As a prisoner in the Lord, then,
Paul identifies himself as a prisoner, which is both literal and metaphorical. Literally, Paul was under house arrest in Rome (Acts 28:16-31), a situation that underscores his commitment to the Gospel despite personal cost. Metaphorically, being a "prisoner in the Lord" signifies total submission to Christ's will, reflecting the idea that true freedom is found in servitude to God (Romans 6:18). This phrase sets the tone for the exhortation that follows, emphasizing the authority and sincerity of Paul's message.

I urge you
The Greek word for "urge" (parakaleo) conveys a sense of earnest appeal and encouragement. Paul is not commanding but strongly encouraging the Ephesians to live out their faith. This reflects the pastoral heart of Paul, who desires the spiritual growth and maturity of the believers. It is a call to action, rooted in love and concern for their spiritual well-being.

to walk in a manner worthy
"Walk" is a common biblical metaphor for one's conduct or lifestyle (Colossians 1:10). To walk "worthy" means to live in a way that reflects the value and significance of the calling they have received. This involves aligning one's life with the teachings and example of Christ, demonstrating integrity, humility, and love. The concept of worthiness is not about earning God's favor but responding appropriately to the grace already given.

of the calling you have received:
The "calling" refers to the divine invitation to salvation and a life of holiness (2 Timothy 1:9). It encompasses both the individual and collective purpose of believers, which is to glorify God and advance His kingdom. This calling is rooted in God's eternal plan and is a theme throughout Ephesians, highlighting the unity and purpose of the Church (Ephesians 1:18, 4:4). The phrase emphasizes the responsibility of believers to live in accordance with their identity in Christ, reflecting the transformative power of the Gospel.

with all humility and gentleness
Humility and gentleness are foundational Christian virtues. Humility, in the biblical sense, involves recognizing one's own limitations and the greatness of God. It is a call to put others before oneself, reflecting the attitude of Christ as described in Philippians 2:3-8. Gentleness, or meekness, is not weakness but strength under control. It is the ability to respond to others with kindness and compassion, as Jesus did (Matthew 11:29). In the Greco-Roman world, humility was often seen as a weakness, but Christianity redefined it as a strength. These virtues are essential for maintaining unity within the body of Christ, as they help believers to interact with one another in a way that fosters peace and understanding.

with patience
Patience is the ability to endure difficult circumstances and the shortcomings of others without becoming angry or upset. It is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and is crucial for maintaining harmony in relationships. The Greek word used here, "makrothumia," implies a long-suffering attitude, which is necessary for dealing with the imperfections of others. Patience reflects God's own character, as He is described as being patient with humanity (2 Peter 3:9). In the context of Ephesians, patience is vital for the unity of the church, allowing believers to work through conflicts and differences in a Christ-like manner.

bearing with one another in love
Bearing with one another involves enduring and supporting each other, even when it is challenging. This phrase emphasizes the importance of love as the binding force in Christian relationships. Love, as described in 1 Corinthians 13, is patient and kind, and it keeps no record of wrongs. The Greek word for love here is "agape," which is selfless and unconditional, mirroring the love of Christ for His church. This love is not based on feelings but is a deliberate choice to seek the best for others. In the early church, this kind of love was counter-cultural, as it transcended social, ethnic, and economic barriers, creating a new community united in Christ.

and with diligence
This phrase emphasizes the importance of intentional effort and commitment. In the biblical context, diligence is often associated with perseverance and careful attention to one's duties. Proverbs 4:23 advises believers to guard their hearts with diligence, highlighting the necessity of vigilance in spiritual matters. The call to diligence here suggests that maintaining unity requires active participation and is not a passive endeavor.

to preserve the unity of the Spirit
The unity of the Spirit refers to the oneness that believers share through the Holy Spirit. This unity is a gift from God, established through the work of Christ and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. In John 17:21, Jesus prays for His followers to be one, just as He and the Father are one, indicating that this unity is both spiritual and relational. The early church, as seen in Acts 2:42-47, exemplified this unity through communal living and shared faith. The preservation of this unity is crucial for the witness of the church in the world.

through the bond of peace
The bond of peace is the means by which unity is maintained. Peace, in the biblical sense, is more than the absence of conflict; it is the presence of harmony and wholeness. Colossians 3:15 encourages believers to let the peace of Christ rule in their hearts, which serves as a guiding principle for interactions within the body of Christ. The bond of peace can be seen as a type of covenantal relationship, reflecting the peace that Christ established between God and humanity through His sacrifice. This peace is both a gift and a responsibility, requiring believers to actively pursue reconciliation and harmony with one another.

There is one body
This phrase emphasizes the unity of the Church, which is often referred to as the "body of Christ" (1 Corinthians 12:27). The concept of one body signifies that all believers, regardless of their background or status, are united in Christ. This unity is a central theme in Paul's letters, reflecting the early Church's struggle to maintain cohesion amidst diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The metaphor of the body illustrates the interdependence of believers, each with unique gifts and roles, working together for the common good (Romans 12:4-5).

and one Spirit
The reference to "one Spirit" highlights the Holy Spirit's role in unifying believers. The Holy Spirit is the source of spiritual life and empowerment for the Church (Acts 1:8). This unity in the Spirit transcends human divisions and is a fulfillment of Jesus' promise to send the Helper (John 14:16-17). The Spirit's indwelling presence is a seal of the believer's salvation and a guarantee of their inheritance (Ephesians 1:13-14).

just as you were called to one hope
The "one hope" refers to the shared future expectation of eternal life and resurrection with Christ (Titus 1:2). This hope is rooted in the promises of God and the resurrection of Jesus, which assures believers of their future glory (1 Peter 1:3-4). The calling to this hope is a reminder of the believer's purpose and destiny, encouraging perseverance and faithfulness in the Christian walk (Philippians 3:14).

when you were called
The calling mentioned here is the divine invitation to salvation and a relationship with God through Jesus Christ (2 Timothy 1:9). This calling is not based on human merit but on God's grace and purpose. It reflects the biblical theme of God's initiative in choosing and calling His people, as seen in the calling of Israel (Isaiah 43:1) and the apostles (Mark 3:13-14). The call to follow Christ involves a transformation of life and alignment with God's will (Romans 8:28-30).

one Lord
The term "Lord" in this context refers to Jesus Christ, affirming His divinity and authority over the church. In the Greco-Roman world, "lord" was a title used for emperors and deities, but Paul reclaims it to emphasize the supremacy of Christ. This echoes the Shema from Deuteronomy 6:4, "The LORD our God, the LORD is one," highlighting monotheism and the unity of God. The early church faced pressures from both Jewish and pagan communities, making this declaration a bold statement of allegiance to Christ alone. This phrase also connects to Philippians 2:11, where every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, underscoring His ultimate authority and role as the head of the church.

one faith
This phrase signifies the shared belief system centered on the gospel of Jesus Christ. It underscores the unity of doctrine and the core truths of Christianity, which were crucial in a time when false teachings and divisions threatened the early church. The "one faith" is the apostolic teaching handed down from Christ to His disciples, as seen in Jude 1:3, which speaks of the faith delivered once for all to the saints. This unity in faith is essential for the church's mission and witness in the world, as it reflects the truth of the gospel and the transformative power of Christ's work.

one baptism
Baptism here refers to the rite of initiation into the Christian community, symbolizing the believer's identification with the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the first-century context, baptism was a public declaration of faith and allegiance to Christ, often at great personal risk. This phrase emphasizes the unity and equality of all believers, regardless of background, as they are all baptized into one body (1 Corinthians 12:13). The act of baptism also connects to the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19, where Jesus commands His followers to baptize in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, signifying the believer's entry into the covenant community and the new life in Christ.

one God and Father of all
This phrase emphasizes the monotheistic belief central to Christianity, affirming that there is only one God who is the Father of all creation. This echoes the Shema from Deuteronomy 6:4, "Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one." It underscores the unity and universality of God, who is not just the God of Israel but of all humanity. This concept is foundational in understanding the nature of God as both transcendent and immanent, a theme that runs throughout the Bible. The fatherhood of God also highlights His role as a loving and caring parent, which is a recurring theme in both the Old and New Testaments.

who is over all
This phrase speaks to God's sovereignty and supreme authority over the entire universe. It reflects the biblical teaching that God is the ultimate ruler and king, as seen in passages like Psalm 103:19, "The LORD has established His throne in heaven, and His kingdom rules over all." This sovereignty assures believers of God's control over all circumstances, providing comfort and assurance that nothing happens outside of His will. It also calls for submission and reverence to God's authority in all aspects of life.

and through all
This part of the verse highlights God's active presence and involvement in the world. It suggests that God works through all things to accomplish His purposes, as seen in Romans 8:28, "And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love Him, who have been called according to His purpose." This indicates that God is not distant or detached but is intimately involved in the workings of the world and the lives of individuals. It also points to the idea of God's providence, where He orchestrates events for His glory and the good of His people.

and in all
This phrase emphasizes God's omnipresence, the belief that God is present everywhere at all times. It aligns with Psalm 139:7-10, where David acknowledges that there is no place he can go to escape God's presence. This truth provides believers with the assurance that God is always with them, offering guidance, comfort, and strength. It also challenges believers to live in a way that honors God's presence in every aspect of their lives, recognizing that they are never outside of His watchful care.

Now to each one of us
This phrase emphasizes the individual nature of the grace given to believers. It highlights the personal relationship each Christian has with Christ. In the context of the early church, this would have been significant as it underscores the inclusivity of the gospel message, reaching both Jews and Gentiles. The phrase also reflects the unity and diversity within the body of Christ, as each member is uniquely gifted.

grace has been given
The concept of grace is central to Christian theology, representing unmerited favor from God. This grace is not earned but is a gift, underscoring the doctrine of salvation by faith. In the cultural context of Ephesus, a city known for its diverse religious practices, the idea of grace would contrast sharply with the transactional nature of pagan worship. This grace empowers believers for service and spiritual growth.

according to the measure
This indicates that the grace given is not uniform but varies according to God's sovereign will. It suggests a tailored distribution of spiritual gifts, aligning with the needs and purposes of the church. This measure is not based on human merit but on divine wisdom, ensuring that each believer is equipped for their specific role within the body of Christ.

of the gift of Christ
The ultimate gift is Christ Himself, whose life, death, and resurrection provide the foundation for all spiritual blessings. This phrase connects to the broader biblical narrative of redemption, where Christ is the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and types, such as the sacrificial lamb. The gift of Christ encompasses both salvation and the empowerment for ministry, reflecting the dual aspects of grace: justification and sanctification.

This is why it says:
This phrase introduces a quotation from the Old Testament, specifically Psalm 68:18. The Apostle Paul often uses Old Testament references to connect the teachings of Christ with the Hebrew Scriptures, showing continuity in God's plan. This method of teaching was common in Jewish tradition, where rabbis would cite scripture to support their teachings.

“When He ascended on high:
The imagery of ascending on high is often associated with victory and triumph. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a king or military leader would ascend to a high place after a victory, symbolizing authority and dominion. This phrase is understood to refer to Christ's ascension into heaven after His resurrection, signifying His victory over sin and death. It echoes the ascension of a victorious king returning from battle.

He led captives away:
This part of the verse suggests a triumphal procession, where a victorious leader would lead captives as a demonstration of their conquest. In the context of Ephesians, it is interpreted as Christ leading spiritual captives—those who were once bound by sin and death—into freedom. This imagery is consistent with the Roman practice of triumphal processions, where captives were paraded as a sign of victory.

and gave gifts to men.”
The giving of gifts is a reference to the distribution of spiritual gifts to the church. In ancient times, a victorious king would distribute spoils or gifts to his people. Here, it signifies the spiritual gifts given by Christ to believers, empowering them for service and building up the body of Christ. This concept is further elaborated in the subsequent verses of Ephesians 4, where Paul discusses the various gifts and roles within the church.

What does “He ascended” mean
This phrase refers to the ascension of Jesus Christ into heaven, as described in Acts 1:9-11. The ascension signifies Christ's exaltation and His return to the Father after completing His earthly ministry. It fulfills Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 68:18, which speaks of God ascending on high. The ascension is a key event in Christian theology, marking the transition from Christ's earthly work to His heavenly intercession.

except that He also descended
This part of the verse highlights the necessity of Christ's descent before His ascension. The descent is often interpreted as His incarnation, where He came down from heaven to live as a man on earth (John 1:14). Some interpretations also consider this descent as His going to the realm of the dead, as suggested in 1 Peter 3:18-20, where Christ is said to have preached to the spirits in prison. This descent emphasizes His humility and willingness to fully engage with the human condition.

to the lower parts of the earth?
This phrase can be understood in several ways. Traditionally, it has been seen as a reference to Christ's burial and His presence in the grave, aligning with the Apostles' Creed's mention of His descent into hell. It can also be interpreted as His coming to earth from heaven, emphasizing the depth of His condescension. The "lower parts of the earth" may also symbolize the realm of the dead, where Christ proclaimed victory over sin and death. This connects to the broader biblical narrative of redemption and Christ's ultimate triumph over evil.

He who descended
This phrase refers to Jesus Christ, emphasizing His incarnation and His descent to Earth. Theologically, it highlights the humility of Christ, who left His divine glory to become human (Philippians 2:6-8). This descent is also seen in His death and burial, where He descended to the grave. Some interpretations suggest a descent into Hades, as referenced in 1 Peter 3:18-20, where Christ proclaimed victory over the spirits in prison.

is the very One who ascended
This part of the verse speaks to Christ's resurrection and ascension into heaven. After His resurrection, Jesus appeared to His disciples and others over a period of 40 days (Acts 1:3) before ascending to the right hand of the Father (Acts 1:9-11). His ascension signifies His victory over sin and death and His exaltation as Lord. It fulfills Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 68:18, which Paul also quotes in Ephesians 4:8.

above all the heavens
This phrase indicates the supreme authority and position of Christ. In Jewish cosmology, there were multiple heavens, and Christ's ascension above all signifies His ultimate sovereignty and divine authority. It echoes the language of Hebrews 4:14, where Jesus is described as having passed through the heavens, and Philippians 2:9, where God exalts Him to the highest place.

in order to fill all things
This phrase underscores the purpose of Christ's ascension: to fill the universe with His presence and power. It reflects the idea that Christ is the head of the Church and the cosmos, as seen in Ephesians 1:22-23. His filling all things is both a present reality and a future hope, pointing to the ultimate reconciliation and restoration of all creation under His lordship (Colossians 1:19-20).

And it was He who gave
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of spiritual gifts and roles within the church. The "He" refers to Christ, who, after His ascension, distributed gifts to His followers. This aligns with Ephesians 4:7-10, where Paul discusses Christ's authority to give gifts. The giving of these roles is an act of grace and sovereignty, highlighting that these positions are not self-appointed but divinely ordained.

some to be apostles
Apostles were foundational to the early church, serving as Christ's messengers and witnesses to His resurrection. The term "apostle" means "one who is sent out." The original apostles were chosen by Jesus, including Paul, who was called later. Their role was to establish churches and provide authoritative teaching. This office is closely linked to the New Testament's formation, as many apostles contributed to its writings.

some to be prophets
Prophets in the New Testament context were those who received direct revelation from God to edify, exhort, and comfort the church. This role is seen as a continuation of the Old Testament prophetic tradition, though with a focus on the church's edification. Prophets played a crucial role in the early church, as seen in Acts 11:27-28 and 21:10-11, where they provided guidance and warnings.

some to be evangelists
Evangelists are those specially gifted to proclaim the gospel and bring others to faith in Christ. This role is exemplified by figures like Philip in Acts 21:8, who traveled to spread the good news. Evangelists are essential for the church's growth and expansion, focusing on outreach and conversion.

and some to be pastors and teachers
The roles of pastors and teachers are often linked, suggesting a dual function of shepherding and instructing the church. Pastors, or shepherds, are responsible for the spiritual care and guidance of the congregation, akin to the shepherd imagery used throughout Scripture (e.g., Psalm 23, John 10). Teachers are tasked with explaining and applying biblical doctrine, ensuring the church's doctrinal soundness. This dual role is vital for nurturing and equipping believers for service.

to equip the saints
This phrase emphasizes the preparation and training of believers, often referred to as "saints" in the New Testament. The term "saints" denotes those set apart for God, highlighting their holy calling. The concept of equipping suggests a process of making ready or furnishing with necessary tools. In the context of the early church, this equipping was often done through teaching, discipleship, and the impartation of spiritual gifts (1 Corinthians 12:4-11). The apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors, and teachers mentioned earlier in Ephesians 4:11 were given to the church to facilitate this equipping. The Greek word used here, "katartismos," implies a complete furnishing or perfecting, indicating that the saints are being prepared for a specific purpose.

for works of ministry
The purpose of equipping the saints is for them to engage in "works of ministry." This phrase underscores the active role of every believer in serving others and advancing the kingdom of God. Ministry is not limited to clergy but is the responsibility of all Christians. The early church was characterized by a communal approach to ministry, where believers shared resources and responsibilities (Acts 2:42-47). The "works" refer to various acts of service, whether spiritual, such as teaching and evangelism, or practical, like helping the needy. This aligns with the teaching of Jesus, who modeled servanthood and instructed His followers to serve one another (Mark 10:45).

and to build up the body of Christ,
The ultimate goal of equipping and ministry is the edification or building up of the "body of Christ," a metaphor for the church. This imagery highlights the interconnectedness and interdependence of believers, each contributing to the health and growth of the whole. The body of Christ is a recurring theme in Paul's letters, emphasizing unity and diversity within the church (1 Corinthians 12:12-27). The building up of the body involves spiritual growth, maturity, and unity in faith and knowledge of the Son of God (Ephesians 4:13). This process reflects the transformative work of the Holy Spirit, who empowers believers to live out their faith and fulfill their calling. The church, as the body of Christ, is called to reflect His character and mission in the world, serving as a witness to His redemptive work.

until we all reach unity in the faith
This phrase emphasizes the goal of spiritual unity among believers. The early church, composed of Jews and Gentiles, faced challenges in achieving this unity due to cultural and religious differences. The call for unity is a recurring theme in Paul's letters (e.g., 1 Corinthians 1:10, Philippians 2:2). Unity in faith implies a shared belief in the core tenets of Christianity, such as the divinity of Christ and salvation through grace. This unity is not just organizational but spiritual, reflecting the oneness of the body of Christ (Ephesians 4:4-6).

and in the knowledge of the Son of God
Knowledge here refers to an intimate, experiential understanding of Jesus Christ, not merely intellectual assent. This knowledge is transformative, leading to spiritual growth and maturity. The phrase underscores the importance of knowing Christ personally, as seen in Philippians 3:10, where Paul expresses his desire to know Christ and the power of His resurrection. This knowledge is foundational for believers, as it shapes their identity and purpose in Christ.

as we mature
Maturity in the Christian context involves growing in spiritual wisdom and character, reflecting the fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23). The process of maturing is ongoing, requiring believers to be rooted in Scripture and active in their faith. Hebrews 5:12-14 contrasts spiritual infancy with maturity, urging believers to progress beyond elementary teachings. Maturity is marked by discernment, stability in faith, and the ability to teach and encourage others.

to the full measure of the stature of Christ
This phrase sets the standard for Christian maturity as the likeness of Christ Himself. Believers are called to grow into His image, reflecting His character and love. The "full measure" suggests completeness and perfection, a process that will be fully realized in eternity (1 John 3:2). The stature of Christ represents His moral and spiritual excellence, which believers are to emulate. This transformation is a work of the Holy Spirit, as seen in 2 Corinthians 3:18, where believers are being transformed into the image of Christ from glory to glory.

Then we will no longer be infants
This phrase emphasizes spiritual maturity. In biblical context, "infants" refers to those who are immature in their faith, lacking discernment and understanding. Hebrews 5:13-14 contrasts spiritual milk with solid food, urging believers to grow in their faith. The call to maturity is a recurring theme in Paul's letters, as seen in 1 Corinthians 3:1-2, where he addresses the Corinthians as infants in Christ.

tossed about by the waves
The imagery of being tossed by waves suggests instability and vulnerability. In the ancient world, the sea was often seen as chaotic and dangerous, symbolizing uncertainty and peril. James 1:6 uses similar imagery to describe a doubting person as being like a wave of the sea, driven and tossed by the wind. This metaphor highlights the need for a firm foundation in Christ to withstand life's challenges.

and carried around by every wind of teaching
This phrase warns against being swayed by false doctrines. The early church faced numerous heresies and false teachings, such as Gnosticism and Judaizers, which threatened to lead believers astray. Galatians 1:6-9 warns against turning to a different gospel, emphasizing the importance of adhering to the true teachings of Christ. The metaphor of wind suggests the ever-changing and unpredictable nature of false teachings.

and by the clever cunning of men
Here, Paul addresses the intentional deceit by false teachers. The term "clever cunning" implies a calculated and strategic effort to mislead. In 2 Corinthians 11:13-15, Paul describes false apostles as deceitful workers, masquerading as apostles of Christ. This highlights the need for discernment and vigilance in recognizing and resisting such deception.

in their deceitful scheming
This phrase underscores the deliberate and malicious intent behind false teachings. The Greek word for "scheming" suggests a methodical and organized plan to deceive. Ephesians 6:11 advises believers to put on the full armor of God to stand against the devil's schemes, indicating that spiritual warfare involves recognizing and countering deceit. The emphasis is on the importance of truth and integrity in the believer's life.

Instead, speaking the truth in love
This phrase emphasizes the importance of truth being communicated with love. In the context of Ephesians, Paul contrasts this with the deceitful scheming mentioned earlier in the chapter. The Greek word for "truth" (aletheia) implies not just factual accuracy but sincerity and integrity. Love (agape) is the selfless, sacrificial love that reflects God's nature. This balance is crucial for maintaining unity and maturity within the church. The concept is echoed in 1 Corinthians 13:1-2, where love is essential for meaningful communication and action.

we will in all things grow up
The imagery of growth suggests a process of maturation and development. This growth is comprehensive, affecting all aspects of life and faith. The metaphor of growth is common in Paul's writings, as seen in 1 Corinthians 3:6-7, where he describes the church as God's field. The idea is that believers are to mature spiritually, moving from infancy to adulthood in their faith journey, as also encouraged in Hebrews 5:12-14.

into Christ Himself
Christ is the ultimate goal and standard for Christian maturity. The phrase indicates a deep, personal relationship with Jesus, where believers are being conformed to His image (Romans 8:29). This transformation is not just individual but corporate, as the church collectively becomes more like Christ. The preposition "into" suggests movement and direction, emphasizing the dynamic nature of this growth.

who is the head
Christ as the head signifies His authority and leadership over the church, which is His body. This metaphor is used throughout the New Testament, notably in Colossians 1:18, to illustrate the relationship between Christ and the church. The head controls and directs the body, ensuring its health and function. This imagery underscores the importance of being connected to Christ for guidance and sustenance, as well as the unity and interdependence of believers within the body.

From Him
This phrase refers to Christ as the source and head of the Church. In Colossians 1:18, Christ is described as the head of the body, the Church, emphasizing His authority and preeminence. The Church's growth and unity originate from Him, highlighting the divine nature of its foundation.

the whole body
The "whole body" signifies the entire Church, composed of all believers. This metaphor of the Church as a body is also found in 1 Corinthians 12:12-27, where Paul explains the interdependence of its members. Each believer is a vital part of the body, contributing to its overall function and health.

fitted and held together
This phrase indicates the careful and intentional design of the Church. In Ephesians 2:21, Paul uses similar language to describe the Church as a holy temple, built together in Christ. The imagery suggests a structure that is both strong and unified, reflecting God's purpose and plan.

by every supporting ligament
The "supporting ligament" symbolizes the various roles and functions within the Church that contribute to its unity and strength. In a historical context, this reflects the early Church's organization, where different gifts and ministries were recognized and valued, as seen in Romans 12:4-8.

grows and builds itself up in love
Growth and edification in the Church are rooted in love, a central theme in Paul's letters. Love is the binding force that ensures the Church's development is healthy and aligned with Christ's teachings. This echoes 1 Corinthians 13, where love is described as the greatest virtue.

through the work of each individual part
Every believer has a role and responsibility in the Church's growth. This concept of individual contribution is reinforced in 1 Peter 4:10, where believers are encouraged to use their gifts to serve others. The early Church's communal life, as depicted in Acts 2:42-47, exemplifies this principle of mutual edification and service.

So I tell you this, and insist on it in the Lord
Paul begins with a strong exhortation, emphasizing his authority as an apostle. The phrase "in the Lord" underscores that his instruction is not merely personal advice but carries divine authority. This reflects the apostolic tradition where teachings are rooted in Christ's authority, as seen in other epistles (e.g., 1 Corinthians 7:10).

that you must no longer walk as the Gentiles do
The term "walk" is a metaphor for one's way of life or conduct. Paul contrasts the lifestyle of believers with that of the Gentiles, who were often characterized by idolatry and immorality. This reflects the early church's struggle to maintain distinctiveness from surrounding pagan cultures, as seen in Acts 15:19-20, where the Jerusalem Council addresses Gentile believers.

in the futility of their thinking
"Futility" suggests a purposeless or vain mindset, often associated with idolatry and moral corruption. This echoes Old Testament themes, such as in Ecclesiastes, where life apart from God is described as "meaningless." The phrase highlights the transformation expected in believers, aligning with Romans 12:2, which calls for the renewal of the mind.

They are darkened in their understanding
This phrase suggests a spiritual blindness or lack of insight into divine truths. In biblical context, darkness often symbolizes ignorance and separation from God (John 1:5). The understanding here refers to the mind's ability to perceive spiritual realities. This darkening is a result of sin, as seen in Romans 1:21, where people, although knowing God, did not honor Him, leading to futile thinking and darkened hearts.

and alienated from the life of God
Alienation from God indicates a separation from His presence and the spiritual life He offers. This echoes the condition of humanity after the Fall, as described in Genesis 3, where sin caused a rift between God and man. The life of God refers to the eternal life and fellowship with Him, which is restored through Christ (John 17:3). Ephesians 2:12 also speaks of being "separate from Christ" and "without hope."

because of the ignorance that is in them
Ignorance here is not merely a lack of knowledge but a willful rejection of God's truth. This ignorance is a spiritual condition, as seen in Hosea 4:6, where God laments that His people are destroyed for lack of knowledge. It is a deliberate turning away from God, leading to moral and spiritual decay.

due to the hardness of their hearts
The hardness of heart is a biblical metaphor for stubbornness and resistance to God's will. This condition is often self-imposed, as seen in Pharaoh's hardened heart in Exodus 7-11. It signifies an unwillingness to repent and accept God's truth. In the New Testament, Jesus speaks of the hardness of heart as a barrier to understanding His teachings (Mark 8:17). This hardness results in spiritual insensitivity and alienation from God.

Having lost all sense of shame
This phrase indicates a moral and spiritual decline. In the biblical context, shame is often associated with the awareness of sin and the conviction of wrongdoing. The loss of shame suggests a seared conscience, as described in 1 Timothy 4:2, where individuals become desensitized to sin. This condition reflects the state of the Gentiles in Ephesus, who were immersed in pagan practices and idolatry, leading to a hardened heart (Ephesians 4:18). The cultural context of Ephesus, a city known for its temple to Artemis and associated immoral practices, provides a backdrop for understanding this moral decay.

they have given themselves over to sensuality
The act of giving oneself over implies a deliberate choice to pursue a lifestyle contrary to God's standards. Sensuality, in this context, refers to unrestrained indulgence in physical pleasures, often linked to sexual immorality. This behavior is condemned throughout Scripture, as seen in Galatians 5:19-21, where sensuality is listed among the works of the flesh. The historical context of Ephesus, with its rampant sexual immorality and temple prostitution, highlights the challenge early Christians faced in maintaining purity.

for the practice of every kind of impurity
This phrase underscores the extent of moral corruption, encompassing various forms of impurity. In biblical terms, impurity often relates to sexual sins but can also include other moral and ethical violations. Romans 1:24-32 provides a parallel description of humanity's descent into impurity when they reject God. The use of "every kind" suggests a comprehensive abandonment to sin, reflecting the pervasive influence of pagan culture in Ephesus.

with a craving for more
The insatiable desire for more impurity indicates a deep spiritual void. This craving is reminiscent of the addictive nature of sin, where satisfaction is never truly attained, leading to a continual pursuit of greater depravity. James 1:14-15 describes how desire, when conceived, gives birth to sin, and sin, when fully grown, brings forth death. This cycle of sin and craving highlights the need for redemption and transformation through Christ, who offers true fulfillment and freedom from the bondage of sin (John 8:36).

But this is not the way
This phrase contrasts the previous verses, where Paul describes the futile thinking and darkened understanding of the Gentiles. It emphasizes a departure from a lifestyle characterized by ignorance and moral insensitivity. The "way" refers to a manner of living that is inconsistent with the teachings of Christ. This highlights the transformative nature of the Christian faith, which calls believers to a higher standard of conduct.

you came to know
The phrase "came to know" implies a personal and experiential knowledge of Christ, not merely intellectual assent. In the Greco-Roman world, knowledge often involved a deep, relational understanding rather than just factual information. This knowledge is transformative, leading to a change in behavior and values. It suggests an ongoing relationship with Christ, marked by growth and maturity in faith.

Christ
The use of "Christ" here is significant, as it refers to Jesus as the Messiah, the Anointed One. This title connects Jesus to the Old Testament prophecies and the hope of Israel for a savior. In the context of Ephesians, Paul emphasizes the unity and reconciliation brought about through Christ, breaking down the barriers between Jews and Gentiles. This knowledge of Christ is central to the believer's identity and way of life, as it aligns them with the purposes and character of God.

Surely you heard of Him
This phrase emphasizes the importance of hearing the message of Christ, which is central to the Christian faith. In the early church, oral tradition was a primary means of spreading the Gospel. Romans 10:17 states, "Faith comes from hearing the message, and the message is heard through the word about Christ." The Ephesians, like many early Christians, would have heard about Jesus through apostles and evangelists. This hearing is not just physical but involves understanding and accepting the message of salvation.

and were taught in Him
Being "taught in Him" suggests a deeper, ongoing process of discipleship and learning. This teaching is not merely academic but transformative, as it involves being instructed in the ways of Christ. In the context of Ephesians, Paul often emphasizes the role of the church in teaching and edifying believers (Ephesians 4:11-13). The phrase also implies a personal relationship with Christ, as believers are taught "in Him," indicating that Jesus Himself is the source and subject of this teaching.

in keeping with the truth that is in Jesus
This part of the verse highlights the centrality of truth in the Christian life. Jesus is described as "the way, the truth, and the life" in John 14:6, underscoring that truth is not just a concept but personified in Christ. The truth in Jesus contrasts with the deceit and falsehood prevalent in the world. In Ephesians 4:14, Paul warns against being "tossed back and forth by the waves, and blown here and there by every wind of teaching." The truth in Jesus provides a firm foundation for believers, guiding them in righteousness and holiness.

to put off your former way of life
This phrase calls for a decisive break from past behaviors and attitudes that are inconsistent with a life in Christ. The imagery of "putting off" suggests the removal of clothing, symbolizing a complete renunciation of the old lifestyle. In the cultural context of Ephesus, a city known for its pagan practices and idolatry, this would have been a radical call to transformation. The concept of shedding the old life is echoed in Colossians 3:9-10, where believers are urged to put off the old self and put on the new self, which is being renewed in knowledge after the image of its Creator.

your old self
The "old self" refers to the unregenerate nature that is dominated by sin and separated from God. This is the nature that believers are called to abandon. In Romans 6:6, Paul speaks of the old self being crucified with Christ so that the body of sin might be rendered powerless. This transformation is not merely a moral reformation but a spiritual renewal that aligns with the new identity in Christ. Theologically, this reflects the doctrine of sanctification, where believers are progressively conformed to the image of Christ.

which is being corrupted
The present tense "is being corrupted" indicates an ongoing process of moral and spiritual decay. This corruption is inherent in the sinful nature and is contrasted with the renewal that comes through the Holy Spirit. In 2 Corinthians 4:16, Paul contrasts the outward wasting away with the inward renewal day by day, highlighting the continuous nature of both corruption and renewal. The corruption of the old self is a result of living apart from God's truth and grace.

by its deceitful desires
Deceitful desires are those that promise satisfaction and fulfillment but ultimately lead to destruction and separation from God. These desires are rooted in the flesh and are contrary to the desires of the Spirit, as outlined in Galatians 5:16-17. The deceitfulness lies in their ability to mask the true consequences of sin, leading individuals away from the truth of the Gospel. James 1:14-15 describes how desire, when conceived, gives birth to sin, and sin, when fully grown, brings forth death. This highlights the need for discernment and reliance on the Holy Spirit to overcome such desires.

to be renewed
This phrase emphasizes the ongoing process of spiritual transformation. The concept of renewal is central to Christian doctrine, reflecting the idea of being made new in Christ. This renewal is not a one-time event but a continuous process, aligning with Romans 12:2, which speaks of being transformed by the renewing of the mind. The Greek word for "renewed" (ἀνανεόω) suggests a complete renovation, indicating a profound change in one's nature and character. This renewal is a work of the Holy Spirit, as seen in Titus 3:5, where the washing of regeneration and renewal by the Holy Spirit is mentioned.

in the spirit
The term "spirit" here refers to the inner being or the immaterial part of a person that is capable of communion with God. It is not merely the human spirit but the aspect of a person that is influenced and transformed by the Holy Spirit. This aligns with the biblical understanding that true change begins internally, as seen in Ezekiel 36:26-27, where God promises to give a new heart and spirit. The spirit is the seat of thoughts, attitudes, and intentions, and its renewal is essential for living a life that pleases God.

of your minds;
The mind is the center of thought, understanding, and decision-making. In the biblical context, the mind is not just the intellect but encompasses the whole inner life, including emotions and will. The renewal of the mind is crucial because it affects how one perceives and interacts with the world. This is echoed in Philippians 2:5, which encourages believers to have the mind of Christ. The transformation of the mind leads to discernment and the ability to understand God's will, as highlighted in Colossians 3:2, which instructs believers to set their minds on things above. The renewal of the mind is a key aspect of sanctification, the process of becoming more like Christ.

and to put on the new self
This phrase emphasizes the transformative aspect of the Christian life. The "new self" refers to the regenerated nature that believers receive through faith in Christ. This concept is rooted in the idea of being "born again" (John 3:3), where the old sinful nature is replaced by a new nature aligned with God's will. The imagery of "putting on" suggests a deliberate and conscious action, akin to changing clothes, symbolizing a complete change in identity and behavior. This transformation is not merely external but involves a deep, internal renewal of the mind and spirit (Romans 12:2).

created to be like God
This part of the verse highlights the purpose of the new self, which is to reflect God's character. It echoes the creation narrative where humans were made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). The fall of man marred this image, but through Christ, believers are restored to reflect God's attributes. This restoration process is ongoing and involves growing in Christlikeness, as seen in passages like 2 Corinthians 3:18, where believers are transformed into the same image from glory to glory. The idea of being "created" suggests a divine act, emphasizing that this new nature is a work of God, not human effort.

in true righteousness and holiness
Righteousness and holiness are central attributes of God's character. "True righteousness" implies a standard that is genuine and not based on human definitions or self-righteousness. It involves living in a way that is just and upright, in accordance with God's laws and commands. Holiness, on the other hand, signifies being set apart for God's purposes, reflecting His purity and moral perfection. This dual emphasis on righteousness and holiness underscores the ethical and moral dimensions of the Christian life. It connects to other scriptures such as 1 Peter 1:15-16, which calls believers to be holy as God is holy. This transformation into righteousness and holiness is made possible through the sanctifying work of the Holy Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23).

Therefore each of you must put off falsehood
This phrase calls for a rejection of deceit and dishonesty, emphasizing the importance of truthfulness in the Christian life. The term "put off" suggests a deliberate action, akin to removing a garment, indicating a conscious decision to abandon falsehood. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is addressing a community of believers who are called to live in unity and holiness. The rejection of falsehood is foundational to maintaining trust and integrity within the body of Christ. This directive echoes the ninth commandment, "You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor" (Exodus 20:16), underscoring the continuity of moral law from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

and speak truthfully to his neighbor
The call to speak truthfully is rooted in the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor as oneself (Leviticus 19:18; Matthew 22:39). In the Greco-Roman world, where Paul was writing, honesty was not always a cultural norm, making this exhortation countercultural. Truthfulness is essential for building and maintaining relationships within the Christian community. This phrase also reflects the teachings of Jesus, who declared Himself to be "the way, the truth, and the life" (John 14:6), and who emphasized the importance of truth in His ministry. Speaking truthfully is a reflection of the character of God, who is described as a God of truth (Deuteronomy 32:4).

for we are all members of one another
This phrase highlights the interconnectedness of believers within the body of Christ. Paul uses the metaphor of the body to describe the church, where each member is essential and interdependent (1 Corinthians 12:12-27). The unity of believers is a recurring theme in Ephesians, emphasizing that Christians are not isolated individuals but part of a larger community. This interconnectedness means that falsehood not only harms the individual but also the entire community. The call to truthfulness is thus not merely a personal ethic but a communal responsibility. This concept is further reinforced by the idea that believers are "one body and one Spirit" (Ephesians 4:4), united in Christ.

Be angry, yet do not sin.
This phrase acknowledges that anger is a natural human emotion, but it must be controlled and not lead to sin. In the biblical context, anger is seen in various figures, such as Moses (Exodus 32:19) and Jesus (Mark 3:5), who displayed righteous anger. However, the warning here is against allowing anger to lead to sinful actions or attitudes, such as harboring resentment or seeking revenge. The Greek word for "anger" used here can refer to both a momentary outburst and a more settled disposition, suggesting that both need to be managed carefully. This aligns with Proverbs 29:11, which contrasts the behavior of a fool and a wise person in handling anger.

Do not let the sun set upon your anger,
This phrase emphasizes the importance of resolving anger quickly and not allowing it to fester. In the cultural context of the time, the setting sun marked the end of the day, and this imagery is used to stress the urgency of reconciliation. The idea is to prevent anger from turning into bitterness or giving the devil a foothold, as mentioned in the following verse (Ephesians 4:27). This teaching is consistent with Jesus' instruction in Matthew 5:23-24, where He advises settling disputes promptly. The phrase also reflects the Jewish practice of settling accounts before the end of the day, ensuring that relationships are restored and peace is maintained.

and do not
This phrase is an imperative command, indicating a strong exhortation to the believers. It suggests an active role in resisting certain behaviors or attitudes. The use of "do not" implies a choice and responsibility on the part of the believer to avoid actions that could lead to negative spiritual consequences. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of vigilance against sin, as seen in 1 Peter 5:8, which warns believers to be sober-minded and watchful.

give
The term "give" suggests an act of offering or allowing something to happen. In this context, it implies that believers have the power to either permit or prevent the devil's influence in their lives. This reflects the biblical teaching that humans have free will and are accountable for their actions, as seen in Deuteronomy 30:19, where God sets before the people life and death, blessings and curses, urging them to choose life.

the devil
The devil, also known as Satan, is depicted in the Bible as the adversary of God and His people. He is a fallen angel who opposes God's purposes and seeks to lead believers astray. The devil's role as a tempter and accuser is evident in passages like Job 1:6-12 and Matthew 4:1-11. Understanding the devil's nature and tactics is crucial for believers to effectively resist his influence.

a foothold
A foothold refers to a secure position from which further progress can be made. In a spiritual sense, it suggests a small area of influence or control that can be expanded if not addressed. This concept is akin to the idea of a "stronghold" mentioned in 2 Corinthians 10:4, where believers are encouraged to demolish arguments and every pretension that sets itself up against the knowledge of God. Allowing the devil a foothold can lead to greater spiritual compromise and sin.

He who has been stealing must steal no longer
This phrase addresses the transformation expected in a believer's life. Stealing was a common issue in the ancient world, often driven by poverty or greed. The command to cease stealing reflects the moral and ethical standards of the new Christian life. This aligns with the Eighth Commandment, "You shall not steal" (Exodus 20:15), emphasizing a return to God's law. The call to stop stealing is a call to repentance and a change of heart, which is a central theme in the New Testament (Luke 3:8).

but must work
Work is presented as a divine ordinance, established in Genesis 2:15 when God placed Adam in the Garden of Eden to work it. The emphasis on work here underscores the dignity and responsibility of labor. In the Greco-Roman world, manual labor was often looked down upon, but Christianity elevated the value of honest work. This reflects the teaching of Proverbs 14:23, "All hard work brings a profit, but mere talk leads only to poverty."

doing good with his own hands
This phrase highlights the virtue of self-sufficiency and the importance of contributing positively to society. The use of "his own hands" suggests personal responsibility and integrity in one's labor. This is reminiscent of Paul's own example, as he often worked as a tentmaker to support himself (Acts 18:3). The emphasis on "doing good" aligns with the broader biblical teaching that work should not only provide for oneself but also serve others (Galatians 6:10).

that he may have something to share with the one in need
The ultimate purpose of work, according to this passage, is not merely self-sustenance but generosity. This reflects the Christian principle of loving one's neighbor (Mark 12:31) and the early church's practice of sharing resources (Acts 2:44-45). The call to share with those in need echoes the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized caring for the poor and needy (Matthew 25:35-40). This principle of generosity is a reflection of God's own nature, who provides abundantly for His creation.

Let no unwholesome talk come out of your mouths
This phrase emphasizes the importance of speech in the Christian life. The term "unwholesome" can be understood as corrupt or rotten, akin to spoiled fruit. In the cultural context of Ephesus, a city known for its diverse and often morally lax society, believers were called to stand apart by their speech. The Bible frequently addresses the power of words, as seen in Proverbs 18:21, which states that "death and life are in the power of the tongue." This directive aligns with the broader biblical teaching on purity and holiness, as seen in James 3:5-10, which discusses the tongue's potential for both blessing and cursing.

but only what is helpful for building up the one in need
The focus here is on edification, a key theme in Paul's letters. The Greek term for "building up" is often used in the context of constructing a building, symbolizing the growth and strengthening of the church body. This reflects the communal nature of early Christian communities, where mutual support and encouragement were vital. The idea of helping "the one in need" underscores the call to be attentive to the specific needs of others, echoing the teachings of Jesus in Matthew 25:35-40, where serving others is equated with serving Christ Himself.

and bringing grace to those who listen
Grace, a central theme in Pauline theology, is not only a gift from God but also something believers are to extend to others. This phrase suggests that speech should be a conduit of God's grace, reflecting His character and love. In the historical context, Ephesus was a hub of philosophical debate and rhetoric, making the call to gracious speech particularly countercultural. This aligns with Colossians 4:6, which advises believers to let their conversation be "always full of grace, seasoned with salt." The transformative power of grace-filled words can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate embodiment of grace and truth (John 1:14).

And do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God
This phrase emphasizes the personal nature of the Holy Spirit, indicating that He can experience grief. The Holy Spirit is not an impersonal force but a divine person who can be affected by the actions and attitudes of believers. Grieving the Spirit involves actions contrary to His holiness, such as sin, disobedience, or neglect of spiritual duties. The context of Ephesians 4 includes exhortations to live a life worthy of the calling, emphasizing unity, purity, and love. The Holy Spirit is integral to the believer's sanctification process, and grieving Him hinders spiritual growth and fellowship with God. This concept is echoed in Isaiah 63:10, where Israel's rebellion grieved God's Holy Spirit, leading to divine discipline.

in whom you were sealed
The sealing of the Holy Spirit signifies ownership, security, and authenticity. In ancient times, a seal was used to denote possession and to protect the contents of a document or item. Similarly, believers are marked by the Holy Spirit as belonging to God, ensuring their eternal security. This seal is a guarantee of the believer's inheritance, as mentioned earlier in Ephesians 1:13-14. The Holy Spirit's presence in a believer's life is the assurance of God's promise and the future fulfillment of salvation. This sealing is a divine act, not dependent on human effort, underscoring the grace and sovereignty of God in salvation.

for the day of redemption
The "day of redemption" refers to the future culmination of salvation when believers will be fully delivered from sin and its effects. This eschatological hope is a recurring theme in the New Testament, pointing to the return of Christ and the final establishment of His kingdom. Romans 8:23 speaks of believers eagerly awaiting the redemption of their bodies, highlighting the future aspect of salvation. The Holy Spirit's sealing is a present guarantee of this future reality, providing assurance and motivation for holy living. The anticipation of the day of redemption encourages believers to persevere in faith and righteousness, knowing that their ultimate deliverance is secure in Christ.

Get rid of all bitterness
Bitterness refers to a deep-seated resentment that can fester within a person. In the biblical context, bitterness is often associated with a hardened heart that is resistant to God's grace. Hebrews 12:15 warns against allowing a "root of bitterness" to grow, which can cause trouble and defile many. The call to remove bitterness aligns with the Christian principle of forgiveness, as seen in Matthew 6:14-15, where Jesus teaches the importance of forgiving others to receive forgiveness from God.

rage and anger
Rage and anger are intense emotions that can lead to destructive behavior. In the cultural context of the early church, anger was often seen as a vice that could disrupt community harmony. James 1:19-20 advises believers to be "slow to anger," emphasizing that human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. The call to eliminate these emotions reflects the transformation expected in a believer's life, as they are to embody the peace and patience of Christ.

outcry and slander
Outcry refers to loud and disruptive expressions of anger, while slander involves speaking falsely or maliciously about someone. In the Greco-Roman world, public outcry and slander could damage reputations and cause division. Proverbs 10:18 highlights the folly of slander, and Jesus warns against speaking evil of others in Matthew 12:36-37, where He states that people will give account for every careless word spoken. The instruction to remove these behaviors underscores the importance of maintaining unity and love within the Christian community.

along with every form of malice
Malice encompasses all forms of ill will and the desire to harm others. It is the antithesis of the love and kindness that Christians are called to exhibit. 1 Peter 2:1 urges believers to rid themselves of malice, deceit, hypocrisy, envy, and slander, highlighting the comprehensive nature of this transformation. The removal of malice is essential for living a life that reflects the character of Christ, who embodies perfect love and compassion.

Be kind and tenderhearted to one another
This phrase emphasizes the Christian virtue of kindness, which is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22). Kindness in the biblical context involves active goodwill and a readiness to help others. The term "tenderhearted" suggests a deep, compassionate empathy, reflecting the heart of God. In the Greco-Roman world, where Ephesians was written, such virtues were often seen as weaknesses, but Paul elevates them as strengths. The call to be kind and tenderhearted is a reflection of God's own nature, as seen in His dealings with humanity throughout Scripture.

forgiving each other
Forgiveness is a central theme in Christian teaching, rooted in the forgiveness believers receive from God. In the cultural context of the early church, forgiveness was countercultural, as honor and shame often dictated personal interactions. The Greek word used here for "forgiving" implies a gracious pardon, not based on merit but on grace. This reflects the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized forgiveness in the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:12) and in His parables, such as the Parable of the Unforgiving Servant (Matthew 18:21-35).

just as in Christ God forgave you
This phrase highlights the model and motivation for Christian forgiveness. The forgiveness believers receive from God through Christ is the standard for how they should forgive others. This is rooted in the sacrificial work of Jesus, who, through His death and resurrection, provided the means for reconciliation with God (2 Corinthians 5:18-19). The phrase underscores the transformative power of the Gospel, which not only reconciles individuals to God but also empowers them to extend that reconciliation to others. The reference to "in Christ" points to the believer's union with Christ, a recurring theme in Ephesians, emphasizing that all spiritual blessings, including forgiveness, are found in Him.