Be imitators of God
This phrase calls believers to emulate the character and actions of God. In the biblical context, imitation of God involves living a life of holiness, love, and righteousness. The concept of imitation is rooted in the idea of discipleship, where followers learn by observing and replicating the behavior of their teacher. In the Old Testament, Leviticus 11:44-45 emphasizes holiness as a reflection of God's nature. The New Testament further develops this idea, with Jesus Christ serving as the ultimate example of God's character in human form (John 14:9). The call to imitate God is a call to reflect His attributes, such as love, mercy, and justice, in our daily lives.

therefore
The word "therefore" connects this verse to the preceding context, specifically Ephesians 4, which discusses the new life in Christ and the transformation that comes from putting off the old self and putting on the new self. This transition highlights the logical conclusion that, because believers have been renewed and transformed, they are now empowered and expected to imitate God. The use of "therefore" serves as a reminder that the call to imitation is not based on human effort alone but is a response to the work God has already done in the believer's life.

as beloved children
This phrase emphasizes the relationship between God and believers, portraying them as His cherished offspring. The imagery of children suggests intimacy, dependence, and a familial bond. In the cultural context of the time, children were expected to learn from and emulate their parents, which reinforces the call to imitate God. The term "beloved" underscores the depth of God's love for His children, a love that is unconditional and sacrificial, as demonstrated through Jesus Christ (John 3:16). This relationship is further explored in Romans 8:15-17, where believers are described as adopted children and heirs with Christ. The identity as "beloved children" provides both the motivation and the means to live in a way that reflects God's character.

and walk in love
The phrase "walk in love" emphasizes a continuous, active lifestyle characterized by love. In biblical context, "walk" often refers to one's conduct or way of life (e.g., Genesis 5:24, Enoch walked with God). Love, in this sense, is agape love, which is selfless, sacrificial, and unconditional. This command echoes Jesus' teaching in John 13:34-35, where He instructs His disciples to love one another as He has loved them. The call to walk in love is a reflection of the greatest commandments: to love God and love one's neighbor (Matthew 22:37-39).

just as Christ loved us
This phrase sets the standard for Christian love, which is modeled after Christ's love for humanity. Christ's love is demonstrated through His incarnation, ministry, and ultimately His sacrificial death. The love of Christ is described as self-giving and redemptive, as seen in Romans 5:8, where God demonstrates His love for us through Christ's death while we were still sinners. This love is not based on merit but is a divine initiative.

and gave Himself up for us
Here, the focus is on the voluntary nature of Christ's sacrifice. The phrase "gave Himself up" indicates a willing and intentional act, aligning with John 10:17-18, where Jesus states that He lays down His life of His own accord. This act of giving is central to the concept of atonement, where Christ's death serves as a substitutionary sacrifice for humanity's sins, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 53:5-7.

as a fragrant sacrificial offering to God
This imagery draws from Old Testament sacrificial practices, where offerings were made to God as a pleasing aroma (e.g., Leviticus 1:9, 13, 17). The term "fragrant" signifies acceptance and satisfaction by God, indicating that Christ's sacrifice was perfect and complete. This connects to the typology of Christ as the ultimate fulfillment of the sacrificial system, as seen in Hebrews 10:10-14, where His offering is described as once for all. The sacrificial language underscores the costliness and holiness of Christ's act, which reconciles humanity to God.

But among you
This phrase emphasizes the distinctiveness of the Christian community. The early church was called to be set apart from the surrounding pagan culture, which was often characterized by moral laxity. The phrase "among you" indicates a collective responsibility within the body of believers to uphold a standard of holiness.

as is proper among the saints
The term "saints" refers to those who are set apart for God, highlighting the call to holiness. In the Old Testament, Israel was called to be a holy nation (Exodus 19:6), and this call is extended to the church. The word "proper" suggests that certain behaviors are fitting or appropriate for those who belong to God, aligning with the call to be holy as God is holy (1 Peter 1:16).

there must not be even a hint of sexual immorality
Sexual immorality, or "porneia" in Greek, encompasses a wide range of illicit sexual activities. In the Greco-Roman world, sexual immorality was prevalent and often accepted. The call for there to be "not even a hint" underscores the need for complete purity and the avoidance of any behavior that could lead to scandal or compromise the witness of the church.

or of any kind of impurity
Impurity extends beyond sexual immorality to include moral corruption and uncleanness in thought, word, and deed. This reflects the broader biblical theme of purity, which is essential for those who wish to approach God (Psalm 24:3-4). The call to avoid impurity is a call to live in a way that reflects God's holiness.

or of greed
Greed, or covetousness, is the insatiable desire for more, often at the expense of others. It is condemned throughout Scripture (e.g., Exodus 20:17, Colossians 3:5) and is seen as idolatry because it places material wealth or possessions above God. The early church was called to a life of contentment and generosity, reflecting the selfless love of Christ.

Each of these prohibitions—sexual immorality, impurity, and greed—are seen as incompatible with the life of a believer, who is called to reflect the character of Christ and live in a way that honors God.

Nor should there be obscenity
In the context of Ephesians, Paul addresses the moral conduct expected of believers. The term "obscenity" refers to language or behavior that is indecent or offensive. In the Greco-Roman world, where Ephesus was a major city, such language was common in public discourse and entertainment. The call to avoid obscenity reflects the transformation expected in believers, aligning with the holiness of God (1 Peter 1:15-16). This aligns with the broader biblical theme of purity in speech, as seen in James 3:10, which emphasizes that blessings and curses should not come from the same mouth.

foolish talk
"Foolish talk" refers to senseless or empty conversation that lacks edification. In the cultural context of Ephesus, where philosophical debates and rhetoric were prevalent, Paul warns against engaging in discussions that do not build up or reflect the wisdom of God. Proverbs 15:2 contrasts the speech of the wise with that of fools, highlighting the importance of speaking with purpose and understanding. This admonition encourages believers to use their words to reflect God's wisdom and truth.

or crude joking
"Crude joking" involves humor that is vulgar or inappropriate. In the ancient world, jesting often included sexual innuendos or derogatory remarks, which were common in social gatherings. Paul’s instruction here is to avoid humor that degrades or dishonors others, aligning with the call to love one's neighbor (Matthew 22:39). This reflects the biblical principle of using speech to edify and encourage, as seen in Colossians 4:6, which advises believers to let their conversation be full of grace.

which are out of character
The phrase "out of character" suggests that such behaviors are inconsistent with the identity of a believer. Christians are called to be imitators of God (Ephesians 5:1), and their conduct should reflect their new nature in Christ (2 Corinthians 5:17). This transformation is a key theme in Paul's letters, emphasizing that believers are set apart for God's purposes. The call to avoid these behaviors underscores the importance of living in a manner worthy of the calling received (Ephesians 4:1).

but rather thanksgiving
Thanksgiving is presented as the appropriate alternative to negative speech. This reflects a heart transformed by gratitude for God's grace and blessings. In the cultural context, where gratitude was often directed towards deities for favors, Paul redirects this to the one true God. Thanksgiving is a recurring theme in Paul's writings, such as in Philippians 4:6, where believers are encouraged to present their requests to God with thanksgiving. This attitude fosters a spirit of contentment and joy, aligning with the peace of Christ that rules in believers' hearts (Colossians 3:15).

For of this you can be sure:
This phrase emphasizes certainty and assurance. In the context of Ephesians, Paul often uses strong language to convey the seriousness of his message. The certainty here is rooted in the authority of apostolic teaching and the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. This assurance is a call to heed the warning that follows, reflecting the biblical principle that God's word is trustworthy and true (2 Timothy 3:16).

No immoral, impure, or greedy person:
The terms "immoral" and "impure" refer to behaviors that are contrary to God's holiness. In the Greco-Roman world, sexual immorality was rampant, and the early church was called to live distinctively. The term "greedy" extends beyond financial greed to encompass a broader sense of covetousness, which is a form of idolatry. This reflects the biblical teaching that sin is not just an external act but a condition of the heart (Matthew 5:28).

(that is, an idolater):
Idolatry in biblical terms is not limited to the worship of physical idols but includes placing anything above God in one's life. This aligns with the first commandment (Exodus 20:3) and is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. The connection between greed and idolatry highlights how desires can become objects of worship, replacing God as the ultimate authority and source of satisfaction.

has any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God:
The concept of inheritance is significant in both Jewish and Christian theology, often referring to the blessings and promises given to God's people. In the New Testament, the "kingdom of Christ and of God" represents the reign of God inaugurated through Jesus Christ. This phrase underscores the incompatibility of sinful lifestyles with the values of God's kingdom. It echoes Jesus' teachings on the kingdom of God (Matthew 5:3-12) and Paul's emphasis on living a life worthy of the calling (Ephesians 4:1). The dual mention of Christ and God highlights the unity of the Father and the Son in the divine plan of salvation.

Let no one deceive you with empty words
This phrase warns against being misled by false teachings or hollow philosophies that lack truth. In the early church, believers faced various heresies and misleading doctrines, such as Gnosticism, which claimed secret knowledge apart from the gospel. The call to vigilance echoes Jesus' warnings about false prophets (Matthew 7:15) and Paul's own admonitions in Colossians 2:8 about being taken captive by deceptive philosophy. The term "empty words" suggests teachings that are devoid of spiritual substance and truth, contrasting with the fullness of truth found in Christ (John 14:6).

for because of such things
This phrase refers to the behaviors and attitudes previously mentioned in the chapter, such as immorality, impurity, and greed (Ephesians 5:3-5). These actions are not just personal failings but are symptomatic of a deeper rebellion against God's order. The phrase underscores the seriousness of these sins, which are not trivial but provoke divine response. The connection to the Old Testament is evident, where similar behaviors led to God's judgment on nations (e.g., Sodom and Gomorrah in Genesis 19).

the wrath of God is coming
The "wrath of God" is a consistent biblical theme, representing God's righteous judgment against sin. It is not capricious anger but a holy response to evil. In the New Testament, this wrath is both a present reality and a future certainty, as seen in Romans 1:18 and Revelation 19:15. The phrase "is coming" indicates an impending judgment, aligning with eschatological teachings about the Day of the Lord (2 Peter 3:10). This serves as a warning and a call to repentance, emphasizing God's justice and the need for salvation through Christ.

on the sons of disobedience
This term describes those who persistently reject God's commands and live in rebellion. The "sons of disobedience" are contrasted with the "children of light" (Ephesians 5:8), highlighting a spiritual lineage based on one's response to God's truth. The phrase is also used in Colossians 3:6, reinforcing the idea that disobedience is not merely an act but a defining characteristic of those outside of God's covenant. This distinction underscores the transformative power of the gospel, which calls believers to a new identity in Christ, away from disobedience and towards righteousness.

Therefore
The word "therefore" connects this verse to the preceding verses, specifically Ephesians 5:1-6, where Paul warns against immorality, impurity, and greed. It serves as a conclusion or a call to action based on the previous teachings. In biblical context, "therefore" often signals a shift from doctrine to practical application, urging believers to live out their faith in response to the truths presented.

do not be partakers
The term "partakers" implies sharing or participating in something. In this context, it refers to not engaging in the sinful behaviors and practices that Paul has just condemned. The Greek word used here, "symmetochos," suggests a close association or partnership. Historically, the early church was surrounded by pagan cultures with practices contrary to Christian teachings, and Paul is urging believers to remain distinct and separate in their conduct.

with them
"With them" refers to those who are disobedient and engage in the sinful behaviors listed earlier in the chapter. This phrase highlights the distinction between the Christian community and the surrounding pagan society. The cultural context of Ephesus, a city known for its idolatry and moral corruption, underscores the importance of this separation. Paul is emphasizing the need for Christians to maintain their identity and not be influenced by the prevailing cultural norms. Connections to other scripture, such as 2 Corinthians 6:14-18, reinforce the call for believers to be separate from unbelievers in their actions and associations.

For you were once darkness
This phrase highlights the past spiritual state of the believers in Ephesus. In biblical terms, "darkness" often symbolizes ignorance, sin, and separation from God (John 3:19-20). The Ephesians, like all humanity, were once living in sin and under the influence of the world and its ruler, Satan (Ephesians 2:1-3). This darkness is not just an external condition but an internal reality, indicating a life devoid of God's truth and righteousness.

but now you are light in the Lord
The transformation from darkness to light signifies a profound change brought about by faith in Jesus Christ. "Light" in Scripture represents truth, holiness, and the presence of God (John 8:12). This change is not self-generated but is a result of being "in the Lord," indicating a union with Christ. This transformation is a fulfillment of prophecies like Isaiah 9:2, where the people walking in darkness have seen a great light, pointing to the coming of the Messiah.

Walk as children of light
This exhortation calls believers to live in a manner consistent with their new identity. "Walk" in biblical language refers to one's conduct or way of life (Colossians 1:10). As "children of light," believers are to reflect the character of God, who is light (1 John 1:5). This involves living in truth, righteousness, and goodness, contrasting with their former way of life. The imagery of light and darkness is also reminiscent of the creation narrative, where God separated light from darkness (Genesis 1:3-4), symbolizing order and divine purpose.

for the fruit of the light
This phrase emphasizes the metaphor of light, which is often used in Scripture to represent purity, holiness, and divine truth. In the context of Ephesians, Paul contrasts the deeds of darkness with the fruit of the light, urging believers to live as children of light. The imagery of light is deeply rooted in biblical tradition, beginning with Genesis 1:3 where God creates light, symbolizing order and goodness. Jesus refers to Himself as the "light of the world" in John 8:12, indicating that following Him leads to spiritual illumination and life. The fruit of the light suggests that living in the light produces visible, tangible results in a believer's life, akin to how light enables growth and fruitfulness in the natural world.

consists in all goodness
Goodness here refers to moral excellence and virtue, a quality that reflects God's own nature. In Galatians 5:22, goodness is listed as a fruit of the Spirit, indicating that it is a result of the Holy Spirit's work in a believer's life. The Greek word used for goodness, "agathosune," implies an active benevolence, a readiness to do good to others. This aligns with the biblical call to love one's neighbor and to act justly, as seen in Micah 6:8. The emphasis on "all" goodness suggests a comprehensive, all-encompassing moral integrity that should characterize the life of a believer.

righteousness
Righteousness in this context refers to living in a way that is in right standing with God, adhering to His standards and commands. It is both a legal standing before God, granted through faith in Christ (Romans 3:22), and a practical outworking in daily life. The call to righteousness is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, with the Old Testament prophets frequently urging Israel to return to righteous living. In the New Testament, righteousness is closely associated with the new life in Christ, as believers are called to put off the old self and put on the new (Ephesians 4:22-24). This transformation is made possible through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, who empowers believers to live righteously.

and truth
Truth here signifies honesty, integrity, and fidelity to God's Word. It is a fundamental attribute of God's character, as seen in passages like John 14:6, where Jesus declares Himself to be "the way, the truth, and the life." In Ephesians, Paul frequently contrasts truth with deception, urging believers to speak the truth in love (Ephesians 4:15) and to gird themselves with the belt of truth (Ephesians 6:14). Truth is essential for maintaining unity and building up the body of Christ, as it fosters trust and transparency among believers. The emphasis on truth also serves as a counter to the false teachings and deceptive practices prevalent in the early church, reminding believers to remain steadfast in their commitment to the gospel.

Test and prove
This phrase emphasizes the importance of discernment and examination in the Christian life. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is urging believers to carefully evaluate their actions and beliefs to ensure they align with God's will. The Greek word used here, "dokimazō," implies a process of testing or proving something to determine its authenticity or value. This concept is echoed in Romans 12:2, where believers are encouraged to be transformed by the renewing of their minds to discern God's will. The idea of testing is also seen in 1 Thessalonians 5:21, where Paul advises to "test all things" and hold on to what is good.

what pleases the Lord
This phrase focuses on the ultimate goal of a believer's life: to live in a way that is pleasing to God. The notion of pleasing God is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, as seen in Colossians 1:10, where Paul prays for believers to live a life worthy of the Lord and to please Him in every way. Pleasing God involves obedience, faith, and love, as highlighted in Hebrews 11:6, which states that without faith, it is impossible to please God. The cultural context of Ephesians, written to a diverse audience in Ephesus, a city known for its pagan worship and immorality, underscores the call for Christians to stand apart by living lives that reflect God's holiness and righteousness. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative of God's people being set apart for His purposes, as seen in the Old Testament with Israel and fulfilled in the New Testament through the Church.

Have no fellowship with the fruitless deeds of darkness
This phrase calls believers to separate themselves from sinful behaviors and practices that are unproductive and contrary to God's will. The term "fellowship" implies a close association or partnership, suggesting that Christians should not participate in or endorse actions that are morally or spiritually corrupt. The "deeds of darkness" refer to sinful acts that are often done in secret or are hidden from the light of God's truth. In biblical context, darkness symbolizes evil, ignorance, and separation from God (John 3:19-20). The call to avoid these deeds aligns with the broader biblical theme of holiness and sanctification, as seen in 1 Peter 1:15-16, where believers are urged to be holy in all their conduct.

but rather expose them
Instead of participating in sinful acts, Christians are encouraged to bring them to light. The act of exposing implies revealing the true nature of these deeds, which can involve both personal repentance and communal accountability. This aligns with the biblical principle of light overcoming darkness, as seen in John 1:5. The call to expose is not merely about condemnation but about leading others to repentance and transformation. This echoes the prophetic role of the church to be a light to the nations (Isaiah 42:6), reflecting the light of Christ (Matthew 5:14-16). The exposure of sin is intended to bring about conviction and ultimately redemption, following the example of Jesus, who confronted sin with truth and grace.

For it is shameful even to mention
This phrase highlights the gravity of sin and the importance of maintaining purity in speech and thought. In the biblical context, the early church was surrounded by pagan cultures where immoral practices were common. The Apostle Paul emphasizes the need for Christians to distance themselves from such practices, even in conversation. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching found in passages like Philippians 4:8, which encourages believers to focus on what is true, noble, and pure. The emphasis on shame reflects the biblical understanding of sin as something that separates humanity from God, as seen in Genesis 3 with the fall of man.

what the disobedient do in secret.
The "disobedient" refers to those who live contrary to God's commandments, often engaging in sinful behaviors that they attempt to hide. This secrecy suggests an awareness of wrongdoing, as seen in John 3:19-20, where people love darkness rather than light because their deeds are evil. The cultural context of Ephesus, a city known for its idolatry and moral corruption, underscores the challenge for Christians to live righteously. The call to avoid even speaking of these deeds serves as a reminder of the transformative power of the Gospel, which calls believers to a higher standard of holiness, as reflected in 1 Peter 1:15-16.

But everything exposed by the light becomes visible
This phrase emphasizes the transformative power of light, a common biblical metaphor for truth and righteousness. In the context of Ephesians, Paul is addressing the moral and spiritual darkness that characterized the lives of the Gentiles before they came to faith in Christ. The "light" here represents the truth of the Gospel and the holiness of God. When the light of Christ shines on sinful deeds, it reveals their true nature. This concept is echoed in John 3:20-21, where those who do evil hate the light for fear their deeds will be exposed. The idea of light exposing darkness is also seen in the Old Testament, such as in Psalm 119:105, where God's word is described as a lamp to the feet and a light to the path, guiding believers away from sin.

for everything that is illuminated becomes a light itself
This part of the verse suggests a transformation that occurs when something is exposed to the light. Once illuminated, it not only becomes visible but also begins to reflect the light itself. This reflects the transformative power of the Gospel in a believer's life. As Christians are exposed to the truth of Christ, they are called to reflect His light to the world, as seen in Matthew 5:14-16, where believers are described as the light of the world. This transformation is a key aspect of sanctification, where believers grow in holiness and become more like Christ. The imagery of light transforming and spreading is also prophetic, pointing to the ultimate victory of God's kingdom, where darkness will be completely dispelled, as described in Revelation 21:23-24, where the glory of God gives light to the New Jerusalem.

So it is said:
This phrase introduces a quotation or a saying that was likely familiar to the early Christian community. It may have been part of an early Christian hymn or liturgical text. The use of "it is said" suggests a common understanding or teaching that the audience would recognize, emphasizing the authority and importance of the message that follows.

Wake up, O sleeper:
This call to awaken is a metaphor for spiritual revival and awareness. In the context of Ephesians, it addresses believers who may have become complacent or spiritually lethargic. The imagery of sleep is often used in Scripture to denote a lack of spiritual vigilance or awareness (e.g., Romans 13:11, 1 Thessalonians 5:6). The call to "wake up" is an urgent exhortation to return to a state of spiritual alertness and readiness.

Rise up from the dead:
This phrase continues the metaphor of awakening, suggesting a transition from spiritual death to life. It echoes the resurrection theme found throughout the New Testament, where believers are called to live in the new life provided through Christ (Romans 6:4, Colossians 3:1). The imagery of rising from the dead underscores the transformative power of the Gospel, which brings believers from a state of sin and separation from God to one of life and communion with Him.

and Christ will shine on you:
This promise of Christ's light shining on the believer is rich with biblical symbolism. Light represents truth, purity, and divine presence (John 8:12, 1 John 1:5). The assurance that Christ will shine on those who awaken and rise suggests both guidance and blessing. It reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies where the coming of the Messiah would bring light to those in darkness (Isaiah 60:1-3). This light is not only for personal illumination but also for reflecting Christ's glory to the world.

Pay careful attention, then, to how you walk
This phrase emphasizes the importance of vigilance and intentionality in the Christian life. The metaphor of "walking" is frequently used in Scripture to describe one's conduct or way of life (e.g., Genesis 5:24; Micah 6:8). In the cultural context of the first-century Greco-Roman world, walking was a common mode of transportation, symbolizing a journey or path. The call to "pay careful attention" suggests a need for discernment and mindfulness, echoing Proverbs 4:26-27, which advises careful consideration of one's path. This vigilance is necessary because the surrounding culture often promotes values contrary to Christian teachings.

not as unwise but as wise
The contrast between wisdom and folly is a recurring theme in biblical literature, particularly in the wisdom books like Proverbs and Ecclesiastes. Wisdom, in a biblical sense, is not merely intellectual knowledge but a practical application of God's truth in daily life. James 1:5 encourages believers to seek wisdom from God, who gives generously. In the historical context of Ephesus, a city known for its diverse religious practices and philosophical schools, the call to live wisely would have been particularly poignant. The wisdom referred to here aligns with the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10), and is ultimately embodied in Jesus Christ, who is described as the wisdom of God (1 Corinthians 1:24).

Redeeming the time
The phrase "redeeming the time" suggests making the most of every opportunity. In the biblical context, "redeeming" implies buying back or making the most of something valuable. This concept is rooted in the idea of stewardship, where believers are called to manage their time wisely as a gift from God. The Greek word for "time" here is "kairos," which refers to a specific, opportune moment rather than chronological time ("chronos"). This indicates the importance of recognizing and seizing God-given opportunities for spiritual growth and service. The idea of redemption is central to Christian theology, reflecting Christ's redemptive work on the cross, and believers are encouraged to reflect this redemption in their daily lives by using their time purposefully.

Because the days are evil
This phrase acknowledges the moral and spiritual challenges present in the world. The "days" refer to the current age or era, characterized by sin and opposition to God's will. In the historical context of Ephesians, the early church faced persecution and moral decay within the Roman Empire. The apostle Paul, who authored Ephesians, often warned of the spiritual warfare believers would encounter (Ephesians 6:12). The "evil" nature of the days underscores the urgency for Christians to live wisely and righteously, standing firm against the cultural and spiritual forces that oppose God's kingdom. This call to vigilance is echoed in other scriptures, such as 1 Peter 5:8, which warns believers to be sober-minded and watchful. The recognition of evil days serves as a reminder of the fallen world and the need for believers to be light in the darkness, reflecting the transformative power of Christ in their lives.

Therefore do not be foolish
This phrase serves as a warning against living without wisdom or discernment. In the biblical context, foolishness often refers to a lack of spiritual insight or moral understanding. Proverbs 1:7 states, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge, but fools despise wisdom and instruction." Here, the apostle Paul is urging believers to avoid the pitfalls of worldly thinking and to seek divine wisdom. The term "foolish" in the biblical sense is not merely about lacking intelligence but about ignoring God's guidance and living contrary to His ways.

but understand what the Lord’s will is
Understanding the Lord's will involves discerning His desires and commands as revealed in Scripture. This requires a relationship with God through prayer, study of the Bible, and the guidance of the Holy Spirit. Romans 12:2 encourages believers to be transformed by the renewing of their minds to discern God's will, which is good, pleasing, and perfect. In the historical context of Ephesus, a city known for its pagan practices and idolatry, understanding God's will would have been crucial for Christians to live distinctively and righteously. This phrase emphasizes the importance of aligning one's life with God's purposes, which is central to Christian discipleship and spiritual maturity.

Do not get drunk on wine
In the Greco-Roman world, wine was a common beverage, often safer to drink than water due to fermentation. However, excessive consumption was associated with moral decay and loss of self-control. The Bible consistently warns against drunkenness (Proverbs 20:1, Isaiah 5:11). This command reflects a call to holiness and self-discipline, aligning with the broader biblical theme of living a life set apart for God (Leviticus 20:26).

which leads to reckless indiscretion
Drunkenness often results in behavior that is contrary to Christian values, such as immorality and foolishness. The term "reckless indiscretion" suggests actions that are thoughtless and irresponsible, leading to sin and spiritual harm. This aligns with the warnings in Proverbs 23:29-35 about the consequences of excessive drinking, emphasizing the need for wisdom and discernment.

Instead, be filled with the Spirit
This phrase contrasts the temporary and destructive influence of alcohol with the enduring and life-giving presence of the Holy Spirit. Being filled with the Spirit is a recurring theme in the New Testament (Acts 2:4, Galatians 5:16-25), signifying a life controlled and empowered by God. It involves a continuous, active submission to the Spirit's guidance, resulting in the fruit of the Spirit and a Christ-like character. This filling is essential for living out the Christian faith effectively and is a fulfillment of the promise of the Spirit's indwelling presence (John 14:16-17).

Speak to one another with psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs.
This phrase emphasizes the importance of communal worship and edification within the Christian community. Psalms refer to the sacred songs found in the Book of Psalms, which were integral to Jewish worship and continue to be significant in Christian liturgy. Hymns are songs of praise directed to God, often reflecting theological truths and the work of Christ. Spiritual songs may include spontaneous or inspired songs that arise from the Holy Spirit's prompting. This practice reflects the early church's emphasis on mutual encouragement and teaching through music, as seen in Colossians 3:16, where believers are encouraged to let the word of Christ dwell richly among them through teaching and admonishing one another with all wisdom through psalms, hymns, and songs from the Spirit.

Sing and make music in your hearts to the Lord,
This phrase highlights the personal and internal aspect of worship. Singing and making music in one's heart suggests a sincere and heartfelt devotion to God, transcending mere outward expressions. It underscores the idea that true worship is not just about external rituals but involves an inner transformation and connection with God. This internal worship aligns with Jesus' teaching in John 4:24, where He states that true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth. The focus on the heart also reflects the biblical theme that God desires a pure and contrite heart, as seen in Psalm 51:17. This inward musical expression is directed to the Lord, emphasizing that worship is ultimately for God's glory and pleasure, not for human approval or entertainment.

always giving thanks
This phrase emphasizes the importance of a continual attitude of gratitude. In the biblical context, thanksgiving is not just an occasional act but a constant state of being. The Apostle Paul, who wrote Ephesians, often encouraged believers to maintain a spirit of thankfulness regardless of circumstances (1 Thessalonians 5:18). This reflects a deep trust in God's sovereignty and goodness, acknowledging His hand in all aspects of life.

to God the Father
This phrase highlights the relationship between believers and God as a familial one. In the cultural context of the time, addressing God as "Father" was revolutionary, emphasizing intimacy and personal relationship rather than a distant deity. This aligns with Jesus' teaching in the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:9), where He instructs His followers to address God as "Our Father," indicating a close, personal connection.

for everything
The call to give thanks "for everything" underscores the belief in God's providence and the understanding that all things work together for good (Romans 8:28). This includes both blessings and trials, as both are seen as part of God's divine plan. Historically, early Christians faced persecution and hardship, yet they were encouraged to remain thankful, trusting in God's ultimate purpose.

in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ
This phrase signifies the authority and mediation of Jesus Christ in the believer's relationship with God. Praying or giving thanks "in the name of Jesus" means acknowledging His role as the mediator between God and humanity (1 Timothy 2:5). It also reflects the belief that all spiritual blessings come through Christ (Ephesians 1:3). Theologically, this underscores the centrality of Christ in the Christian faith, as He is the one through whom believers have access to the Father (John 14:6).

Submit to one another
This phrase emphasizes mutual submission among believers, a concept that was counter-cultural in the Greco-Roman world, where hierarchical structures were prevalent. The idea of mutual submission is rooted in the teachings of Jesus, who exemplified servanthood (John 13:14-15). It reflects the unity and equality found in the body of Christ (Galatians 3:28). This submission is not about subjugation but about serving one another in love, as seen in Philippians 2:3-4, where believers are encouraged to consider others more significant than themselves.

out of reverence for Christ
The motivation for submission is not fear or obligation but reverence for Christ. This reverence, or deep respect, is a response to Christ's sacrificial love and lordship. It aligns with the call to live a life worthy of the calling received (Ephesians 4:1). Reverence for Christ is a recurring theme in the New Testament, urging believers to live in a manner that honors Him (Colossians 3:17). This phrase also connects to the concept of fearing the Lord, which in biblical terms means having a profound respect and awe for God, leading to obedience and worship (Proverbs 9:10).

Wives, submit to your husbands
This phrase addresses the role of wives within the Christian household, reflecting the cultural context of the first-century Greco-Roman world where household codes were common. The term "submit" is often understood as a voluntary yielding in love and respect, not as an enforced subjugation. This submission is modeled after the relationship between Christ and the Church, emphasizing mutual respect and love. The concept of submission here is not about inferiority but about order and function within the family unit, as seen in other biblical passages like Colossians 3:18 and 1 Peter 3:1-6. The idea of submission is also rooted in the creation order described in Genesis, where man and woman are created with distinct roles.

as to the Lord
This phrase provides the motivation and manner for the submission, indicating that it is ultimately an act of worship and obedience to Christ. The comparison to the Lord suggests that the submission is not absolute but is within the context of a godly relationship. It implies that the husband's leadership should reflect Christ's love and sacrifice for the Church, as elaborated in Ephesians 5:25-33. This connection to the Lord elevates the act of submission to a spiritual level, aligning it with the broader Christian call to live in a way that honors God. The phrase also underscores the importance of a Christ-centered marriage, where both partners seek to emulate Christ's example in their relationship.

For the husband is the head of the wife
This phrase establishes a hierarchical structure within the marriage relationship, reflecting the order seen in creation (Genesis 2:18-24). The concept of "head" implies leadership and responsibility rather than domination. In the cultural context of the first century, the husband was typically the provider and protector, roles that align with the biblical understanding of headship. This mirrors the order seen in 1 Corinthians 11:3, where Paul states that the head of every man is Christ, the head of a wife is her husband, and the head of Christ is God, indicating a divine order and purpose.

as Christ is the head of the church
Here, the relationship between husband and wife is compared to that of Christ and the church. Christ's headship over the church is characterized by love, sacrifice, and service, as seen in His earthly ministry and ultimate sacrifice on the cross (Philippians 2:5-8). This sets a standard for husbands to emulate in their leadership. The church, as the body of Christ, submits to His authority, which is exercised with love and for the church's benefit (Colossians 1:18).

His body
The church is often referred to as the body of Christ, emphasizing unity and diversity within the community of believers (1 Corinthians 12:12-27). This metaphor highlights the intimate and organic connection between Christ and the church, where Christ is the source of life and growth. The imagery of the body also suggests interdependence and the importance of each member functioning according to their God-given role.

of which He is the Savior
Christ's role as Savior underscores His sacrificial love and redemptive work on behalf of the church. This is a central theme in the New Testament, where Jesus' death and resurrection provide salvation and reconciliation with God (Romans 5:8-10). The husband's role, therefore, is to reflect this self-giving love, prioritizing the well-being and spiritual growth of his wife, as Christ does for the church. This connection is further explored in Ephesians 5:25-27, where husbands are called to love their wives as Christ loved the church and gave Himself up for her.

Now as the church submits to Christ
The relationship between Christ and the church is foundational to understanding Christian doctrine. The church, referred to as the "bride of Christ" in passages like Revelation 19:7-9, is called to submit to Christ as its head. This submission is not one of oppression but of willing obedience and reverence, reflecting the church's acknowledgment of Christ's authority and love. Historically, the early church faced persecution, yet it remained steadfast in its submission to Christ, demonstrating faith and loyalty. This relationship is a model of unity and purpose, as seen in 1 Corinthians 12:12-27, where the church is described as the body of Christ, each member working in harmony under His leadership.

so also wives should submit to their husbands
This phrase draws a parallel between the church's submission to Christ and the marital relationship. In the cultural context of the first century, the household codes were common, and Paul's instructions were both radical and familiar. While the Greco-Roman world often viewed women as subordinate, Paul's teaching elevates the marital relationship by comparing it to the sacred bond between Christ and the church. This submission is not about inferiority but about order and mutual respect within the marriage covenant. It is important to note that this submission is reciprocal, as husbands are called to love their wives sacrificially, as Christ loved the church (Ephesians 5:25).

in everything
The phrase "in everything" emphasizes the comprehensive nature of this submission, suggesting that it encompasses all aspects of life. However, it is not a call for blind obedience but rather a harmonious partnership where both husband and wife seek to honor God. This mirrors the church's call to submit to Christ in all areas of life, as seen in Colossians 3:17, where believers are instructed to do everything in the name of the Lord Jesus. The submission is rooted in love and respect, ensuring that the marriage reflects the unity and purpose found in the relationship between Christ and the church.

Husbands, love your wives
This command is directed specifically to husbands, emphasizing the importance of love within the marital relationship. In the Greco-Roman world, marriage was often seen as a social contract rather than a relationship based on love. This directive challenges cultural norms by elevating the role of love in marriage. The Greek word for love used here is "agape," which denotes a selfless, sacrificial love. This sets a high standard for husbands, calling them to love their wives with the same depth and commitment that Christ has for the church.

just as Christ loved the church
This phrase sets the standard for the type of love husbands should have for their wives. Christ's love for the church is unconditional, sacrificial, and eternal. It is a love that seeks the well-being and spiritual growth of the church. This comparison elevates the marital relationship to a spiritual level, where the husband is called to reflect Christ's love. The church, in this context, refers to the collective body of believers, highlighting the communal and covenantal nature of Christ's love.

and gave Himself up for her
This refers to the ultimate sacrifice Christ made by dying on the cross for the sins of humanity. It underscores the depth of Christ's love, which is willing to endure suffering and death for the sake of the church. This act of giving Himself up is a model for husbands, who are called to prioritize their wives' needs and well-being above their own. The sacrificial nature of this love is a call to action, urging husbands to embody a love that is active and self-giving. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of redemption and the covenant relationship between God and His people.

to sanctify her
The phrase "to sanctify her" refers to the process of making something holy or setting it apart for a sacred purpose. In the context of Ephesians 5:26, it speaks to Christ's work in the church, His bride. Sanctification is a key theme throughout Scripture, emphasizing the transformation and purification of believers. In the Old Testament, sanctification involved rituals and sacrifices (Exodus 29:43-44), but in the New Testament, it is primarily a spiritual process accomplished through Christ's sacrifice (Hebrews 10:10). This sanctification is both a positional reality, as believers are declared holy through faith in Christ, and a progressive process, as they grow in holiness through the work of the Holy Spirit (1 Thessalonians 4:3-4).

cleansing her
The cleansing mentioned here is symbolic of spiritual purification. In the ancient world, cleansing rituals were common in both Jewish and pagan practices, often involving water as a symbol of purification. In the New Testament, cleansing is closely associated with forgiveness of sins and moral purity (1 John 1:9). This cleansing is made possible through the blood of Christ, which washes away sin (Revelation 1:5). The imagery of cleansing also connects to the idea of the church as the bride of Christ, who is made pure and spotless for her union with Him (Revelation 19:7-8).

by the washing with water
This phrase evokes the imagery of baptism, a rite of initiation and purification in the Christian faith. Baptism symbolizes the believer's identification with the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ (Romans 6:3-4). It represents the washing away of sins and the beginning of a new life in Christ (Acts 22:16). The use of water in this context highlights the cleansing and renewing work of the Holy Spirit, who regenerates and renews believers (Titus 3:5). The washing with water is not merely a physical act but signifies an inward spiritual transformation.

through the word
The "word" here refers to the message of the Gospel and the Scriptures as a whole. The Word of God is living and active, capable of transforming hearts and minds (Hebrews 4:12). It is through the Word that believers are taught, rebuked, corrected, and trained in righteousness (2 Timothy 3:16-17). The Word acts as a cleansing agent, purifying the believer's heart and mind (John 15:3). In the context of Ephesians 5:26, the Word is instrumental in the sanctification process, as it reveals God's will and empowers believers to live holy lives. The connection between the Word and cleansing underscores the importance of Scripture in the life of the church and individual believers.

and to present her to Himself as a glorious church
This phrase emphasizes Christ's ultimate purpose for the Church, which is to be presented to Himself in glory. The imagery of a bride being presented to the bridegroom is rooted in Jewish wedding customs, where the bride is prepared and adorned for her husband. This reflects the intimate and covenantal relationship between Christ and the Church. The concept of glory here signifies a state of honor and splendor, free from any imperfection. This presentation is not just a future event but an ongoing process of sanctification, aligning with passages like Revelation 19:7-8, where the Church is depicted as the Bride of Christ, clothed in fine linen, representing the righteous acts of the saints.

without stain or wrinkle or any such blemish
The language of "stain," "wrinkle," and "blemish" draws from the Old Testament sacrificial system, where offerings to God had to be without defect (Leviticus 22:21). This imagery underscores the purity and perfection required of the Church, reflecting Christ's own holiness. The absence of stain or wrinkle suggests a spiritual purity and maturity, free from sin and moral corruption. This aligns with 2 Corinthians 11:2, where Paul expresses his desire to present the Church as a pure virgin to Christ. The process of becoming without blemish is ongoing, involving the work of the Holy Spirit in sanctification (Philippians 1:6).

but holy and blameless
The terms "holy" and "blameless" are often used in Scripture to describe the character of God's people. Holiness implies being set apart for God's purposes, reflecting His nature and character. Blamelessness suggests a state of moral integrity and uprightness. This echoes Ephesians 1:4, where believers are chosen to be holy and blameless before God. The call to holiness is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, emphasizing the transformative power of Christ's sacrifice and the believer's response in living a life that honors God. This transformation is both a positional reality in Christ and a practical pursuit in the believer's daily life.

In the same way,
This phrase connects the instruction to husbands with the preceding verses, where Paul discusses Christ's love for the church. It implies that the love husbands are to show is modeled after Christ's sacrificial love. This sets a high standard, emphasizing selflessness and devotion.

husbands ought to love their wives
The directive is clear and imperative. In the Greco-Roman world, marriage was often more about social contracts than love. This command elevates the marital relationship to one of mutual care and affection, reflecting the divine relationship between Christ and the church. It challenges cultural norms by placing love at the center of the marital bond.

as their own bodies.
This analogy underscores the unity and oneness in marriage, echoing Genesis 2:24, where husband and wife become "one flesh." It suggests a deep, intrinsic connection, where caring for one's spouse is as natural and necessary as caring for oneself. This reflects the biblical principle of unity and mutual respect within marriage.

He who loves his wife loves himself.
This statement reinforces the idea of unity in marriage. It implies that in loving one's wife, a husband is ultimately benefiting himself, as they are one flesh. This reflects the biblical teaching that marriage is a partnership where both individuals are interdependent. It also aligns with the broader scriptural theme of selfless love, as seen in Philippians 2:3-4, where believers are encouraged to consider others' interests as their own.

Indeed, no one ever hated his own body
This phrase emphasizes the natural human inclination to care for oneself. In the biblical context, the body is often seen as a temple of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19-20), highlighting the importance of self-care and respect for one's physical being. Historically, the Greco-Roman world valued physical health and beauty, which aligns with the idea of caring for one's body. This concept is used here to illustrate the inherent understanding of self-preservation and care, which is then applied to the relationship between Christ and the church.

but he nourishes and cherishes it
Nourishing and cherishing imply providing sustenance and tender care. In the cultural context of the time, nourishment would include providing food and protection, while cherishing suggests a deeper emotional and spiritual care. This reflects the biblical principle of love and care found in the marriage relationship, as seen in Genesis 2:24, where a man is to leave his parents and be united with his wife, becoming one flesh. The nurturing aspect is also seen in God's provision for Israel throughout the Old Testament, where He is depicted as a provider and protector.

just as Christ does the church
This phrase draws a parallel between the care a person gives to their own body and the care Christ provides for the church. Christ's relationship with the church is one of sacrificial love and devotion, as demonstrated in Ephesians 5:25, where Christ loved the church and gave Himself up for her. This reflects the typology of Christ as the bridegroom and the church as His bride, a theme that runs throughout Scripture, including in Revelation 19:7-9. The church, as the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:27), is nourished through the Word, sacraments, and the Holy Spirit, ensuring its growth and sanctification.

For we are members
This phrase emphasizes the unity and inclusion of believers within the body of Christ. The concept of membership here is not merely organizational but organic, suggesting a living, vital connection. In the Greco-Roman world, membership in a body or group often implied a deep sense of belonging and responsibility. This idea is echoed in 1 Corinthians 12:27, where Paul states, "Now you are the body of Christ, and each one of you is a part of it." The use of "members" also reflects the communal nature of the early church, which was countercultural in a society that often valued individual status and achievement.

of His body.
The body metaphor is central to Paul's theology, illustrating the intimate relationship between Christ and the church. This imagery is rooted in the Hebrew understanding of corporate identity, where the community is seen as an extension of the individual. The body of Christ signifies not only unity but also diversity, as each member has a unique role and function, as described in Romans 12:4-5. Theologically, this phrase underscores the incarnation, where Christ took on a physical body, and through His resurrection, believers are spiritually united with Him. This connection is further explored in Colossians 1:18, where Christ is described as the head of the body, the church, highlighting His authority and leadership.

For this reason
This phrase refers back to the preceding context where Paul discusses the relationship between Christ and the Church. It echoes Genesis 2:24, establishing the divine origin of marriage. The "reason" is rooted in God's design for unity and partnership, reflecting the spiritual union between Christ and believers.

a man will leave his father and mother
In ancient Jewish culture, family ties were strong, and leaving one's parents signified a significant shift in loyalty and responsibility. This departure underscores the establishment of a new, primary family unit. It also highlights the importance of prioritizing the marital relationship over previous familial bonds, a principle that transcends cultural boundaries.

and be united to his wife
The term "united" implies a deep, covenantal bond, not merely a physical or emotional connection. This unity is a lifelong commitment, reflecting the covenant relationship God has with His people. The Hebrew word for "united" in Genesis is "dabaq," which conveys the idea of clinging or adhering firmly, emphasizing the permanence and exclusivity of marriage.

and the two will become one flesh
This phrase signifies the complete union of husband and wife, encompassing physical, emotional, and spiritual dimensions. It points to the mystery of marriage as a reflection of the unity between Christ and the Church. The concept of "one flesh" also has implications for sexual ethics, underscoring the sanctity and exclusivity of the marital relationship. This unity is a type of the mystical union believers have with Christ, as seen in passages like John 17:21-23.

This mystery is profound
The term "mystery" in biblical context often refers to a divine truth that was once hidden but is now revealed. In Ephesians, Paul frequently uses "mystery" to describe the unfolding plan of God, particularly the inclusion of Gentiles into the covenant community (Ephesians 3:6). The profound nature of this mystery highlights its significance and depth, suggesting that it is beyond human understanding without divine revelation. The concept of mystery also connects to the Old Testament, where God's plans were often concealed until the appointed time (Daniel 2:28-30).

but I am speaking about Christ and the church
Here, Paul clarifies that the profound mystery he refers to is the relationship between Christ and the church. This relationship is often depicted as a marriage, with Christ as the bridegroom and the church as His bride (Revelation 19:7-9). This imagery is rooted in the Old Testament, where Israel is frequently portrayed as the bride of Yahweh (Isaiah 54:5-6). The union of Christ and the church is a type of the ultimate fulfillment of God's covenant promises, reflecting the intimate and sacrificial love Christ has for His people. This relationship is central to understanding the purpose and function of the church in the world, as it embodies the love, unity, and mission of Christ.

Nevertheless, each one of you also must love his wife as he loves himself
This phrase emphasizes the individual responsibility of each husband within the Christian marriage. The use of "nevertheless" connects this command to the preceding discussion on mutual submission and the relationship between Christ and the Church. The command to love one's wife "as he loves himself" echoes the second greatest commandment found in Matthew 22:39, "Love your neighbor as yourself." This self-love is not selfishness but a recognition of one's own needs and well-being, which should be extended to one's spouse. The cultural context of the time placed husbands in a position of authority, but this directive calls for a sacrificial, Christ-like love that prioritizes the wife's needs and well-being. This love mirrors Christ's love for the Church, as described earlier in Ephesians 5:25-27, where Christ's sacrificial love is the model for husbands.

and the wife must respect her husband
The instruction for wives to respect their husbands complements the command for husbands to love their wives. Respect in this context involves recognizing the husband's role and leadership within the marriage, as outlined in Ephesians 5:22-24, where wives are called to submit to their husbands as to the Lord. This respect is not about inferiority but about honoring the God-given roles within the marriage. The cultural backdrop of the Greco-Roman world often viewed women as subordinate, but this biblical instruction elevates the relationship to one of mutual honor and love. The concept of respect is also tied to the fear of the Lord, as seen in Proverbs 31:30, where a woman who fears the Lord is praised. This respect is a reflection of the Church's reverence for Christ, as the Church submits to Christ's headship.