Now Abimelech son of Jerubbaal
Abimelech is the son of Gideon, also known as Jerubbaal, a name meaning "Let Baal contend against him." Gideon was a judge of Israel who led the Israelites to victory over the Midianites. Abimelech's name means "my father is king," which is significant given his later actions to establish himself as ruler. This phrase sets the stage for Abimelech's ambition and foreshadows the conflict that arises from his desire for power.

went to his mother’s brothers at Shechem
Shechem is a significant city in biblical history, located in the hill country of Ephraim. It was a city of refuge and a place of covenant renewal for the Israelites. The city had a mixed population of Israelites and Canaanites, which may have influenced Abimelech's strategy. By going to his maternal relatives, Abimelech seeks to leverage familial ties to gain support for his political ambitions. This reflects the importance of kinship and tribal affiliations in ancient Israelite society.

and said to them and to all the clan of his mother
Abimelech's approach to his mother's family indicates a strategic move to consolidate power through familial connections. In the patriarchal society of ancient Israel, maternal ties were often secondary to paternal lineage, yet Abimelech capitalizes on these connections to further his cause. This action highlights the complex social dynamics and the role of family loyalty in political maneuvers. The mention of "all the clan" suggests a broader appeal to the extended family network, emphasizing the communal nature of decision-making in tribal societies.

Please ask all the leaders of Shechem
The city of Shechem holds significant historical and geographical importance in biblical narratives. It was a central city in the hill country of Ephraim and had been a site of covenant renewal (Joshua 24:1-25). The leaders of Shechem were influential figures, and their support was crucial for any political maneuver. This request to the leaders indicates a strategic move to gain political power by appealing to local authority.

‘Is it better for you that seventy men, all the sons of Jerubbaal, rule over you, or just one man?’
This rhetorical question highlights the political tension and potential for division among the sons of Jerubbaal, also known as Gideon. Gideon had refused kingship (Judges 8:23), but his sons were numerous, suggesting a potential for fragmented leadership. The question implies that a single ruler would provide more stability than multiple leaders, a common theme in monarchic arguments throughout history. This also foreshadows the dangers of centralized power, as seen in the later monarchy of Israel.

Remember that I am your own flesh and blood.
This appeal to kinship is a powerful persuasive tool, emphasizing loyalty and familial bonds. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, family ties were paramount, often dictating political alliances and social obligations. By reminding the leaders of Shechem of his shared lineage, Abimelech seeks to strengthen his claim to leadership through personal connection, a tactic that resonates with the tribal and familial structures prevalent in Israelite society. This also prefigures the New Testament emphasis on spiritual kinship in Christ (Galatians 3:28).

And when his mother’s brothers spoke all these words about him
This phrase highlights the influence of family ties in ancient Israelite society. Abimelech's mother was a concubine from Shechem, and his maternal uncles played a crucial role in his rise to power. The use of family connections to gain political advantage is a recurring theme in the Bible, as seen in the stories of Joseph and his brothers or David and his family. This reflects the importance of kinship and loyalty within tribal communities.

in the presence of all the leaders of Shechem
Shechem was a significant city in the central hill country of Canaan, known for its historical and religious importance. It was a center for covenant renewal, as seen in Joshua 24. The leaders of Shechem, likely elders or influential figures, held considerable sway over the city's decisions. This setting underscores the political maneuvering taking place, as Abimelech's relatives sought to secure his leadership by appealing to these local authorities.

their hearts were inclined to follow Abimelech
The phrase indicates a shift in allegiance, suggesting that the leaders were persuaded by the arguments presented. This inclination can be seen as a reflection of human nature's susceptibility to persuasion and familial loyalty. It also foreshadows the eventual consequences of their decision, as Abimelech's rule leads to turmoil and destruction, illustrating the biblical theme of the dangers of ungodly leadership.

for they said, “He is our brother.”
This statement emphasizes the power of kinship and identity in decision-making. The leaders of Shechem were swayed by the fact that Abimelech was one of their own, highlighting the tribal and familial loyalties that often influenced political decisions in ancient Israel. This mirrors other biblical narratives where familial ties play a crucial role, such as the story of Ruth and Boaz. It also serves as a cautionary tale about the potential pitfalls of prioritizing personal connections over righteous leadership.

So they gave him seventy shekels of silver
The seventy shekels of silver represent a significant sum, indicating the seriousness of the transaction. In biblical times, silver was a common medium of exchange, and the amount here suggests a substantial investment in Abimelech's cause. This act of giving silver highlights the corrupting influence of wealth and foreshadows the moral decay that follows. The number seventy may also symbolize completeness or totality, as seen in other biblical contexts, such as the seventy nations in Genesis 10.

from the temple of Baal-berith
Baal-berith, meaning "Lord of the Covenant," was a Canaanite deity worshiped in Shechem. The use of funds from this temple underscores the syncretism and idolatry prevalent in Israel during the time of the Judges. This act of taking money from a pagan temple for political purposes reflects the spiritual decline and the blending of Canaanite practices with Israelite worship, which was strictly forbidden in the Mosaic Law (Exodus 20:3-5).

with which Abimelech hired some worthless and reckless men
Abimelech's hiring of "worthless and reckless men" indicates his willingness to use unscrupulous means to achieve his ambitions. The term "worthless" often refers to individuals lacking moral integrity, while "reckless" suggests a propensity for violence and disorder. This choice of followers reveals Abimelech's character and foreshadows the chaos and bloodshed that will ensue. It also serves as a warning against aligning with those who lack godly principles.

to follow him
The phrase "to follow him" implies allegiance and support for Abimelech's claim to leadership. This following was not based on legitimate authority or divine appointment but rather on manipulation and force. It contrasts with the biblical ideal of leadership, which is characterized by service, humility, and obedience to God. Abimelech's actions can be seen as a perversion of the covenantal leadership model exemplified by figures like Moses and Joshua.

He went to his father’s house in Ophrah
Ophrah is identified as the hometown of Gideon, also known as Jerubbaal. This location is significant as it was the center of Gideon's family and his legacy. The act of returning to his father's house indicates a claim to familial authority and inheritance. Ophrah is situated in the territory of Manasseh, highlighting the tribal dynamics at play during this period of the Judges.

and on one stone murdered his seventy brothers, the sons of Jerubbaal.
The use of "one stone" suggests a methodical and possibly ritualistic execution, emphasizing the brutality and premeditated nature of the act. The number seventy is symbolic in the Bible, often representing completeness or totality, indicating the extent of the massacre. This act of fratricide is a stark contrast to the legacy of Gideon, who was a judge and deliverer of Israel. The murder of his brothers reflects the moral and spiritual decline in Israel during the time of the Judges, where "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25).

But Jotham, the youngest son of Jerubbaal, survived,
Jotham's survival is significant as it introduces a remnant theme, common in biblical narratives, where God preserves a faithful remnant despite widespread apostasy or destruction. Jotham's escape sets the stage for his later actions and pronouncements, which serve as a prophetic voice against Abimelech's tyranny. The preservation of the youngest son echoes other biblical stories where the youngest is chosen or preserved for a special purpose, such as David or Joseph.

because he hid himself.
Jotham's act of hiding indicates wisdom and discernment, qualities that are often attributed to those whom God uses for His purposes. His survival is not attributed to chance but to his prudent action, suggesting divine providence at work. This act of hiding can be seen as a parallel to other biblical figures who were hidden for protection, such as Moses or Jesus, emphasizing God's sovereignty and protection over His chosen instruments.

Then all the leaders of Shechem and Beth-millo
The leaders of Shechem and Beth-millo represent the ruling class or influential figures in these areas. Shechem was a significant city in ancient Israel, located in the hill country of Ephraim. It held historical importance as a center of covenant renewal (Joshua 24:1-25) and was a city of refuge (Joshua 21:21). Beth-millo is less well-known, but it is thought to be a fortified area or structure within or near Shechem. The gathering of these leaders indicates a formal and significant political event.

gathered beside the oak at the pillar in Shechem
The oak at the pillar in Shechem is a notable landmark, possibly a sacred site. Oaks were often associated with significant events and covenants in the Old Testament (Genesis 12:6, Joshua 24:26). The pillar could be a standing stone, a common feature in ancient Near Eastern cultures used to mark important locations or events. This setting underscores the gravity of the occasion, as it is a place of historical and religious significance.

and proceeded to make Abimelech their king
Abimelech, the son of Gideon (also known as Jerubbaal), sought to establish himself as king, despite Israel's theocratic structure where God was considered the ultimate ruler. His kingship was not divinely appointed, contrasting with the later anointing of Saul and David. This act of making Abimelech king reflects the people's desire for centralized leadership, a recurring theme in Israel's history (1 Samuel 8:5-7). Abimelech's rule is marked by ambition and violence, foreshadowing the challenges Israel would face with human kingship.

When this was reported to Jotham
Jotham, the youngest son of Gideon, survived the massacre of his brothers by Abimelech. The report refers to Abimelech's coronation as king by the leaders of Shechem. This event highlights the tension between the rightful leadership of Israel and the usurpation by Abimelech, who was not divinely appointed.

he climbed to the top of Mount Gerizim
Mount Gerizim holds significant historical and religious importance. It was the site where blessings were proclaimed upon entering the Promised Land (Deuteronomy 11:29). The choice of this location for Jotham's speech underscores the contrast between the blessings of obedience to God and the curses of rebellion, as seen in the actions of Abimelech and the Shechemites.

raised his voice, and cried out
Jotham's act of raising his voice signifies the urgency and importance of his message. In biblical times, public proclamations were often made loudly to ensure they were heard by all. This also reflects the prophetic tradition of delivering God's message with authority and clarity.

“Listen to me, O leaders of Shechem
The leaders of Shechem were complicit in Abimelech's rise to power. Jotham's call for them to listen is a direct challenge to their authority and decisions. It echoes the prophetic call for repentance and accountability, urging them to consider the moral and spiritual implications of their actions.

and may God listen to you
This phrase serves as both a blessing and a warning. It implies that if the leaders heed Jotham's words, God will listen to their prayers and petitions. Conversely, if they ignore the warning, they risk divine judgment. This reflects the biblical principle that God hears the cries of those who seek Him with sincerity and truth.

One day the trees set out to anoint a king for themselves.
This phrase introduces a parable told by Jotham, the youngest son of Gideon, to the people of Shechem. The use of trees in this parable is symbolic, representing the leaders or people of Israel. The act of anointing a king reflects the desire for centralized leadership, a theme that recurs throughout Israel's history, culminating in the anointing of Saul as the first king. The parable serves as a critique of Abimelech's illegitimate kingship, highlighting the dangers of self-appointed leadership. The imagery of trees seeking a king underscores the unnaturalness of their quest, as trees do not require a king, just as Israel was meant to be led by God rather than a human monarch.

They said to the olive tree, ‘Reign over us.’
The olive tree is a significant symbol in the Bible, often representing peace, prosperity, and the presence of the Holy Spirit. It was a valuable resource in ancient Israel, providing oil for anointing, cooking, and lighting. By asking the olive tree to reign, the parable suggests that the people sought a leader who could bring prosperity and blessing. However, the olive tree's refusal in the subsequent verses highlights the idea that those who are truly valuable and productive may not seek or accept positions of power. This reflects the biblical principle that true leadership is characterized by service and humility, as exemplified by Jesus Christ, who came not to be served but to serve.

But the olive tree replied
The olive tree is a symbol of peace, prosperity, and blessing throughout the Bible. In the context of Judges 9, the olive tree represents a figure of stability and productivity. The olive tree's response is part of Jotham's parable, which is a critique of Abimelech's kingship. The olive tree's refusal to become king highlights the idea that true leadership should not be self-serving but should focus on serving others.

Should I stop giving my oil
Olive oil was a valuable commodity in ancient Israel, used for anointing, cooking, lighting lamps, and religious offerings. The rhetorical question emphasizes the olive tree's essential role and the importance of its contributions. This reflects the biblical principle that each person has unique gifts and roles that should not be abandoned for personal ambition.

that honors both God and man
Olive oil was used in religious ceremonies, symbolizing the presence and blessing of God. It was also used in everyday life, providing light and sustenance. This dual purpose underscores the idea that true service honors both divine and human needs. The olive tree's oil is a metaphor for actions that glorify God and benefit others, aligning with the biblical call to love God and love one's neighbor.

to hold sway over the trees?
The phrase "to hold sway" suggests authority and control. The olive tree's refusal to rule over the other trees illustrates the biblical theme that leadership should not be about power or dominance. This echoes Jesus' teaching in the New Testament that the greatest leaders are those who serve others (Mark 10:42-45). The parable critiques the desire for power that characterized Abimelech's rule, contrasting it with the selfless service exemplified by Christ.

Then the trees said to the fig tree,
This phrase is part of Jotham's parable, which he delivers to the people of Shechem. The trees represent the people of Israel seeking a leader. The fig tree is symbolic of prosperity and blessing in the Bible, often associated with peace and security (1 Kings 4:25, Micah 4:4). The fig tree's mention here suggests a desire for a leader who can provide stability and abundance.

‘Come and reign over us.’
The request for the fig tree to reign indicates the people's search for a king or ruler. In the context of Judges, this reflects Israel's recurring cycle of seeking leadership to deliver them from oppression. The plea for the fig tree to rule highlights the people's desire for a leader who embodies the qualities of the fig tree—fruitfulness and provision. This request can be seen as a foreshadowing of Israel's later demand for a king in 1 Samuel 8, which ultimately leads to the anointing of Saul. Theologically, it points to the human tendency to seek earthly leaders rather than relying on God's sovereignty.

But the fig tree replied
In the parable of the trees, the fig tree represents those who are content with their God-given roles and responsibilities. The fig tree's response highlights the importance of recognizing one's purpose and the value of fulfilling it. In biblical symbolism, the fig tree often represents Israel (Hosea 9:10) and can also symbolize prosperity and peace (1 Kings 4:25).

‘Should I stop giving my sweetness and my good fruit
The fig tree's "sweetness" and "good fruit" symbolize the blessings and benefits it provides. In the context of Israel, figs were a staple food and a sign of abundance (Deuteronomy 8:8). The rhetorical question emphasizes the absurdity of abandoning a beneficial role for one of mere power. This can be seen as a call to remain faithful to one's calling rather than seeking positions of authority for selfish reasons.

to hold sway over the trees?’
The phrase "to hold sway over the trees" refers to ruling or having dominion. The fig tree's refusal to rule over the other trees suggests a rejection of power for power's sake. This can be connected to the biblical theme of servant leadership, as exemplified by Jesus Christ, who came not to be served but to serve (Mark 10:45). The parable critiques the ambition for power that lacks the intention to serve and benefit others, a theme echoed throughout Scripture.

Then the trees said to the grapevine
In the parable of Jotham, the trees represent the people of Shechem and the leaders of Israel. The grapevine, or vine, is symbolic of fruitfulness and abundance, often associated with Israel itself (Psalm 80:8-16). The vine is a plant that requires support, indicating a need for cooperation and community. This request reflects the people's desire for a leader who can provide prosperity and stability, much like the vine provides sustenance through its fruit.

‘Come and reign over us.’
This plea for leadership highlights the Israelites' desire for a king, a recurring theme in the Old Testament. The request for the vine to reign suggests a longing for a ruler who embodies the qualities of fruitfulness and blessing. This foreshadows Israel's later demand for a king in 1 Samuel 8, which ultimately leads to the anointing of Saul. Theologically, this reflects humanity's tendency to seek earthly leaders rather than relying on God's sovereignty. The vine's response in the following verses emphasizes the importance of fulfilling one's God-given purpose rather than seeking power for its own sake.

But the grapevine replied
In the context of Judges 9, this phrase is part of Jotham's parable, which he uses to address the men of Shechem. The grapevine, or vine, is personified, symbolizing a refusal to abandon its purpose. The vine is often a symbol of Israel (Psalm 80:8-16) and represents fruitfulness and blessing. The reply indicates a sense of purpose and contentment in fulfilling its God-given role.

Should I stop giving my wine
Wine in biblical times was a staple of the diet and a symbol of joy and celebration (Psalm 104:15). It was used in religious ceremonies and offerings (Leviticus 23:13). The rhetorical question highlights the absurdity of abandoning a beneficial and divinely appointed role. The vine's wine is a metaphor for the blessings and joy that come from fulfilling one's purpose.

that cheers both God and man
Wine was used in offerings to God, symbolizing joy and fellowship with Him (Numbers 15:5-10). It also brought joy to people, being a central part of feasts and celebrations (Ecclesiastes 10:19). This dual aspect underscores the vine's importance in both divine and human contexts, suggesting that fulfilling one's role brings joy to both God and humanity.

to hold sway over the trees?
The phrase "to hold sway" implies ruling or having authority. The parable contrasts the vine's contentment in its role with the ambition of Abimelech, who seeks power at any cost. The trees represent the people of Shechem and their desire for a king. The vine's refusal to rule highlights the folly of seeking power for its own sake, a theme echoed in Jesus' teachings on servanthood and humility (Mark 10:42-45).

Finally all the trees said to the thornbush
This phrase is part of Jotham's parable, which he delivers to the people of Shechem. The trees represent the people of Israel, and the thornbush symbolizes Abimelech. The use of a thornbush is significant; it is a lowly and undesirable plant, often associated with desolation and curse (Genesis 3:18). This choice highlights the folly of choosing an unworthy leader. The parable serves as a critique of Abimelech's kingship, as he was not a legitimate ruler but seized power through violence and manipulation. The thornbush's role contrasts with the noble trees, such as the olive, fig, and vine, which previously declined the offer to reign, symbolizing leaders who prioritize service over power.

‘Come and reign over us.’
This invitation reflects the people's willingness to accept a ruler who is not ideal, driven by desperation or lack of discernment. It echoes the Israelites' later demand for a king in 1 Samuel 8:5, where they seek to be like other nations, despite God's warnings. The phrase underscores the theme of human tendency to choose leaders based on immediate needs or desires rather than divine guidance. It also foreshadows the consequences of such choices, as seen in Abimelech's destructive reign. This part of the parable serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of godly leadership and the dangers of aligning with those who do not honor God.

But the thornbush replied
The thornbush, or bramble, represents Abimelech in Jotham's parable. In the context of Judges 9, Jotham uses this parable to criticize the people of Shechem for choosing Abimelech as king. The thornbush is a lowly and unworthy plant, symbolizing Abimelech's unworthiness to rule. This reflects the biblical theme of God’s disapproval of leaders who do not follow His ways, as seen in 1 Samuel 8 when Israel demands a king.

‘If you really are anointing me as king over you
The act of anointing signifies a formal and divine appointment to leadership, often associated with God's chosen leaders like Saul and David. However, Abimelech's anointing lacks divine approval, contrasting with the anointing of kings in Israel who were chosen by God. This highlights the dangers of self-appointed leadership and the importance of divine guidance in leadership roles.

come and find refuge in my shade
The thornbush offers shade, which is ironic because a thornbush provides little protection or comfort. This reflects the false security and protection that Abimelech offers. In biblical symbolism, true refuge is found in God, as seen in Psalms 91:1-2, where God is described as a shelter and refuge. The inadequacy of the thornbush's shade underscores the futility of seeking security in anything other than God.

But if not, may fire come out of the thornbush
Fire symbolizes judgment and destruction throughout the Bible, such as in the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19) and the consuming fire of God's presence (Deuteronomy 4:24). The fire from the thornbush represents the destructive consequences of Abimelech's rule, foreshadowing the eventual downfall and chaos that result from his leadership, as seen later in Judges 9.

and consume the cedars of Lebanon.’
The cedars of Lebanon are known for their strength and majesty, often symbolizing powerful leaders or nations in biblical literature (Ezekiel 31:3). The imagery of a thornbush consuming the cedars highlights the unnatural and destructive nature of Abimelech's reign. It serves as a warning of how corrupt leadership can bring down even the mightiest, emphasizing the biblical principle that pride and ungodly ambition lead to downfall, as echoed in Proverbs 16:18.

Now if you have acted faithfully and honestly in making Abimelech king
This phrase challenges the integrity of the Shechemites' decision to make Abimelech king. The term "faithfully and honestly" implies a standard of righteousness and truthfulness that is expected in leadership decisions. In the biblical context, Abimelech's rise to power was marked by treachery and violence, as he killed his seventy brothers to secure his position (Judges 9:5). This contrasts with the biblical ideal of leadership, which is characterized by justice and service, as seen in the examples of Moses and David. The phrase also reflects the covenantal expectations of Israel, where leaders were to act in accordance with God's laws and commands.

if you have done well by Jerubbaal and his family
Jerubbaal, also known as Gideon, was a judge who delivered Israel from the Midianites (Judges 6-8). The mention of his family highlights the betrayal against Gideon's legacy. Gideon refused kingship, emphasizing that the Lord should rule over Israel (Judges 8:23). The Shechemites' support of Abimelech, Gideon's son through a concubine, represents a departure from Gideon's values and a failure to honor his family. This phrase underscores the importance of loyalty and gratitude towards those who have served faithfully, a principle echoed in the New Testament's call to honor spiritual leaders (1 Timothy 5:17).

and if you have done to him as he deserves—
This phrase questions whether justice has been served in the treatment of Abimelech. The biblical narrative suggests that Abimelech's actions were self-serving and ruthless, contrasting with the biblical principle of reaping what one sows (Galatians 6:7). The concept of divine justice is central here, as God often uses human actions to fulfill His purposes, even when those actions are unjust. The eventual downfall of Abimelech (Judges 9:53-54) serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and justice, similar to the fate of other unrighteous leaders in Scripture. This phrase invites reflection on the consequences of actions and the ultimate accountability before God.

for my father fought for you
This phrase refers to Gideon, who was a judge of Israel. Gideon's leadership is detailed in Judges 6-8, where he is called by God to deliver Israel from the oppression of the Midianites. Gideon's fight for Israel is a testament to his obedience to God's call, despite his initial hesitance and feelings of inadequacy. This reflects the biblical theme of God using unlikely individuals to fulfill His purposes, as seen with other figures like Moses and David.

and risked his life
Gideon's actions involved significant personal risk, as he faced a formidable enemy with a vastly outnumbered force. The account of Gideon's battle strategy, which involved reducing his army to just 300 men, highlights his faith and reliance on God's power rather than human strength. This act of risking his life is a demonstration of sacrificial leadership, a quality that is later epitomized in Jesus Christ, who laid down His life for humanity.

to deliver you from the hand of Midian
The deliverance from Midian is a key event in Israel's history, showcasing God's intervention and faithfulness in rescuing His people from oppression. The Midianites were a nomadic people who, during the time of the Judges, oppressed Israel by destroying their crops and livestock. Gideon's victory over Midian is symbolic of God's power to save and is a precursor to the ultimate deliverance through Christ. This deliverance also serves as a reminder of the cyclical pattern of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance that characterizes the period of the Judges.

but you have risen up against my father’s house this day
This phrase highlights the betrayal and rebellion against Gideon's family. Gideon, also known as Jerubbaal, was a judge of Israel who delivered the Israelites from Midianite oppression. The "house" refers to his family lineage, which was expected to be respected and honored. The act of rising up against them signifies a grave violation of familial and societal norms in ancient Israel, where family loyalty was paramount.

and killed his seventy sons on a single stone
The murder of Gideon's seventy sons is a brutal act of fratricide, emphasizing the extent of Abimelech's ambition and ruthlessness. The "single stone" suggests a methodical and public execution, possibly as a sacrificial act or to make a statement of power. This event echoes the violence and chaos prevalent in the period of the Judges, where "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25). It also foreshadows the instability and moral decline that would lead to the demand for a monarchy in Israel.

and you have made Abimelech, the son of his maidservant, king
Abimelech's rise to power is marked by illegitimacy, as he is the son of Gideon's concubine, not a legitimate wife. This detail underscores the tension between legitimate heirs and those of lower status, reflecting the complex social hierarchies of the time. Abimelech's kingship is not divinely appointed, contrasting with the later anointing of kings like Saul and David, and it serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of self-appointed leadership.

over the leaders of Shechem
Shechem was a significant city in the tribal confederation of Israel, with historical and religious importance dating back to the time of Abraham. The leaders of Shechem's decision to support Abimelech indicates political motivations and alliances that were common in the tribal period. This alliance is strategic, as Shechem was a central location, but it also reveals the opportunistic nature of political power plays in ancient Israel.

because he is your brother—
The appeal to kinship is a powerful motivator in the ancient Near East, where family ties often dictated political alliances and social obligations. The leaders of Shechem support Abimelech not out of loyalty to Gideon's legacy but because of their shared familial connection. This highlights the theme of loyalty and betrayal that runs throughout the narrative, as well as the potential for familial relationships to be manipulated for personal gain.

if you have acted faithfully and honestly toward Jerubbaal and his house this day
This phrase calls into question the integrity and motives of the people of Shechem in their dealings with Jerubbaal, also known as Gideon, and his family. Jerubbaal was a judge and a deliverer of Israel, known for his faithfulness to God (Judges 6-8). The reference to acting "faithfully and honestly" highlights the biblical principle of covenant loyalty, which was expected in relationships, especially with leaders appointed by God. The historical context here is significant: after Gideon's death, the people quickly turned away from God and failed to honor Gideon's family, which was a breach of covenant loyalty (Judges 8:33-35). This phrase challenges the Shechemites to reflect on their actions and whether they have upheld the values of truth and faithfulness, which are central to God's law (Exodus 20:16).

then may you rejoice in Abimelech, and he in you
Abimelech, the son of Gideon and a concubine from Shechem, sought to establish himself as king by eliminating his brothers (Judges 9:1-6). This phrase suggests a conditional blessing, implying that if the people have acted with integrity, they can find joy in their leader, Abimelech. However, the historical and cultural context reveals a deeper irony: Abimelech's rise to power was marked by treachery and bloodshed, contrary to the righteous leadership expected in Israel. The mutual rejoicing mentioned here is contingent upon the righteousness of their actions, which is a recurring biblical theme (Proverbs 29:2). Theologically, this reflects the biblical principle that true joy and peace in leadership come from justice and righteousness (Isaiah 32:17). The tragic outcome of Abimelech's reign, filled with conflict and destruction (Judges 9:22-57), serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of unrighteous leadership and the failure to act faithfully.

But if not,
This phrase introduces a conditional curse, highlighting the potential consequences of failing to uphold a covenant or agreement. In the context of Judges 9, Jotham, the youngest son of Gideon, is addressing the people of Shechem after Abimelech, his half-brother, has killed his seventy brothers to become king. The "if not" implies a breach of justice and righteousness, which is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where blessings and curses are contingent upon obedience to God's laws (Deuteronomy 28).

may fire come from Abimelech and consume the leaders of Shechem and Beth-millo,
The imagery of fire is often used in the Bible to symbolize judgment and destruction (e.g., Genesis 19:24, 1 Kings 18:38). Abimelech's rule is marked by treachery and violence, and Jotham's curse foreshadows the internal strife and destruction that will result from such leadership. Shechem was a significant city in Israel's history, being a place of covenant renewal (Joshua 24:25). Beth-millo is less well-known, but it is thought to be a fortified structure or area within Shechem. The curse suggests that Abimelech's ambition and ruthlessness will ultimately lead to the downfall of those who supported him.

and may fire come from the leaders of Shechem and Beth-millo and consume Abimelech.
This part of the curse predicts mutual destruction, a common outcome in biblical narratives where alliances are formed on unrighteous grounds. The leaders of Shechem and Beth-millo, who initially supported Abimelech, are warned that their betrayal and complicity will lead to their own ruin. This reflects the biblical principle of reaping what one sows (Galatians 6:7). Historically, this prophecy is fulfilled later in Judges 9 when Abimelech and the people of Shechem turn against each other, resulting in mutual destruction. This cycle of betrayal and retribution underscores the instability of human alliances that are not grounded in God's righteousness.

Then Jotham ran away
Jotham's flight is a direct response to the threat posed by his brother Abimelech, who had just orchestrated the murder of their seventy brothers to secure his rule over Shechem. This act of running away is a common biblical motif where individuals flee from danger, as seen with David fleeing from Saul (1 Samuel 19:10) and Moses fleeing from Pharaoh (Exodus 2:15). It highlights the immediate danger and the need for self-preservation.

escaping to Beer
Beer is a location mentioned in the Old Testament, though its exact location is not definitively known today. It is thought to be a place of refuge, possibly in the territory of Judah or Benjamin. The name "Beer" means "well" in Hebrew, suggesting it was a place with a water source, which would be essential for survival. This move to Beer indicates Jotham's strategic choice to find a safe haven away from Abimelech's reach.

and he lived there
Jotham's decision to reside in Beer suggests a period of waiting and watching, possibly hoping for divine justice or a change in circumstances. This mirrors other biblical figures who lived in exile or in hiding, such as Elijah during the drought (1 Kings 17:3-5) and the Israelites in Babylonian captivity. It reflects a time of uncertainty and reliance on God's protection.

for fear of his brother Abimelech
The fear of Abimelech is well-founded, given Abimelech's ruthless ambition and willingness to kill his own family to gain power. This fear underscores the theme of familial betrayal and the destructive nature of unchecked ambition. It also serves as a reminder of the consequences of Gideon's legacy, as Abimelech is the son of Gideon, and his actions are a direct result of Gideon's failure to establish a godly legacy. This fear and resulting action by Jotham can be seen as a precursor to the eventual downfall of Abimelech, fulfilling the curse Jotham pronounced earlier in Judges 9:7-20.

After Abimelech:
Abimelech was the son of Gideon (also known as Jerubbaal) and his concubine from Shechem. His rise to power was marked by violence and treachery, as he killed his seventy brothers to secure his position as ruler. This act of fratricide set the stage for his tumultuous reign and highlights the moral and spiritual decline in Israel during the time of the Judges.

had reigned over Israel:
Abimelech's rule was not a kingship in the traditional sense, as Israel was not yet a monarchy. His reign was more of a self-imposed leadership, supported by the citizens of Shechem and surrounding areas. This period reflects the decentralized and often chaotic leadership structure in Israel before the establishment of the monarchy under Saul.

for three years:
The duration of Abimelech's rule is significant as it was relatively short, indicating instability and dissatisfaction among the people. The number three in biblical terms can symbolize completeness or divine intervention, suggesting that Abimelech's reign was allowed to reach its full measure before divine judgment was enacted. This period also foreshadows the eventual downfall of Abimelech, as his leadership was not ordained by God, unlike the judges who were raised by divine appointment.

God sent a spirit of animosity
This phrase indicates divine intervention in the affairs of men, a common theme in the Old Testament where God actively influences events to fulfill His purposes. The "spirit of animosity" suggests a supernatural influence that incites discord, similar to how God hardened Pharaoh's heart in Exodus. This reflects the biblical principle that God can use even negative circumstances to achieve His will.

between Abimelech and the leaders of Shechem
Abimelech, the son of Gideon, sought power through violence and manipulation, killing his brothers to become king. Shechem was a significant city in Israel's history, located in the hill country of Ephraim. It was a place of covenant renewal (Joshua 24) and had a history of internal strife (Genesis 34). The leaders of Shechem initially supported Abimelech, but their alliance was fragile, highlighting the instability of human alliances when not grounded in righteousness.

and caused them to treat Abimelech deceitfully
The deceitful treatment reflects the consequences of Abimelech's own treachery. This phrase underscores the biblical principle of reaping what one sows (Galatians 6:7). The leaders' betrayal is a direct result of the spirit of animosity, illustrating how God can use human actions, even those with evil intent, to bring about justice and fulfill His divine plan. This also foreshadows the eventual downfall of Abimelech, serving as a warning against the pursuit of power through unrighteous means.

in order that the crime against the seventy sons of Jerubbaal might come to justice
This phrase refers to the divine retribution for the murder of Gideon's sons. Jerubbaal, another name for Gideon, was a judge of Israel who led the people to victory against the Midianites. The crime mentioned is the massacre of his seventy sons by Abimelech, one of Gideon's sons, who sought to eliminate any rivals to his rule. This act of fratricide is seen as a grave sin, violating the sanctity of family and the commandment against murder. The justice sought here is divine, indicating that God is the ultimate judge who will ensure that such heinous acts are punished.

and their blood be avenged on their brother Abimelech
Abimelech's actions are particularly egregious because they involve the betrayal and murder of his own family. In ancient Israelite culture, family bonds were sacred, and the shedding of innocent blood was a serious offense that cried out for vengeance. The concept of blood vengeance was deeply ingrained in the culture, often requiring a kinsman-redeemer to avenge the wrong. Here, God Himself takes on the role of avenger, underscoring the severity of Abimelech's crime. This also foreshadows the biblical principle that God will avenge the blood of the innocent, as seen in Revelation 6:10.

and on the leaders of Shechem, who had helped him murder his brothers
The leaders of Shechem are complicit in Abimelech's crime, having supported his rise to power and his violent actions. Shechem was a significant city in the tribal confederation of Israel, and its leaders' involvement indicates a broader societal corruption. This complicity highlights the theme of collective responsibility and the consequences of aligning with evil. The alliance between Abimelech and Shechem's leaders is a cautionary tale about the dangers of political ambition and the moral decay that can result from seeking power at any cost. This narrative serves as a reminder of the biblical principle that those who sow injustice will reap calamity, as stated in Proverbs 22:8.

The leaders of Shechem set up an ambush against Abimelech on the hilltops
The leaders of Shechem: Shechem was a significant city in ancient Israel, located in the hill country of Ephraim. It held historical importance as a center of covenant renewal (Joshua 24) and was a city of refuge (Joshua 21:21). The leaders, or "lords," of Shechem were likely influential figures or elders who governed the city. Their decision to set an ambush reflects internal strife and dissatisfaction with Abimelech's rule, highlighting the political instability of the time.

Set up an ambush: This act of rebellion indicates a breach of trust and alliance. Ambushes were common military tactics in ancient warfare, often used to surprise and overpower an enemy. The leaders' choice to ambush Abimelech suggests a strategic move to weaken his power and possibly incite a larger revolt.

Against Abimelech: Abimelech, the son of Gideon (also known as Jerubbaal), had declared himself king after the death of his father, despite Israel not having a monarchy at that time. His rule was marked by violence and treachery, including the murder of his seventy brothers (Judges 9:5). The ambush against him reflects the consequences of his ruthless rise to power and the divine retribution for his actions.

On the hilltops: The geographical setting of the hilltops provided a strategic advantage for the ambushers, offering a vantage point to observe and attack unsuspecting travelers. The terrain of Shechem, surrounded by hills, made it an ideal location for such tactics. This setting also symbolizes the high places often associated with rebellion and idolatry in Israel's history.

And they robbed all who passed by them on the road
And they robbed: The act of robbery indicates lawlessness and a breakdown of social order under Abimelech's rule. It reflects the moral decay and chaos that ensued when leaders acted out of self-interest rather than justice and righteousness.

All who passed by them on the road: The road was likely a major trade route, essential for commerce and communication. By robbing travelers, the leaders of Shechem disrupted economic activity and spread fear, further destabilizing the region. This action also highlights the broader impact of Abimelech's tyrannical leadership on the community.

So this was reported to Abimelech
So this was reported: The report reaching Abimelech suggests that there were still those loyal to him or fearful of his retribution. It underscores the tension and division within the region, as well as the challenges of maintaining control over a rebellious populace.

To Abimelech: The notification to Abimelech sets the stage for the subsequent conflict and his eventual downfall. It serves as a turning point in the narrative, where Abimelech's oppressive rule begins to unravel, fulfilling the divine justice for his earlier crimes. This moment foreshadows the ultimate judgment and the principle that those who live by violence often fall by it.

Meanwhile, Gaal son of Ebed came with his brothers
Gaal's arrival in Shechem marks a significant turning point in the narrative. His name, meaning "loathing" or "abhorrence," may foreshadow his role in the story. The mention of his brothers suggests a familial alliance, which was a common practice in ancient times to strengthen one's position. This familial support could indicate a potential threat to Abimelech's rule, as family units often acted as political factions. The presence of Gaal and his brothers in Shechem introduces a new dynamic, as they are outsiders entering a city with its own complex history and political tensions.

and crossed into Shechem
Shechem holds a prominent place in biblical history. It was a city of refuge and a significant location for covenant renewals, such as the one led by Joshua (Joshua 24). The city's strategic location in the hill country of Ephraim made it a central hub for trade and politics. Archaeological evidence suggests that Shechem was a fortified city during this period, which would have made it an attractive target for political maneuvering. Gaal's crossing into Shechem signifies a potential shift in power dynamics, as the city was already under the influence of Abimelech, who had familial ties to the region through his mother.

and the leaders of Shechem put their confidence in him
The leaders of Shechem, or "lords of Shechem," were likely the city's ruling elite, possibly including tribal elders and influential families. Their decision to place confidence in Gaal indicates dissatisfaction with Abimelech's rule. This shift in allegiance could be attributed to Abimelech's violent rise to power, which included the massacre of his seventy brothers (Judges 9:5). The leaders' support of Gaal suggests a desire for change and possibly a return to more traditional tribal leadership. This act of confidence can be seen as a political gamble, as aligning with Gaal could either restore stability or lead to further conflict. The leaders' decision reflects the broader theme of the cyclical nature of Israel's leadership struggles during the time of the Judges.

And after they had gone out into the fields
This phrase indicates a time of harvest, a significant period in ancient agrarian societies. The fields were central to the community's sustenance and economy. In the context of Judges, this setting underscores the normalcy of life amidst the political turmoil following Gideon's death. The fields also symbolize the land's fertility, a blessing from God, which contrasts with the spiritual barrenness of the people.

gathered grapes from their vineyards
Grape harvesting was a communal activity, often accompanied by joy and celebration. Vineyards were a sign of prosperity and God's blessing (Deuteronomy 8:7-8). The act of gathering grapes is reminiscent of the blessings promised to Israel if they obeyed God, yet here it occurs in a context of disobedience and idolatry. The vineyard imagery is also used by Jesus in parables, symbolizing Israel (Isaiah 5:1-7).

and trodden them
Treading grapes was a method of extracting juice for wine, a staple in ancient diets and religious rituals. This process required communal effort and was often accompanied by singing and dancing (Isaiah 16:10). The act of treading grapes can symbolize judgment in prophetic literature (Revelation 14:19-20), foreshadowing the judgment that would come upon Abimelech and Shechem.

they held a festival
Festivals were integral to Israelite culture, often linked to religious observance. However, this festival was likely pagan, reflecting the syncretism and idolatry prevalent in Israel during the Judges period. Such festivals often involved feasting, drinking, and sacrifices to deities, contrasting with the God-ordained feasts meant to honor Yahweh (Leviticus 23).

and went into the house of their god
This phrase highlights the idolatry of the Shechemites, who worshipped Baal-berith (Judges 8:33). The "house of their god" was likely a temple dedicated to this Canaanite deity, representing a direct violation of the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). This idolatry set the stage for divine judgment, as God often allowed Israel's enemies to rise when they turned to other gods.

and as they ate and drank
Eating and drinking in a religious context often signified fellowship with the deity being worshipped. In this case, it underscores the people's apostasy and moral decline. The act of eating and drinking in pagan worship contrasts with the Lord's Supper in the New Testament, where believers remember Christ's sacrifice (1 Corinthians 11:23-26).

they cursed Abimelech
Cursing Abimelech reflects the political and social unrest in Shechem. Abimelech, Gideon's son, had seized power through treachery and violence (Judges 9:1-6). The curse signifies the people's discontent and foreshadows Abimelech's downfall. Biblically, curses often precede divine judgment, as seen in the covenant curses of Deuteronomy 28. This also highlights the theme of retribution, a key motif in Judges, where God allows the consequences of sin to unfold naturally.

Then Gaal son of Ebed said
Gaal, whose name means "loathing" or "abhorrence," emerges as a challenger to Abimelech's authority. His father, Ebed, is otherwise unknown, suggesting Gaal's outsider status. This sets the stage for conflict, as Gaal seeks to incite rebellion against Abimelech.

Who is Abimelech, and who is Shechem, that we should serve him?
Gaal questions Abimelech's legitimacy, highlighting the tension between Abimelech and the people of Shechem. Abimelech, though a son of Gideon (Jerubbaal), lacks the divine calling that Gideon had. Shechem, a significant city in Israel's history, was a place of covenant renewal (Joshua 24:25). Gaal's rhetorical question challenges the authority and loyalty to Abimelech, suggesting that neither he nor the city deserves allegiance.

Is he not the son of Jerubbaal, and is not Zebul his officer?
Jerubbaal, another name for Gideon, means "let Baal contend." Gaal uses this to remind the people of Abimelech's mixed heritage and questionable claim to leadership. Zebul, Abimelech's officer, is portrayed as a mere subordinate, further undermining Abimelech's authority. This reflects the political instability and lack of unity in Israel during the time of the Judges.

You are to serve the men of Hamor, the father of Shechem.
Hamor was the father of Shechem, the city's namesake, mentioned in Genesis 34. Gaal appeals to the Shechemites' ancestral pride and heritage, suggesting they should align with their historical roots rather than with Abimelech. This reference to Hamor evokes memories of past alliances and covenants, urging the people to reconsider their loyalties.

Why should we serve Abimelech?
Gaal's final question is a direct challenge to Abimelech's rule, emphasizing the lack of legitimate reason for the Shechemites to support him. This reflects the broader theme in Judges of Israel's struggle with leadership and faithfulness to God. Gaal's rebellion is a microcosm of the larger cycle of disobedience and deliverance that characterizes the period of the Judges.

If only this people were under my authority
This phrase reflects a desire for power and control, a common theme in the Book of Judges, where leadership often shifts and is contested. The speaker, Gaal, is expressing a wish to lead the people of Shechem, indicating a political ambition that mirrors the instability of Israel during this period. The longing for authority can be seen throughout the Old Testament, where leaders are often raised by God to deliver Israel, such as Moses and Joshua. This desire for leadership contrasts with the biblical ideal of God as the ultimate authority over His people.

I would remove Abimelech
Abimelech, the son of Gideon, had declared himself king after the death of his father, despite Gideon's refusal to establish a monarchy. His rule was marked by violence, including the murder of his seventy brothers. Gaal's statement reveals the tension and dissatisfaction with Abimelech's tyrannical rule. This reflects the broader theme in Judges of the consequences of Israel's disobedience and desire for human kingship, which ultimately leads to chaos and suffering. The removal of unjust leaders is a recurring theme in the Bible, as seen in the stories of Saul and other kings who failed to follow God's commandments.

I would say to him, ‘Muster your army and come out!’”
This challenge to Abimelech is a call to battle, reflecting the frequent conflicts and warfare in the period of the Judges. The phrase suggests a direct confrontation, a common method of resolving disputes in ancient times. The call to "muster your army" indicates the reliance on military strength and human power, contrasting with the biblical theme of relying on God's strength and guidance. This challenge can be compared to David's confrontation with Goliath, where faith in God, rather than military might, leads to victory. The phrase also foreshadows the eventual downfall of Abimelech, as his reliance on force and intimidation ultimately leads to his demise, illustrating the biblical principle that pride and tyranny lead to destruction.

When Zebul the governor of the city
Zebul is identified as the governor, indicating a position of authority in Shechem. This role suggests he was responsible for maintaining order and allegiance to Abimelech, who had been made king by the people of Shechem. The term "governor" implies a level of political and military oversight, reflecting the decentralized leadership structure in Israel during the time of the Judges. This period was marked by tribal confederacies rather than a unified nation, with local leaders often holding significant power.

heard the words of Gaal son of Ebed
Gaal, son of Ebed, emerges as a challenger to Abimelech's rule. His words, which Zebul hears, are likely those of insurrection or rebellion, as Gaal sought to undermine Abimelech's authority. This reflects the frequent power struggles and shifting allegiances characteristic of the era. The mention of Gaal's lineage, "son of Ebed," may indicate his outsider status or lack of significant heritage, contrasting with Abimelech's claim to leadership through his father, Gideon (Jerubbaal).

he burned with anger
Zebul's anger signifies his loyalty to Abimelech and his vested interest in maintaining the current power structure. This emotional response underscores the tension and volatility of leadership during the time of the Judges. Anger in biblical narratives often precedes decisive action, suggesting that Zebul's response would lead to further conflict. This phrase also highlights the personal nature of political disputes in ancient Israel, where individual emotions could significantly impact broader events.

So he covertly sent messengers to Abimelech to say
This phrase highlights the secretive nature of the communication, indicating a lack of trust and the presence of political intrigue. In the context of Judges, Abimelech was a son of Gideon who sought power through manipulation and violence. The use of covert messengers suggests a climate of fear and betrayal, common in the period of the Judges when Israel had no king and everyone did what was right in their own eyes (Judges 21:25). This reflects the broader theme of the book, where leadership is often flawed and self-serving.

Look, Gaal son of Ebed and his brothers have come to Shechem
Shechem was a significant city in Israel's history, located in the hill country of Ephraim. It was a place of covenant renewal (Joshua 24) and had deep historical and religious significance. Gaal son of Ebed represents a challenge to Abimelech's authority, as he and his brothers are outsiders coming into a city with a rich heritage. This situation echoes the recurring biblical theme of outsiders challenging established power, reminiscent of David's rise against Saul.

and are stirring up the city against you
The phrase indicates a brewing rebellion, with Gaal inciting the people of Shechem against Abimelech. This reflects the instability and factionalism of the time, where loyalty was often fluid and dependent on immediate benefits. The stirring up of the city can be seen as a precursor to civil unrest, a common occurrence in the era of the Judges. This internal conflict within Israel foreshadows the later divisions that would lead to the split of the kingdom after Solomon's reign. Theologically, it underscores the consequences of abandoning God's covenant, leading to chaos and strife.

Now then
This phrase indicates a transition or a call to action. It suggests urgency and immediacy, often used in biblical narratives to prompt a decisive moment. In the context of Judges 9, it marks a shift in the plot where a plan is about to be executed.

tonight
The use of "tonight" emphasizes the immediacy and secrecy of the action. Nighttime operations in biblical times were often associated with stealth and surprise, as seen in other biblical accounts such as Gideon's attack on the Midianites (Judges 7:9-25). The cover of darkness provides a tactical advantage.

you and the people with you
This phrase highlights the involvement of a group, indicating that the action is not solitary but requires collective effort. It reflects the communal nature of ancient Israelite society, where leaders often acted with the support of their followers. This can be compared to other instances where leaders like David or Joshua led their people into battle.

are to come and lie in wait
The strategy of lying in wait is a common military tactic in the Bible, used to ambush or surprise an enemy. This tactic is seen in other biblical narratives, such as Joshua's ambush of Ai (Joshua 8:2-9). It reflects the cunning and strategic planning often necessary in warfare during this period.

in the fields
Fields in ancient Israel were not only agricultural spaces but also common locations for military maneuvers and battles. The choice of fields for lying in wait suggests a strategic use of the landscape, taking advantage of open spaces for concealment and surprise. This setting is reminiscent of other biblical battles that took place in similar environments, such as the battle between David and Goliath in the Valley of Elah (1 Samuel 17).

And in the morning at sunrise
The timing of the attack is significant. Morning, especially at sunrise, is often associated with new beginnings and divine intervention in the Bible. This timing could symbolize the dawning of God's justice. In biblical narratives, morning is a time when God often acts decisively (e.g., Exodus 14:27, when the sea returned to its place at morning). The strategic advantage of attacking at sunrise is also practical, as it allows for the element of surprise and the full day ahead for battle.

get up and advance against the city
The command to "get up" implies readiness and obedience to divine instruction. The city in question is Shechem, a significant location in Israel's history. It was a city of refuge and a place where covenants were made (Joshua 24:25). The advance against Shechem is not just a military maneuver but a confrontation with a city that has turned away from its covenantal obligations. This phrase also echoes the call to spiritual vigilance and readiness to confront sin and rebellion.

When Gaal and his men come out against you
Gaal, son of Ebed, represents opposition to God's chosen leader, Abimelech. His presence in Shechem signifies internal strife and rebellion within Israel. Gaal's challenge to Abimelech is reminiscent of other biblical figures who opposed God's anointed, such as Absalom against David. This internal conflict highlights the recurring theme of Israel's struggle with leadership and fidelity to God.

do to them whatever you are able
This phrase underscores the responsibility and agency given to the leader, Zebul, in this context. It reflects the biblical principle of human responsibility in carrying out divine justice. The phrase also suggests a test of faith and capability, as Zebul must rely on his wisdom and strength to execute judgment. This mirrors the broader biblical narrative where God empowers individuals to act according to His will, as seen in the stories of Joshua and David.

So Abimelech and all his troops set out by night
Abimelech, the son of Gideon, sought to establish his rule over Shechem through force and cunning. The decision to move by night indicates a strategic approach, aiming to catch the city off guard. Night operations in ancient warfare were risky due to limited visibility, but they offered the element of surprise. This tactic reflects Abimelech's ruthless ambition and willingness to use deception, reminiscent of other biblical figures who acted under the cover of darkness, such as Judas Iscariot in the betrayal of Jesus (John 13:30).

and lay in wait against Shechem
Shechem was a significant city in the central hill country of Canaan, with a rich history dating back to the time of Abraham (Genesis 12:6). It was a city of refuge and a Levitical city, indicating its religious importance. Abimelech's choice to attack Shechem highlights the city's strategic and symbolic value. The act of laying in wait suggests a premeditated ambush, a common military tactic in ancient times, reflecting the treacherous nature of Abimelech's leadership. This mirrors the deceitful actions of other biblical characters, such as the ambush at Ai (Joshua 8:2).

in four companies
Dividing his forces into four companies demonstrates Abimelech's tactical acumen, allowing for a coordinated and multifaceted attack. This division could symbolize completeness or totality, as the number four often represents in biblical numerology. The use of multiple companies would enable Abimelech to surround Shechem, cutting off escape routes and ensuring a comprehensive assault. This strategy is reminiscent of other biblical military campaigns, such as Gideon's division of his 300 men into three companies (Judges 7:16), showcasing a continuity of military tactics within the narrative of Judges.

Now Gaal son of Ebed went out
Gaal, whose name means "loathing" or "abhorrence," is introduced as a leader who opposes Abimelech. His lineage, being the son of Ebed, is not well-documented, suggesting he may have been an outsider or a mercenary. This reflects the turbulent period of the Judges, where leadership was often contested and unstable.

and stood at the entrance of the city gate
The city gate was a place of significant social and legal activity in ancient times. It served as a hub for commerce, legal proceedings, and public announcements. Gaal's presence here indicates his intention to assert authority and possibly rally support against Abimelech. The gate's strategic importance is highlighted throughout the Bible, such as in Ruth 4:1-11, where Boaz negotiates at the city gate.

just as Abimelech and his men came out from their hiding places
Abimelech, a son of Gideon, had previously established himself as king through treachery and violence, as seen in Judges 9:1-6. His ambush tactics here reflect his cunning and ruthless nature. The use of hiding places suggests a premeditated military strategy, reminiscent of Joshua's ambush at Ai (Joshua 8:2-19). This encounter foreshadows the conflict and judgment that will unfold, as Abimelech's reign is marked by bloodshed and divine retribution.

When Gaal saw the people
Gaal, a newcomer to Shechem, is observing the movements of people from a strategic vantage point. His presence in Shechem is significant as he represents a challenge to Abimelech's rule. This moment is set during a time of political instability in Israel, where tribal allegiances and power struggles were common. Gaal's observation indicates his awareness and concern about potential threats, reflecting the tension and suspicion prevalent in the period of the Judges.

he said to Zebul
Zebul is the governor of the city under Abimelech, acting as his loyal supporter. His role is crucial in maintaining Abimelech's control over Shechem. The interaction between Gaal and Zebul highlights the political intrigue and the divided loyalties within the city. Zebul's position requires him to be vigilant and strategic, as he navigates the complexities of leadership under a contentious ruler like Abimelech.

“Look, people are coming down from the mountains!”
The mountains surrounding Shechem provide a natural defense and a vantage point for observing approaching threats. Gaal's exclamation suggests a sense of urgency and alarm, as he perceives a potential attack. The geography of the region plays a significant role in the narrative, as the mountainous terrain offers both protection and a strategic challenge. This phrase also reflects the broader theme of vigilance and the need for discernment in times of conflict.

But Zebul replied
Zebul's response is calculated and aims to dismiss Gaal's concerns. His reply is indicative of his loyalty to Abimelech and his desire to maintain control over the situation. Zebul's role as a mediator and protector of Abimelech's interests is crucial in this narrative, as he seeks to undermine Gaal's influence and maintain stability in Shechem.

“The shadows of the mountains look like men to you.”
Zebul's statement is an attempt to downplay Gaal's observation, suggesting that what Gaal sees is merely an illusion caused by the play of light and shadow. This response can be seen as a metaphor for the deceptive nature of appearances and the importance of discernment. In a broader biblical context, this phrase can be connected to themes of spiritual blindness and the need for true insight, as seen in passages like John 9:39-41, where Jesus speaks of spiritual sight and blindness. Zebul's dismissal of Gaal's concerns reflects the tension between perception and reality, a recurring theme in the narrative of Judges.

Then Gaal spoke up again
Gaal, son of Ebed, is a central figure in this narrative, representing opposition to Abimelech, the son of Gideon. His speaking up signifies a moment of tension and impending conflict. This reflects the recurring theme in Judges of Israel's internal strife and the consequences of turning away from God. Gaal's boldness can be seen as both a challenge to Abimelech's authority and a fulfillment of the cycle of rebellion and deliverance that characterizes the book.

“Look, people are coming down from the center of the land
The "center of the land" likely refers to the strategic and elevated position of Shechem, a significant city in Israel's history. This phrase indicates a military movement, suggesting an impending attack or confrontation. The geographical reference underscores the importance of Shechem as a central hub in the tribal confederation of Israel, often associated with covenant renewal and conflict resolution, as seen in Joshua 24.

and one company is coming by way of the Diviners’ Oak.”
The "Diviners’ Oak" is a notable landmark, possibly a site associated with pagan practices or local traditions of divination. This reference highlights the syncretism present in Israel during the time of the Judges, where Canaanite religious practices often infiltrated Israelite worship. The oak's mention may also serve as a reminder of the spiritual decline and the need for Israel to return to exclusive worship of Yahweh. The use of such landmarks for orientation in military strategy reflects the practical and spiritual dimensions of the narrative.

“Where is your gloating now?”
This phrase is a direct challenge from Zebul to Gaal, highlighting the shift in circumstances. Gloating, or boasting, is often condemned in Scripture as prideful (Proverbs 16:18). Zebul's question underscores the futility of Gaal's earlier arrogance and serves as a reminder of the biblical principle that pride precedes a fall.

Zebul replied.
Zebul was the governor of Shechem under Abimelech. His role is significant as he represents the internal political dynamics and loyalties within the city. His reply indicates his allegiance to Abimelech and his strategic position in the unfolding events. This interaction reflects the complex political landscape of the time, where local leaders often had divided loyalties.

“You said, ‘Who is Abimelech that we should serve him?’
This recalls Gaal's earlier defiance against Abimelech, questioning his legitimacy and authority. The rhetorical question mirrors the challenge posed by the Israelites in Exodus 5:2, questioning Moses' authority. It highlights the recurring theme of questioning God-appointed leadership, which often leads to conflict and judgment.

Are these not the people you ridiculed?
Zebul points out Gaal's previous mockery of Abimelech's forces, emphasizing the irony of the situation. Ridicule and scorn are frequently depicted in the Bible as tools of the wicked (Psalm 1:1). This phrase serves as a reminder of the consequences of underestimating one's opponents and the biblical warning against speaking ill of others.

Go out now and fight them!”
Zebul's command to Gaal is a call to action, challenging him to back his words with deeds. This reflects the biblical principle that faith and words must be accompanied by action (James 2:17). The challenge to fight also echoes the numerous biblical battles where God’s people are called to stand firm and trust in divine deliverance, though in this case, it is a test of Gaal's own bravado.

So Gaal went out
Gaal, a newcomer to Shechem, is introduced as a challenger to Abimelech's authority. His actions reflect the turbulent period of the Judges, characterized by a lack of centralized leadership and frequent power struggles. This phrase indicates Gaal's proactive stance, suggesting a boldness or confidence in his ability to confront Abimelech. The narrative of Judges often highlights the cyclical nature of Israel's disobedience and the resulting chaos, with Gaal's actions fitting into this pattern of rebellion and conflict.

before the leaders of Shechem
The leaders of Shechem play a significant role in the unfolding events. Shechem, a city with a rich biblical history, was a significant Canaanite city and later an Israelite city of refuge. It was here that Joshua renewed the covenant (Joshua 24). The leaders' involvement suggests political intrigue and the shifting allegiances common in the era. Their support of Gaal indicates dissatisfaction with Abimelech, whom they had previously supported, highlighting the instability and factionalism of the time.

and fought against Abimelech
Abimelech, a son of Gideon, had declared himself king after killing his seventy brothers, an act that set the stage for divine retribution. His rule is marked by violence and treachery, reflecting the moral decline during the Judges period. The conflict between Gaal and Abimelech is emblematic of the internal strife and lack of unity among the Israelites. This struggle can be seen as a microcosm of the broader theme in Judges, where Israel repeatedly turns away from God, leading to internal and external conflicts. The battle also foreshadows Abimelech's eventual downfall, serving as a reminder of the consequences of ungodly leadership.

but Abimelech pursued him
Abimelech, the son of Gideon, is a central figure in this narrative. His pursuit of Gaal is a continuation of his violent and ambitious quest for power. This pursuit reflects the chaotic period of the Judges, where Israel lacked centralized leadership and often fell into cycles of sin and retribution. Abimelech's actions can be seen as a fulfillment of the curse pronounced by Jotham, Gideon's youngest son, in Judges 9:20, where he prophesied that fire would come from Abimelech to consume the leaders of Shechem. This pursuit is indicative of the internal strife and division within Israel, a theme prevalent throughout the book of Judges.

and Gaal fled before him
Gaal, who had previously incited the people of Shechem against Abimelech, now finds himself on the defensive. His flight signifies the failure of his rebellion and the instability of alliances based on self-interest rather than divine guidance. This moment highlights the transient nature of human power and the futility of opposing God's sovereign plans. Gaal's retreat can be compared to other biblical instances where those who oppose God's anointed leaders face defeat, such as the Philistines fleeing before David (1 Samuel 17:51).

And many Shechemites fell wounded
The Shechemites, who had allied with Gaal, suffer the consequences of their rebellion against Abimelech. This phrase underscores the communal impact of leadership decisions and the cost of aligning with ungodly leaders. The Shechemites' downfall serves as a warning against idolatry and betrayal, echoing the broader theme of judgment found throughout the Old Testament. The wounded Shechemites also reflect the fulfillment of Jotham's curse, as internal conflict leads to their destruction.

all the way to the entrance of the gate
The gate of a city in ancient times was not only a physical structure but also a place of judgment, commerce, and social interaction. The fact that the Shechemites fell wounded all the way to the entrance of the gate signifies the totality of their defeat and the penetration of violence into the heart of the city. This imagery can be connected to other biblical passages where gates symbolize strength and security, such as in Psalm 24:7-10, where the gates are called to lift up for the King of Glory. The breach of the gate by Abimelech's forces symbolizes the collapse of Shechem's defenses and the judgment upon the city for its sins.

Abimelech stayed in Arumah
Abimelech, the son of Gideon, had declared himself king after the death of his father. Arumah is believed to be a location near Shechem, though its exact site is not definitively identified today. This phrase indicates a strategic retreat or regrouping by Abimelech, suggesting a temporary withdrawal to a place of safety or control. The choice of Arumah may reflect Abimelech's need to consolidate power or plan his next move. This action is part of the larger narrative of Abimelech's violent and tumultuous reign, which is marked by treachery and conflict, reflecting the chaotic period of the Judges when "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25).

and Zebul drove Gaal and his brothers out of Shechem
Zebul was the ruler of the city of Shechem under Abimelech's authority. Gaal, a newcomer, had incited the people of Shechem to rebel against Abimelech, exploiting the existing discontent. Zebul's actions in driving out Gaal and his brothers demonstrate his loyalty to Abimelech and his role in maintaining Abimelech's control over Shechem. This expulsion is a pivotal moment in the power struggle, highlighting the political intrigue and shifting alliances characteristic of the era. The conflict between Gaal and Zebul can be seen as a microcosm of the larger instability in Israel during the time of the Judges, where leadership was often contested and authority was fragile. This event also foreshadows the eventual downfall of Abimelech, as internal strife and betrayal continue to plague his rule.

The next day
This phrase indicates a continuation of events from the previous day, suggesting a sequence in the narrative. It follows the events where Abimelech, the son of Gideon, had been made king by the people of Shechem. The timing is significant as it shows the unfolding of Abimelech's plans and the consequences of his leadership. The "next day" implies a sense of immediacy and urgency in the narrative.

the people of Shechem
Shechem was a significant city in ancient Israel, located in the hill country of Ephraim. It was a center of trade and politics, and its people played a crucial role in the story of Abimelech. Historically, Shechem was a place of covenant renewal for Israel (Joshua 24:1-25) and had deep spiritual and cultural significance. The people of Shechem had previously supported Abimelech's rise to power, but their loyalty was complex and ultimately unstable.

went out into the fields
This action suggests a return to normal agricultural activities, which were central to the economy and survival of ancient communities. The fields around Shechem would have been vital for sustenance and trade. The phrase may imply a false sense of security among the people, unaware of the impending threat from Abimelech. It also highlights the agrarian lifestyle of the time, where daily life was closely tied to the land.

and this was reported to Abimelech
The reporting to Abimelech indicates a network of communication and possibly espionage. It shows that Abimelech had informants or loyalists who kept him informed of the movements and activities of the people. This intelligence would have been crucial for Abimelech to maintain control and execute his plans. The phrase underscores the tension and mistrust between Abimelech and the people of Shechem, setting the stage for the conflict that follows.

So he took his men
This phrase refers to Abimelech, the son of Gideon, who had declared himself king after the death of his father. Abimelech's leadership is marked by ambition and violence, contrasting with the judges who were divinely appointed. His men were likely mercenaries or loyalists, reflecting the tribal and fragmented nature of Israel during this period.

divided them into three companies
The division into three companies is a strategic military tactic, reminiscent of Gideon's battle against the Midianites (Judges 7:16). This tactic suggests a calculated approach to warfare, emphasizing surprise and encirclement. It also highlights Abimelech's cunning and tactical acumen, albeit used for personal gain rather than divine purpose.

and lay in wait in the fields
Lying in wait indicates an ambush, a common military strategy in ancient warfare. The fields around Shechem provided cover and strategic advantage. This tactic underscores the treacherous nature of Abimelech's rule, as he uses deceit to maintain power. The fields, often places of sustenance and life, become settings for violence and betrayal.

When he saw the people coming out of the city
The people of Shechem, unaware of the impending attack, represent the vulnerability of those who trust in human leadership rather than divine protection. The city, a significant Canaanite and later Israelite center, symbolizes the tension between established urban centers and the emerging Israelite identity.

he rose up against them
Abimelech's rise against the people of Shechem is a literal and figurative act of rebellion. It reflects the broader theme of Israel's cyclical sin and rebellion against God. This act of aggression is a fulfillment of Jotham's curse (Judges 9:20), illustrating the consequences of choosing a leader who does not honor God.

and attacked them
The attack signifies the culmination of Abimelech's treachery and the beginning of his downfall. It serves as a reminder of the destructive nature of power when wielded without divine guidance. This event foreshadows the eventual judgment and chaos that befalls Abimelech, aligning with the biblical principle that those who live by the sword will die by the sword (Matthew 26:52).

Then Abimelech and the companies with him rushed forward
Abimelech, the son of Gideon, sought to establish his rule over Shechem through force and treachery. His actions reflect the chaotic period of the Judges, where "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25). The term "rushed forward" indicates a sudden and aggressive military maneuver, typical of ancient warfare tactics. This phrase highlights Abimelech's determination and the urgency of his campaign to consolidate power.

and took their stand at the entrance of the city gate
The city gate was a strategic location in ancient cities, serving as a place of defense, commerce, and legal matters. By taking a stand at the gate, Abimelech aimed to control access to the city, a common military strategy to assert dominance and cut off reinforcements or escape routes. This action underscores the importance of the city gate in biblical times, as seen in other scriptures like Ruth 4:1 and 2 Samuel 15:2.

The other two companies rushed against all who were in the fields
Abimelech's forces were divided into companies, a tactical decision to maximize their impact. The fields surrounding a city were vital for agriculture and sustenance, and attacking those in the fields would disrupt the city's food supply and economy. This tactic reflects the harsh realities of ancient warfare, where civilian areas were often targeted to weaken the enemy's resources and morale.

and struck them down
This phrase indicates the violent and ruthless nature of Abimelech's campaign. The act of striking down those in the fields demonstrates the brutality of his rule and the lengths he would go to secure his power. It also serves as a reminder of the consequences of Israel's disobedience to God, as the period of the Judges was marked by cycles of sin, oppression, and deliverance. This violence foreshadows the eventual downfall of Abimelech, as divine justice is a recurring theme throughout the book of Judges.

And all that day Abimelech fought against the city
Abimelech, the son of Gideon, sought to establish his rule over Shechem, a significant city in the tribal territory of Ephraim. The phrase "all that day" indicates a prolonged and determined assault, reflecting Abimelech's relentless ambition and the intensity of the conflict. This battle is part of the broader narrative of Abimelech's violent rise to power, which contrasts with the leadership of his father, Gideon, who was called by God to deliver Israel.

until he had captured it and killed its people.
The capture and subsequent massacre of the city's inhabitants highlight the brutal nature of Abimelech's rule. This act of violence fulfills Jotham's curse (Judges 9:20), which predicted destruction for both Abimelech and the men of Shechem due to their treachery. The killing of the people underscores the theme of divine retribution and justice, as Abimelech's actions lead to his eventual downfall.

Then he demolished the city
The destruction of Shechem serves as a physical manifestation of Abimelech's wrath and a warning to others who might oppose him. In biblical times, demolishing a city was a common practice to ensure it could not be easily rebuilt or used as a base for rebellion. This act also symbolizes the complete eradication of opposition and the consequences of turning away from God, as Shechem had done by supporting Abimelech.

and sowed it with salt.
Sowing a city with salt was a symbolic act meant to curse the land, rendering it barren and uninhabitable. This practice is mentioned in other ancient Near Eastern texts and signifies total desolation. The use of salt here can be seen as a fulfillment of divine judgment, as salt is often associated with covenant and purity in Scripture (e.g., Leviticus 2:13). This act foreshadows the ultimate futility of Abimelech's reign, as his kingdom, like the salted land, would not endure.

On hearing of this
This phrase refers to the news that reached the leaders in Shechem about Abimelech's violent actions against the city. Abimelech, the son of Gideon, had been made king by the people of Shechem but later turned against them. The phrase indicates a reaction to a specific event, likely the destruction of the city or the killing of its inhabitants, which is detailed earlier in the chapter. This highlights the fear and urgency among the leaders upon realizing the threat posed by Abimelech.

all the leaders in the tower of Shechem
The "leaders" here are the prominent men or rulers of Shechem, a city with significant historical and biblical importance. Shechem was a central location in the land of Israel, situated in the hill country of Ephraim. The "tower" refers to a fortified structure within the city, often used as a place of refuge during attacks. This reflects the common ancient Near Eastern practice of having a stronghold within a city for protection against invaders.

entered the inner chamber
The "inner chamber" suggests a place of safety or a sanctuary within the tower. In ancient times, such chambers were often used as a last resort for protection during sieges. This action indicates the leaders' desperation and their attempt to find security from Abimelech's assault. The use of an inner chamber also implies a sense of sacredness or inviolability, as these areas were often associated with religious or ceremonial functions.

of the temple of El-berith
El-berith, meaning "God of the Covenant," was a deity worshiped in Shechem. The temple served as both a religious and communal center. The reference to El-berith connects to the broader theme of covenant in the Bible, contrasting the people's allegiance to a pagan god with the covenant relationship Israel was supposed to have with Yahweh. This temple's existence highlights the syncretism present in Israel during the time of the Judges, where foreign gods were often worshiped alongside Yahweh. The leaders' retreat to this temple underscores their reliance on false security and misplaced faith, which ultimately leads to their downfall, as Abimelech later destroys the tower.

And when Abimelech was told
Abimelech, the son of Gideon (also known as Jerubbaal), is a central figure in this narrative. His ambition and ruthless nature are evident throughout Judges 9. The phrase indicates that Abimelech received intelligence about the movements of his enemies. This reflects the political intrigue and espionage common in ancient Near Eastern warfare. Abimelech's leadership style contrasts sharply with that of his father, Gideon, who was called by God to deliver Israel. Abimelech's rule, however, was self-appointed and marked by violence and treachery.

that all the leaders in the tower of Shechem
The "leaders" here refers to the men of Shechem who had initially supported Abimelech's rise to power. The "tower of Shechem" is likely a fortified structure within the city, used as a place of refuge and defense. Shechem itself is a city with deep historical and religious significance, being a site of covenant renewal (Joshua 24) and a city of refuge (Joshua 21:21). The gathering of the leaders in the tower suggests a defensive posture, indicating their fear of Abimelech's wrath after their betrayal.

were gathered there
The gathering of the leaders in the tower signifies a last stand against Abimelech's forces. This act of seeking refuge in a stronghold is a common ancient practice during sieges. The leaders' decision to gather in the tower reflects their desperation and the gravity of the situation. This event foreshadows the impending judgment and destruction that Abimelech will bring upon them, fulfilling the curse of Jotham, Gideon's youngest son, who prophesied doom upon Abimelech and the men of Shechem for their treachery (Judges 9:20). This narrative highlights themes of divine justice and the consequences of ungodly leadership.

he and all his men went up to Mount Zalmon.
Mount Zalmon is mentioned only here in the Bible, and its exact location is uncertain, though it is believed to be near Shechem. The ascent to a mountain often signifies a strategic military move, as higher ground provides a tactical advantage. This action reflects Abimelech's leadership and determination to assert control over his enemies. The mountain setting also evokes imagery of other significant biblical events on mountains, such as Moses receiving the Law on Mount Sinai.

Abimelech took his axe in his hand
The axe symbolizes both authority and impending judgment. In biblical times, tools like axes were essential for survival and warfare, indicating Abimelech's readiness for action. This act of taking the axe himself demonstrates his hands-on leadership style, contrasting with leaders who delegate such tasks. It also foreshadows the destruction he is about to unleash, reminiscent of the judgment themes found throughout the Old Testament.

and cut a branch from the trees,
Cutting a branch signifies preparation for an attack, as branches were often used to construct siege works or set fires. This act can be seen as a precursor to the destruction of Shechem, highlighting the theme of divine retribution against those who oppose God's chosen leaders. The imagery of cutting down branches also echoes prophetic warnings, such as those found in Isaiah, where nations are likened to trees being felled.

which he lifted to his shoulder,
Lifting the branch to his shoulder indicates Abimelech's willingness to bear the burden of leadership and the responsibility for the ensuing actions. This gesture can be seen as a type of Christ, who bore the cross on His shoulders, symbolizing the ultimate burden of sin and sacrifice. The act of carrying the branch also emphasizes the physical and symbolic weight of Abimelech's mission.

saying to his men, “Hurry and do what you have seen me do.”
Abimelech's command to his men underscores the importance of decisive action and unity in achieving their goal. His directive reflects the biblical principle of leading by example, as seen in the teachings of Jesus, who instructed His disciples to follow His actions. This phrase also highlights the urgency and immediacy of the situation, as well as the need for obedience and coordination among his followers.

So each man also cut his own branch and followed Abimelech.
This phrase highlights the collective action of Abimelech's followers, demonstrating their loyalty and obedience to his command. The act of cutting branches is reminiscent of military tactics used in ancient warfare, where soldiers would use available resources to achieve strategic goals. Abimelech, a son of Gideon, had declared himself king and was known for his ruthless ambition. This event occurs after Abimelech's violent rise to power, which included the murder of his seventy brothers. The followers' actions reflect the influence and control Abimelech had over his men, as well as the desperation and fear that drove them to comply with his orders.

Then they piled the branches against the inner chamber and set it on fire above them,
The piling of branches against the inner chamber indicates a siege tactic aimed at destroying the stronghold of the tower of Shechem. This method of warfare was brutal and effective, designed to smoke out or burn those inside. The inner chamber likely served as a place of refuge for the people of Shechem, who had sought safety from Abimelech's wrath. The act of setting the chamber on fire is a testament to the destructive nature of Abimelech's reign and his willingness to annihilate those who opposed him. This event foreshadows the eventual downfall of Abimelech, as his violent actions lead to his own demise, fulfilling the principle of reaping what one sows.

killing everyone in the tower of Shechem, about a thousand men and women.
The mass killing of about a thousand men and women in the tower of Shechem underscores the severity of Abimelech's tyranny and the tragic loss of life resulting from his quest for power. This massacre is a stark reminder of the consequences of Israel's disobedience to God, as they had turned away from His commandments and sought leadership from a man like Abimelech. The destruction of Shechem, a city with historical significance as a center of covenant renewal (Joshua 24), symbolizes the spiritual and moral decay of the nation. This event also serves as a warning against the dangers of ungodly leadership and the importance of seeking God's guidance in choosing leaders. The narrative of Abimelech's reign and its violent end is a sobering reflection on the cyclical nature of sin and judgment in the book of Judges.

Then Abimelech went to Thebez
Abimelech, the son of Gideon, is a central figure in this narrative. His journey to Thebez follows his violent campaign to establish himself as king, which began with the massacre of his seventy brothers. Thebez is a city in the region of Shechem, indicating Abimelech's continued efforts to consolidate power in the central hill country of Israel. Thebez is not frequently mentioned in the Bible, but its inclusion here highlights its strategic importance. The city's name means "brightness" or "whiteness," possibly referring to its geographical features or its significance in the region.

encamped against it
Abimelech's encampment signifies a military siege, a common tactic in ancient warfare. This action reflects his aggressive and ruthless nature, as he seeks to subdue Thebez just as he did with Shechem. The encampment would involve surrounding the city, cutting off supplies, and preparing for an assault. This tactic is reminiscent of other biblical sieges, such as the siege of Jericho (Joshua 6) and the siege of Jerusalem by the Babylonians (2 Kings 25).

and captured it
The capture of Thebez demonstrates Abimelech's initial success in his campaign. However, this victory is short-lived, as the subsequent verses reveal his downfall. The capture of cities was a common occurrence in the turbulent period of the Judges, characterized by cycles of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance. Abimelech's actions contrast with the deliverance typically provided by judges, as he seeks personal power rather than the liberation of Israel. This event foreshadows his demise, as his unchecked ambition ultimately leads to his death, fulfilling the biblical theme of divine justice and the consequences of sin.

But there was a strong tower inside the city
The presence of a strong tower within a city was a common feature in ancient Near Eastern urban planning. Towers served as defensive structures, providing a vantage point for surveillance and protection against invaders. In the context of Judges 9, the city is Shechem, a significant location in Israel's history, known for its covenantal associations (Joshua 24:25). The tower symbolizes a place of refuge and strength, reminiscent of God being described as a "strong tower" in Proverbs 18:10, offering safety to those who seek Him.

and all the men, women, and leaders of the city fled there
The flight of the city's inhabitants, including its leaders, to the tower indicates a moment of desperation and fear. This reflects the chaotic and violent period of the Judges, where leadership was often unstable, and cities were vulnerable to internal and external threats. The inclusion of both men and women highlights the indiscriminate nature of the threat posed by Abimelech, Gideon's son, who sought to consolidate power through violence. This act of fleeing to the tower can be seen as a parallel to seeking refuge in God during times of trouble, as seen in Psalms 46:1.

They locked themselves in
Locking themselves in the tower was a defensive measure, indicating the severity of the threat they faced. This action underscores the human instinct to seek security and protection in times of danger. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of seeking refuge, as seen in the Psalms, where God is often depicted as a fortress and deliverer (Psalm 18:2). The act of locking themselves in can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual security found in faith and trust in God.

and went up to the roof of the tower
Ascending to the roof of the tower was likely a strategic move, providing a higher ground for defense and a better view of the surrounding area. In biblical narratives, rooftops often serve as places of significant events or revelations (e.g., 2 Samuel 11:2, Acts 10:9). The rooftop in this context becomes a place of final stand and confrontation, foreshadowing the dramatic conclusion of Abimelech's siege. This ascent can also be seen as a symbolic act of reaching towards God, seeking His intervention and deliverance in dire circumstances.

When Abimelech came to attack the tower
Abimelech, the son of Gideon, sought to establish his rule over Shechem and its surrounding areas. His ambition led him to violent actions, including the massacre of his seventy brothers. The tower mentioned here is likely a fortified structure within the city of Thebez, where the remaining inhabitants sought refuge. Towers were common in ancient cities for defense purposes, often serving as the last line of protection during sieges. Abimelech's attack on the tower reflects his ruthless determination to eliminate any opposition to his rule.

he approached its entrance
The entrance of a tower would be a strategic point of vulnerability. In ancient warfare, attackers often focused on gates or entrances to breach defenses. Abimelech's approach to the entrance indicates his intent to directly confront and overcome the resistance. This action demonstrates his boldness and perhaps overconfidence, as he underestimated the potential defenses of the tower. The entrance also symbolizes a point of decision, where the fate of both the attacker and the defenders would be determined.

to set it on fire
Setting a tower on fire was a common military tactic to force defenders out or to destroy the structure. Fire was a powerful weapon in ancient warfare, capable of causing panic and chaos. Abimelech's decision to use fire shows his willingness to employ extreme measures to achieve his goals. This act of destruction can be seen as a reflection of his character, marked by violence and a lack of regard for human life. The use of fire also connects to other biblical narratives where fire is a tool of judgment or purification, such as the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. In a broader theological context, fire often symbolizes divine judgment, which foreshadows Abimelech's own downfall as a consequence of his actions.

But a woman dropped an upper millstone
In ancient times, millstones were used for grinding grain, and the upper millstone was typically smaller and movable. The fact that a woman is the one who drops the millstone is significant, as women were often not seen as warriors or direct participants in battle. This act subverts the typical expectations of gender roles in warfare. The use of a millstone, a common household item, highlights the unexpected nature of Abimelech's downfall. This event echoes the story of Jael in Judges 4:21, where another woman uses an unconventional weapon to defeat an enemy of Israel.

on Abimelech’s head
Abimelech, the son of Gideon, had declared himself king after killing his seventy brothers. His rule was marked by violence and treachery, and his death by a blow to the head symbolizes the divine retribution for his actions. The head, often seen as the seat of authority and leadership, being struck down signifies the end of his illegitimate reign. This act fulfills the curse of Jotham, Gideon's youngest son, who prophesied destruction upon Abimelech and the people of Shechem (Judges 9:20).

crushing his skull
The crushing of Abimelech's skull is a vivid depiction of his demise and serves as a literal and symbolic end to his tyranny. In biblical literature, the crushing of the head is often associated with the defeat of evil, as seen in Genesis 3:15, where the seed of the woman is prophesied to crush the serpent's head. This imagery connects Abimelech's death to the broader biblical theme of God's justice prevailing over wickedness. The manner of his death also reflects the principle of divine justice, as Abimelech, who killed his brothers on a single stone, is himself killed by a stone.

He quickly called his armor-bearer, saying,
In ancient warfare, an armor-bearer was a trusted aide responsible for carrying and maintaining a warrior's weapons and armor. This role required loyalty and bravery, as the armor-bearer often accompanied the warrior into battle. The urgency in Abimelech's call reflects the dire situation he faced after being mortally wounded by a millstone dropped by a woman. This moment highlights the importance of honor and reputation in ancient Near Eastern culture, where dying at the hands of a woman could be seen as shameful.

“Draw your sword and kill me,
Abimelech's request to his armor-bearer to kill him underscores the significance of an honorable death in the cultural context of the time. In the ancient world, dying by one's own hand or by a trusted companion was often preferred to capture or a death perceived as dishonorable. This reflects a broader biblical theme where individuals seek to control the circumstances of their death to preserve their legacy, as seen in the actions of Saul in 1 Samuel 31:4.

lest they say of me, ‘A woman killed him.’”
The concern over being killed by a woman highlights the patriarchal values of the time, where such a death could be seen as a disgrace. This reflects the cultural norms and gender roles prevalent in the ancient Near East. The fear of shame and dishonor was a powerful motivator, influencing decisions even in the face of death. This incident also serves as a narrative device to emphasize the downfall of Abimelech, whose ambition and treachery led to his ignoble end.

So Abimelech’s armor-bearer ran his sword through him,
The armor-bearer's compliance with Abimelech's request demonstrates the loyalty expected in such a relationship. This act of assisted death is reminiscent of other biblical accounts where individuals sought to avoid disgrace or capture, such as Saul and his armor-bearer. The armor-bearer's action fulfills Abimelech's desire to avoid the shame of being killed by a woman, though it does not ultimately change the narrative of his demise.

and he died.
Abimelech's death marks the end of his violent and illegitimate rule, which began with the murder of his seventy brothers. His demise serves as a divine retribution for his actions, fulfilling Jotham's curse in Judges 9:20. This conclusion reinforces the biblical theme of justice and the consequences of sin, as Abimelech's ambition and treachery lead to his downfall. His death also serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked power and the pursuit of personal ambition at the expense of righteousness.

And when the Israelites saw that Abimelech was dead
This phrase marks the conclusion of Abimelech's tumultuous reign, which was characterized by violence and treachery. Abimelech, the son of Gideon, had seized power by killing his seventy brothers, except for Jotham, who escaped. His death signifies the end of his tyrannical rule. The Israelites' reaction to his death reflects the instability and lack of centralized leadership during the period of the Judges. This era was marked by a cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance, as described throughout the Book of Judges. Abimelech's death can be seen as divine retribution for his murderous actions, fulfilling Jotham's curse (Judges 9:20).

they all went home
The Israelites' return to their homes indicates a temporary cessation of conflict and a return to normalcy. This dispersal highlights the decentralized nature of Israelite society at the time, where tribal and familial ties were stronger than national unity. The phrase suggests a lack of collective mourning or loyalty to Abimelech, underscoring his failure to establish a legitimate or respected kingship. This return home also reflects the broader theme in Judges of the Israelites' repeated failure to maintain faithfulness to God, leading to cycles of oppression and deliverance. The absence of a strong, godly leader often resulted in chaos and moral decline, setting the stage for the eventual demand for a monarchy in Israel.

In this way
This phrase indicates the culmination of events leading to divine justice. It suggests a specific method or manner in which God's judgment is executed. The context of Judges 9 reveals a series of events orchestrated by God to bring about justice, emphasizing His sovereignty and the certainty of divine retribution.

God repaid
The concept of divine retribution is central here. It underscores the biblical principle that God is just and will repay evil according to His righteousness. This reflects the broader biblical theme found in passages like Romans 12:19, where believers are reminded that vengeance belongs to the Lord.

the wickedness that Abimelech had done
Abimelech's actions are characterized as wickedness, highlighting the moral depravity of his deeds. His ambition led him to commit fratricide, a grave sin in biblical terms. This wickedness is not only a personal sin but also a violation of familial and societal norms, reflecting the broader theme of sin's destructive impact.

to his father
This phrase refers to Gideon, also known as Jerubbaal, Abimelech's father. The mention of his father emphasizes the betrayal and the violation of familial loyalty. It also serves as a reminder of Gideon's legacy and the tragic consequences of his son’s actions, contrasting Gideon's role as a judge with Abimelech's usurpation.

in murdering his seventy brothers
The murder of his seventy brothers is a heinous act of fratricide, illustrating the extent of Abimelech's ambition and moral corruption. This act is reminiscent of other biblical accounts of sibling rivalry and murder, such as Cain and Abel, and serves as a stark warning against the destructive power of unchecked ambition and sin. The number seventy may symbolize completeness, indicating the totality of Abimelech's crime.

And God also brought all the wickedness of the men of Shechem back upon their own heads.
This phrase highlights the divine justice executed by God. The men of Shechem had supported Abimelech in his violent rise to power, including the murder of his seventy brothers. This act of treachery and bloodshed was not overlooked by God, who is portrayed throughout Scripture as a just judge (Psalm 7:11). The concept of retributive justice, where one's evil deeds return upon them, is a recurring theme in the Bible (Galatians 6:7). Shechem, a significant city in Israel's history, was a place of covenant renewal (Joshua 24:25) and now becomes a site of divine retribution. This reflects the biblical principle that God holds nations and individuals accountable for their actions.

So the curse of Jotham son of Jerubbaal came upon them.
Jotham, the only surviving son of Gideon (also known as Jerubbaal), had pronounced a curse upon Abimelech and the men of Shechem from Mount Gerizim (Judges 9:7-21). This curse was a prophetic declaration that the alliance between Abimelech and Shechem would lead to mutual destruction. The fulfillment of Jotham's curse underscores the biblical theme of prophecy and its realization, as seen in other instances where God's word through His prophets comes to pass (1 Kings 13:32). Jotham's curse serves as a reminder of the power of spoken words and the sovereignty of God in orchestrating events according to His divine will. The narrative also foreshadows the ultimate justice and redemption found in Jesus Christ, who fulfills the law and the prophets (Matthew 5:17).