sins
"Sins" is a broader term that encompasses both acts of commission and omission, as well as the inherent sinful nature of humanity. The Greek word for sin, "hamartia," means missing the mark, akin to an archer missing a target. This concept is prevalent throughout Scripture, as seen in Romans 5:12, which explains that sin entered the world through one man, Adam, and death through sin. The dual mention of "trespasses and sins" emphasizes the comprehensive nature of human wrongdoing, covering both specific actions and the general state of sinfulness. This underscores the totality of human depravity and the need for redemption through Jesus Christ, who is the fulfillment of the law and the prophets, as seen in Matthew 5:17.

in which you used to walk
This phrase refers to the past lifestyle of the Ephesian believers before their conversion to Christianity. The term "walk" is often used in Scripture to denote one's way of life or conduct (e.g., Psalm 1:1, Colossians 1:10). It implies a habitual pattern of behavior. The Ephesians, like all believers, were once living in sin, following the desires of the flesh and mind (Ephesians 2:3). This transformation from their former way of life to a new life in Christ is a central theme in Paul's letters, emphasizing the radical change that occurs through salvation (2 Corinthians 5:17).

when you conformed to the ways of this world
The "ways of this world" refers to the secular, ungodly systems and values that are opposed to God's will. In biblical context, "world" often signifies the fallen, sinful state of humanity and its rebellion against God (1 John 2:15-17). The Ephesians, prior to their conversion, lived according to these worldly standards, which are characterized by self-centeredness and moral corruption. This conformity to the world is contrasted with the call to be transformed by the renewing of the mind (Romans 12:2).

and of the ruler of the power of the air
This phrase identifies Satan as the "ruler" or "prince" of the power of the air. In Jewish and early Christian thought, the air was considered the realm of demonic spirits. Satan is depicted as having authority over this domain, influencing the world and its systems (John 12:31, 2 Corinthians 4:4). This highlights the spiritual warfare that believers are engaged in, as they are called to resist the devil and his schemes (Ephesians 6:12).

the spirit who is now at work in the sons of disobedience
The "spirit" here refers to the pervasive influence of Satan and his demonic forces, actively working in those who are disobedient to God. "Sons of disobedience" is a Hebraic expression indicating those who are characterized by rebellion against God (Colossians 3:6). This underscores the reality of spiritual blindness and bondage to sin that affects all humanity apart from Christ. The ongoing work of this spirit contrasts with the work of the Holy Spirit in believers, who leads them into truth and righteousness (John 16:13, Galatians 5:22-23).

All of us also lived among them at one time
This phrase emphasizes the universality of sin, indicating that all believers, including the Apostle Paul and his audience, once lived in a state of disobedience. It reflects the shared human condition of sinfulness before coming to faith in Christ. This aligns with Romans 3:23, which states that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. The phrase "lived among them" suggests a past lifestyle that was indistinguishable from those who are not in Christ, highlighting the transformation that occurs through salvation.

fulfilling the cravings of our flesh
The "cravings of our flesh" refers to the sinful nature and desires that are inherent in humanity. This concept is rooted in the idea of original sin, which suggests that all humans are born with a propensity to sin due to the fall of Adam and Eve (Genesis 3). The "flesh" in biblical terms often denotes the sinful nature as opposed to the spiritual nature. Galatians 5:19-21 lists the acts of the flesh, contrasting them with the fruit of the Spirit, illustrating the conflict between the two.

and indulging its desires and thoughts
This phrase indicates not only the actions but also the internal motivations and thoughts that are contrary to God's will. It underscores the comprehensive nature of sin, affecting both external behaviors and internal attitudes. James 1:14-15 explains how desire leads to sin, and sin, when fully grown, leads to death. This highlights the need for a transformation of the mind, as urged in Romans 12:2, to align with God's will.

Like the rest, we were by nature children of wrath
"Like the rest" reiterates the commonality of this condition among all people, emphasizing that no one is exempt from the consequences of sin. "By nature children of wrath" suggests that humanity, in its natural state, is subject to God's righteous judgment. This is consistent with John 3:36, which states that those who do not believe in the Son remain under God's wrath. The term "children of wrath" contrasts with the identity believers receive in Christ as children of God (John 1:12), highlighting the transformative power of salvation.

But because of His great love for us
This phrase emphasizes the motivation behind God's actions—His immense love for humanity. This love is agape, a selfless, unconditional love that seeks the best for others. In the biblical context, God's love is a recurring theme, seen in John 3:16, where God's love leads to the giving of His Son for the salvation of the world. The Old Testament also reflects this love, as seen in Deuteronomy 7:7-8, where God chooses Israel not because of their merits but because of His love and faithfulness to His promises. This love is foundational to the Christian faith, underscoring the relationship between God and His people.

God, who is rich in mercy
Here, the focus shifts to God's character, particularly His mercy. Mercy, in this context, refers to God's compassion and forgiveness towards humanity, despite their sinfulness. The richness of His mercy indicates an abundance, suggesting that God's mercy is inexhaustible and freely given. This is consistent with the portrayal of God throughout the Bible, such as in Psalm 103:8, which describes God as "compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in love." The concept of God's mercy is also evident in the New Testament, as seen in Titus 3:5, where salvation is attributed to God's mercy rather than human deeds. This mercy is a key aspect of the gospel message, highlighting God's willingness to forgive and restore those who turn to Him.

made us alive with Christ
This phrase emphasizes the transformative power of spiritual rebirth. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is addressing the believers in Ephesus, a city known for its pagan worship and the Temple of Artemis. The concept of being "made alive" signifies a spiritual resurrection, paralleling Christ's physical resurrection. This aligns with Romans 6:4, where believers are said to walk in "newness of life." Theologically, this reflects the doctrine of regeneration, where the Holy Spirit imparts new life to the believer, as seen in John 3:3-8.

even when we were dead in our trespasses
This highlights the state of spiritual death due to sin, a condition shared by all humanity as described in Romans 3:23. The term "dead" signifies complete separation from God, echoing the fall of Adam and Eve in Genesis 3, which introduced sin into the world. The use of "trespasses" indicates deliberate acts of disobedience against God's law. This phrase underscores the depth of God's mercy, as He initiates salvation while humanity is still in rebellion, similar to the prodigal son narrative in Luke 15:11-32.

It is by grace you have been saved!
This statement encapsulates the core of the gospel message: salvation is a gift from God, not earned by human effort. The concept of grace, or "charis" in Greek, is central to Pauline theology, emphasizing unmerited favor. This is further explained in Ephesians 2:8-9, where Paul clarifies that salvation is not by works. The idea of grace is rooted in the Old Testament, where God's covenant with Israel was based on His steadfast love and mercy, as seen in Exodus 34:6-7. This phrase also connects to Titus 3:5, which speaks of salvation through God's mercy, not human righteousness.

And God raised us up with Christ
This phrase emphasizes the believer's spiritual resurrection, paralleling Christ's physical resurrection. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is addressing the transformation from spiritual death to life. This concept is rooted in the idea of being born again, as seen in John 3:3. Theologically, it signifies the believer's new identity and status in Christ. The resurrection of Christ is a pivotal event in Christian doctrine, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:10-12. The phrase also reflects the power of God, who alone can raise the dead, as demonstrated in the resurrection of Lazarus (John 11:43-44).

and seated us with Him
This part of the verse speaks to the believer's position of authority and rest in Christ. In ancient times, being seated with a ruler indicated a position of favor and shared authority. This imagery is consistent with the cultural context of the Roman Empire, where seating arrangements were significant in determining one's status. Theologically, it suggests that believers share in Christ's victory and reign, as seen in Revelation 3:21, where those who overcome are promised to sit with Christ on His throne. This seating is not a future promise but a present reality, indicating the believer's current spiritual authority.

in the heavenly realms
The "heavenly realms" refer to the spiritual dimension where Christ reigns. This term is unique to Ephesians, appearing five times throughout the letter, and it underscores the spiritual nature of the believer's blessings and battles (Ephesians 1:3, 1:20, 3:10, 6:12). The heavenly realms are contrasted with the earthly realm, highlighting the believer's citizenship in heaven (Philippians 3:20). This phrase also connects to the idea of spiritual warfare, as described in Ephesians 6:12, where believers are called to stand against spiritual forces in these realms.

in Christ Jesus
The phrase "in Christ Jesus" is central to Pauline theology, emphasizing the believer's union with Christ. This union is the basis for all spiritual blessings, as outlined in Ephesians 1:3-14. Being "in Christ" signifies a profound spiritual relationship, where believers are identified with Christ's death, resurrection, and ascension. This concept is echoed in Galatians 2:20, where Paul states that he has been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer he who lives, but Christ lives in him. The phrase underscores the transformative power of the gospel, which brings believers into a new covenant relationship with God through Jesus Christ.

in order that in the coming ages
This phrase indicates a purpose or goal that extends beyond the immediate context, suggesting a divine plan that unfolds over time. The "coming ages" refers to future periods in God's redemptive history, emphasizing the eternal nature of God's plan. This aligns with the biblical theme of God's sovereignty and His unfolding plan for humanity, as seen in passages like Isaiah 46:10, where God declares the end from the beginning. The phrase also reflects the eschatological hope found throughout the New Testament, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises.

He might display the surpassing riches of His grace
Here, the focus is on God's intention to reveal the abundance of His grace. The "surpassing riches" suggests an immeasurable and inexhaustible wealth of grace, which is a central theme in Paul's writings. This grace is not just sufficient but overwhelmingly abundant, as seen in Romans 5:20, where Paul states that where sin increased, grace abounded all the more. The display of grace is a testament to God's character, highlighting His generosity and mercy towards humanity.

demonstrated by His kindness to us
This phrase emphasizes the tangible expression of God's grace through His kindness. The kindness of God is a recurring theme in Scripture, often associated with His covenant faithfulness and mercy. In Titus 3:4-5, Paul speaks of the kindness and love of God appearing in the form of salvation. This kindness is not abstract but is demonstrated in concrete actions, particularly in the redemptive work of Christ. It reflects God's personal and relational nature, as He actively engages with His creation.

in Christ Jesus
The culmination of God's grace and kindness is found "in Christ Jesus." This phrase underscores the centrality of Christ in God's redemptive plan. Jesus is the mediator through whom God's grace is extended to humanity, as seen in John 1:17, where grace and truth are realized through Jesus Christ. The phrase also highlights the believer's union with Christ, a key theological concept in Paul's letters, indicating that all spiritual blessings, including grace and kindness, are accessed through a relationship with Jesus. This union is foundational to the Christian faith, as it is through Christ that believers are reconciled to God and receive the fullness of His grace.

For it is by grace you have been saved
This phrase emphasizes the unmerited favor of God as the basis for salvation. Grace, in the biblical context, refers to God's kindness and love extended to humanity, despite their sinfulness. This concept is rooted in the Old Testament, where God's grace is evident in His covenant with Israel (Exodus 34:6-7). The New Testament further reveals this grace through Jesus Christ, who embodies God's grace (John 1:14). Salvation by grace underscores that human efforts or works cannot achieve redemption; it is solely a divine act.

through faith
Faith is the means by which individuals receive God's grace. It involves trust and reliance on Jesus Christ and His redemptive work on the cross. Hebrews 11:1 defines faith as the assurance of things hoped for and the conviction of things not seen. This faith is not merely intellectual assent but a deep-seated trust in God's promises. The Apostle Paul, who authored Ephesians, often contrasts faith with works, emphasizing that faith is the channel through which grace is received (Romans 3:28).

and this not from yourselves;
This phrase highlights that salvation is not a result of human effort or merit. It counters any notion of self-reliance or self-righteousness. In the cultural context of Ephesus, where various religious practices and philosophies promoted self-improvement and works-based righteousness, this statement would have been countercultural. It aligns with Paul's broader theological argument that human boasting is excluded in the economy of salvation (1 Corinthians 1:29).

it is the gift of God,
Salvation is described as a gift, emphasizing its gratuitous nature. A gift, by definition, is something given freely, not earned or deserved. This concept is central to the Christian understanding of God's love and generosity. The idea of a divine gift is echoed in other scriptures, such as Romans 6:23, which contrasts the wages of sin with the gift of eternal life. This gift is ultimately realized in the person and work of Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate expression of God's love and grace to humanity.

not by works
This phrase emphasizes that salvation is not achieved through human efforts or deeds. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is addressing both Jewish and Gentile believers, highlighting that adherence to the Law or any human effort cannot earn salvation. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching found in Romans 3:28, where Paul states that a person is justified by faith apart from the works of the Law. The cultural context of the time included a strong emphasis on following the Mosaic Law among Jewish communities, and Paul is making it clear that salvation is a gift from God, not a result of human merit. This teaching counters the prevalent belief systems of the time, which often involved earning favor with deities through rituals and sacrifices.

so that no one can boast
This phrase underscores the purpose of salvation being a gift: to eliminate any grounds for human pride or boasting. In the Greco-Roman world, boasting about one's achievements was common, and Paul is countering this cultural norm by emphasizing humility before God. This connects with 1 Corinthians 1:29-31, where Paul explains that God chose the lowly and despised things of the world so that no one may boast before Him. Theologically, this reflects the idea that all glory belongs to God, as seen in Jeremiah 9:23-24, where the Lord declares that the only legitimate boasting is in understanding and knowing Him. This teaching also points to the nature of Jesus Christ, who, though being in very nature God, did not consider equality with God something to be used to His own advantage, but humbled Himself (Philippians 2:6-8).

For we are God’s workmanship
This phrase emphasizes the divine craftsmanship involved in the creation of believers. The Greek word for "workmanship" is "poiema," suggesting a work of art or masterpiece. This implies that believers are intentionally and intricately designed by God. In the biblical context, this reflects the creation narrative in Genesis, where God forms humanity with purpose and care. It also connects to Psalm 139:14, where the psalmist acknowledges being "fearfully and wonderfully made."

created in Christ Jesus
This phrase highlights the new creation aspect of believers' identity. In 2 Corinthians 5:17, Paul states that anyone in Christ is a new creation, indicating a transformation that occurs through faith in Jesus. This creation is not merely physical but spiritual, signifying a rebirth and renewal. The phrase underscores the centrality of Christ in the believer's life, as it is through Him that this new creation is possible.

to do good works
The purpose of this new creation is to engage in good works. This aligns with James 2:26, which states that faith without works is dead, emphasizing that genuine faith manifests in actions. The cultural context of the early church involved a strong emphasis on community and service, reflecting Jesus' teachings in the Gospels about loving one's neighbor and serving others. These good works are not the means of salvation but the evidence of it.

which God prepared in advance
This phrase suggests divine foreknowledge and planning. It implies that God has a specific plan and purpose for each believer's life, echoing Jeremiah 29:11, where God declares His plans for a hopeful future. Theologically, this speaks to the doctrine of predestination, where God, in His sovereignty, has ordained certain paths and actions for His people. It reassures believers of God's active role in their lives.

as our way of life
The phrase indicates that good works are not occasional acts but a continuous lifestyle. This aligns with the teachings of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount, where He calls His followers to be the light of the world, consistently reflecting God's character. The historical context of the early church involved living out one's faith in a way that was countercultural, often facing persecution. This lifestyle of good works serves as a testimony to the transformative power of the Gospel.

Therefore remember
This phrase serves as a call to reflection and mindfulness. Paul often uses "therefore" to connect his theological teachings with practical implications. Here, he urges the readers to recall their past condition, emphasizing the importance of understanding one's spiritual journey and transformation.

that formerly you who are Gentiles in the flesh
Paul addresses the Gentile believers, highlighting their previous state before coming to faith in Christ. "Gentiles in the flesh" refers to their physical, ethnic identity, distinct from the Jewish people. This distinction was significant in the first-century context, where Jews and Gentiles were often separated by cultural and religious barriers.

and called uncircumcised
The term "uncircumcised" was used by Jews to describe Gentiles, often with a sense of disdain or separation. Circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants (Genesis 17:10-14), marking the Jewish people as God's chosen. This label underscores the division and hostility that existed between Jews and Gentiles.

by the so-called circumcision
Paul refers to the Jewish people, who prided themselves on their physical circumcision as a sign of their covenant relationship with God. However, Paul uses "so-called" to suggest that true circumcision is not merely physical but spiritual, a theme he explores in other letters (Romans 2:28-29).

(that done in the body by human hands)—
This phrase emphasizes the physical nature of circumcision, contrasting it with the spiritual transformation that comes through faith in Christ. Paul often argues that physical rituals are insufficient for salvation, pointing instead to the need for a heart transformed by the Holy Spirit (Colossians 2:11). This distinction highlights the new covenant in Christ, which transcends ethnic and ritualistic boundaries.

remember that at that time you were separate from Christ
This phrase calls the reader to recall their past spiritual state before knowing Christ. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is addressing Gentile believers who were once outside the covenant community. Being "separate from Christ" indicates a lack of relationship with the Messiah, who is central to salvation. This separation highlights the universal need for reconciliation through Jesus, as seen in Romans 3:23, which states that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.

alienated from the commonwealth of Israel
The term "alienated" suggests a state of exclusion or being an outsider. The "commonwealth of Israel" refers to the national and spiritual identity of Israel as God's chosen people. Historically, Israel was set apart by God through the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 12:1-3). Gentiles, not being part of this covenant community, were considered outsiders to the blessings and promises given to Israel. This alienation underscores the division between Jews and Gentiles, which Christ came to abolish (Ephesians 2:14).

and strangers to the covenants of the promise
"Covenants of the promise" refers to the various covenants God made with Israel, including the Abrahamic, Mosaic, and Davidic covenants. These covenants contained promises of land, nationhood, and blessing, ultimately pointing to the coming Messiah. Gentiles, being "strangers," were not originally part of these covenantal promises. However, through Christ, Gentiles are grafted into these promises, as explained in Romans 11:17-24.

without hope
The absence of hope reflects the spiritual despair of those outside of Christ. In the ancient world, hope was often tied to religious and cultural identity. For Gentiles, lacking the promises and covenants of Israel meant living without the hope of redemption and eternal life. This hopelessness is contrasted with the hope found in Christ, who is described as our hope in 1 Timothy 1:1.

and without God in the world
Being "without God" (Greek: atheos) signifies a life devoid of the true knowledge and relationship with the one true God. In the Greco-Roman world, many gods were worshipped, but they did not provide the personal relationship and salvation offered by the God of Israel. This phrase emphasizes the spiritual void and idolatry prevalent among Gentiles before coming to faith in Christ. The transformation from being "without God" to being reconciled with Him is a central theme in the gospel message, as seen in John 14:6, where Jesus declares Himself the way to the Father.

But now in Christ Jesus
This phrase marks a pivotal transition from the previous state of alienation to a new reality. "But now" indicates a change brought about by divine intervention. The phrase "in Christ Jesus" is central to Pauline theology, emphasizing the believer's union with Christ. This union is not merely positional but transformative, affecting one's identity and relationship with God. The concept of being "in Christ" is foundational, appearing frequently in Paul's letters, signifying the believer's incorporation into the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus.

you who once were far away
This refers to the Gentiles who were previously excluded from the covenantal promises given to Israel. In the historical context, Gentiles were considered outsiders, both spiritually and socially, lacking the privileges of the Jewish people. The phrase echoes Isaiah 57:19, where God promises peace to those "far and near." The distance is not just geographical but spiritual, highlighting the separation from God due to sin and the lack of access to the covenant community.

have been brought near
This indicates a reversal of the previous alienation. The language of being "brought near" is reminiscent of temple worship, where proximity to God was a privilege of the Jewish people. In the Old Testament, nearness to God was associated with the temple and the sacrificial system. Now, through Christ, Gentiles are granted access to God, symbolizing reconciliation and the breaking down of barriers. This nearness is not just a physical or social change but a profound spiritual reality.

through the blood of Christ
The means by which this nearness is achieved is through the sacrificial death of Jesus. The "blood of Christ" is a reference to His atoning sacrifice, fulfilling the Old Testament sacrificial system. This phrase underscores the cost of reconciliation and the seriousness of sin. The blood signifies the new covenant, as Jesus Himself stated during the Last Supper (Luke 22:20). It fulfills the prophetic imagery of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53 and the Passover lamb in Exodus 12, typifying Christ as the ultimate sacrifice for sin.

For He Himself is our peace
This phrase emphasizes that Jesus Christ is the embodiment of peace, not merely a bringer of peace. In the context of Ephesians, Paul addresses the division between Jews and Gentiles. Christ's role as "our peace" signifies the reconciliation He provides, fulfilling prophecies like Isaiah 9:6, which refers to the Messiah as the "Prince of Peace." This peace is not just the absence of conflict but a holistic restoration of relationships with God and among people.

who has made the two one
Here, "the two" refers to Jews and Gentiles. Historically, Jews were God's chosen people, and Gentiles were often seen as outsiders. Through Christ's sacrifice, these two groups are united into one body, the Church. This unity is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3). Theologically, this reflects the breaking down of ethnic and cultural barriers, creating a new humanity in Christ.

and has torn down the dividing wall of hostility
The "dividing wall" can be understood both literally and metaphorically. Literally, it may refer to the wall in the Jerusalem Temple that separated the Court of the Gentiles from the inner courts, symbolizing exclusion. Metaphorically, it represents the Law of Moses, which distinguished Jews from Gentiles. Christ's death abolished the ceremonial laws that separated these groups, as seen in Colossians 2:14, where Paul speaks of Christ canceling the "written code." This act of tearing down the wall signifies the end of enmity and the beginning of unity in Christ.

by abolishing in His flesh the law of commandments and decrees
This phrase highlights the work of Christ in nullifying the ceremonial and judicial aspects of the Mosaic Law through His sacrificial death. The "law of commandments and decrees" refers to the detailed ordinances given to Israel, which served as a dividing wall between Jews and Gentiles. Christ's death fulfilled the requirements of the Law (Matthew 5:17), rendering its ceremonial aspects obsolete (Hebrews 10:1-10). This abolition is not a negation of moral law but a fulfillment and transformation, allowing for a new covenant relationship with God (Jeremiah 31:31-34).

He did this to create in Himself one new man out of the two
The "one new man" signifies the unity of Jews and Gentiles into a single body, the Church, through Christ. This new creation is a spiritual entity where ethnic and cultural distinctions are transcended (Galatians 3:28). The "two" refers to the previously distinct groups, Jews and Gentiles, who are now reconciled in Christ. This unity is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3), and it reflects the mystery of the Gospel revealed in the New Testament (Ephesians 3:6).

thus making peace
The peace mentioned here is both vertical, between humanity and God, and horizontal, among people. Christ's work on the cross reconciles believers to God, ending the enmity caused by sin (Romans 5:1). It also establishes peace among believers, breaking down the barriers of hostility and division (Colossians 3:11). This peace is a foretaste of the ultimate reconciliation and harmony that will be fully realized in the eschatological kingdom of God (Isaiah 2:4).

and reconciling both of them to God
This phrase refers to the reconciliation of Jews and Gentiles, who were historically divided by cultural, religious, and social barriers. In the context of Ephesians, Paul emphasizes that through Christ, these two groups are brought together into a unified relationship with God. This reconciliation fulfills Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 49:6, which speaks of salvation reaching the ends of the earth. The concept of reconciliation is central to the New Testament, highlighting the restoration of a broken relationship between humanity and God, as seen in 2 Corinthians 5:18-19.

in one body
The "one body" refers to the Church, the body of Christ, where all believers, regardless of their ethnic or cultural background, are united. This unity is a key theme in Ephesians, as Paul stresses the importance of the Church as a single entity composed of diverse members. The metaphor of the body is also used in 1 Corinthians 12:12-27, where Paul describes the Church as one body with many parts, each with its own function but all working together in harmony.

through the cross
The cross is the means by which reconciliation is achieved. It symbolizes the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ, which atones for sin and bridges the gap between humanity and God. The cross is central to Christian theology, representing both the justice and mercy of God. In Colossians 1:20, Paul similarly speaks of peace being made through the blood of the cross. The cross is not just a historical event but a transformative power that changes the spiritual status of believers.

by which He put to death their hostility
The hostility between Jews and Gentiles, as well as between humanity and God, is abolished through Christ's work on the cross. This enmity is not only a social and cultural division but also a spiritual one, rooted in sin. Ephesians 2:14-15 earlier mentions the "dividing wall of hostility" being broken down. The death of Christ is the ultimate act that destroys this enmity, allowing for peace and unity. This concept is echoed in Romans 5:10, where Paul speaks of being reconciled to God through the death of His Son.

He came and preached peace
This phrase highlights the mission of Jesus Christ, who is often referred to as the "Prince of Peace" (Isaiah 9:6). His coming fulfilled Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah 52:7, which speak of the good news of peace. The term "preached" indicates the active proclamation of the Gospel, emphasizing that Jesus Himself was the messenger of reconciliation between God and humanity. This peace is not merely the absence of conflict but a profound spiritual peace that reconciles sinners to God (Romans 5:1).

to you who were far away
This refers to the Gentiles, who were historically considered distant from the covenant promises given to Israel. Ephesians 2:12 describes them as "excluded from citizenship in Israel and foreigners to the covenants of the promise." The phrase underscores the inclusivity of the Gospel, breaking down the barriers between Jews and Gentiles (Ephesians 2:14). The "far away" also echoes Isaiah 57:19, which speaks of peace to those far and near, indicating God's intention to extend His grace beyond the boundaries of Israel.

and peace to those who were near
This phrase pertains to the Jewish people, who were "near" because they had the covenants, the law, and the prophets (Romans 9:4-5). Despite their proximity to God's promises, they too needed the peace that comes through Christ, as the law could not bring about true reconciliation with God (Hebrews 10:1). The message of peace to those "near" fulfills the promise of a new covenant, as prophesied in Jeremiah 31:31-34, where God promises to write His law on their hearts.

In summary, this verse encapsulates the universal scope of Christ's redemptive work, bridging the gap between Jew and Gentile, and offering peace to all who believe.

For through Him
This phrase refers to Jesus Christ, emphasizing His role as the mediator between humanity and God. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is addressing both Jews and Gentiles, highlighting that it is through Christ's sacrificial death and resurrection that all people can approach God. This aligns with John 14:6, where Jesus states, "I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me." The concept of Jesus as the mediator is also seen in 1 Timothy 2:5, which underscores His unique role in bridging the gap caused by sin.

we both have access
The "we both" refers to Jews and Gentiles, emphasizing the unity and equality of all believers in Christ. This was a radical concept in the first-century context, where Jews and Gentiles were often divided by cultural and religious barriers. The term "access" suggests a direct approach to God, which was previously restricted under the Old Covenant, where only the high priest could enter the Holy of Holies once a year. Hebrews 10:19-22 elaborates on this newfound access, encouraging believers to draw near to God with confidence.

to the Father
This phrase highlights the intimate relationship believers can have with God, who is portrayed as a loving Father. In the Greco-Roman world, the concept of God as a father was not common, making this a distinctive feature of Christian theology. The fatherhood of God is a recurring theme in the New Testament, seen in passages like Romans 8:15, where believers are described as receiving the Spirit of adoption, allowing them to cry out, "Abba, Father."

by one Spirit
The Holy Spirit is the agent through whom believers experience this access to the Father. The unity of the Spirit is a key theme in Ephesians, as seen in Ephesians 4:4, which speaks of one body and one Spirit. The Spirit's role in uniting believers is also evident in 1 Corinthians 12:13, where Paul writes about all being baptized by one Spirit into one body. The Spirit's work in the life of believers is transformative, enabling them to live in accordance with God's will and to experience the fullness of their relationship with Him.

Therefore you are no longer strangers and foreigners
This phrase signifies a transition from a previous state of alienation to one of belonging. In the context of Ephesians, Paul addresses Gentile believers who were once excluded from the covenant promises given to Israel. The term "strangers" refers to those without rights or privileges in a community, while "foreigners" implies temporary residents without citizenship. This reflects the historical context of the Roman Empire, where citizenship was a prized status. Biblically, this echoes the Old Testament where Gentiles were often seen as outsiders to the covenant community of Israel (Exodus 12:43-49). Theologically, this transition is made possible through Christ's reconciling work, breaking down the dividing wall between Jew and Gentile (Ephesians 2:14).

but fellow citizens with the saints
Here, Paul emphasizes the inclusion of Gentile believers into the spiritual commonwealth of Israel. "Fellow citizens" suggests full membership and equal standing in God's kingdom. The "saints" refers to all believers, both Jew and Gentile, who are set apart for God. This citizenship is not based on ethnic or national identity but on faith in Christ. The concept of citizenship would resonate with the Ephesians, as Roman citizenship was highly valued and conferred specific rights and privileges. This phrase connects to Philippians 3:20, where Paul speaks of believers' citizenship in heaven, highlighting the eternal nature of this new identity.

and members of God’s household
This phrase deepens the sense of belonging by shifting from a civic metaphor to a familial one. Being "members of God’s household" implies intimacy, care, and a shared inheritance. In the ancient world, the household was the basic unit of society, encompassing family and servants under the authority of the head of the house. Spiritually, this reflects the believer's adoption into God's family through Jesus Christ (Romans 8:15-17). It also connects to the imagery of the church as the body of Christ, where each member has a role and purpose (1 Corinthians 12:12-27). This familial relationship fulfills the promise of God dwelling among His people, as seen in the prophetic vision of Ezekiel 37:27.

built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets
This phrase emphasizes the foundational role of the apostles and prophets in the early Church. The apostles, chosen by Jesus, were eyewitnesses to His resurrection and were tasked with spreading His teachings. The prophets, both from the Old Testament and those in the early Church, provided divine revelation and guidance. This foundation signifies the continuity and fulfillment of God's plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament. The apostles and prophets laid the doctrinal and spiritual groundwork for the Church, ensuring that it was rooted in truth and divine revelation. This foundation is not merely historical but is living and active, as the teachings and revelations continue to guide the Church today.

with Christ Jesus Himself as the cornerstone
In ancient architecture, the cornerstone was the principal stone, often the largest and most stable, upon which the rest of the structure depended. This metaphor highlights Christ's preeminent role in the Church. As the cornerstone, Jesus is the essential support and unifying element of the Church, ensuring its stability and alignment. This imagery is rooted in Old Testament prophecy, such as Isaiah 28:16, which speaks of a precious cornerstone laid by God. In the New Testament, Jesus is frequently identified as this cornerstone (e.g., 1 Peter 2:6-7), fulfilling the messianic prophecies and establishing the Church's foundation. Christ's role as the cornerstone underscores His authority, divinity, and the centrality of His teachings and sacrifice in the life of the Church.

In Him
This phrase emphasizes the centrality of Christ in the life of believers. It reflects the Pauline theology that all spiritual blessings and unity are found in Jesus Christ. The phrase "In Him" is a recurring theme in Ephesians, highlighting the believer's union with Christ (Ephesians 1:3-14). This union is foundational for understanding the believer's identity and purpose.

the whole building
The metaphor of a building is used to describe the church, the body of believers. This imagery is consistent with other Pauline writings, such as 1 Corinthians 3:9-17, where believers are described as God's building. The "whole building" signifies the universal church, composed of all believers, both Jews and Gentiles, unified in Christ.

is fitted together
This phrase suggests careful construction and design, indicating that each believer has a specific place and purpose within the church. The Greek term used here implies a harmonious joining, reflecting the idea that God is the master architect. This concept is echoed in 1 Peter 2:5, where believers are described as "living stones" being built into a spiritual house.

and grows
The growth of the building signifies the dynamic and living nature of the church. It is not static but continually expanding and maturing. This growth is both numerical, as more people come to faith, and spiritual, as believers deepen in their relationship with Christ. The idea of growth is also seen in Ephesians 4:15-16, where the body of Christ is described as growing and building itself up in love.

into a holy temple
The temple imagery connects to the Old Testament, where the temple was the dwelling place of God among His people (1 Kings 8:10-11). In the New Testament, the church is now the dwelling place of God through the Spirit (1 Corinthians 3:16). The term "holy" emphasizes the set-apart nature of the church, called to reflect God's holiness.

in the Lord
This phrase reaffirms that the church's identity and growth are rooted in Christ. The Lordship of Christ is a central theme in Ephesians, underscoring His authority and preeminence over the church (Ephesians 1:22-23). The church's existence and purpose are entirely dependent on its relationship with the Lord.

And in Him
This phrase emphasizes the centrality of Christ in the believer's life. The "Him" refers to Jesus Christ, who is the cornerstone of the Christian faith. In the broader context of Ephesians, Paul highlights the unity and reconciliation brought through Christ. This echoes John 15:4, where Jesus speaks of abiding in Him as essential for spiritual life and growth.

you too
Paul is addressing the Gentile believers in Ephesus, affirming their inclusion in God's redemptive plan. Historically, Gentiles were considered outsiders to the covenant promises given to Israel. This phrase underscores the breaking down of barriers, as seen in Ephesians 2:14, where Christ is described as our peace, who has made both groups one.

are being built together
The imagery of construction suggests an ongoing process, indicating that the church is continually growing and being shaped. This aligns with 1 Peter 2:5, where believers are described as living stones being built into a spiritual house. The communal aspect is emphasized, highlighting the importance of unity and cooperation among believers.

into a dwelling place for God
This phrase reflects the Old Testament concept of the temple as God's dwelling place among His people (1 Kings 8:27-30). However, the New Testament reveals a shift from a physical temple to a spiritual one, where God resides within His people collectively. This transformation is a fulfillment of prophecies like Ezekiel 37:27, where God promises to dwell among His people.

in His Spirit
The Holy Spirit is the agent through whom God dwells within believers. This aligns with 1 Corinthians 3:16, where Paul states that believers are God's temple and that His Spirit dwells in them. The presence of the Spirit signifies God's active involvement in the life of the church, guiding, empowering, and sanctifying believers.