Now Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem heard
Adoni-zedek, meaning "lord of righteousness," was the king of Jerusalem, a city that would later become central to Israelite history. At this time, Jerusalem was a Jebusite city. The mention of Adoni-zedek highlights the political landscape of Canaan, where city-states were ruled by local kings. The hearing of news indicates the spread of Joshua's military successes, causing concern among Canaanite leaders.

that Joshua had captured Ai and devoted it to destruction
Joshua's capture of Ai followed the initial defeat due to Achan's sin, demonstrating the importance of obedience to God. The term "devoted to destruction" refers to the Hebrew concept of "herem," meaning something set apart for God, often through complete destruction. This act was part of God's judgment on the Canaanites and a means to prevent Israel from adopting pagan practices.

doing to Ai and its king as he had done to Jericho and its king
The parallel between Ai and Jericho underscores the consistency of God's commands and Joshua's leadership. Jericho's fall was miraculous, involving the collapse of its walls, while Ai's capture involved strategic warfare. Both cities' destruction served as a warning to other Canaanite cities and a fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel the land.

and that the people of Gibeon had made peace with Israel
The Gibeonites, through deception, secured a treaty with Israel, becoming their servants. This peace treaty was controversial, as it was made without seeking God's counsel. However, it illustrates God's mercy and the inclusion of Gentiles into His plan, foreshadowing the New Testament inclusion of Gentiles into the faith.

and were living near them
The proximity of the Gibeonites to Israel highlights the potential for cultural and religious influence. It also sets the stage for future conflicts, as other Canaanite kings viewed this alliance as a threat. The Gibeonites' presence among Israel serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the complexity of His plans for His people.

So Adoni-zedek and his people were greatly alarmed
Adoni-zedek, the king of Jerusalem, represents the Canaanite resistance to Israel's conquest. His name means "Lord of Righteousness," which is ironic given his opposition to God's people. The alarm among Adoni-zedek and his people reflects the fear that spread among the Canaanite kings as they realized the power of Israel's God, especially after the miraculous victories at Jericho and Ai. This fear is reminiscent of Rahab's words in Joshua 2:9-11, where she acknowledges the terror that had fallen on the inhabitants of the land.

because Gibeon was a great city, like one of the royal cities
Gibeon was strategically significant, both in size and location. It was considered a royal city, indicating its importance and influence in the region. The comparison to royal cities suggests that Gibeon had a level of autonomy and power, possibly with its own king or ruling council. This status made its alliance with Israel particularly alarming to the surrounding Canaanite kings, as it shifted the balance of power in the region.

it was larger than Ai
The mention of Ai provides a point of reference for the reader, as Ai was a city that had already been conquered by Israel. The fact that Gibeon was larger than Ai emphasizes the significance of its alliance with Israel. This comparison highlights the strategic advantage gained by Israel through this alliance, as Gibeon's size and resources would have bolstered Israel's position in the land.

and all its men were mighty
The description of Gibeon's men as mighty indicates that they were known for their strength and military prowess. This further underscores the threat perceived by Adoni-zedek and the other Canaanite kings. The might of Gibeon's warriors would have been a valuable asset to Israel, making their alliance even more formidable. This phrase also foreshadows the eventual integration of Gibeon into Israel, as seen in Joshua 9, where the Gibeonites become servants to the Israelites, contributing their strength to Israel's cause.

Therefore Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem
Adoni-zedek, meaning "lord of righteousness," was the king of Jerusalem during the time of Joshua. Jerusalem, a significant city in biblical history, was a Jebusite stronghold before its conquest by the Israelites. The name Adoni-zedek is reminiscent of Melchizedek, the king of Salem (an early name for Jerusalem) in Genesis 14:18, who was a priest of God Most High. This connection highlights the longstanding spiritual significance of Jerusalem. Adoni-zedek's actions reflect the fear and opposition of Canaanite kings against the Israelites, who were rapidly conquering the land.

sent word to Hoham king of Hebron
Hebron, located in the southern part of Canaan, was an ancient city with deep historical roots, being associated with the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Hoham, the king of Hebron, is part of a coalition against Israel. This alliance underscores the threat perceived by the Canaanite kings due to Israel's victories, particularly after the fall of Jericho and Ai. Hebron later becomes a significant city for Israel, serving as King David's capital for seven years.

Piram king of Jarmuth
Jarmuth was a city in the Shephelah, the lowland region of Judah. Piram, its king, joins the coalition against Israel. The inclusion of Jarmuth in this alliance indicates the widespread alarm among the Canaanite cities. Archaeological evidence suggests Jarmuth was a fortified city, emphasizing the military threat posed by these kings to the Israelites.

Japhia king of Lachish
Lachish was a major fortified city in the Shephelah, strategically important due to its location on the main road from Jerusalem to Egypt. Japhia, the king of Lachish, aligns with other Canaanite kings to resist Israel's advance. Lachish's significance is highlighted in later biblical narratives, such as during the Assyrian and Babylonian invasions, where it served as a key defensive site.

and Debir king of Eglon
Eglon, another city in the Shephelah, was ruled by Debir. The coalition of these kings, including Eglon, reflects the regional unity against the common threat of Israel. Eglon's inclusion in this alliance shows the widespread impact of Israel's conquests, as cities across Canaan sought to resist the Israelites' divinely ordained occupation of the land.

saying,
The message sent by Adoni-zedek to these kings marks the beginning of a significant military campaign against Israel. This coalition's formation is a direct response to the miraculous victories experienced by Israel, such as the fall of Jericho and the treaty with Gibeon. The narrative sets the stage for the subsequent battle, where God intervenes on behalf of Israel, demonstrating His power and faithfulness to His promises.

Come up and help me.
This phrase is a call to action from Adoni-Zedek, king of Jerusalem, to other Amorite kings. It reflects the urgency and desperation of the Canaanite coalition in response to the Gibeonites' treaty with Israel. The phrase indicates a strategic military alliance, common in ancient Near Eastern warfare, where smaller city-states would band together against a common enemy. This reflects the political landscape of Canaan, where city-states were often in conflict but would unite against a larger threat.

We will attack Gibeon,
Gibeon was a significant city, known for its mighty warriors (Joshua 10:2). The decision to attack Gibeon highlights its strategic importance and the threat its alliance with Israel posed to the surrounding Canaanite cities. This attack was not just a military maneuver but also a political statement against those who would align with Israel. The Gibeonites' decision to make peace with Israel (Joshua 9) was seen as a betrayal by the Canaanite kings, prompting this aggressive response.

because they have made peace with Joshua and the Israelites.
The Gibeonites' treaty with Israel was a significant event, as it demonstrated the fear and respect that Joshua and the Israelites commanded in the region. This peace treaty was made through deception (Joshua 9), yet it was honored by Israel, showcasing the importance of oaths and covenants in biblical times. The alliance with Gibeon provided Israel with a strategic advantage, as Gibeon was located in the heart of Canaan. This phrase also foreshadows the divine intervention that would follow, as God supports Israel in the ensuing battle, demonstrating His faithfulness to His people and His plans for the Promised Land.

So the five kings of the Amorites
The Amorites were a significant group in Canaan, often representing the broader Canaanite population. Their mention here highlights the opposition Israel faced in the Promised Land. The number five may symbolize human weakness and incompleteness, contrasting with divine strength.

the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon
These cities were significant Canaanite strongholds. Jerusalem, later becoming Israel's capital, was a Jebusite city at this time. Hebron was historically significant as Abraham's dwelling place. Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon were fortified cities, indicating the military strength of the coalition. This alliance underscores the threat Israel faced and the strategic importance of these locations.

joined forces and advanced with all their armies
The coalition of these kings represents a united front against Israel, emphasizing the severity of the threat. This unity among the Amorite kings shows their desperation to resist Israel's advance, reflecting the broader spiritual battle against God's people.

They camped before Gibeon
Gibeon was a significant city that had made a treaty with Israel (Joshua 9). Its strategic location made it a target for the Amorite coalition. The encampment signifies preparation for battle, highlighting the imminent threat to Gibeon and, by extension, Israel.

and made war against it
This act of aggression against Gibeon was a direct challenge to Israel, as Gibeon was now under Israel's protection. The war against Gibeon symbolizes the spiritual warfare believers face, with Gibeon representing those who seek refuge in God's covenant. This conflict foreshadows the ultimate victory of God's people over their enemies.

Then the men of Gibeon sent word to Joshua in the camp at Gilgal:
The Gibeonites, having made a treaty with Israel (Joshua 9), now seek Joshua's help. Gilgal was Israel's base camp after crossing the Jordan River, a place of spiritual significance where they renewed their covenant with God (Joshua 4:19-24). This request highlights the Gibeonites' reliance on their new alliance with Israel, despite their previous deception.

“Do not abandon your servants.
The Gibeonites refer to themselves as "servants," acknowledging their subordinate position due to the treaty. This plea underscores the covenantal relationship, which in ancient Near Eastern culture was binding and required mutual support. It reflects the biblical theme of faithfulness to one's word, as seen in God's faithfulness to His covenants.

Come quickly and save us!
The urgency in their plea indicates the immediate threat they faced. This echoes the biblical principle of seeking deliverance from a higher power, paralleling Israel's own cries for salvation throughout their history (e.g., Exodus 2:23-25). It also foreshadows the salvation offered through Christ, who responds to those who call upon Him.

Help us, because all the kings of the Amorites from the hill country have joined forces against us.”
The Amorites were a significant Canaanite group, and their coalition against Gibeon represents a formidable threat. The hill country refers to the central highlands of Canaan, a strategic and contested region. This alliance against Gibeon illustrates the broader conflict between Israel and the Canaanite nations, fulfilling God's promise to give Israel victory over their enemies (Deuteronomy 7:1-2). The gathering of these kings can be seen as a type of the end-times gathering of nations against God's people, as prophesied in Revelation.

So Joshua and his whole army
Joshua, the leader of Israel after Moses, is a central figure in the conquest of Canaan. His leadership is marked by obedience to God and military prowess. The phrase "whole army" indicates the unity and full commitment of Israel's forces. This reflects the collective effort of the Israelites in fulfilling God's promise to give them the land of Canaan. The unity of the army under Joshua's command is reminiscent of the unity required in the body of Christ, as seen in 1 Corinthians 12:12-27.

including all the mighty men of valor
The "mighty men of valor" refers to the elite warriors of Israel, known for their courage and strength. These men were crucial in the battles that Israel faced, symbolizing the importance of having strong and faithful leaders in spiritual warfare. This phrase highlights the necessity of bravery and faith in God's promises, as seen in the stories of other biblical figures like David's mighty men (2 Samuel 23:8-39).

came from Gilgal
Gilgal was the first campsite of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River into the Promised Land. It served as a base of operations during the conquest of Canaan. Gilgal holds significant spiritual meaning as the place where the Israelites renewed their covenant with God through circumcision (Joshua 5:2-9) and celebrated the Passover (Joshua 5:10). It symbolizes a place of preparation and consecration before engaging in God's work. The journey from Gilgal to battle signifies moving from a place of spiritual readiness to active participation in God's plan.

The LORD said to Joshua
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, emphasizing the personal relationship between God and Joshua. It reflects the continuity of leadership and divine guidance from Moses to Joshua, as seen in Deuteronomy 31:23. This divine assurance is crucial for Joshua's leadership and the Israelites' confidence.

Do not be afraid of them
This command addresses the natural human tendency towards fear in the face of overwhelming odds. It echoes God's earlier assurances to Joshua in Joshua 1:9, reinforcing the theme of courage and faith. The phrase is a reminder of God's sovereignty and faithfulness, encouraging reliance on divine power rather than human strength.

for I have delivered them into your hand
This statement is a prophetic assurance of victory, highlighting God's control over the outcome of battles. It reflects the biblical theme of God's intervention in human affairs, as seen in previous victories like the crossing of the Red Sea (Exodus 14:13-14). The use of the past tense "have delivered" indicates the certainty of God's promise.

Not one of them shall stand against you
This promise of total victory underscores the completeness of God's deliverance. It parallels other biblical assurances of triumph over enemies, such as in Deuteronomy 7:24. This phrase also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over sin and death, as seen in 1 Corinthians 15:57, where believers are assured of victory through Jesus Christ.

After marching all night from Gilgal
Joshua's leadership and commitment are evident as he leads the Israelites on an all-night march. Gilgal, located near the Jordan River, served as the Israelites' base camp after crossing into the Promised Land. This location is significant as it was the first place they camped after the miraculous crossing of the Jordan, symbolizing a new beginning and God's faithfulness. The march demonstrates strategic military planning and reliance on God's guidance, as Joshua responds to the Gibeonites' plea for help. The all-night journey reflects the urgency and dedication required to fulfill God's commands, reminiscent of the Israelites' previous experiences of divine intervention and guidance.

Joshua caught them by surprise
The element of surprise was crucial in ancient warfare, and Joshua's ability to catch the Amorite coalition off guard highlights his tactical acumen. This surprise attack underscores the theme of divine assistance, as God had promised Joshua victory over his enemies. The Amorites, confident in their alliance and fortified positions, were unprepared for such a swift and decisive move. This event parallels other biblical accounts where God grants victory to His people against overwhelming odds, such as Gideon's victory over the Midianites. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over sin and death, achieved through unexpected means.

And the LORD threw them into confusion before Israel
This phrase highlights divine intervention, a recurring theme in the conquest narratives. The confusion of Israel's enemies is reminiscent of other biblical accounts where God intervenes directly, such as the confusion of the Egyptian army at the Red Sea (Exodus 14:24-25). This divine action underscores the belief that victory comes from God, not merely human effort. Theologically, it reflects God's sovereignty and His role as a warrior for His people, a theme echoed in Exodus 15:3.

who defeated them in a great slaughter at Gibeon
Gibeon was a significant Canaanite city that had made a treaty with Israel (Joshua 9). The "great slaughter" indicates a decisive victory, emphasizing the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to Israel. Historically, this battle demonstrates the strategic importance of Gibeon, which controlled access to the central hill country. Theologically, it serves as a testament to God's faithfulness in delivering His people and fulfilling His covenant promises.

pursued them along the ascent to Beth-horon
Beth-horon was a strategic pass leading from the coastal plain to the hill country. The pursuit along this ascent indicates a relentless follow-through by the Israelites, ensuring a comprehensive victory. This geographical detail highlights the tactical advantage gained by Israel and the thoroughness of their campaign. The ascent to Beth-horon is also mentioned in other biblical battles, such as in 1 Samuel 13:18, indicating its continued military significance.

and struck them down as far as Azekah and Makkedah
Azekah and Makkedah were towns in the Shephelah, the lowland region of Judah. The mention of these locations marks the extent of the victory and the thoroughness of the Israelite campaign. Archaeological evidence suggests these were fortified cities, indicating the strength of the Canaanite defense. Theologically, the complete defeat of the enemy symbolizes the totality of God's deliverance and the establishment of Israel in the Promised Land. This victory prefigures the ultimate triumph of Christ over sin and death, as seen in the New Testament, where Jesus is portrayed as the ultimate conqueror (Revelation 19:11-16).

As they fled before Israel
This phrase indicates the retreat of the Amorite coalition forces in the face of Israel's military advance. The context is the battle where Joshua leads Israel against five Amorite kings. The Israelites' victory is attributed to divine intervention, emphasizing God's role in the conquest of Canaan. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God fighting for His people, as seen in Exodus 14:14.

along the descent from Beth-horon to Azekah
Beth-horon refers to two adjacent towns, Upper and Lower Beth-horon, strategically located on a ridge descending into the coastal plain. This route was significant for military campaigns, as it provided a natural path for retreat or advance. Azekah, another fortified city, is mentioned in the context of Judah's defense in Jeremiah 34:7. Archaeological evidence supports the historical existence of these locations, underscoring the biblical narrative's historical reliability.

the LORD cast down on them large hailstones from the sky
This divine intervention through hailstones is reminiscent of the plagues in Egypt (Exodus 9:22-26), where God used natural phenomena to achieve His purposes. The hailstones signify God's direct involvement in the battle, reinforcing His sovereignty over creation. This act also prefigures eschatological judgments, as seen in Revelation 16:21, where hailstones are used as instruments of divine wrath.

and more of them were killed by the hailstones than by the swords of the Israelites
This highlights the miraculous nature of the victory, attributing the success primarily to God's power rather than human effort. It serves as a reminder of the futility of opposing God's will and the assurance of His protection for His people. This theme is echoed in Psalm 44:3, which emphasizes that victories come not by human strength but by God's favor. The disproportionate impact of the hailstones underscores the message that God is the ultimate warrior for Israel, a type of Christ who secures victory for His people.

On the day that the LORD gave the Amorites over to the Israelites
This phrase highlights a pivotal moment in Israel's conquest of Canaan, where divine intervention is evident. The Amorites were a coalition of Canaanite kings opposing Israel. This event underscores God's promise to give the land to Israel (Genesis 15:18-21) and His faithfulness in fulfilling His covenant. The victory over the Amorites is a testament to God's sovereignty and His role as a divine warrior for Israel (Exodus 15:3).

Joshua spoke to the LORD in the presence of Israel
Joshua's public prayer demonstrates his leadership and faith. By addressing God openly, Joshua reinforces the communal aspect of Israel's relationship with God, emphasizing that their victories are not by their own strength but by divine assistance. This act of speaking to God in front of the people also serves to strengthen their faith and reliance on God, similar to Moses' intercessions (Exodus 17:11-13).

O sun, stand still over Gibeon
The request for the sun to stand still is a bold plea for a miraculous extension of daylight to ensure complete victory. Gibeon, a significant city in the central hill country, was strategically important. The miracle of the sun standing still is a unique event, illustrating God's control over creation (Psalm 74:16-17) and His willingness to intervene in extraordinary ways for His people. This event foreshadows the ultimate authority of Christ over nature (Mark 4:39).

O moon, over the Valley of Aijalon
The Valley of Aijalon, located west of Gibeon, was a key battleground. The mention of both the sun and moon indicates a cosmic scale to the miracle, emphasizing the totality of God's power. The dual request for both celestial bodies to pause highlights the completeness of God's intervention. This event can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over darkness and chaos, as He is the light of the world (John 8:12).

So the sun stood still
This phrase describes a miraculous event where the sun halts in its course. In the ancient Near Eastern context, celestial bodies were often associated with deities, but here, the God of Israel demonstrates His sovereignty over creation. This event underscores God's direct intervention in human affairs, particularly in support of His chosen people. The miracle is a testament to God's power and His commitment to fulfilling His promises to Israel.

and the moon stopped
The mention of the moon stopping alongside the sun emphasizes the completeness of the miracle. In the Hebrew calendar, which is lunar-based, the moon's position was crucial for timekeeping. This event signifies a suspension of natural order, highlighting the extraordinary nature of God's intervention. It also serves as a reminder of God's control over time and space, reinforcing His omnipotence.

until the nation took vengeance upon its enemies
This phrase indicates the purpose of the miracle: to allow Israel to achieve victory over its adversaries. The context is the battle against the Amorite kings, where Israel needed more time to secure a decisive victory. This act of divine intervention aligns with God's covenant promises to give Israel the land of Canaan and to protect them from their enemies. It also reflects the biblical theme of divine justice and retribution against those who oppose God's people.

Is this not written in the Book of Jashar?
The Book of Jashar is a non-canonical text referenced in the Old Testament, also mentioned in 2 Samuel 1:18. It is thought to be a collection of poetic writings or songs celebrating Israel's heroes and significant events. The citation of this book lends historical credibility to the account, suggesting that the event was well-known and recorded in other ancient sources. It also highlights the importance of oral and written traditions in preserving Israel's history.

“So the sun stopped in the middle of the sky
This repetition emphasizes the miraculous nature of the event. The sun's position "in the middle of the sky" suggests it was midday, a time when the sun would be at its peak. This detail underscores the dramatic pause in time, allowing Israel to continue their battle in daylight. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's ability to alter the natural world for the sake of His people.

and delayed going down about a full day.”
The phrase "about a full day" indicates the extent of the miracle, suggesting an extension of daylight far beyond normal limits. This prolonged day allowed Israel to achieve complete victory, demonstrating God's provision and support. The event foreshadows the ultimate victory of God's people over evil, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture. It also prefigures the eternal light and victory found in Jesus Christ, who is described as the "light of the world" in John 8:12.

There has been no day like it before or since
This phrase emphasizes the uniqueness of the event described in Joshua 10, where God intervened in a miraculous way during the battle at Gibeon. The context is the battle where Joshua prayed for the sun to stand still, allowing the Israelites more time to defeat their enemies. This highlights the extraordinary nature of God's intervention, which is unparalleled in biblical history. It underscores the idea that God's actions in history can be singular and unprecedented, reflecting His sovereignty and power.

when the LORD listened to the voice of a man
This part of the verse highlights the relationship between God and His chosen leader, Joshua. It shows that God is responsive to the prayers of His faithful servants, especially when they align with His divine will. This is a powerful reminder of the efficacy of prayer and the importance of faith. Theologically, it points to the concept of intercession, where human requests can influence divine action. This is seen in other biblical figures like Moses and Elijah, who also had significant interactions with God through prayer.

because the LORD fought for Israel
This phrase underscores the central theme of divine intervention in the battles of Israel. It reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God promises to be their protector and deliverer. Historically, this is consistent with the accounts of God fighting for Israel in other battles, such as the crossing of the Red Sea and the fall of Jericho. Theologically, it points to the idea of God as a warrior, a motif found throughout the Old Testament. This also foreshadows the ultimate victory of God through Jesus Christ, who fights and wins the spiritual battle against sin and death for His people.

Then Joshua returned
This phrase indicates a conclusion to a significant event. Joshua, the leader of Israel, is depicted as a decisive and strategic military leader. The return signifies the completion of a victorious campaign against the Amorite kings, highlighting God's faithfulness in delivering Israel's enemies into their hands. This return also reflects the cyclical nature of Israel's military campaigns, where they would go out to battle and then return to their base camp.

with all Israel
The inclusion of "all Israel" emphasizes the unity and collective participation of the Israelite tribes in the conquest of Canaan. It underscores the communal aspect of Israel's identity and mission, as they were not just individual tribes but a united people under God's covenant. This unity is crucial for their success and is a recurring theme throughout the conquest narratives.

to the camp at Gilgal
Gilgal serves as a significant base of operations for Joshua and the Israelites during the conquest of Canaan. It is located near the Jordan River and was the first campsite after crossing into the Promised Land. Gilgal holds historical and spiritual importance, as it was the site of the Israelites' first Passover in Canaan and where the covenant of circumcision was renewed (Joshua 5). The return to Gilgal symbolizes a return to a place of spiritual renewal and covenantal remembrance, reinforcing the idea that their military victories are rooted in their relationship with God.

Now the five kings had fled
This phrase refers to the five Amorite kings who led a coalition against Gibeon and subsequently against Israel. Their flight signifies a retreat in the face of Israel's divinely aided victory. This event follows the miraculous intervention where God extended the day for Joshua to defeat the Amorites (Joshua 10:12-14). The kings' flight is a fulfillment of God's promise to deliver Israel's enemies into their hands (Joshua 10:8).

and hidden in the cave
Caves were common hiding places in ancient times, often used for refuge or burial. The act of hiding in a cave suggests desperation and fear, contrasting with the confidence and faith of Joshua and the Israelites. This imagery of hiding in a cave can be seen elsewhere in Scripture, such as when David hid from Saul (1 Samuel 24:3), highlighting a recurring theme of seeking refuge in times of distress.

at Makkedah
Makkedah is a city in the Shephelah region of Judah, known for its strategic location. Archaeological evidence suggests it was a fortified city, which would have made it a logical place for the kings to seek refuge. The choice of Makkedah as a hiding place underscores the futility of human plans against divine will, as God had already determined the outcome of the battle. Makkedah later becomes a site of judgment and execution for these kings, symbolizing God's justice and the fulfillment of His promises to Israel.

And Joshua was informed:
This phrase indicates a moment of communication and intelligence gathering during the military campaign. Joshua, as the leader of Israel, relied on reports from his men to make strategic decisions. This reflects the importance of leadership and the role of divine guidance in decision-making, as seen throughout the book of Joshua. It also highlights the organized structure of the Israelite forces.

The five kings have been found;
The five kings refer to the coalition of Amorite kings from Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon. These kings had united against Gibeon, which had made peace with Israel. Their discovery signifies a turning point in the battle, as capturing the leaders would demoralize their forces. This event underscores the theme of divine intervention and fulfillment of God's promises to Israel, as these kings were part of the land God had promised to give to the Israelites.

They are hiding in the cave at Makkedah:
Makkedah is a location in the Shephelah region of ancient Canaan. The use of a cave as a hiding place is significant, as caves were common refuges in the ancient Near East, providing natural protection. The act of hiding suggests fear and desperation, contrasting with the confidence and faith of Joshua and the Israelites. This scene foreshadows the eventual defeat and execution of these kings, symbolizing God's judgment against the enemies of Israel. The cave at Makkedah becomes a place of divine justice, reminiscent of other biblical instances where caves play a role in God's plans, such as David hiding from Saul.

So Joshua said,
Joshua, the leader of the Israelites after Moses, is a central figure in the conquest of Canaan. His leadership is marked by obedience to God's commands and strategic military actions. This phrase indicates Joshua's direct involvement and authority in the situation, reflecting his role as a decisive and God-appointed leader.

“Roll large stones against the mouth of the cave,
The use of large stones to block the cave's entrance is a strategic military tactic to trap the enemy kings who had sought refuge there. This method of sealing a cave is consistent with ancient Near Eastern practices for securing or imprisoning individuals. It also symbolizes the finality and inevitability of God's judgment against the enemies of Israel.

and post men there to guard them.
Posting guards ensures that the trapped kings cannot escape, highlighting the importance of vigilance and thoroughness in executing God's commands. This action reflects the broader biblical theme of watchfulness and the necessity of maintaining spiritual and physical readiness. It also prefigures the guarding of Jesus' tomb, where Roman soldiers were posted to prevent His disciples from claiming His resurrection, though ultimately, God's power superseded human efforts.

But you, do not stop there.
This phrase emphasizes the need for perseverance and complete obedience in fulfilling God's commands. In the context of Joshua's military campaign, it underscores the importance of not becoming complacent after initial victories. This reflects a broader biblical principle seen in passages like Philippians 3:13-14, where believers are encouraged to press on toward their spiritual goals.

Pursue your enemies and attack them from behind.
The strategy of pursuing and attacking from behind suggests a tactical advantage, ensuring the enemy is caught off guard and unable to regroup. This mirrors the broader biblical theme of God granting wisdom and strategy to His people, as seen in David's battles (2 Samuel 5:23-25). It also highlights the importance of following divine guidance in spiritual warfare, as described in Ephesians 6:10-18.

Do not let them reach their cities,
Preventing the enemies from reaching their cities was crucial to avoid them regrouping and fortifying themselves. This reflects the biblical principle of cutting off sin at its source, as seen in Matthew 5:29-30, where Jesus speaks about removing anything that causes one to stumble. It also illustrates the need for decisive action in spiritual battles.

for the LORD your God has delivered them into your hand.”
This phrase acknowledges God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promises. It echoes the assurance given to Joshua in Joshua 1:5, where God promises to be with him as He was with Moses. This assurance of victory is a recurring theme in Scripture, highlighting God's faithfulness and the certainty of His promises, as seen in Romans 8:31, which states that if God is for us, who can be against us?

So Joshua and the Israelites continued to inflict a terrible slaughter
This phrase highlights the military campaign led by Joshua, a central figure in the conquest of Canaan. The Israelites, under divine command, were executing judgment on the Canaanite kings and their armies. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The term "terrible slaughter" underscores the completeness of the victory, which was necessary to establish Israel in the land and prevent the influence of Canaanite idolatry.

until they had finished them off
The phrase indicates the thoroughness of the campaign. The Israelites were commanded to leave no survivors among the enemy forces, which was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern warfare to ensure total victory and prevent future retaliation. This also served to fulfill God's command to eradicate the Canaanite nations due to their abominable practices, as outlined in Deuteronomy 7:1-2.

and the remaining survivors retreated to the fortified cities
This part of the verse shows the strategic retreat of the remaining Canaanite forces. Fortified cities were common in ancient Canaan, providing refuge and defense against invaders. The mention of these cities highlights the ongoing challenge Israel faced in fully possessing the land, as these strongholds would need to be conquered in subsequent campaigns. This retreat also sets the stage for future battles, as seen in the continued narrative of the conquest in the Book of Joshua.

The whole army returned safely to Joshua
This phrase highlights the successful completion of the military campaign led by Joshua. The safety of the entire army signifies God's protection and favor upon Israel. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Joshua in Joshua 1:5, where God assures him that no one will be able to stand against him all the days of his life. The return to Joshua also emphasizes his role as a divinely appointed leader, prefiguring Christ as the ultimate leader and shepherd of His people.

in the camp at Makkedah
Makkedah is a significant location in the narrative of Joshua's conquest of Canaan. It served as a temporary base for the Israelites during their southern campaign. Archaeological evidence suggests that Makkedah was a fortified city, typical of the Canaanite cities during this period. The camp at Makkedah symbolizes a place of rest and regrouping after battle, akin to the spiritual rest found in Christ (Hebrews 4:9-10).

and no one dared to utter a word against the Israelites
This phrase indicates the fear and awe that the surrounding nations felt towards Israel after witnessing their victories. It fulfills the promise found in Deuteronomy 11:25, where God assures Israel that no one will be able to stand against them, and that He will instill fear and dread of them in the hearts of the nations. This fear is a testament to God's power and the fulfillment of His covenant promises. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over His enemies, where every knee will bow and every tongue confess His lordship (Philippians 2:10-11).

Then Joshua said
Joshua, the leader of the Israelites after Moses, is a central figure in the conquest of Canaan. His leadership is marked by obedience to God's commands and military prowess. This moment follows a significant victory over the Amorite coalition, demonstrating Joshua's role as a divinely appointed leader.

Open the mouth of the cave
The cave served as a hiding place for the five Amorite kings. Caves in the region of Canaan were often used as shelters or burial sites, indicating their strategic importance. This command signifies the transition from hiding to judgment, reflecting the theme of light exposing darkness, a common biblical motif.

and bring those five kings out to me
The five kings represent the coalition of Amorite rulers who opposed Israel. Their capture and subsequent judgment symbolize the defeat of Canaanite resistance against God's people. This act prefigures the ultimate victory of Christ over spiritual enemies, as seen in passages like Colossians 2:15, where Christ disarms rulers and authorities. The public nature of their judgment underscores the theme of divine justice and the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel.

So they brought the five kings out of the cave—
This phrase refers to the aftermath of a significant battle where Joshua and the Israelites defeated a coalition of Amorite kings. The kings had hidden in a cave at Makkedah, which Joshua ordered to be sealed until the battle was won. The act of bringing them out signifies the complete victory of Israel over their enemies, demonstrating God's power and faithfulness to His promises. The cave can symbolize the futility of trying to hide from God's judgment.

the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon.
These cities were significant Canaanite city-states in the southern region of ancient Israel. Each king represented a major political and military power in the region:

Jerusalem
At this time, Jerusalem was a Jebusite city. Its king, Adoni-Zedek, initiated the coalition against Gibeon, which had made peace with Israel. Jerusalem would later become the central city of Israel under King David.

Hebron
Known for its ancient roots, Hebron was associated with the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It was a significant city both historically and spiritually for the Israelites.

Jarmuth
This city was part of the Shephelah, a region of lowlands. Its inclusion in the coalition highlights the widespread resistance against Israel.

Lachish
An important fortified city, Lachish was strategically significant due to its location on the main road from Egypt to Jerusalem. Archaeological excavations have uncovered evidence of its destruction, aligning with biblical accounts.

Eglon
This city was also part of the Shephelah. Its king's participation in the coalition underscores the collective effort to resist Israelite expansion.

The defeat of these kings and their cities fulfilled God's promise to give the land of Canaan to the Israelites, demonstrating His sovereignty and the importance of obedience to His commands. This event foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over all spiritual enemies, as He is the King of Kings who will bring all powers into submission.

When they had brought the kings to Joshua
This phrase refers to the five Amorite kings who had fled and hidden in the cave at Makkedah. The context is the southern campaign of the Israelites, where Joshua leads the conquest of Canaan. The capture of these kings signifies a pivotal moment in the military campaign, demonstrating God's deliverance of Israel's enemies into their hands. Historically, capturing enemy kings was a significant victory, symbolizing the defeat of their entire nation.

he summoned all the men of Israel
Joshua's summoning of all the men of Israel underscores the communal nature of Israel's military efforts and the shared responsibility in fulfilling God's command to conquer the land. It also serves as a public demonstration of God's power and faithfulness to His promises. This act reinforces the unity and collective identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people.

and said to the army commanders who had accompanied him
Joshua addresses the leaders who have been with him throughout the campaign. These commanders represent the military leadership and are instrumental in executing the strategies that lead to victory. Their presence highlights the importance of leadership and obedience in achieving God's purposes. This moment also serves as a teaching opportunity for these leaders, emphasizing reliance on God's guidance.

“Come here and put your feet on the necks of these kings.”
This act is symbolic of complete victory and subjugation. In ancient Near Eastern culture, placing one's foot on the neck of a defeated enemy was a common practice to demonstrate dominance and triumph. It signifies the total defeat of the enemy and the authority of the victor. Biblically, this act foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over His enemies, as seen in passages like Psalm 110:1, where God says to the Messiah, "Sit at My right hand until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet."

So the commanders came forward and put their feet on their necks.
The obedience of the commanders in carrying out Joshua's command reflects their trust in his leadership and God's promises. This act of placing their feet on the necks of the kings serves as a tangible reminder of God's deliverance and the fulfillment of His promises to Israel. It also prefigures the ultimate victory of Jesus Christ over sin and death, as He will one day put all His enemies under His feet, as described in 1 Corinthians 15:25.

Do not be afraid or discouraged,
This phrase is a recurring theme in the book of Joshua and throughout the Bible, emphasizing trust in God's promises and presence. It echoes God's earlier command to Joshua in Joshua 1:9, reinforcing the idea that fear and discouragement are overcome by faith. The Israelites faced formidable enemies, but they were reminded that their strength came from God, not their own abilities. This encouragement is also seen in Deuteronomy 31:6, where Moses tells the Israelites not to fear because God goes with them.

Joshua said.
Joshua, as the leader of Israel, was a type of Christ, leading his people into the Promised Land just as Jesus leads believers into eternal life. His role as a military leader and spiritual guide was crucial in establishing Israel in Canaan. Joshua's leadership was marked by obedience to God and reliance on His guidance, setting an example for future leaders.

Be strong and courageous,
This command is central to the book of Joshua and is repeated multiple times (Joshua 1:6, 1:7, 1:9). It underscores the need for inner strength and bravery in the face of daunting challenges. The strength and courage required are not merely physical but are rooted in faith and trust in God's promises. This call to courage is also found in 1 Corinthians 16:13, where believers are encouraged to stand firm in the faith.

for the LORD will do this
The assurance that the LORD will act is a reminder of God's sovereignty and faithfulness. It reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God promises to fight for His people. This divine intervention is seen throughout the conquest of Canaan, where miraculous victories, such as the fall of Jericho, demonstrate God's power. It also points to the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ.

to all the enemies you fight.
The enemies in Canaan represented not only physical adversaries but also spiritual opposition to God's purposes. The defeat of these enemies was necessary for Israel to fully possess the land God had promised. This phrase can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate defeat of all spiritual enemies through Christ, as described in 1 Corinthians 15:25-26, where Christ must reign until all His enemies are under His feet.

After this, Joshua struck down and killed the kings
This phrase refers to the aftermath of the battle at Gibeon, where Joshua and the Israelites defeated a coalition of Amorite kings. The act of striking down and killing these kings signifies the complete victory God granted to Israel over their enemies. This event fulfills God's promise to deliver the Canaanite kings into Israel's hands (Joshua 10:8). The execution of these kings also serves as a judgment against their idolatry and wickedness, aligning with the divine mandate given to Israel to conquer the land of Canaan (Deuteronomy 7:1-2).

and he hung their bodies on five trees
Hanging the bodies on trees was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures as a public display of victory and a warning to others. In the biblical context, it also symbolizes the curse of God upon those who are hanged (Deuteronomy 21:22-23). This act demonstrates the complete defeat and humiliation of the enemy, emphasizing the power and justice of God working through Joshua. It also prefigures the crucifixion of Christ, who became a curse for us by being hung on a tree (Galatians 3:13).

and left them there until evening
The bodies were left hanging until evening in accordance with the Mosaic Law, which required that a hanged body not remain on the tree overnight (Deuteronomy 21:23). This law was intended to prevent the defilement of the land, showing respect for God's creation even in judgment. The removal of the bodies by evening also reflects the Israelites' obedience to God's commandments, highlighting the importance of following divine instructions precisely. This practice underscores the balance between justice and mercy in God's law.

At sunset
The timing of events in biblical narratives often holds significance. Sunset marks the end of a day, symbolizing closure and completion. In the context of ancient Israel, the day began at sunset, so this act at sunset signifies the conclusion of the judgment against the kings.

Joshua ordered that they be taken down from the trees
The hanging of the kings was a public display of their defeat and a fulfillment of Deuteronomy 21:22-23, which states that a hanged man is cursed by God. Joshua's order to take them down before nightfall adheres to the law that bodies should not remain on a tree overnight, showing obedience to God's commandments.

and thrown into the cave in which they had hidden
The cave, initially a place of refuge for the kings, becomes their tomb. This reversal of fortune highlights the futility of opposing God's will. Caves were common burial sites in ancient times, and this act symbolizes the finality of their defeat.

Then large stones were placed against the mouth of the cave
Sealing the cave with stones ensured that the kings' bodies would not be disturbed, serving as a permanent reminder of their defeat. This act parallels the sealing of Jesus' tomb (Matthew 27:60), though with a contrasting outcome, as Jesus rose from the dead.

and the stones are there to this day
This phrase indicates the historical reliability of the account, suggesting that the stones served as a lasting memorial of God's deliverance. Such markers were common in ancient Israel to remind future generations of God's mighty acts, similar to the stones set up at the Jordan River (Joshua 4:9).

On that day Joshua captured Makkedah
This phrase indicates a specific moment in the conquest of Canaan, highlighting Joshua's leadership and the Israelites' military campaign. Makkedah was a Canaanite city, part of the southern coalition against Israel. The capture signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to the Israelites (Joshua 1:3).

and put it to the sword, along with its king.
The phrase "put it to the sword" reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of total warfare, where complete destruction was often employed. The execution of the king symbolizes the dismantling of the city's leadership and resistance, similar to the fate of other Canaanite kings (Joshua 12:7-24).

He devoted to destruction everyone in the city, leaving no survivors.
This action, known as "herem," was a divine command for the Israelites to completely destroy certain cities and their inhabitants. It served as a judgment against the Canaanites' idolatry and wickedness (Deuteronomy 20:16-18). Theologically, it underscores God's holiness and the seriousness of sin.

So he did to the king of Makkedah as he had done to the king of Jericho.
The reference to the king of Jericho connects this event to the earlier conquest of Jericho, where similar actions were taken (Joshua 6:21). It emphasizes the consistency of Joshua's obedience to God's commands and the continuity of Israel's conquest strategy. The destruction of Jericho's king also prefigures the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ, who is seen as the greater Joshua (Hebrews 4:8-10).

Then Joshua and all Israel with him
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective effort of the Israelites under Joshua's leadership. Joshua, as a type of Christ, leads his people into battle, symbolizing spiritual warfare and the need for unity in faith. The phrase also highlights the importance of leadership and obedience in achieving God's purposes, as seen throughout the conquest narratives.

moved on from Makkedah
Makkedah was a Canaanite city that had just been conquered by Joshua and the Israelites. This movement signifies the ongoing campaign to claim the Promised Land, reflecting God's promise to Abraham about his descendants inheriting the land (Genesis 15:18-21). The transition from one victory to another illustrates the progressive nature of God's plan for His people.

to Libnah
Libnah was a city in the Shephelah region of Judah. Archaeological evidence suggests it was a fortified city, typical of the Canaanite settlements. The conquest of Libnah is part of the southern campaign, demonstrating the systematic approach Joshua took in securing the land. Libnah later becomes a Levitical city (Joshua 21:13), indicating its significance in Israel's religious and cultural life.

and fought against Libnah
This phrase underscores the continuous nature of the battles faced by the Israelites. The fight against Libnah is part of the broader narrative of the conquest of Canaan, which involves both divine intervention and human responsibility. The battles serve as a reminder of the spiritual battles believers face, requiring faith and reliance on God's promises. The conquest of Libnah, like other cities, fulfills the command given in Deuteronomy 7:1-2 to destroy the Canaanite nations, symbolizing the eradication of sin and idolatry.

And the LORD also delivered that city and its king into the hand of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the divine intervention and sovereignty of God in the conquest of Canaan. The LORD's deliverance is a recurring theme in the book of Joshua, highlighting that the victories of Israel are attributed to God's power rather than human strength. This reflects the covenantal promise given to Abraham regarding the land (Genesis 15:18-21) and the assurance given to Joshua at the beginning of his leadership (Joshua 1:3-5). The city referred to here is Libnah, a Canaanite city-state, which, like others in the region, was part of the land promised to the Israelites.

and Joshua put all the people to the sword, leaving no survivors
This phrase describes the complete destruction of the inhabitants of Libnah, a practice known as herem, or the ban, which was commanded by God for certain cities (Deuteronomy 20:16-18). This was intended to prevent the Israelites from being influenced by the idolatrous practices of the Canaanites. The total destruction also served as a form of divine judgment against the Canaanites for their sins (Genesis 15:16). This action is often seen as a type of final judgment, prefiguring the ultimate judgment of God against sin.

And he did to the king of Libnah as he had done to the king of Jericho
This phrase draws a parallel between the fate of the king of Libnah and the king of Jericho. The king of Jericho was executed after the city's fall (Joshua 6:21), symbolizing the complete overthrow of Canaanite authority and the establishment of Israelite control. The repetition of this action underscores the consistency of God's judgment and the fulfillment of His promises. It also serves as a reminder of the consequences of opposing God's will, as seen in the broader narrative of the conquest.

And Joshua and all Israel with him
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective effort of the Israelites under Joshua's leadership. Joshua, as the appointed leader after Moses, is fulfilling God's command to conquer the Promised Land. The phrase "all Israel with him" indicates the participation of the entire nation, highlighting the communal nature of their mission. This unity is crucial for the success of their military campaigns and reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience and collective action are key themes.

moved on from Libnah to Lachish
Libnah and Lachish were both significant Canaanite cities. Libnah, meaning "whiteness," was a royal city in the Shephelah region, and its capture is part of the southern campaign. Lachish, another important city, was strategically located and heavily fortified, making it a critical target for Israel's conquest. Archaeological excavations at Lachish have uncovered evidence of its destruction, aligning with the biblical account. The movement from Libnah to Lachish signifies the systematic approach of Joshua's campaign, as they move from one city to the next, ensuring the complete subjugation of the land.

They laid siege to it
Siege warfare was a common military tactic in the ancient Near East, involving surrounding a city to cut off supplies and force surrender. The Israelites' ability to lay siege indicates their growing military prowess and God's favor in granting them victory. This methodical approach to warfare demonstrates the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel the land, as seen in Deuteronomy 7:1-2, where God commands the destruction of the Canaanite nations.

and fought against it
The phrase underscores the active engagement in battle, reflecting the Israelites' obedience to God's command to take possession of the land. The fight against Lachish is part of the broader narrative of conquest, where each victory is attributed to divine intervention and fulfillment of God's promises. The battles serve as a testament to God's faithfulness and the importance of Israel's reliance on Him for success. The conquest of Lachish, like other cities, is a precursor to the eventual establishment of Israel in the land, foreshadowing the ultimate rest and inheritance promised to God's people.

And the LORD delivered Lachish into the hand of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the divine intervention and sovereignty of God in the conquest of Canaan. Lachish was a significant Canaanite city, strategically located in the Shephelah region. The phrase underscores the belief that it was not by Israel's might but by God's will that the city was conquered. This reflects the recurring biblical theme of God fighting for Israel, as seen in Exodus 14:14 and Deuteronomy 20:4. Archaeological evidence suggests Lachish was a fortified city, making its capture a notable event.

and Joshua captured it on the second day
The mention of the "second day" indicates a relatively swift victory, suggesting both the effectiveness of Joshua's leadership and the demoralization of the Canaanite forces. This rapid conquest contrasts with the prolonged sieges typical of ancient warfare, further highlighting divine assistance. The quick capture also demonstrates the momentum Israel had gained in their campaign, as seen in the broader narrative of Joshua's conquests.

He put all the people to the sword
This phrase reflects the practice of herem, or the devotion of a city to destruction, which was commanded by God in certain instances (Deuteronomy 7:2). It signifies the complete eradication of the city's inhabitants, a common practice in ancient Near Eastern warfare intended to prevent future rebellion and idolatry. This action is often difficult for modern readers but was understood within its historical and cultural context as a means of preserving the religious purity of Israel.

just as he had done to Libnah
Libnah was another Canaanite city that had been previously conquered by Joshua. The comparison to Libnah serves to illustrate the consistency and thoroughness of Joshua's campaign. It also reinforces the idea that the victories were part of a divinely ordained plan, as each city fell in a similar manner. This phrase connects the events at Lachish to the broader narrative of conquest, showing a pattern of divine judgment and fulfillment of God's promises to Israel.

At that time
This phrase situates the event within the broader narrative of Joshua's conquest of Canaan. It follows the miraculous victory at Gibeon, where God intervened with hailstones and extended daylight. The timing underscores the swift and decisive nature of Israel's campaign.

Horam king of Gezer
Gezer was a significant Canaanite city-state located in the Shephelah region. Archaeological evidence suggests it was a fortified city, indicating its strategic importance. Horam's involvement shows the interconnectedness of Canaanite cities and their alliances against Israel.

went to help Lachish
Lachish was another major city in the Shephelah, known for its strong fortifications. The alliance between Gezer and Lachish highlights the Canaanite resistance to Israel's advance. This cooperation among city-states was common in ancient warfare, as they sought to defend against a common enemy.

but Joshua struck him down
Joshua's military leadership is emphasized here. His ability to defeat a coalition of kings demonstrates his role as God's chosen leader for Israel. This victory is part of the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to the Israelites.

along with his people
The complete defeat of Horam and his forces reflects the totality of the conquest. It aligns with the divine command to eliminate the Canaanite inhabitants, which was intended to prevent Israel from adopting their idolatrous practices.

leaving no survivors
This phrase underscores the thoroughness of the victory. It reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of herem, or devotion to destruction, which was commanded by God for the Canaanite cities. This action was meant to purify the land and establish Israel as a holy nation.

So Joshua moved on from Lachish to Eglon
Joshua's campaign in the southern region of Canaan is marked by a series of rapid and decisive victories. Lachish and Eglon were both significant Canaanite cities, strategically located in the Shephelah, a region of lowlands between the coastal plain and the Judean hills. The movement from Lachish to Eglon demonstrates Joshua's strategic military planning, as he aimed to prevent the Canaanite cities from regrouping and forming alliances. This movement also reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land of Canaan (Joshua 1:3). The swift transition from one city to another underscores the urgency and divine mandate of the conquest.

and all Israel with him
The phrase emphasizes the unity and collective effort of the Israelite tribes under Joshua's leadership. This unity is crucial for the success of their military campaigns and reflects the communal nature of Israelite society. The involvement of "all Israel" signifies that the conquest was not just a task for Joshua but a collective mission for the entire nation, fulfilling the covenantal promise given to their forefathers (Genesis 12:7). It also highlights the importance of obedience and solidarity among the people in achieving God's purposes.

They laid siege to it and fought against it
The siege of Eglon is part of the broader narrative of the conquest of Canaan, where the Israelites systematically dismantle the existing Canaanite power structures. The act of laying siege indicates a well-organized military strategy, involving surrounding the city to cut off supplies and weaken its defenses. This method of warfare was common in the ancient Near East and required patience and persistence. The phrase "fought against it" suggests direct engagement in battle, reflecting the Israelites' reliance on both divine guidance and human effort. The conquest of Eglon, like other cities, is seen as an act of divine judgment against the Canaanites for their idolatry and wickedness, aligning with the broader biblical theme of God's justice and holiness.

That day they captured Eglon
Eglon was a significant Canaanite city located in the Shephelah region of Judah. The capture of Eglon was part of Joshua's southern campaign, which was a strategic move to secure the land promised to Israel. The rapid conquest of Eglon demonstrates the effectiveness of Joshua's military strategy and the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel victory over their enemies. This event is part of the larger narrative of the Israelites taking possession of the Promised Land, as commanded by God.

and put it to the sword
The phrase "put it to the sword" indicates a complete military victory, where the inhabitants of the city were killed. This was a common practice in ancient warfare, often intended to prevent future rebellion and to demonstrate total dominance. In the context of the Israelite conquest, it also served as a means of purging the land of idolatry and pagan practices, in accordance with God's instructions to Moses in Deuteronomy 7:2.

and Joshua devoted to destruction everyone in the city
The term "devoted to destruction" translates the Hebrew word "herem," which refers to the complete consecration of something to God, often through its destruction. This was a divine command given to ensure that the Israelites would not be influenced by the Canaanite's idolatrous practices. It reflects the seriousness of maintaining the purity of worship and obedience to God. This act also prefigures the final judgment, where sin and rebellion are completely eradicated.

just as he had done to Lachish
Lachish was another key city in the southern campaign, and its destruction set a precedent for the treatment of other Canaanite cities. The mention of Lachish serves to remind the reader of the consistency and thoroughness of Joshua's campaign. It also highlights the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel, as each victory reinforced the certainty of God's word. The destruction of Lachish and Eglon can be seen as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, where He will establish His kingdom in righteousness.

Then Joshua and all Israel with him
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective effort of the Israelites under Joshua's leadership. Joshua, as the appointed leader after Moses, is a type of Christ, leading his people into the Promised Land. The phrase "all Israel with him" signifies the entire community's involvement, reflecting the importance of unity in achieving God's purposes. This unity is reminiscent of the church's call to be one body in Christ (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).

went up from Eglon to Hebron
The journey from Eglon to Hebron involves a significant geographical ascent, as Hebron is located in the hill country of Judah. Hebron is historically significant as it was previously associated with the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who were buried in the Cave of Machpelah there (Genesis 23:19, 25:9, 49:29-32). This connection underscores the fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs regarding the land. Hebron later becomes a city of refuge and a Levitical city, highlighting its continued importance in Israel's history.

and fought against it
The act of fighting against Hebron is part of the broader campaign to conquer the land of Canaan, as commanded by God (Deuteronomy 7:1-2). This military action is not merely a territorial conquest but a divine mandate to establish a holy nation set apart for God's purposes. The battles in Joshua can be seen as a foreshadowing of the spiritual battles Christians face, as described in Ephesians 6:10-18, where believers are called to put on the full armor of God. The conquest of Hebron also signifies the removal of idolatry and the establishment of God's rule, paralleling the spiritual cleansing and dedication required in the believer's life.

They captured it and put to the sword its king, all its villages, and all the people.
This phrase describes the complete conquest of Hebron by Joshua and the Israelites. The act of capturing and putting to the sword signifies total military victory and the execution of judgment upon the city. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such actions were common in warfare, especially when a city was considered under divine judgment. The king's execution symbolizes the removal of leadership and authority, ensuring no future rebellion. The mention of "all its villages" indicates the thoroughness of the conquest, extending beyond the main city to its surrounding settlements. This reflects the fulfillment of God's command to the Israelites to take possession of the Promised Land and eliminate the Canaanite influence, which was seen as corrupt and idolatrous.

Joshua left no survivors, just as he had done at Eglon;
The phrase "left no survivors" emphasizes the completeness of the destruction, aligning with the concept of herem, or the ban, where certain cities were devoted to destruction as an offering to God. This was not merely an act of war but a religious act of obedience to God's command. The reference to Eglon serves as a precedent, showing a pattern in Joshua's conquests. It highlights the consistency in Joshua's leadership and the Israelites' commitment to God's instructions. This also serves as a warning to other Canaanite cities about the seriousness of God's judgment.

he devoted to destruction Hebron and everyone in it.
The term "devoted to destruction" is significant, indicating that Hebron was set apart for complete annihilation as an act of divine judgment. This was not just a military strategy but a theological statement about the holiness of God and the need to purify the land from idolatry and sin. Hebron, being a significant city with historical ties to the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, underscores the gravity of its destruction. The complete destruction of everyone in it reflects the severity of God's judgment against sin and the fulfillment of His promises to give the land to the descendants of Abraham. This act prefigures the ultimate judgment and purification that will be accomplished through Jesus Christ, who fulfills the role of both judge and savior.

Finally Joshua and all Israel with him
This phrase indicates a continuation of Joshua's military campaign in the southern region of Canaan. Joshua, as the leader of Israel, is fulfilling the divine mandate to conquer the Promised Land. The unity of "all Israel with him" emphasizes the collective effort and obedience of the Israelites under Joshua's leadership. This unity is crucial for the success of their mission, reflecting the importance of communal faith and action in achieving God's purposes.

turned toward Debir
Debir, also known as Kiriath-Sepher, was a significant Canaanite city located in the hill country of Judah. Its name means "sanctuary" or "oracle," suggesting it may have been a center of religious or cultural importance. The strategic move to Debir follows the pattern of conquering key cities to establish control over the region. Archaeological evidence suggests Debir was a fortified city, indicating the challenge Joshua and the Israelites faced. The turning toward Debir signifies a deliberate and strategic decision in the conquest narrative.

and fought against it
The act of fighting against Debir is part of the broader conquest narrative where Joshua leads Israel in battles to claim the land promised to their ancestors. This phrase highlights the ongoing conflict between the Israelites and the Canaanite inhabitants, reflecting the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel the land. The warfare is not just physical but also spiritual, as it involves the overthrow of pagan practices and the establishment of a society centered on Yahweh. This battle, like others, can be seen as a type of spiritual warfare, prefiguring the ultimate victory of Christ over sin and death.

And they captured Debir, its king, and all its villages.
Debir, also known as Kirjath-sepher, was a Canaanite city located in the hill country of Judah. Its capture signifies the strategic military campaign led by Joshua to secure the southern region of Canaan. The mention of "its king" highlights the common practice of city-states in Canaan, each ruled by its own king. The inclusion of "all its villages" indicates the thoroughness of the conquest, ensuring that surrounding settlements were also subdued, preventing any future rebellion or threat.

They put them to the sword and devoted to destruction everyone in the city, leaving no survivors.
This phrase reflects the concept of "herem," a Hebrew term meaning to devote something to God by completely destroying it. This was a common practice in ancient warfare, especially in the context of divine judgment against the Canaanites for their idolatry and immorality. The complete destruction of Debir and its inhabitants was seen as an act of obedience to God's command, as outlined in Deuteronomy 7:2. This action also served to prevent the Israelites from being influenced by Canaanite religious practices.

Joshua did to Debir and its king as he had done to Hebron and as he had done to Libnah and its king.
This phrase emphasizes the consistency and thoroughness of Joshua's military campaign. Hebron and Libnah were previously conquered cities, and their mention here serves to remind the reader of the systematic approach Joshua took in fulfilling God's command to take possession of the Promised Land. The repetition of similar actions against these cities underscores the divine mandate and the importance of complete obedience. It also highlights Joshua's role as a type of Christ, leading his people to victory and establishing God's kingdom, much like Christ leads believers to spiritual victory.

So Joshua conquered the whole region—
Joshua's conquest of the land is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land of Canaan. This phrase indicates the comprehensive nature of Joshua's military campaign, emphasizing the totality of the victory. The conquest is not just a series of isolated battles but a strategic and divinely guided campaign to establish Israel in the Promised Land.

the hill country, the Negev, the foothills, and the slopes,
These geographical areas represent the diverse topography of Canaan. The hill country refers to the central mountainous region, the Negev is the arid southern desert, the foothills (or Shephelah) are the lowlands between the mountains and the coastal plain, and the slopes likely refer to the transitional areas. Each area had its own strategic and economic significance, and conquering them demonstrated Israel's control over the entire land.

together with all their kings—
The mention of kings highlights the political structure of Canaan, which was composed of city-states each ruled by its own king. Defeating these kings was crucial for dismantling the existing power structures and establishing Israelite dominance. This also underscores the divine assistance Joshua received, as these kings were formidable opponents.

leaving no survivors.
This phrase reflects the concept of herem, or the ban, which was a command to completely destroy certain peoples and their possessions. This was not merely a military strategy but a theological act of judgment against the Canaanites for their idolatry and wickedness. It also served to protect Israel from the influence of pagan practices.

He devoted to destruction everything that breathed,
The phrase indicates the totality of the destruction, emphasizing the complete eradication of the Canaanite presence. This was intended to purify the land and prevent the Israelites from being led astray by Canaanite religious practices. It also serves as a sobering reminder of God's holiness and the seriousness of sin.

just as the LORD, the God of Israel, had commanded.
This underscores the divine mandate behind Joshua's actions. The conquest was not merely a human endeavor but an act of obedience to God's specific instructions. It reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience to God's commands was paramount. This obedience is a type of Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the will of the Father.

Joshua conquered the area from Kadesh-barnea to Gaza
This phrase highlights the extent of Joshua's military campaign. Kadesh-barnea is significant as a southern boundary of the Promised Land and a place where the Israelites previously rebelled against God (Numbers 13-14). Gaza, located in the southwest, was a major Philistine city, indicating the breadth of the conquest. This conquest fulfills God's promise to give Israel the land (Genesis 15:18-21). The mention of these locations underscores the fulfillment of divine promises and the establishment of Israel's territorial claims.

and the whole region of Goshen as far as Gibeon
The region of Goshen here is not to be confused with the Goshen in Egypt. This Goshen is a district in southern Canaan, possibly a fertile area suitable for settlement. Gibeon, a significant city in the central hill country, was known for its treaty with Israel (Joshua 9). The inclusion of Gibeon in the conquest narrative emphasizes the strategic and comprehensive nature of Joshua's campaign. This phrase also reflects the unity and obedience of Israel under Joshua's leadership, contrasting with earlier disobedience in the wilderness. The conquest of these areas demonstrates God's faithfulness in delivering the land to Israel, as promised to Abraham and his descendants.

And because the LORD, the God of Israel, fought for Israel
This phrase emphasizes the divine intervention and support that Israel received during their conquests. The LORD, Yahweh, is identified as the God of Israel, highlighting the covenant relationship established with the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This divine assistance is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where God fights on behalf of His people, as seen in Exodus 14:14 during the crossing of the Red Sea. The phrase underscores the belief that Israel's victories are not due to their own strength but because of God's direct involvement. This reflects the theological perspective that God is sovereign and actively involved in the affairs of His chosen people.

Joshua captured all these kings and their land
Joshua's military campaign is marked by the capture of multiple kings and their territories, demonstrating the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land of Canaan to the Israelites. This conquest is part of the larger narrative of the Israelites taking possession of the Promised Land, as outlined in the covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21). The capture of these kings signifies the defeat of the Canaanite city-states, which were often ruled by local kings. Archaeological evidence from the Late Bronze Age supports the existence of such city-states in Canaan. The phrase also highlights Joshua's role as a leader and military commander, prefiguring Christ as a conqueror over spiritual enemies.

in one campaign
The phrase "in one campaign" indicates the swift and decisive nature of Joshua's conquests. This rapid success is attributed to divine intervention, as the LORD fought for Israel. The campaign's efficiency contrasts with the prolonged struggles often faced by ancient armies, emphasizing the miraculous nature of Israel's victories. This swift conquest can be seen as a type of the ultimate victory of Christ, who will decisively defeat all His enemies at His second coming. The phrase also serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises, as the land was conquered according to His word.

Then Joshua returned
This phrase indicates a conclusion to a series of military campaigns. Joshua, as the leader of Israel, often led the people into battle and then returned to their base. This reflects the cyclical nature of conquest and rest in the narrative of the Israelites' journey into the Promised Land. It also highlights Joshua's role as a type of Christ, leading his people to victory and rest.

with all Israel
The inclusion of "all Israel" emphasizes the unity and collective effort of the tribes in the conquest of Canaan. It underscores the importance of communal participation in God's promises and commands. This unity is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, reflecting the covenant relationship between God and His people.

to the camp at Gilgal
Gilgal served as the base of operations for the Israelites during their conquest of Canaan. It was the first campsite after crossing the Jordan River and held significant religious and historical importance. Gilgal was the site of the Israelites' first Passover in the Promised Land and where the covenant of circumcision was renewed. This location symbolizes new beginnings and the fulfillment of God's promises.