The LORD answered Moses
This phrase indicates a direct communication from God to Moses, emphasizing the personal relationship and divine authority behind Moses' mission. Throughout the Pentateuch, God frequently speaks to Moses, establishing him as a central figure in the narrative of Israel's deliverance. This divine communication underscores the importance of Moses as a mediator between God and His people, a role that foreshadows the ultimate mediator, Jesus Christ, as described in the New Testament (1 Timothy 2:5).

See, I have made you like God to Pharaoh
Here, God elevates Moses' status in the eyes of Pharaoh, granting him authority and power that mirrors divine attributes. This is not to suggest that Moses becomes divine but rather that he acts as God's representative. In the ancient Near Eastern context, Pharaohs were often considered gods or semi-divine figures, so this statement subverts the Egyptian belief system by positioning Moses, a Hebrew, as superior. This prefigures the ultimate authority of Christ, who is both fully God and fully man, and who exercises authority over all earthly powers (Matthew 28:18).

and your brother Aaron will be your prophet
Aaron's role as a prophet to Moses highlights the importance of prophetic ministry in communicating God's will. In this context, Aaron serves as the spokesperson, conveying Moses' messages to Pharaoh. This arrangement reflects the broader biblical theme of God using prophets to speak to His people, as seen throughout the Old Testament. The prophetic office finds its fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate prophet, priest, and king, revealing God's will perfectly (Hebrews 1:1-2). Aaron's role also emphasizes the importance of partnership and support in ministry, a principle seen in the New Testament with the apostles and early church leaders working together to spread the Gospel.

You are to speak all that I command you
This phrase emphasizes the divine authority and the role of Moses as God's chosen prophet. In the biblical context, prophets were often tasked with delivering God's messages verbatim, highlighting the importance of obedience and faithfulness to God's word. This command underscores the concept of divine inspiration, where the words spoken by the prophet are not his own but those of God. This is similar to the role of other prophets like Jeremiah (Jeremiah 1:7) and Ezekiel (Ezekiel 2:7), who were also instructed to speak only what God commanded.

and your brother Aaron is to tell Pharaoh
Aaron's role as the spokesperson for Moses is significant, as it addresses Moses' earlier concerns about his own speaking abilities (Exodus 4:10-16). This partnership between Moses and Aaron can be seen as a type of Christ and His Church, where Christ is the head and the Church acts as His voice in the world. Aaron's involvement also reflects the importance of teamwork and support within God's plans, as seen in other biblical partnerships like Paul and Barnabas in the New Testament (Acts 13:2).

to let the Israelites go out of his land
This phrase highlights the central theme of the Exodus narrative: liberation from bondage. The Israelites' departure from Egypt is a pivotal event in biblical history, symbolizing God's deliverance and faithfulness to His covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15:13-14). It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who frees believers from the bondage of sin (John 8:36). The demand for release is not just a political or social request but a divine mandate, emphasizing God's sovereignty over nations and rulers.

But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart
This phrase indicates God's sovereign will in the events that unfold in Egypt. The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a recurring theme in Exodus, emphasizing God's control over human affairs. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the heart was seen as the center of decision-making and will. The hardening can be understood as God allowing Pharaoh to persist in his own stubbornness, which serves to demonstrate God's power and glory. This concept is echoed in Romans 9:17-18, where Paul discusses God's sovereignty in showing mercy and hardening whom He wills. The hardening of Pharaoh's heart also sets the stage for the plagues, which are both judgments against Egypt's gods and a demonstration of God's supremacy.

and though I will multiply My signs and wonders
The signs and wonders refer to the ten plagues that God brings upon Egypt. These acts are not only judgments but also serve as a revelation of God's power and authority over creation. Each plague challenges the authority of the Egyptian gods, such as the Nile turning to blood opposing Hapi, the god of the Nile. The multiplication of signs and wonders is a fulfillment of God's promise to Moses in Exodus 3:20, where He assures Moses that He will stretch out His hand and strike Egypt with all His wonders. This phrase also foreshadows the miracles of Jesus in the New Testament, where signs and wonders are used to authenticate His divine mission and authority.

in the land of Egypt
Egypt, a powerful and influential nation in the ancient world, serves as the backdrop for God's demonstration of power. The land of Egypt is significant as it represents a place of bondage for the Israelites, and God's deliverance from Egypt becomes a central theme in Israel's identity and faith. The geographical setting underscores the historical reality of the Exodus narrative, with archaeological evidence supporting the existence of a powerful Egyptian empire during this period. The plagues and the eventual Exodus are pivotal events that shape the narrative of the Old Testament, symbolizing God's deliverance and faithfulness to His covenant people. The land of Egypt also serves as a type of the world or sin, from which believers are delivered through Christ, as seen in the New Testament.

Pharaoh will not listen to you.
This phrase highlights Pharaoh's hardened heart, a recurring theme in the Exodus narrative. Pharaoh's refusal to listen is both a demonstration of his own stubbornness and a fulfillment of God's forewarning to Moses (Exodus 3:19). This resistance sets the stage for God's power to be displayed through the plagues. The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a complex interplay of divine sovereignty and human free will, as seen in Romans 9:17-18, where Paul discusses God's purpose in raising Pharaoh to demonstrate His power.

Then I will lay My hand on Egypt,
The phrase "lay My hand" signifies God's direct intervention and power. In biblical terms, God's hand often represents His strength and authority (Isaiah 41:10). This intervention is not just punitive but also redemptive, as it leads to the liberation of the Israelites. The plagues that follow are a demonstration of God's supremacy over the Egyptian gods, each plague targeting specific deities and aspects of Egyptian life, revealing the impotence of their gods compared to Yahweh.

and by mighty acts of judgment
The "mighty acts of judgment" refer to the ten plagues that God brings upon Egypt. These acts serve multiple purposes: they are judgments against Egypt for their oppression of the Israelites, they reveal God's power and sovereignty, and they are a means of compelling Pharaoh to release the Israelites. Each plague escalates in severity, demonstrating God's control over nature and His ability to protect His people, as seen in the distinction made between the Egyptians and the Israelites during the plagues (Exodus 8:22-23).

I will bring the divisions of My people the Israelites out of the land of Egypt.
This phrase emphasizes God's covenant relationship with Israel, referring to them as "My people." The term "divisions" suggests an organized, structured departure, akin to a military formation, highlighting the order and purpose in God's deliverance. This exodus is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham (Genesis 15:13-14) and a pivotal moment in Israel's history, symbolizing salvation and foreshadowing the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ. The exodus is frequently referenced throughout Scripture as a testament to God's faithfulness and power (Deuteronomy 6:21-23, Psalm 136:10-12).

And the Egyptians will know that I am the LORD
This phrase emphasizes God's intention to reveal His identity and power not only to the Israelites but also to the Egyptians. In the ancient Near East, each nation had its own gods, and the Egyptians worshiped a pantheon of deities. By demonstrating His supremacy over the gods of Egypt through the plagues, God was establishing His sovereignty. This revelation is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where God desires to be known by all nations (e.g., Ezekiel 38:23). The knowledge of God as LORD (Yahweh) signifies a personal and covenantal relationship, distinct from the generic understanding of a deity.

when I stretch out My hand against Egypt
The phrase "stretch out My hand" is a metaphor for divine intervention and judgment. In biblical terms, the hand of God often symbolizes power and action (e.g., Isaiah 14:26-27). The plagues that follow are manifestations of this divine action, each targeting specific aspects of Egyptian life and their gods, demonstrating God's control over creation. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, and God's intervention was a direct challenge to Pharaoh's authority and the religious system of Egypt.

and bring the Israelites out from among them.
This phrase highlights the deliverance aspect of God's plan. The Exodus is a foundational event in Israel's history, symbolizing salvation and liberation. It prefigures the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who leads believers out of bondage to sin (e.g., Luke 9:31, where the term "exodus" is used in reference to Jesus' death and resurrection). The act of bringing the Israelites out is not just a physical relocation but a spiritual redemption, setting the stage for the establishment of a covenant relationship at Sinai. Theologically, it underscores God's faithfulness to His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

So Moses and Aaron did
This phrase highlights the obedience of Moses and Aaron, which is a central theme in the narrative of the Exodus. Their actions are in direct response to God's command, demonstrating their faith and trust in God's plan. This obedience is crucial as it sets the stage for the subsequent plagues and the eventual liberation of the Israelites from Egypt. The partnership between Moses and Aaron is significant, as Aaron serves as Moses' spokesperson due to Moses' own admission of being "slow of speech" (Exodus 4:10). This teamwork reflects the importance of collaboration in fulfilling God's purposes.

just as the LORD had commanded them.
The phrase underscores the importance of following God's instructions precisely. This obedience is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, where blessings and success are often linked to adherence to God's commands. The phrase also connects to the broader biblical narrative of covenant faithfulness, where God's people are called to live according to His statutes. In the context of Exodus, this obedience is pivotal as it leads to the demonstration of God's power through the plagues, ultimately resulting in the deliverance of the Israelites. This act of obedience can be seen as a type of Christ, who perfectly obeyed the Father, even unto death (Philippians 2:8), securing salvation for humanity.

Moses was eighty years old
Moses' age of eighty is significant in biblical numerology, often symbolizing a period of preparation and maturity. Moses spent the first forty years of his life in Egypt, learning the ways of the Egyptians, and the next forty years in Midian, where he was prepared by God for his mission. This reflects a life divided into three distinct phases, each forty years long, which is a recurring theme in Scripture. The number forty often represents a time of testing or trial, as seen in the forty days of rain during the flood (Genesis 7:12) and Jesus' forty days in the wilderness (Matthew 4:2).

and Aaron was eighty-three
Aaron, being three years older than Moses, highlights the importance of family lineage and leadership roles in Israelite culture. As the elder brother, Aaron's role as Moses' spokesperson (Exodus 4:14-16) is significant, especially considering the cultural respect for elder siblings. Aaron's age also indicates his experience and readiness to assist Moses in leading the Israelites out of Egypt. This partnership between Moses and Aaron is a precursor to the later establishment of the Levitical priesthood, with Aaron as the first high priest (Exodus 28:1).

when they spoke to Pharaoh
The act of speaking to Pharaoh is a pivotal moment in the Exodus narrative. Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, was considered a god by his people, making this confrontation not just a political challenge but a spiritual one. Moses and Aaron's boldness in approaching Pharaoh demonstrates their obedience to God's command and their faith in His power. This encounter sets the stage for the subsequent plagues and the eventual liberation of the Israelites. It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance found in Jesus Christ, who confronts the powers of sin and death to free humanity.

The LORD said to Moses and Aaron,
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, emphasizing the authority and importance of the message. In the context of Exodus, God frequently speaks to Moses, establishing him as a prophet and leader of Israel. Aaron, Moses' brother, is included here, highlighting his role as Moses' spokesperson and later as the first high priest of Israel. This divine communication underscores the theocratic nature of Israel's leadership, where God directly guides His chosen leaders. The inclusion of both Moses and Aaron signifies the beginning of their joint mission to confront Pharaoh and lead the Israelites out of Egypt. This partnership is crucial, as Moses initially expressed reluctance to speak due to his self-perceived inadequacies (Exodus 4:10-16). The phrase also sets the stage for the subsequent signs and wonders that God will perform through them, demonstrating His power over the Egyptian gods and affirming His covenant with Israel. When Pharaoh tells you, ‘Perform a miracle,’
This phrase sets the stage for a confrontation between the power of God and the authority of Pharaoh, who was considered a god in Egyptian culture. The demand for a miracle reflects the Egyptian belief in magic and the supernatural. In the biblical narrative, miracles serve as signs of divine authority and power, distinguishing the true God from false gods. This request for a miracle is reminiscent of other biblical instances where signs are requested, such as in 1 Kings 18:24, where Elijah challenges the prophets of Baal.

you are to say to Aaron,
Aaron, Moses' brother, serves as his spokesperson due to Moses' reluctance and claimed lack of eloquence (Exodus 4:10-16). This partnership highlights the importance of obedience and teamwork in fulfilling God's commands. Aaron's role as a priestly figure foreshadows the Levitical priesthood, which he would later lead, and points to the mediatory role of Christ as our High Priest (Hebrews 4:14-16).

‘Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh,’
The staff is a symbol of authority and power, often used by shepherds, which Moses was before his calling. In biblical symbolism, the staff represents God's guidance and protection (Psalm 23:4). The act of throwing it down signifies a challenge to Pharaoh's authority and the beginning of God's direct intervention in Egypt. This act prefigures the power of Christ, who would later demonstrate authority over nature and spiritual forces (Mark 4:39, Luke 10:19).

and it will become a serpent.
The transformation of the staff into a serpent is significant in the Egyptian context, where serpents were symbols of power and protection, often associated with the Pharaoh himself. This miracle directly challenges the Egyptian magicians and their supposed powers, as seen later in the narrative (Exodus 7:11-12). The serpent also recalls the Genesis account of the fall (Genesis 3), symbolizing sin and rebellion, which Christ ultimately conquers. The imagery of the serpent is later redeemed in the bronze serpent lifted by Moses in the wilderness, a type of Christ's crucifixion (John 3:14-15).

So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh
Moses and Aaron's approach to Pharaoh marks a significant moment in the narrative of the Exodus. This act of obedience to God's command demonstrates their faith and courage, as Pharaoh was the most powerful ruler of the time. The setting is likely in one of the royal palaces in Egypt, a place of immense power and authority. This encounter is the beginning of a series of confrontations between God's representatives and the Egyptian king, highlighting the theme of divine authority versus human authority.

and did just as the LORD had commanded.
This phrase underscores the importance of obedience to God's instructions. Moses and Aaron's actions are in direct response to God's earlier command in Exodus 7:9. Their obedience is a model for faithfulness, showing that God's plans are fulfilled through human cooperation. This obedience is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, emphasizing that God's purposes are often accomplished through those who follow His commands.

Aaron threw his staff down before Pharaoh and his officials,
The act of throwing down the staff is symbolic and significant. In ancient Egypt, the staff was a symbol of authority and power. By throwing it down, Aaron is demonstrating the power of God over the Egyptian gods and Pharaoh's authority. This act is performed in the presence of Pharaoh's officials, indicating a public demonstration meant to challenge the Egyptian belief system and assert the supremacy of the God of Israel.

and it became a serpent.
The transformation of the staff into a serpent is a miraculous sign intended to demonstrate God's power. In Egyptian culture, serpents were associated with both danger and protection, often symbolizing the power of the Pharaoh himself. This miracle prefigures the plagues that will follow, each designed to challenge the gods of Egypt. The serpent can also be seen as a type of Christ, who would later defeat the serpent, Satan, as prophesied in Genesis 3:15. This act foreshadows the ultimate victory of God's power over evil.

But Pharaoh called the wise men and sorcerers
Pharaoh's reliance on wise men and sorcerers reflects the Egyptian belief in magic and the supernatural. These individuals were considered experts in interpreting dreams, performing rituals, and wielding magical powers. The presence of such figures in Pharaoh's court underscores the cultural and religious context of ancient Egypt, where magic was intertwined with daily life and governance. This reliance on human wisdom and sorcery contrasts with the divine power of God, setting the stage for the confrontation between God's authority and human attempts to replicate it.

and magicians of Egypt
The magicians of Egypt were part of a class of priests who were skilled in the occult and practiced various forms of magic. Their role was significant in maintaining the religious and cultural traditions of Egypt. Historically, Egyptian magicians were known for their ability to perform illusions and manipulate perceptions, which they used to maintain their influence and authority. This phrase highlights the spiritual battle between the God of Israel and the gods of Egypt, as represented by these magicians.

and they also did the same things by their magic arts
The magicians' ability to replicate the miracles performed by Moses and Aaron suggests that they possessed some level of supernatural power, though it was limited and ultimately inferior to God's power. This phrase illustrates the theme of counterfeit miracles, where human or demonic forces attempt to mimic divine acts. It serves as a reminder of the spiritual deception that can occur when people rely on magic and sorcery instead of seeking the true power of God. This event foreshadows the eventual triumph of God's power over the false gods of Egypt, as seen in the subsequent plagues and the Exodus narrative.

Each one threw down his staff, and it became a serpent.
This event occurs during the confrontation between Moses and Aaron and the Egyptian magicians in Pharaoh's court. The staff turning into a serpent is a demonstration of God's power over the Egyptian magicians, who were likely using sleight of hand or demonic power to replicate the miracle. In ancient Egypt, serpents were symbols of power and authority, often associated with the Pharaoh himself. This act challenges the authority of Pharaoh and the gods of Egypt, showing that the God of Israel is supreme. The staff, a symbol of authority and leadership, becoming a serpent, also connects to Moses' earlier encounter with God at the burning bush, where his staff was turned into a serpent as a sign of divine power (Exodus 4:2-4).

But Aaron’s staff swallowed up the other staffs.
This phrase highlights the superiority of God's power over the magicians' tricks. The swallowing of the other staffs by Aaron's staff is a direct challenge to the Egyptian belief system and a foreshadowing of the plagues that will demonstrate God's dominance over Egypt's gods. This act can be seen as a type of Christ, who ultimately triumphs over all powers and authorities (Colossians 2:15). The swallowing of the staffs also prefigures the victory of God's people over their enemies, as seen throughout the biblical narrative. This event sets the stage for the subsequent plagues, emphasizing that God's power is unmatched and His will is unstoppable.

Still, Pharaoh’s heart was hardened
Pharaoh's hardened heart is a central theme in the Exodus narrative. This phrase indicates a continuation of Pharaoh's resistance to God's commands. The hardening of Pharaoh's heart can be understood as both a divine act and a result of Pharaoh's own stubbornness. In the cultural context of ancient Egypt, Pharaoh was considered a god-king, and his refusal to submit to the God of Israel highlights the spiritual battle between the God of the Hebrews and the gods of Egypt. This hardening is also a fulfillment of God's earlier pronouncement to Moses in Exodus 4:21, where God foretold that He would harden Pharaoh's heart.

and he would not listen to them
Pharaoh's refusal to listen to Moses and Aaron is significant in the narrative, as it sets the stage for the subsequent plagues. This refusal is not merely a personal choice but a demonstration of the spiritual blindness and pride that often accompany a hardened heart. In the broader biblical context, this can be seen as a warning against ignoring God's word and messengers. The New Testament echoes this theme in passages like Hebrews 3:15, which warns against hardening one's heart when hearing God's voice.

just as the LORD had said
This phrase underscores the sovereignty and foreknowledge of God. It reassures the reader that the events unfolding are not outside of God's control but are happening according to His divine plan. This fulfillment of God's word is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, emphasizing that God's promises and warnings are trustworthy. It also serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His covenant people, as seen in His deliverance of Israel from Egypt. This theme of divine foreknowledge and fulfillment is echoed in the New Testament, particularly in the life and mission of Jesus Christ, who fulfills Old Testament prophecies.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase indicates direct communication from God to Moses, a common occurrence in the Pentateuch where God often speaks to His chosen leaders. It underscores Moses' role as a prophet and mediator between God and the Israelites. This divine communication is foundational for the unfolding events in Exodus, as God provides guidance and instructions to Moses. The phrase also highlights the personal relationship between God and Moses, which is further emphasized in passages like Exodus 33:11, where it is said that the LORD spoke to Moses face to face.

Pharaoh’s heart is unyielding
The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a central theme in the Exodus narrative. It reflects the spiritual and moral obstinacy of Pharaoh, who is seen as a symbol of resistance against God's will. This hardening is both a divine act and a personal choice, illustrating the complex interplay between divine sovereignty and human responsibility. The unyielding heart of Pharaoh sets the stage for the plagues, which serve as judgments against Egypt's gods and demonstrate God's power. This theme is echoed in Romans 9:17-18, where Paul discusses God's sovereignty in hardening whom He wills.

he refuses to let the people go
This refusal is a direct challenge to God's command and highlights Pharaoh's role as an antagonist in the narrative. The phrase underscores the central conflict of the Exodus story: the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. It also reflects the broader theme of deliverance and redemption that runs throughout the Bible, culminating in the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ. The repeated refusals of Pharaoh serve to magnify the eventual triumph of God's plan and the fulfillment of His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob regarding the nation of Israel.

Go to Pharaoh in the morning
This phrase indicates a specific time for Moses to approach Pharaoh, suggesting a strategic encounter. Morning was a time when Pharaoh might perform daily rituals or inspections, reflecting the Egyptian practice of early morning activities. This timing also underscores the urgency and divine timing of God's message. The morning is often associated with new beginnings, symbolizing the start of God's direct confrontation with Pharaoh.

as you see him walking out to the water
Pharaoh's walk to the water likely refers to his daily visit to the Nile, which was central to Egyptian life and religion. The Nile was considered sacred, a source of life and sustenance, and Pharaoh's presence there could be linked to religious duties or personal hygiene. This setting emphasizes the confrontation between the God of Israel and the gods of Egypt, as the Nile was often deified. The act of meeting Pharaoh at the Nile highlights the challenge to Egyptian deities and the assertion of God's sovereignty.

Wait on the bank of the Nile to meet him
The Nile's bank serves as the stage for this divine encounter, symbolizing the boundary between God's people and Egypt. The river was a lifeline for Egypt, and this meeting place underscores the impending plagues that would strike at the heart of Egyptian prosperity. The act of waiting signifies patience and obedience to God's command, as Moses positions himself for a pivotal moment in the unfolding narrative of liberation.

and take in your hand the staff that was changed into a snake
The staff, previously transformed into a snake, represents God's power and authority given to Moses. This miraculous sign was first demonstrated in Exodus 4:3-4, serving as a testament to God's presence with Moses. The staff symbolizes divine intervention and the authority to challenge Pharaoh. It prefigures Christ's authority over creation and His power to bring about God's kingdom. The staff's transformation into a snake also foreshadows the plagues, as it embodies the confrontation between God's will and Pharaoh's resistance.

Then say to him
This phrase indicates a direct command from God to Moses, emphasizing the role of Moses as God's spokesperson. It highlights the prophetic tradition where God communicates His will through chosen individuals. This is a continuation of the divine mission given to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:10).

‘The LORD, the God of the Hebrews,
This identifies the speaker as Yahweh, the covenantal name of God, which signifies His eternal and self-existent nature. The term "God of the Hebrews" connects to the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—underscoring the covenant relationship and promises made to them (Genesis 12:1-3).

has sent me to tell you:
Moses is acting under divine authority, not his own. This reflects the biblical theme of divine commissioning, seen in other figures like the prophets and apostles. It underscores the seriousness of the message and the authority behind it.

Let My people go,
This command is central to the Exodus narrative, representing God's demand for the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. It prefigures the ultimate deliverance from sin through Christ, who liberates believers from spiritual slavery (John 8:36).

so that they may worship Me in the wilderness.
The purpose of liberation is worship, highlighting the importance of worship in the relationship between God and His people. The wilderness is significant as a place of testing and revelation, where Israel would receive the Law and learn dependence on God (Deuteronomy 8:2-3).

But until now you have not listened.
This phrase points to Pharaoh's hardened heart and resistance to God's command, a recurring theme in the plagues narrative. It serves as a warning against the dangers of pride and disobedience, paralleling the spiritual hardness seen in those who reject Christ (Hebrews 3:15).

This is what the LORD says:
This phrase introduces a divine declaration, emphasizing the authority and sovereignty of God. It is a common prophetic formula used throughout the Old Testament, signifying that the message is not from a human source but from God Himself. This underscores the importance and certainty of the forthcoming action.

By this you will know that I am the LORD:
The purpose of the miracle is to reveal God's identity and power. In the context of the plagues, it serves as a direct challenge to the Egyptian pantheon, particularly the gods associated with the Nile. This phrase highlights God's desire for recognition and acknowledgment from both the Israelites and Egyptians. It echoes the theme of divine self-revelation found throughout Scripture, such as in Ezekiel 6:7 and 1 Kings 18:37.

Behold, with the staff in my hand:
The staff is a symbol of authority and divine power. Moses' staff, used in various miracles, represents God's intervention in human affairs. The staff's use here connects to earlier biblical narratives, such as Moses' encounter with God at the burning bush (Exodus 4:2-4), where the staff was first transformed into a serpent. It prefigures the authority of Christ, who performs miracles by divine power.

I will strike the water of the Nile:
The Nile River was the lifeblood of Egypt, central to its agriculture, economy, and religion. Striking the Nile symbolizes a direct assault on the heart of Egyptian life and their deities, such as Hapi, the god of the Nile. This act demonstrates God's supremacy over creation and false gods, similar to Elijah's confrontation with the prophets of Baal in 1 Kings 18.

and it will turn to blood:
The transformation of water into blood is a miraculous sign of judgment. It foreshadows the first plague and serves as a precursor to the ultimate judgment on Egypt. This act of turning water into blood is reminiscent of the blood of Christ, which signifies both judgment and redemption. The imagery of blood is significant throughout the Bible, symbolizing life, covenant, and atonement, as seen in Leviticus 17:11 and Hebrews 9:22.

The fish in the Nile will die
This phrase highlights the first of the ten plagues that God sent upon Egypt through Moses and Aaron. The Nile River was central to Egyptian life, providing water, food, and transportation. Fish were a staple in the Egyptian diet, and their death would have been a significant blow to the economy and daily sustenance. This plague directly challenged the Egyptian god Hapi, who was believed to be the god of the Nile, demonstrating the power of the God of Israel over the Egyptian deities.

the river will stink
The stench from the decaying fish would have been unbearable, symbolizing the corruption and decay of Egypt's spiritual state. This phrase also serves as a physical manifestation of the spiritual stench of sin and idolatry. The stench would have been a constant reminder to the Egyptians of their helplessness against the God of Israel, who was executing judgment upon their land.

and the Egyptians will be unable to drink its water.
The inability to drink the water from the Nile would have created a crisis, as the river was the primary source of fresh water for the Egyptians. This phrase underscores the severity of the plague, as it not only affected the food supply but also the basic necessity of water. This mirrors the spiritual thirst that can only be quenched by the living water offered by Jesus Christ, as seen in John 4:14, where Jesus speaks of the water that leads to eternal life. The physical thirst of the Egyptians points to the deeper spiritual need for God’s provision and salvation.

And the LORD said to Moses
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and Moses, highlighting Moses' role as a prophet and leader. It reflects the divine authority behind the actions that are about to unfold. This communication is consistent with the pattern of God speaking to His chosen leaders throughout the Old Testament, such as with Abraham and later with the prophets.

Tell Aaron
Aaron, Moses' brother, serves as his spokesperson. This arrangement was established earlier due to Moses' reluctance and claimed lack of eloquence. Aaron's role is significant as it demonstrates the importance of teamwork and delegation in leadership. It also foreshadows the establishment of the Levitical priesthood, with Aaron as the first high priest.

‘Take your staff and stretch out your hand over the waters of Egypt
The staff is a symbol of authority and divine power. It was previously used in Exodus 4:2-4 when God turned it into a serpent. Stretching out the hand signifies an act of command and control, often seen in biblical miracles. This act prefigures the miracles of Jesus, who also performed signs over nature, such as calming the storm.

—over their rivers and canals and ponds and all the reservoirs—
This comprehensive list indicates the totality of the plague's impact, affecting all water sources in Egypt. The Nile River, central to Egyptian life and economy, was considered sacred and a source of life. This plague directly challenges the Egyptian gods associated with the Nile, such as Hapi, the god of the annual flooding of the Nile.

that they may become blood.’
The transformation of water into blood is a miraculous act that signifies judgment and the power of God over creation. Blood, often associated with life, here becomes a symbol of death and divine retribution. This act prefigures the first miracle of Jesus at Cana, where He turned water into wine, symbolizing the new covenant in His blood.

There will be blood throughout the land of Egypt
The pervasive nature of this plague underscores the severity of God's judgment against Egypt. It serves as a sign to both the Egyptians and the Israelites of God's supreme power. This widespread impact is a precursor to the final plague, the death of the firstborn, which ultimately leads to the Exodus.

even in the vessels of wood and stone.
This detail highlights the thoroughness of the plague, affecting not only natural water sources but also stored water. It signifies that no part of Egyptian life is untouched by God's judgment. The mention of wood and stone vessels may also symbolize the futility of relying on man-made objects or idols for salvation, contrasting with the living God who controls all creation.

Moses and Aaron did just as the LORD had commanded;
This phrase highlights the obedience of Moses and Aaron to God's instructions. Their actions demonstrate faith and trust in God's plan, a recurring theme throughout the Bible. Obedience to divine commands is a central tenet in Scripture, as seen in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings are promised for obedience. This act of obedience also prefigures Christ's perfect obedience to the Father, as seen in Philippians 2:8.

in the presence of Pharaoh and his officials,
The presence of Pharaoh and his officials signifies the public nature of this miracle. It was not done in secret but was a direct challenge to the authority and power of Egypt. Pharaoh, considered a god by the Egyptians, is confronted with the power of the true God. This public display is reminiscent of Elijah's confrontation with the prophets of Baal in 1 Kings 18, where God's power is demonstrated before the people.

Aaron raised the staff and struck the water of the Nile,
The staff is a symbol of God's authority and power, first introduced in Exodus 4:2-4 when God turns it into a serpent. The Nile River was the lifeblood of Egypt, essential for agriculture and daily life. Striking the Nile with the staff signifies God's control over creation and judgment against the Egyptian gods, particularly Hapi, the god of the Nile. This act foreshadows Christ's authority over nature, as seen in His calming of the storm in Mark 4:39.

and all the water was turned to blood.
The transformation of water into blood is the first of the ten plagues, each targeting specific aspects of Egyptian life and their pantheon of gods. Blood symbolizes life and death, and this plague signifies judgment and the beginning of God's deliverance of Israel. This event prefigures the blood of Christ, which brings both judgment and salvation, as seen in the New Testament, particularly in Hebrews 9:22, which states that without the shedding of blood, there is no forgiveness.

The fish in the Nile died
This phrase highlights the first of the ten plagues that God sent upon Egypt through Moses and Aaron. The Nile River was central to Egyptian life, providing water, food, and transportation. Fish were a staple in the Egyptian diet, and their death would have been a significant blow to the economy and daily sustenance. This event demonstrated God's power over the Egyptian gods, particularly Hapi, the god of the Nile, showing that the God of Israel was supreme.

and the river smelled so bad
The stench from the dead fish and the blood in the water would have been overwhelming, symbolizing the corruption and decay of Egypt's spiritual state. This physical manifestation of foulness can be seen as a reflection of the moral and spiritual decay that God was addressing through the plagues. The smell would have served as a constant reminder of God's judgment and the need for repentance.

that the Egyptians could not drink its water
Water is essential for life, and the inability to drink from the Nile would have caused widespread distress and desperation. This phrase underscores the severity of the plague and the disruption of daily life in Egypt. It also highlights the dependency of the Egyptians on the Nile, contrasting with the Israelites' dependence on God for provision and sustenance.

And there was blood throughout the land of Egypt
The transformation of the Nile's waters into blood is a powerful symbol of judgment and a precursor to the Passover, where blood would play a crucial role in the Israelites' deliverance. Blood throughout the land signifies widespread judgment, affecting all of Egypt. This event foreshadows the sacrificial blood of Jesus Christ, which brings deliverance and salvation to those who believe. The pervasive nature of the blood also emphasizes the totality of God's power and the inescapability of His judgment.

But the magicians of Egypt did the same things by their magic arts.
The magicians of Egypt, likely priests of the Egyptian gods, were skilled in occult practices and were able to replicate the miracle of turning water into blood. This reflects the spiritual battle between the God of Israel and the gods of Egypt. The magicians' ability to mimic the miracle suggests the presence of real spiritual power, though inferior to God's. This event highlights the theme of counterfeit miracles, which is echoed in the New Testament (2 Thessalonians 2:9) where false signs and wonders are mentioned. The magicians' actions also demonstrate the hardness of Pharaoh's heart, as he relied on them to validate his resistance to God's command.

So Pharaoh’s heart was hardened,
The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a central theme in the Exodus narrative. It illustrates the tension between divine sovereignty and human free will. While God predicted and allowed Pharaoh's heart to harden, Pharaoh himself chose to resist God's command. This hardening serves as a warning against persistent unbelief and rebellion against God. Theologically, it underscores the idea that God can use even the obstinacy of individuals to fulfill His purposes, as seen in Romans 9:17-18.

and he would not listen to Moses and Aaron,
Pharaoh's refusal to listen to Moses and Aaron is indicative of his pride and stubbornness. Despite witnessing a miraculous sign, Pharaoh's heart remained closed to the message of God. This refusal is a pattern seen throughout the plagues, where Pharaoh's resistance grows stronger. It serves as a reminder of the importance of humility and openness to God's word. The role of Moses and Aaron as God's messengers parallels the prophetic tradition, where prophets often faced rejection despite delivering God's truth.

just as the LORD had said.
This phrase emphasizes the fulfillment of God's word and His foreknowledge. God had already informed Moses that Pharaoh would not easily let the Israelites go (Exodus 4:21). This assurance to Moses highlights God's control over the situation and His ultimate plan for deliverance. It reassures believers of God's faithfulness and the certainty of His promises, as seen throughout Scripture (Isaiah 46:10). The phrase also underscores the reliability of God's word, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible.

Instead, Pharaoh turned around
Pharaoh's response to the miraculous signs performed by Moses and Aaron is one of indifference and defiance. This phrase highlights his stubbornness and unwillingness to acknowledge the power of the God of Israel. In the broader biblical narrative, Pharaoh's hard-heartedness serves as a backdrop for God's demonstration of His power and sovereignty. This turning away is symbolic of his spiritual blindness and resistance to divine intervention.

went into his palace
The palace represents Pharaoh's seat of power and authority. It is a place of comfort and security for him, contrasting with the suffering of the Israelites. Historically, Egyptian palaces were grand and opulent, reflecting the wealth and might of the Pharaohs. This retreat into his palace signifies Pharaoh's attempt to insulate himself from the reality of God's judgment and the plight of the Israelites.

and did not take any of this to heart
This phrase underscores Pharaoh's hardened heart, a recurring theme in the Exodus narrative. Despite witnessing the signs and wonders, he remains unmoved and unrepentant. Biblically, the heart is often seen as the center of one's will and emotions. Pharaoh's refusal to take the events to heart illustrates his rebellion against God. This hardening of the heart is echoed in other scriptures, such as in Romans 9:17-18, where Paul discusses God's sovereignty in hardening whom He wills. Pharaoh's attitude contrasts with the call to repentance and humility before God, as seen in the lives of other biblical figures who responded to God's call with faith and obedience.

So all the Egyptians dug around the Nile for water to drink
This phrase highlights the desperation of the Egyptians as they sought alternative sources of water. The Nile River was central to Egyptian life, providing water for drinking, agriculture, and transportation. The act of digging around the Nile suggests an attempt to find groundwater or filtered water that was not affected by the plague. This reflects the severity of the first plague, where the river turned to blood, making the water undrinkable. The Egyptians' reliance on the Nile is a testament to its importance in their society and economy, and their efforts to find water demonstrate their vulnerability when this vital resource was compromised.

because they could not drink the water from the river
The inability to drink the river water underscores the miraculous nature of the plague. The Nile, often worshipped as a deity in Egyptian culture, was rendered useless, challenging the Egyptians' religious beliefs and demonstrating the power of the God of Israel over their gods. This event is part of a series of plagues that served to show God's supremacy and to compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites. The transformation of the Nile's water can be seen as a judgment against the Egyptian gods, as well as a direct challenge to Pharaoh's authority. This phrase also foreshadows the continued hardening of Pharaoh's heart, as despite the severity of the plagues, he remains obstinate. Theologically, this can be seen as a type of Christ, where Jesus provides living water, contrasting with the undrinkable water of the Nile, symbolizing spiritual sustenance and salvation.

And seven full days passed
The phrase "seven full days" indicates a complete week, which is significant in biblical terms as the number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection. This period allowed the Egyptians to experience the full impact of the first plague, the turning of the Nile into blood. It also provided time for Pharaoh to reconsider his stance against letting the Israelites go, highlighting God's patience and the opportunity for repentance.

after the LORD had struck the Nile.
The Nile River was central to Egyptian life, serving as a source of sustenance, transportation, and economic prosperity. By striking the Nile, God demonstrated His power over the Egyptian gods, particularly Hapi, the god of the Nile. This act was a direct challenge to the Egyptian belief system and a demonstration of God's supremacy. The striking of the Nile can also be seen as a type of judgment, foreshadowing the ultimate judgment and deliverance found in Jesus Christ. The plagues, beginning with the Nile, serve as a precursor to the final deliverance of God's people, paralleling the deliverance from sin through Christ.