Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and Moses, a recurring theme in the Pentateuch. Moses is often seen as a mediator between God and the Israelites, highlighting his unique role as a prophet and leader. This direct revelation underscores the divine authority of the instructions that follow. In the broader biblical narrative, Moses is a type of Christ, serving as a mediator of a covenant, much like Jesus mediates the New Covenant (Hebrews 8:6).

on Mount Sinai
Mount Sinai is a significant location in biblical history, where God previously gave the Ten Commandments (Exodus 19-20). It symbolizes a place of divine revelation and covenant-making. The mention of Mount Sinai here connects the laws given in Leviticus to the covenant established in Exodus. Geographically, Mount Sinai is traditionally identified with Jebel Musa in the Sinai Peninsula, though its exact location remains debated. Theologically, Mount Sinai represents the holiness and majesty of God, as well as His desire to dwell among His people, foreshadowing the ultimate revelation of God in Jesus Christ (John 1:14).

Speak to the Israelites and say to them:
This directive is given to Moses, who serves as the mediator between God and the Israelites. The Israelites are the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel, and are God's chosen people. This phrase emphasizes the importance of communication from God through His appointed leader, highlighting the covenant relationship established at Sinai. It underscores the necessity of obedience to God's commands as a community.

When you enter the land that I am giving you:
The land referred to is Canaan, the Promised Land, which God pledged to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). This promise is central to the Abrahamic Covenant and signifies God's faithfulness. The phrase indicates a future event, pointing to the fulfillment of God's promise and the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to a settled agricultural society. It also foreshadows the eventual conquest and settlement under Joshua.

the land itself must observe a Sabbath to the LORD:
The concept of a Sabbath for the land introduces the idea of rest and renewal, extending the Sabbath principle beyond human rest to the land itself. This command reflects God's sovereignty over creation and His concern for the land's health and sustainability. It serves as a reminder of the creation narrative, where God rested on the seventh day (Genesis 2:2-3). The land's Sabbath is a type of Christ, who provides ultimate rest and restoration (Hebrews 4:9-10). This practice also anticipates the eschatological rest promised to God's people.

For six years
The concept of a six-year cycle is rooted in the creation narrative, where God created the world in six days and rested on the seventh (Genesis 1:31-2:2). This pattern of work and rest is foundational in biblical teaching, emphasizing the importance of labor followed by a period of rest or renewal. The six-year period also reflects the agrarian society of ancient Israel, where agricultural cycles were crucial for survival and prosperity.

you may sow your field
Sowing the field refers to the act of planting seeds, a fundamental agricultural practice. In ancient Israel, this was a critical task that determined the success of the harvest. The permission to sow for six years underscores the importance of diligent work and stewardship of the land. This practice is also a reminder of God's provision, as He is the ultimate source of growth and sustenance (1 Corinthians 3:7).

and prune your vineyard
Pruning the vineyard involves cutting away dead or overgrown branches to encourage healthy growth and fruit production. Vineyards were a significant part of Israel's economy and culture, symbolizing abundance and blessing (Psalm 104:14-15). The act of pruning is also metaphorically used in Scripture to describe God's work in refining and purifying His people (John 15:1-2).

and gather its crops
Gathering crops is the culmination of the agricultural process, representing the reward for hard work and God's blessing on the land. This phrase highlights the importance of harvest time, a period of joy and thanksgiving in Israelite culture (Deuteronomy 16:13-15). The gathering of crops also foreshadows the eschatological harvest, where God will gather His people (Matthew 13:39).

But in the seventh year
The concept of the seventh year is rooted in the biblical principle of the Sabbath, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. The number seven often symbolizes completion and perfection in the Bible, as seen in the creation week (Genesis 2:2-3). This cycle of seven years is part of the larger framework of the Jubilee, which occurs every 50th year, after seven cycles of seven years (Leviticus 25:8-10).

there shall be a Sabbath of complete rest for the land
This commandment emphasizes the importance of rest not only for people but also for the land itself. The Sabbath rest for the land is a form of agricultural practice that allows the soil to rejuvenate, preventing depletion of nutrients. This practice is supported by modern agricultural science, which recognizes the benefits of crop rotation and fallow periods. Theologically, it underscores God's sovereignty over creation and His provision for His people, as they must trust Him to provide during the year of rest.

a Sabbath to the LORD
The Sabbath is dedicated to the LORD, highlighting its spiritual significance. It is not merely an agricultural practice but an act of worship and obedience. This rest is a reminder of God's creation and His covenant with Israel. It also points forward to the ultimate rest found in Jesus Christ, who offers spiritual rest to believers (Matthew 11:28-30; Hebrews 4:9-10).

You are not to sow your field or prune your vineyard
This prohibition against sowing and pruning emphasizes reliance on God's provision. It challenges the Israelites to trust in God's faithfulness rather than their own efforts. This commandment also serves as a reminder of the Israelites' dependence on God for sustenance, echoing the provision of manna in the wilderness (Exodus 16:4-5). Theologically, it foreshadows the New Testament teaching of abiding in Christ, the true vine, and bearing fruit through Him (John 15:1-5).

You are not to reap the aftergrowth of your harvest
This command is part of the sabbatical year laws given to Israel, where every seventh year, the land was to rest. The "aftergrowth" refers to any crops that grow on their own from seeds that fell during the previous harvest. This practice emphasized reliance on God's provision rather than human effort. It also served as a reminder of God's ownership of the land (Leviticus 25:23) and the Israelites' role as stewards. The principle of rest and trust in God is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to rely on God's provision (Matthew 6:25-34).

or gather the grapes of your untended vines
The instruction to leave the grapes of untended vines underscores the importance of allowing the land to rest. In ancient Israel, vineyards were a significant source of sustenance and economic activity. By not tending the vines, the Israelites demonstrated obedience and trust in God's command. This practice also provided for the poor and the animals, as they were allowed to eat from what grew naturally (Exodus 23:11). The concept of leaving something for others is seen in the New Testament in the teachings of generosity and care for the needy (James 1:27).

The land must have a year of complete rest
The sabbatical year, or "Shmita," was a time of rest for the land, reflecting the Sabbath principle of rest for people. This rest was not only agricultural but also spiritual, as it was a time to focus on God and His provision. The idea of rest is a recurring theme in Scripture, pointing to the ultimate rest found in Christ (Hebrews 4:9-10). The sabbatical year also foreshadows the Jubilee year, which occurred every 50th year, where liberty was proclaimed, and debts were forgiven (Leviticus 25:10), symbolizing the freedom and redemption found in Jesus.

Whatever the land yields during the Sabbath year
The Sabbath year, also known as the Sabbatical year or Shemitah, occurs every seventh year, as commanded in Leviticus 25:1-7. During this year, the land is to lie fallow, and the Israelites are to trust in God's provision. This practice emphasizes reliance on God rather than human effort. It also serves as a reminder of the creation week, where God rested on the seventh day (Genesis 2:2-3). The land's natural yield during this time is a testament to God's ongoing provision and care.

shall be food for you
The produce that grows naturally without cultivation is intended to sustain the people. This provision underscores the principle of divine providence, where God supplies the needs of His people. It also reflects the manna provided in the wilderness (Exodus 16), where God supplied food without human labor. This reliance on God's provision is a precursor to the New Testament teaching of trusting God for daily needs (Matthew 6:25-34).

for yourself
The primary beneficiaries of the Sabbath year's yield are the landowners themselves. This ensures that even without active farming, the basic needs of the family are met. It highlights the personal aspect of God's care and provision for each individual.

your manservant and maidservant
Servants, who were often part of the household, are also included in this provision. This reflects the biblical principle of caring for those who work for you, ensuring that they too benefit from God's provision. It aligns with the broader biblical theme of justice and kindness towards servants (Ephesians 6:9, Colossians 4:1).

the hired hand or foreigner who stays with you
The inclusion of hired hands and foreigners demonstrates the inclusive nature of God's provision. It reflects the biblical mandate to care for the sojourner and the stranger (Deuteronomy 10:18-19). This provision foreshadows the New Testament teaching of the gospel being available to all people, Jew and Gentile alike (Galatians 3:28). It also emphasizes the community's responsibility to ensure that everyone, regardless of status or origin, is cared for during the Sabbath year.

and for your livestock
This phrase highlights the provision for domesticated animals during the Sabbath year. In ancient Israel, livestock such as sheep, goats, and cattle were vital for agriculture, transportation, and food. The Sabbath year, or Shemitah, required the land to rest, and this provision ensured that animals were still cared for. This reflects God's concern for all His creation, not just humans, and aligns with Proverbs 12:10, which speaks of the righteous caring for their animals.

and the wild animals in your land
The inclusion of wild animals emphasizes the comprehensive nature of God's provision. The land's produce during the Sabbath year was not to be hoarded but left accessible for all creatures. This reflects the interconnectedness of creation and God's sovereignty over all life. It also echoes the creation narrative in Genesis, where God provides for all living beings. This provision can be seen as a precursor to the peaceable kingdom described in Isaiah 11:6-9, where harmony exists between humans and animals.

All its growth may serve as food.
This phrase underscores the purpose of the land's natural yield during the Sabbath year. The produce was not to be harvested in the usual manner but left for anyone in need, including the poor and the stranger, as well as animals. This practice fostered a sense of community and reliance on God's provision. It also foreshadows the New Testament teaching of Jesus in Matthew 6:25-34, where He instructs His followers not to worry about their needs, trusting in God's provision. The principle of rest and reliance on God during the Sabbath year points to the ultimate rest found in Christ, as described in Hebrews 4:9-10.

And you shall count off seven Sabbaths of years—
This phrase introduces the concept of the Jubilee, a unique institution in ancient Israel. The "Sabbaths of years" refers to a cycle of seven years, where every seventh year was a sabbatical year, a time of rest for the land (Leviticus 25:4). This counting reflects the importance of the number seven in biblical symbolism, often representing completeness or divine perfection. The sabbatical year was a time for the land to rest, echoing the weekly Sabbath rest commanded in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:8-11).

seven times seven years—
The repetition of "seven times seven" emphasizes the completion of a full cycle, leading to the fiftieth year, the Jubilee. This mirrors the counting of the Omer between Passover and Shavuot, which is also a period of seven weeks (Leviticus 23:15-16). The multiplication of sevens underscores the significance of rest and renewal, both for the land and the people. It also points to the idea of ultimate redemption and restoration, themes that are central to the concept of Jubilee.

so that the seven Sabbaths of years amount to forty-nine years.
The culmination of these cycles in forty-nine years sets the stage for the fiftieth year, the Jubilee, a time of liberation and restoration (Leviticus 25:10). This period was marked by the release of slaves, the return of property, and the forgiveness of debts, symbolizing a fresh start for the community. The Jubilee year foreshadows the ultimate redemption found in Christ, who proclaimed "the year of the Lord's favor" (Luke 4:19), fulfilling the prophetic vision of liberation and restoration. The concept of Jubilee also reflects God's sovereignty over time and His provision for His people, ensuring that economic and social inequalities were addressed regularly.

Then you are to sound the horn far and wide
The sounding of the horn, or shofar, is a significant ritual in ancient Israelite culture. The shofar, typically made from a ram's horn, was used for various purposes, including calling people to worship, signaling the start of festivals, and announcing important events. In this context, it marks the beginning of the Year of Jubilee, a time of liberation and restoration. The use of the horn symbolizes a divine call to action and attention, echoing the voice of God. This practice is rooted in the tradition of using sound to gather the community and signify God's presence and intervention.

on the tenth day of the seventh month
This specific timing aligns with the Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur, which is the holiest day in the Jewish calendar. It is a day dedicated to repentance, fasting, and seeking forgiveness for sins. The choice of this day for sounding the horn underscores the themes of redemption and renewal, as the Year of Jubilee is a time when debts are forgiven, and slaves are freed. The seventh month, Tishrei, is a period rich with significant religious observances, including the Feast of Trumpets and the Feast of Tabernacles, highlighting a season of spiritual reflection and celebration.

the Day of Atonement
The Day of Atonement is central to the Jewish faith, representing a time when the high priest would enter the Holy of Holies to make atonement for the sins of the people. This day foreshadows the ultimate atonement made by Jesus Christ, who is seen as the High Priest and the sacrificial Lamb in Christian theology. The rituals performed on this day, including the scapegoat ceremony, symbolize the removal of sin and the restoration of the relationship between God and His people. The connection to the Year of Jubilee emphasizes the theme of liberation from sin and the restoration of spiritual and social order.

You shall sound it throughout your land
The command to sound the horn throughout the land indicates the communal and national scope of the Jubilee. It is not just a personal or local event but one that affects the entire nation of Israel. This widespread proclamation ensures that everyone, regardless of their status or location, is aware of the coming changes and can prepare for the social and economic reset that the Jubilee represents. The land itself is a significant element in the covenant between God and Israel, and the Jubilee serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over the land and His provision for His people. This proclamation throughout the land also prefigures the universal call of the Gospel, which is to be spread to all nations.

So you are to consecrate the fiftieth year
The fiftieth year is significant as it follows seven cycles of seven years, known as sabbatical years. This period of 49 years culminates in the Jubilee year, a time of rest and restoration. The concept of consecration here implies setting apart the year as holy, dedicated to God. This mirrors the Sabbath principle, emphasizing rest and reliance on God's provision. The number fifty is symbolic of freedom and redemption, as seen in the Pentecost, which occurs fifty days after Passover.

and proclaim liberty in the land for all its inhabitants.
The proclamation of liberty is a central theme of the Jubilee, reflecting God's desire for freedom and justice. This liberty includes the release of Hebrew slaves and the return of property to original family owners. It serves as a reminder of Israel's deliverance from Egypt, reinforcing the idea that ultimate freedom comes from God. This concept is echoed in Isaiah 61:1-2, which Jesus references in Luke 4:18-19, indicating the fulfillment of this liberty through His ministry.

It shall be your Jubilee,
The term "Jubilee" comes from the Hebrew word "yobel," meaning a ram's horn, which was used to announce the start of this year. The Jubilee represents a time of economic and social reset, ensuring that wealth and property do not become concentrated in the hands of a few. It reflects God's concern for social justice and equality, providing a safeguard against perpetual poverty and servitude.

when each of you is to return to his property
The return to one's property signifies the restoration of land ownership to its original family. This practice prevents the permanent loss of inheritance and maintains the tribal allotments given by God. It underscores the belief that the land ultimately belongs to God, and the Israelites are merely stewards. This principle is foundational to the understanding of God's covenant with Israel and His provision for His people.

and to his clan.
Returning to one's clan emphasizes the importance of family and community in Israelite society. It reinforces the social structure and ensures that familial ties remain strong. This return is not just physical but also relational, restoring individuals to their rightful place within their community. It highlights the value God places on relationships and the support system provided by the family unit. This restoration is a type of the ultimate reconciliation and unity found in Christ, who restores believers to their heavenly family.

The fiftieth year will be a Jubilee for you;
The concept of the Jubilee year is unique to the Israelites and is rooted in the idea of rest and restoration. Every fiftieth year, following seven cycles of seven years, was to be a time of liberation and celebration. This year was meant to reflect God's sovereignty and provision, reminding the Israelites that the land ultimately belonged to Him. The Jubilee year served as a reset for society, where debts were forgiven, and land was returned to its original owners, symbolizing spiritual renewal and social justice. This concept foreshadows the ultimate redemption and freedom found in Jesus Christ, who proclaimed the "year of the Lord's favor" (Luke 4:19).

you are not to sow the land
During the Jubilee year, the Israelites were commanded not to sow the land, emphasizing reliance on God's provision. This practice was a test of faith, as it required the people to trust that God would provide enough in the sixth year to sustain them through the seventh and into the Jubilee. This mirrors the Sabbath rest, where the land itself was given a break from cultivation, highlighting the importance of rest and trust in God's provision.

or reap its aftergrowth
The prohibition against reaping aftergrowth during the Jubilee year ensured that the land was not exploited for personal gain. This practice reinforced the idea that the land was a gift from God and was to be treated with respect and care. It also served as a reminder of the manna in the wilderness, where the Israelites were to gather only what they needed, teaching reliance on God's daily provision.

or harvest the untended vines.
The instruction not to harvest untended vines during the Jubilee year further emphasized the theme of rest and reliance on God. The untended vines, which grew without human intervention, symbolized God's natural provision. This command also prevented the accumulation of wealth and power, promoting equality and community welfare. The untended vines can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the true vine (John 15:1), providing spiritual nourishment and life to those who abide in Him.

For it is a Jubilee;
The Jubilee year, occurring every 50th year, was a time of liberation and restoration for the Israelites. It was a year when debts were forgiven, slaves were freed, and ancestral lands were returned to their original families. This concept is rooted in the idea of God's sovereignty over the land and His provision for His people. The Jubilee reflects God's desire for social justice and economic equality, ensuring that no family would be permanently impoverished or disenfranchised. The Jubilee also foreshadows the ultimate liberation and restoration found in Jesus Christ, who proclaimed the "year of the Lord's favor" (Luke 4:19), symbolizing spiritual freedom and redemption.

it shall be holy to you.
The holiness of the Jubilee year underscores its significance as a divine ordinance. The term "holy" indicates that the year is set apart for God's purposes and should be observed with reverence and obedience. This holiness is a reminder of the Israelites' covenant relationship with God, who called them to be a holy nation (Exodus 19:6). Observing the Jubilee required faith and trust in God's provision, as the people were to refrain from sowing or reaping in the usual manner. This trust in divine provision is a recurring theme in Scripture, as seen in the provision of manna in the wilderness (Exodus 16) and Jesus' teaching on reliance on God (Matthew 6:25-34).

You may eat only the crops taken directly from the field.
During the Jubilee, the Israelites were permitted to eat what the land naturally produced without cultivating it. This practice emphasized reliance on God's provision and the land's natural bounty. It also served as a reminder of the Sabbath principle, where rest and trust in God were paramount. The restriction to eat only what grew naturally reinforced the idea of the land's rest and the cessation of human labor. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to trust in God's provision and not be anxious about material needs (Philippians 4:19). The Jubilee's focus on natural provision also points to the spiritual sustenance found in Christ, the "bread of life" (John 6:35).

In this Year of Jubilee
The Year of Jubilee, occurring every 50th year, was a time of liberation and restoration for the Israelites. It was a unique institution in the Mosaic Law, emphasizing God's sovereignty over the land and His provision for His people. The Jubilee year followed seven cycles of seven years, with the 50th year being a time of rest and release. This concept is rooted in the idea of Sabbath rest, extending the principle of the weekly Sabbath to a larger societal scale. The Jubilee served as a reminder that the land ultimately belonged to God, and the Israelites were merely stewards of His creation. This year was marked by the blowing of the ram's horn on the Day of Atonement, symbolizing freedom and new beginnings.

each of you shall return
The command for each person to return highlights the restoration of familial and tribal lands. This return was not just a physical relocation but a restoration of social and economic order. It ensured that no family would permanently lose their inheritance due to poverty or misfortune. This principle reinforced the importance of family and tribal identity within Israelite society. It also served as a safeguard against the accumulation of wealth and power in the hands of a few, promoting equality and justice. The return can be seen as a type of spiritual renewal, pointing to the ultimate restoration and reconciliation found in Christ.

to his own property
The phrase "his own property" underscores the significance of land inheritance in Israel. Each tribe and family was allotted specific portions of land when they entered the Promised Land, as detailed in the book of Joshua. This land was a tangible sign of God's promise and blessing to His people. The return to one's property during the Jubilee year was a restoration of this divine gift. It also foreshadows the eternal inheritance believers have in Christ, as mentioned in 1 Peter 1:4, where an imperishable, undefiled, and unfading inheritance is promised. The Jubilee year, therefore, serves as a prophetic picture of the ultimate redemption and restoration that will occur in the new heavens and new earth.

If you make a sale to your neighbor
In the context of ancient Israel, the term "neighbor" refers to fellow Israelites, emphasizing the communal and covenantal nature of their society. The Israelites were bound by the Mosaic Law, which governed their social, economic, and religious life. This phrase underscores the importance of maintaining just and fair economic practices within the community. The land was considered a divine gift, and transactions were to reflect God's justice and provision. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to love their neighbors as themselves (Matthew 22:39).

or a purchase from him
The economic transactions mentioned here involve buying and selling, which were common in the agrarian society of ancient Israel. The land was a primary asset, and its sale or purchase was regulated by laws that ensured the land remained within the tribal inheritance (Leviticus 25:23-28). This reflects the belief that the land ultimately belonged to God, and the Israelites were merely stewards. The Jubilee year, described earlier in Leviticus 25, served as a reset for economic disparities, ensuring that families could reclaim their ancestral land.

you must not take advantage of each other
This command highlights the ethical standard expected in business dealings. Taking advantage of others, especially in economic transactions, was prohibited. This principle is rooted in the character of God, who is just and righteous. The prohibition against exploitation is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in passages like Proverbs 11:1, which condemns dishonest scales. In the New Testament, James 5:1-6 warns against the oppression of the poor by the wealthy. This command also foreshadows the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized fairness, justice, and love in all relationships.

You are to buy from your neighbor according to the number of years since the last Jubilee;
This phrase refers to the economic and social system established by God for the Israelites, where land transactions were regulated by the Jubilee cycle. The Jubilee occurred every 50 years, as outlined in Leviticus 25:8-12, and was a time when land was to be returned to its original family owners. This ensured that no family would permanently lose their inheritance. The concept of Jubilee reflects God's concern for social justice and economic equality, preventing the accumulation of wealth and power in the hands of a few. It also emphasizes the idea that the land ultimately belongs to God (Leviticus 25:23). The Jubilee year is a type of the ultimate redemption and restoration found in Jesus Christ, who proclaimed the "year of the Lord's favor" (Luke 4:18-19), symbolizing spiritual freedom and restoration.

he is to sell to you according to the number of harvest years remaining.
The value of the land was determined by the number of harvests remaining until the next Jubilee. This system ensured fairness in transactions, as the price would decrease as the Jubilee approached. The focus on harvest years highlights the agrarian nature of Israelite society, where the land's productivity was central to economic life. This principle underscores the importance of stewardship and the recognition that the land's ultimate purpose was to provide sustenance. The concept of harvest also carries spiritual significance, as it is often used in Scripture to symbolize the gathering of believers (Matthew 9:37-38) and the final judgment (Revelation 14:15). The regulation of land sales in this manner reflects God's desire for equitable treatment and the prevention of exploitation among His people.

You shall increase the price in proportion to a greater number of years
This phrase refers to the economic principle of valuing land based on the number of years remaining until the next Jubilee. The Jubilee, occurring every 50 years, was a time when land was returned to its original family owners (Leviticus 25:10). This system ensured that the price of land was fair and just, reflecting the potential productivity of the land until the Jubilee. The principle underscores the importance of fairness and justice in economic transactions, a theme consistent throughout Scripture (Proverbs 11:1). It also highlights the temporary stewardship of land, reminding the Israelites that the land ultimately belongs to God (Leviticus 25:23).

or decrease it in proportion to a lesser number of years
This part of the verse emphasizes the inverse relationship between the number of years until the Jubilee and the price of the land. As the Jubilee approached, the value of the land decreased because the buyer would have fewer harvests before the land reverted to its original owner. This system prevented exploitation and ensured that the poor could regain their ancestral land, reflecting God's concern for social justice and care for the marginalized (Isaiah 61:1-2). It also foreshadows the ultimate redemption and restoration found in Christ, who restores what is lost and brings freedom to captives (Luke 4:18-19).

for he is selling you a given number of harvests
This phrase clarifies that the transaction is not about the land itself but the number of harvests it can produce before the Jubilee. The focus on harvests ties the economic value directly to the land's productivity, which was crucial in an agrarian society. This perspective aligns with the biblical principle of sowing and reaping (Galatians 6:7) and the understanding that God is the provider of all resources (Deuteronomy 8:18). It also points to the spiritual harvest that believers are called to participate in, as Jesus spoke of the fields being ripe for harvest (John 4:35), symbolizing the gathering of souls into God's kingdom.

Do not take advantage of each other
This command is rooted in the broader context of the Year of Jubilee, a time when debts were forgiven, and land was returned to its original owners. The principle here is one of fairness and justice, reflecting God's desire for His people to live in harmony and equity. This echoes the broader biblical theme of loving one's neighbor (Leviticus 19:18) and is a precursor to the New Testament teachings of Jesus, who emphasized love and fairness in relationships (Matthew 7:12). The historical context of ancient Israel, where economic disparity could lead to exploitation, underscores the importance of this command.

but fear your God
The fear of God is a central theme throughout Scripture, signifying reverence, awe, and obedience to God's commandments. In this context, it serves as a deterrent against exploiting others, reminding the Israelites that their actions are accountable to a higher authority. This fear is not about terror but about respect and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and justice. Proverbs 9:10 states that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, indicating that true understanding and ethical behavior stem from a proper relationship with God.

for I am the LORD your God
This phrase reaffirms God's covenant relationship with Israel. It is a reminder of His authority and the basis for the commandments given. The use of "I am the LORD" is a declaration of His eternal and unchanging nature, as seen in Exodus 3:14, where God reveals Himself as "I AM." This statement also connects to the identity of God as the ultimate lawgiver and judge, whose standards are to be upheld by His people. It underscores the idea that ethical behavior is not merely a social construct but a divine mandate.

You are to keep My statutes
This phrase emphasizes the importance of adhering to God's laws, which were given to the Israelites as part of the covenant at Sinai. The statutes refer to the specific decrees and commands that God provided through Moses. These laws were not merely legalistic requirements but were intended to guide the Israelites in living a life that was pleasing to God. The emphasis on keeping these statutes highlights the need for obedience and faithfulness, which is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament. In the New Testament, Jesus affirms the importance of God's commandments, summarizing them in the two greatest commandments: love for God and love for neighbor (Matthew 22:37-40).

and carefully observe My judgments
Judgments refer to the decisions and ordinances that God has established. These are the divine principles of justice and righteousness that the Israelites were to follow. The call to "carefully observe" indicates the need for diligence and intentionality in applying God's judgments to daily life. This reflects the broader biblical theme of justice and righteousness, which is central to God's character. The prophets often called Israel back to these principles when they strayed (e.g., Micah 6:8). In the New Testament, Jesus is portrayed as the ultimate judge who embodies God's perfect justice (John 5:22).

so that you may dwell securely in the land
The promise of dwelling securely in the land is contingent upon obedience to God's statutes and judgments. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where blessings, including security and prosperity in the Promised Land, were tied to their faithfulness. The land itself was a significant aspect of God's promise to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). The concept of security in the land also points to the eschatological hope of ultimate peace and rest in God's kingdom. In the New Testament, this is fulfilled in the promise of eternal life and the new creation, where believers will dwell securely with God (Revelation 21:1-4).

Then the land will yield its fruit
This phrase reflects the promise of God's provision and blessing upon the obedience of His people. In the context of Leviticus 25, this is part of the instructions regarding the Sabbath year and the Year of Jubilee, where the land was to rest. The yielding of fruit signifies God's faithfulness to provide even when the Israelites were not actively cultivating the land. This promise is reminiscent of the blessings outlined in Deuteronomy 28:1-14, where obedience leads to prosperity. The land of Canaan, known for its agricultural potential, was a tangible sign of God's covenant with Israel, a land "flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8).

so that you can eat your fill
This assurance of abundance is a direct result of the land yielding its fruit. It emphasizes God's provision and care for His people, ensuring that they have more than enough to satisfy their needs. This concept of divine provision is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus feeds the multitudes (Matthew 14:13-21), symbolizing God's ability to provide abundantly. The phrase also highlights the importance of trusting in God's provision, as seen in the Lord's Prayer, "Give us this day our daily bread" (Matthew 6:11).

and dwell in safety in the land
Safety in the land is a significant promise, especially considering the historical context of Israel's frequent conflicts with surrounding nations. This safety is contingent upon Israel's obedience to God's laws, as outlined in Leviticus 26:3-6, where peace and security are promised to those who follow God's statutes. The concept of dwelling in safety also points to the ultimate rest and security found in Christ, who is our peace (Ephesians 2:14). The land itself, a central element of God's covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21), serves as a type of the eternal inheritance promised to believers, a place of ultimate safety and rest in God's presence (Hebrews 4:9-10).

Now you may wonder
This phrase introduces a common human concern about future provision. It reflects the natural tendency to worry about sustenance and survival, especially when faced with a command that seems to contradict practical experience. This concern is addressed by God, who anticipates the Israelites' questions and doubts, demonstrating His understanding of human nature.

‘What will we eat in the seventh year
The seventh year refers to the Sabbath year, a time when the Israelites were commanded to let the land rest and not sow or reap. This command is part of the larger Sabbatical cycle, which includes the weekly Sabbath and the Jubilee year. The Sabbath year is a test of faith, requiring trust in God's provision. Historically, this practice set Israel apart from surrounding nations, emphasizing reliance on God rather than human effort.

if we do not sow or gather our produce?’
Sowing and gathering are fundamental agricultural activities necessary for survival. The question highlights the tension between obedience to God's command and the practical need for food. This situation is reminiscent of the Israelites' experience in the wilderness, where they had to trust God for manna. It also foreshadows the New Testament teaching of seeking first the kingdom of God and trusting Him for provision (Matthew 6:31-33). The Sabbath year serves as a type of Christ, who provides rest and sustenance for His people, inviting them to trust in His sufficiency.

But I will send My blessing upon you
This phrase emphasizes God's direct intervention and provision for His people. In the context of Leviticus, God is speaking to the Israelites about the sabbatical year, a time when the land was to rest every seventh year. This divine promise reassures the Israelites that their obedience to God's command to let the land lie fallow will not lead to scarcity. The concept of blessing is central to the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience results in divine favor. This promise reflects God's sovereignty and His ability to provide abundantly, echoing the blessings promised in Deuteronomy 28 for obedience.

in the sixth year
The sixth year is significant because it precedes the sabbatical year when the Israelites were commanded not to sow or reap. This timing underscores the miraculous nature of God's provision. Historically, agricultural societies depended heavily on consistent crop yields, and the idea of not planting for a year would naturally cause concern. The sixth year, therefore, becomes a test of faith and trust in God's provision. This concept of divine timing is seen throughout Scripture, where God provides at the exact moment of need, such as the manna in the wilderness (Exodus 16).

so that the land will yield a crop
The promise of a bountiful crop is a tangible sign of God's blessing. In an agrarian society, the land's productivity was directly linked to survival and prosperity. The land yielding a crop is a fulfillment of God's covenant promises, where the land of Canaan is described as a land flowing with milk and honey (Exodus 3:8). This phrase also highlights the principle of stewardship, where the land is seen as a gift from God, and the Israelites are its caretakers, responsible for following God's commands regarding its use.

sufficient for three years
This phrase underscores the abundance of God's provision, ensuring that the Israelites would have enough food not only for the sabbatical year but also for the year following it, when they would plant but not yet harvest. This three-year provision is a testament to God's ability to provide beyond immediate needs, ensuring security and stability. It reflects the principle of God's provision seen in the New Testament, where Jesus teaches about God's care for His people, encouraging them not to worry about their needs (Matthew 6:25-34). This abundance can also be seen as a type of Christ, who provides spiritual sustenance and rest for His people, fulfilling their deepest needs.

While you are sowing in the eighth year
This phrase refers to the agricultural cycle in ancient Israel, where the land was to be sown and harvested according to the instructions given by God. The eighth year follows the Sabbath year, a year of rest for the land as commanded in Leviticus 25:4. This practice underscores the importance of trusting in God's provision, as the Israelites were to refrain from sowing and reaping during the seventh year. The eighth year marks the resumption of agricultural activities, symbolizing renewal and faith in God's continued sustenance.

you will be eating from the previous harvest
This highlights God's promise of provision. During the Sabbath year, the Israelites were not to plant or harvest, yet God assured them that the sixth year's yield would be abundant enough to sustain them through the seventh year and into the eighth. This miraculous provision is reminiscent of the manna provided in the wilderness (Exodus 16), where God supplied the Israelites' needs despite natural limitations. It emphasizes reliance on divine provision rather than human effort.

until the ninth year’s harvest comes in
The ninth year represents the completion of a cycle and the return to normal agricultural practices. The phrase indicates a period of transition where the Israelites continue to depend on God's provision until the new harvest is ready. This cycle of dependence and renewal can be seen as a type of Christ, who provides spiritual sustenance and rest (Matthew 11:28-30). The concept of waiting for the harvest also connects to the New Testament theme of spiritual sowing and reaping (Galatians 6:9), encouraging believers to trust in God's timing and provision.

The land must not be sold permanently
This phrase reflects the concept of the Jubilee, a time every 50 years when land was to be returned to its original family owners (Leviticus 25:10). This ensured that no family would permanently lose their inheritance, maintaining social and economic balance. The land's impermanence in ownership underscores the belief that God is the ultimate owner of the land, and humans are merely stewards. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are reminded that their true citizenship is in heaven (Philippians 3:20).

because it is Mine
This declaration emphasizes God's sovereignty over the earth. The land of Israel was considered a divine gift to the Israelites, but it remained God's possession. This concept is rooted in the creation narrative, where God is the creator and owner of all (Psalm 24:1). The idea of divine ownership is a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and His people, where obedience to His laws was paramount.

and you are but foreigners and residents with Me
This phrase highlights the transient nature of human life and the Israelites' dependence on God. It reflects the historical context of the Israelites, who were once foreigners in Egypt and later sojourners in the wilderness. The notion of being "foreigners and residents" is a call to humility and reliance on God, recognizing that their true home is with Him. This theme is mirrored in the New Testament, where Christians are described as "aliens and strangers" in the world (1 Peter 2:11), emphasizing their temporary status on earth and eternal home with God.

Thus for every piece of property you possess
In the context of ancient Israel, land was a divine gift and inheritance from God, distributed among the tribes and families. The land was not merely a commodity but a sacred trust. This phrase emphasizes the communal and covenantal nature of land ownership in Israel. The land ultimately belonged to God (Leviticus 25:23), and the Israelites were stewards of His creation. This stewardship principle is echoed in Genesis 1:28, where humanity is given dominion over the earth. The idea of land as a divine inheritance is also seen in the division of Canaan among the tribes in the book of Joshua.

you must provide for the redemption of the land
The concept of redemption here refers to the practice of the kinsman-redeemer, where a family member could buy back property that had been sold due to economic hardship. This ensured that land remained within the family and tribe, preserving the inheritance given by God. The Year of Jubilee, described earlier in Leviticus 25, was a time when all land was to be returned to its original owners, symbolizing God's provision and mercy. This redemption process foreshadows the redemptive work of Jesus Christ, who redeems humanity from sin and restores us to our intended inheritance as children of God (Ephesians 1:7, Colossians 1:13-14). The idea of redemption is central to the biblical narrative, culminating in Christ's sacrificial death and resurrection.

If your brother becomes impoverished
This phrase addresses the situation of a fellow Israelite falling into poverty. The Mosaic Law provided various protections for the poor, emphasizing community responsibility and compassion. The term "brother" signifies a fellow member of the Israelite community, highlighting the familial bond among God's people. This reflects the broader biblical principle of caring for those in need, as seen in Deuteronomy 15:7-11 and Proverbs 19:17.

and sells some of his property
In ancient Israel, land was a crucial asset, representing both livelihood and inheritance. Selling land was often a last resort for those in financial distress. The land was considered a divine gift, and its sale was not taken lightly. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where the land was part of the promise to Abraham (Genesis 12:7). The sale of land due to poverty underscores the severity of the individual's situation.

his nearest of kin may come
The concept of the "nearest of kin" or "kinsman-redeemer" (Hebrew: go'el) is central to this passage. This role involved a family member stepping in to assist relatives in distress, whether by redeeming land, marrying a widow to preserve the family line (as in the story of Ruth and Boaz), or avenging wrongful death. This practice ensured the preservation of family heritage and stability within the community.

and redeem what his brother has sold
Redemption here involves buying back the property to keep it within the family. This act of redemption is a powerful symbol of restoration and hope, reflecting God's redemptive work throughout Scripture. The kinsman-redeemer is a type of Christ, who redeems humanity from sin and restores us to our intended inheritance. This concept is echoed in the New Testament, where Christ is portrayed as our Redeemer (Galatians 3:13, Ephesians 1:7).

Or if a man has no one to redeem it for him
In ancient Israel, the concept of redemption was deeply rooted in the family structure and tribal affiliations. The nearest kinsman, or "kinsman-redeemer," had the responsibility to buy back property that a relative had sold due to poverty. This ensured that land remained within the family and tribe, preserving the inheritance given by God. The role of the kinsman-redeemer is exemplified in the Book of Ruth, where Boaz redeems the land of Naomi. This system reflects God's concern for social justice and family integrity. The absence of a redeemer highlights the vulnerability of individuals without family support, emphasizing the importance of community and kinship in Israelite society.

but he prospers and acquires enough to redeem his land
This phrase indicates a change in the man's circumstances, suggesting divine blessing and personal diligence. The ability to prosper and regain one's land underscores the theme of restoration and hope. It reflects the biblical principle that God provides opportunities for redemption and recovery. The land in Israel was not merely property but a divine inheritance, symbolizing God's covenant with His people. The restoration of land signifies a return to one's rightful place within the community and the fulfillment of God's promises. This concept is echoed in the New Testament, where spiritual redemption and restoration are offered through Jesus Christ, who is seen as the ultimate Redeemer.

he shall calculate the years since its sale
This phrase refers to the practice of the Jubilee, a unique institution in ancient Israel where every 50th year, land that had been sold was to be returned to its original family owner. The calculation of years since the sale was crucial to determine the redemption price. This reflects the importance of land in Israelite society, as it was tied to family inheritance and God's covenant with Israel. The concept of Jubilee emphasizes God's sovereignty over the land and His provision for economic reset and social justice. It also foreshadows the ultimate redemption found in Christ, who restores what is lost.

repay the balance to the man to whom he sold it
This repayment represents the redemption price, calculated based on the number of years remaining until the next Jubilee. The balance ensures fairness in transactions, reflecting God's justice and mercy. This principle of redemption is echoed in the New Testament, where Christ pays the ultimate price for humanity's redemption. The act of repaying the balance underscores the value of integrity and responsibility in financial dealings, aligning with biblical teachings on stewardship and honesty.

and return to his property
The return to one's property signifies restoration and the re-establishment of familial and tribal inheritance. This return is not just a physical reclaiming of land but also a spiritual renewal, symbolizing God's faithfulness to His promises. The Jubilee year serves as a reminder of God's provision and the hope of restoration, paralleling the eschatological hope of believers in the New Testament. The concept of returning to one's property can be seen as a type of the ultimate rest and restoration found in Christ, who promises an eternal inheritance to His followers.

But if he cannot obtain enough to repay him
This phrase addresses the situation where an individual, due to financial hardship, has sold his property and is unable to gather sufficient resources to buy it back. In ancient Israel, land was a crucial asset, representing both livelihood and inheritance. The inability to redeem the land highlights the economic struggles faced by some families. This provision underscores the importance of land in Israelite society and the need for mechanisms to prevent permanent loss of family inheritance.

what he sold will remain in possession of the buyer
The buyer holds the land until the Year of Jubilee if the original owner cannot redeem it. This reflects the temporary nature of property transactions in Israel, where land was not permanently transferred but rather leased. The buyer benefits from the land's produce until the Jubilee, which serves as a reminder of the temporary stewardship of earthly possessions.

until the Year of Jubilee
The Year of Jubilee occurred every 50th year and was a time of liberation and restoration. It was a unique institution in Israelite law, ensuring that economic disparities did not become permanent. The Jubilee reflects God's desire for social justice and equality, emphasizing that the land ultimately belongs to Him (Leviticus 25:23). It also foreshadows the ultimate redemption and restoration found in Christ, who proclaims the "year of the Lord's favor" (Luke 4:19).

In the Jubilee, however, it is to be released
During the Jubilee, all sold land was to be returned to its original family owners. This release symbolizes freedom and restoration, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture. It serves as a type of the spiritual release and redemption offered through Jesus Christ, who frees believers from the bondage of sin and restores them to their intended inheritance in God's kingdom.

so that he may return to his property
The return to one's property signifies the restoration of family heritage and stability. It ensures that each family maintains its God-given inheritance, preventing the permanent disenfranchisement of any tribe or family. This return is a powerful image of God's faithfulness and the hope of restoration, paralleling the believer's return to a right relationship with God through Christ. The Jubilee year thus becomes a prophetic picture of the ultimate restoration of all things in the new creation (Revelation 21:1-5).

If a man sells a house in a walled city,
In ancient Israel, walled cities were significant as they provided protection and security from invaders. Houses within these cities were considered valuable due to their strategic location. The sale of such a house was not just a financial transaction but also involved considerations of family heritage and community ties. The concept of selling property in a walled city reflects the structured society of ancient Israel, where land and property were integral to one's identity and inheritance.

he retains his right of redemption
The right of redemption was a provision in the Mosaic Law that allowed the original owner or a close relative to buy back property. This reflects the importance of family and tribal continuity in Israelite society. Redemption laws ensured that property remained within the family, preventing permanent loss of inheritance. This principle is echoed in the story of Ruth and Boaz, where Boaz acts as a kinsman-redeemer.

until a full year after its sale;
The one-year period provided a fair opportunity for the original owner to gather the necessary resources to redeem the property. This timeframe underscores the balance between economic transactions and familial rights. It also reflects God's concern for justice and mercy, allowing individuals time to recover from financial hardship.

during that year it may be redeemed.
The possibility of redemption during the year emphasizes the temporary nature of the sale. This provision ensured that families could reclaim their ancestral homes, maintaining their connection to the land. The concept of redemption is a recurring theme in the Bible, symbolizing deliverance and restoration. It foreshadows the ultimate redemption through Jesus Christ, who redeems humanity from sin, restoring the relationship between God and His people.

If it is not redeemed by the end of a full year,
In ancient Israel, the concept of redemption was central to property laws. A house in a walled city could be redeemed within a year of its sale, reflecting the importance of family heritage and land ownership. This period allowed the original owner or a close relative to buy back the property, ensuring that family inheritance was preserved. The one-year timeframe underscores the urgency and importance of maintaining familial ties to the land, a principle rooted in the covenantal promises given to the Israelites.

then the house in the walled city is permanently transferred to its buyer and his descendants.
Walled cities were significant in ancient Israel as they provided protection and were centers of trade and governance. The permanent transfer of a house within such a city after a year indicates a shift from temporary to permanent ownership, emphasizing the finality of the transaction. This reflects the broader biblical theme of stewardship and the consequences of decisions regarding property and inheritance. The permanence of the transfer also highlights the distinction between urban and rural properties, as rural land could be redeemed even after a year.

It is not to be released in the Jubilee.
The Jubilee year, occurring every 50 years, was a time of liberation and restoration, where land and property were returned to original families. However, houses in walled cities were exempt from this release, signifying a different set of rules for urban properties compared to rural lands. This exemption underscores the unique economic and social dynamics of city life, where property was more about commerce and less about family heritage. The Jubilee's focus on rural land restoration points to the agrarian nature of Israelite society and God's provision for maintaining tribal inheritances.

But houses in villages with no walls around them
In ancient Israel, the distinction between walled cities and unwalled villages was significant. Walled cities provided protection and were often centers of trade and governance, while unwalled villages were more rural and agricultural. The lack of walls indicated vulnerability and a reliance on community and divine protection rather than military strength. This reflects the Israelites' dependence on God for security, as seen in Psalm 127:1, which emphasizes that unless the Lord watches over a city, the watchmen stand guard in vain.

are to be considered as open fields
This phrase indicates that houses in unwalled villages were treated similarly to agricultural land in terms of redemption and Jubilee laws. Unlike houses in walled cities, which could be sold permanently, these properties were subject to redemption and release. This reflects the agrarian nature of Israelite society, where land was a primary source of sustenance and identity. The treatment of these houses as open fields underscores the importance of land in maintaining family heritage and economic stability, as seen in the story of Naboth's vineyard in 1 Kings 21.

They may be redeemed
The concept of redemption here is rooted in the Levitical law, which allowed for the repurchase of property by the original owner or a close relative. This ensured that land remained within the family, preserving tribal inheritance as outlined in Numbers 36:7. The redemption process is a type of Christ's redemptive work, where He redeems believers from sin, restoring them to their intended inheritance in God's kingdom, as seen in Ephesians 1:7.

and they shall be released in the Jubilee
The Jubilee, occurring every 50th year, was a time of liberation and restoration, where debts were forgiven, and land was returned to its original owners. This practice emphasized God's sovereignty over the land and His provision for His people. It foreshadows the ultimate redemption and restoration found in Christ, who proclaims the "year of the Lord's favor" in Luke 4:19, symbolizing spiritual freedom and the restoration of all things. The Jubilee serves as a reminder of God's grace and the hope of eternal rest and restoration in the new creation.

As for the cities of the Levites
The Levites were one of the twelve tribes of Israel, set apart for religious duties and service in the Tabernacle and later the Temple. Unlike other tribes, they were not given a large contiguous territory but were instead allocated specific cities throughout Israel (Numbers 35:1-8). These cities served as their dwelling places and centers for their priestly functions. The distribution of these cities ensured that the Levites were spread throughout the land, facilitating their role as spiritual leaders and teachers of the Law.

the Levites always have the right to redeem
The concept of redemption in the Old Testament often involves the reclaiming or buying back of property or persons. For the Levites, who did not have a large inheritance of land, the ability to redeem their houses was crucial for maintaining their presence and function within their cities. This provision underscores the importance of the Levites' role and ensures their stability and continuity in serving the community. The right of redemption reflects God's provision and care for those dedicated to His service.

their houses in the cities they possess
The houses in the Levitical cities were not just residences but also places where the Levites could perform their duties, including teaching the Law and offering counsel. The possession of these houses was vital for the Levites to fulfill their God-given responsibilities. This provision highlights the unique status of the Levites, who, unlike other Israelites, did not possess agricultural land but were instead supported by the tithes and offerings of the people (Numbers 18:21-24). The ability to redeem their houses ensured that the Levites could maintain their homes and continue their ministry without disruption.

So whatever belongs to the Levites may be redeemed
The Levites, set apart for religious duties, did not receive a territorial inheritance like the other tribes. Instead, they were given cities and surrounding pasturelands (Numbers 35:1-8). This provision allowed them to redeem property, ensuring their sustenance and ability to serve in their priestly roles. The concept of redemption here reflects God's provision and care for those dedicated to His service, emphasizing the importance of maintaining the Levitical priesthood.

a house sold in a city they possess
The Levites were granted specific cities within the territories of other tribes. These cities were strategically located to allow the Levites to minister throughout Israel. The sale of a house within these cities was not permanent, highlighting the temporary nature of earthly possessions and the enduring nature of God's promises. This arrangement ensured that the Levites could continue their religious duties without being permanently dispossessed.

and must be released in the Jubilee
The Year of Jubilee, occurring every 50th year, was a time of liberation and restoration (Leviticus 25:8-17). It symbolized God's mercy and the resetting of social and economic structures. For the Levites, the Jubilee ensured that their properties would return to them, maintaining their ability to serve God and the community. This reflects the biblical theme of redemption and restoration, pointing to the ultimate redemption found in Christ.

because the houses in the cities of the Levites are their possession among the Israelites
The Levites' possession of these houses was unique, as they did not own land like the other tribes. This arrangement underscored their special role and dependence on God and the community for their livelihood. It also served as a reminder to the Israelites of the Levites' spiritual leadership and the importance of supporting those who minister in God's name. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to support those who labor in teaching and preaching (1 Timothy 5:17-18).

But the open pastureland around their cities
The term "open pastureland" refers to the common lands surrounding the Levitical cities, designated for grazing and agricultural purposes. These lands were essential for the sustenance of the Levites, who did not receive a tribal inheritance like the other tribes of Israel. The Levites were set apart for religious duties, and their sustenance was provided through these lands and the tithes of the people. The cities mentioned are those allocated to the Levites, as described in Numbers 35:1-8, where God commands the Israelites to give cities and surrounding pasturelands to the Levites.

may not be sold
This prohibition against selling the pastureland underscores the importance of maintaining the Levitical cities' integrity and function. The Levites' role as spiritual leaders and mediators required stability and continuity, which could be compromised if their lands were sold. This command reflects the broader biblical principle of stewardship and the idea that the land ultimately belongs to God (Leviticus 25:23). It also highlights the importance of preserving the resources necessary for the Levites to fulfill their duties.

for this is their permanent possession
The phrase "permanent possession" indicates the enduring nature of the Levites' claim to these lands. Unlike other Israelites, who could sell and redeem their property, the Levites' lands were to remain with them perpetually. This provision ensured that the Levites could continue their service to God and the community without the distraction or instability that might come from losing their land. This concept of a permanent possession can be seen as a type of the eternal inheritance promised to believers in Christ, as mentioned in 1 Peter 1:4, which speaks of an inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading.

Now if your countryman becomes destitute
This phrase addresses the situation of an Israelite who has fallen into poverty. The Mosaic Law provided guidelines for the community to support those in need, reflecting God's concern for justice and compassion. The term "countryman" emphasizes the covenant relationship among the Israelites, who were bound by shared faith and heritage. This reflects the broader biblical principle of caring for one's neighbor, as seen in passages like Deuteronomy 15:7-11.

and cannot support himself among you
The inability to support oneself indicates a severe level of poverty. In ancient Israel, this could result from various factors such as crop failure, illness, or economic downturns. The communal nature of Israelite society meant that individual well-being was tied to the community's health. This phrase underscores the importance of social responsibility and mutual aid, which are echoed in the New Testament teachings of bearing one another's burdens (Galatians 6:2).

then you are to help him
This command is a direct call to action, emphasizing the moral obligation to assist those in need. The Hebrew concept of "help" here involves more than just financial aid; it includes providing opportunities for the destitute to regain stability and dignity. This aligns with the biblical theme of mercy and justice, as seen in Micah 6:8.

as you would a foreigner or stranger
The inclusion of foreigners and strangers highlights the inclusive nature of God's law. While Israelites had a special covenant relationship with God, they were also called to extend kindness to non-Israelites living among them. This reflects God's impartiality and foreshadows the New Testament message of the gospel being for all nations (Matthew 28:19). The treatment of foreigners is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, emphasizing hospitality and fairness (Exodus 22:21).

so that he can continue to live among you
The goal of this command is the preservation of community and the prevention of social fragmentation. By ensuring that the destitute can continue to live among them, the Israelites maintained the integrity and unity of their society. This principle is mirrored in the New Testament church's practice of sharing resources to meet the needs of all members (Acts 2:44-45). The phrase also points to the sustaining power of God's provision, as seen in the manna provided in the wilderness (Exodus 16).

Do not take any interest or profit from him
This command is part of the broader Levitical law given to the Israelites, emphasizing social justice and compassion. The prohibition against charging interest, or usury, on loans to fellow Israelites reflects God's desire for His people to care for one another, especially the poor and needy. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, charging interest was common, but God set His people apart with this command. This principle is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as Exodus 22:25 and Deuteronomy 23:19-20, highlighting the importance of community support and the avoidance of exploitation.

but fear your God
The fear of God is a central theme throughout the Bible, signifying reverence, awe, and obedience to His commandments. This phrase underscores that the motivation for ethical behavior, such as not charging interest, should stem from a deep respect for God. Proverbs 9:10 states, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom," indicating that true understanding and righteous living start with acknowledging God's authority. This fear is not about terror but about recognizing God's holiness and justice, leading to a life that honors Him.

that your countryman may live among you
This phrase emphasizes the communal aspect of Israelite society, where the well-being of each individual affects the whole community. The goal is to ensure that every member of the community can live with dignity and security. This reflects the broader biblical principle of loving one's neighbor, as seen in Leviticus 19:18, which Jesus later cites as the second greatest commandment (Matthew 22:39). The idea is that by following God's laws, the Israelites create a society where everyone can thrive, prefiguring the kingdom of God where justice and compassion reign.

You must not lend him your silver at interest
This command is part of the broader Levitical law given to the Israelites, emphasizing the importance of compassion and fairness within the community. In ancient Israel, lending money at interest to fellow Israelites was prohibited to prevent exploitation and ensure that the poor were not further burdened. This reflects God's desire for His people to care for one another and maintain social justice. The prohibition against usury is echoed in other parts of the Old Testament, such as Exodus 22:25 and Deuteronomy 23:19-20, highlighting its significance in maintaining community integrity. The principle can be seen as a precursor to the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized love and generosity towards others, as seen in passages like Luke 6:34-35.

or sell him your food for profit
This phrase underscores the importance of providing for the needy without seeking personal gain. In the agrarian society of ancient Israel, food was a basic necessity, and selling it at a profit to those in need would have been seen as taking advantage of their vulnerability. This command aligns with the broader biblical theme of caring for the poor and ensuring that everyone has access to essential resources. The idea of not profiting from the misfortune of others is consistent with the teachings of the prophets, such as Isaiah and Amos, who called for justice and righteousness. It also foreshadows the New Testament teachings on generosity and selflessness, as exemplified by Jesus' life and ministry.

I am the LORD your God
This phrase emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and the Israelites. The use of "I am" echoes the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, signifying God's eternal and self-existent nature. It establishes His authority and the basis for the laws given in Leviticus. The declaration "your God" underscores a personal relationship, indicating that God is not a distant deity but one who is intimately involved with His people.

who brought you out of the land of Egypt
This reference to the Exodus is a reminder of God's deliverance and faithfulness. The historical event of the Exodus is central to Israel's identity and is frequently mentioned throughout the Old Testament as a demonstration of God's power and love (Exodus 20:2, Deuteronomy 5:6). It serves as a type of Christ's redemptive work, where Jesus delivers believers from the bondage of sin (John 8:34-36).

to give you the land of Canaan
The land of Canaan represents the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham (Genesis 12:7). It is a tangible sign of God's faithfulness and a place where the Israelites are to live out their covenant relationship with Him. The land is not just a physical inheritance but also a spiritual one, symbolizing rest and blessing. This promise is echoed in the New Testament as believers are promised an eternal inheritance through Christ (Hebrews 4:8-10).

and to be your God
This phrase reiterates the covenantal theme, emphasizing God's desire for a relationship with His people. It reflects the purpose of the covenant: that God would dwell among His people and they would worship Him alone (Exodus 29:45-46). This relationship is fulfilled in the New Testament through Jesus Christ, who makes it possible for believers to have a personal relationship with God (John 1:12, 2 Corinthians 6:16).

If a countryman among you becomes destitute
This phrase addresses the situation of an Israelite who has fallen into poverty. The Mosaic Law provided various protections for the poor, emphasizing community responsibility. The term "countryman" indicates a fellow Israelite, highlighting the covenantal relationship among God's people. This reflects the broader biblical theme of caring for the needy, as seen in Deuteronomy 15:7-11, where Israelites are commanded to be generous to the poor.

and sells himself to you
In ancient Israel, selling oneself into servitude was a means of survival for those in dire financial straits. This was not slavery in the harsh sense but a form of indentured servitude. The individual retained certain rights and was to be treated with dignity. This practice is distinct from the slavery seen in other ancient cultures, where individuals had no rights. The Jubilee laws (Leviticus 25:10) ensured that such servitude was temporary, with release in the Jubilee year.

then you must not force him into slave labor
The command here is to treat the destitute countryman with respect and not as a slave. This reflects God's justice and mercy, as He delivered Israel from slavery in Egypt (Exodus 20:2). The Hebrew term for "slave labor" implies harsh, oppressive work. This regulation underscores the value of every individual as made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27) and anticipates the New Testament teaching of loving one's neighbor (Matthew 22:39). The principle of treating others with dignity is a reflection of Christ's teaching and example, who came to serve and not to be served (Mark 10:45).

Let him stay with you as a hired worker or temporary resident;
This phrase addresses the treatment of fellow Israelites who have fallen into poverty and sold themselves into servitude. The law emphasizes compassion and fairness, ensuring that the individual is not treated as a slave but as a hired worker or temporary resident. This reflects the broader biblical principle of justice and mercy, as seen in passages like Deuteronomy 15:12-15, which also discusses the release of Hebrew servants. The cultural context of ancient Israel was one where servitude was often a result of economic hardship, and this law provided a means for individuals to maintain dignity and hope for restoration.

he is to work for you until the Year of Jubilee.
The Year of Jubilee, occurring every 50th year, was a time of liberation and restoration, as outlined in Leviticus 25:8-17. It was a unique institution in Israelite society, ensuring that land and people could return to their original state, preventing perpetual poverty and servitude. This concept underscores the biblical theme of redemption and foreshadows the ultimate redemption found in Jesus Christ, who proclaimed the "year of the Lord's favor" (Luke 4:18-19), symbolizing spiritual freedom and restoration. The Jubilee year served as a reminder of God's sovereignty over the land and His desire for social justice and equality among His people.

Then he and his children are to be released
This phrase refers to the Year of Jubilee, a time of liberation and restoration described in Leviticus 25. Every 50th year, Hebrew slaves were to be freed, and debts forgiven. This practice underscores the value of freedom and the importance of family unity in Israelite society. It reflects God's desire for His people to experience physical and spiritual freedom, paralleling the ultimate liberation found in Christ (Luke 4:18-19).

and he may return to his clan
The return to one's clan emphasizes the restoration of familial and tribal relationships, which were central to Israelite identity and social structure. The clan system provided support and protection, and returning to it ensured the individual's reintegration into the community. This reflects the biblical theme of reconciliation and restoration, seen in the parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32).

and to the property of his fathers
This phrase highlights the importance of land inheritance in Israel. The land was a divine gift, and maintaining its distribution among the tribes was crucial for preserving the covenantal promise given to Abraham (Genesis 17:8). The return to ancestral property symbolizes the restoration of God's original intent for His people, foreshadowing the eternal inheritance believers receive through Christ (1 Peter 1:4).

Because the Israelites are My servants
This phrase establishes the identity and status of the Israelites as belonging to God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, servitude was common, but God distinguishes His people by claiming them as His own servants. This reflects the covenant relationship established at Sinai (Exodus 19:5-6), where Israel is called a "kingdom of priests and a holy nation." The concept of being God's servants implies a special calling and purpose, setting them apart from other nations.

whom I brought out of the land of Egypt
This reference to the Exodus is a reminder of God's redemptive power and faithfulness. The deliverance from Egypt is a foundational event in Israel's history, symbolizing liberation from bondage and the beginning of a new identity as a free people under God's rule. It serves as a continual reminder of God's sovereignty and grace. The Exodus is frequently recalled throughout Scripture (e.g., Deuteronomy 5:6, Psalm 136:11-12) as a demonstration of God's love and commitment to His people.

they are not to be sold as slaves
This command underscores the dignity and freedom that God intends for His people. In contrast to the surrounding cultures where slavery was a permanent and often harsh condition, God institutes laws to protect the Israelites from such treatment. This reflects the principle of justice and mercy inherent in God's law. The prohibition against selling Israelites as slaves is a safeguard against exploitation and a reminder of their unique status as God's servants. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are called to live as free people, not enslaved by sin (Galatians 5:1).

You are not to rule over them harshly
This phrase addresses the treatment of fellow Israelites who have become servants due to poverty. The command not to rule harshly reflects God's concern for justice and compassion within the community. In the ancient Near Eastern context, slavery was common, but Israel was called to a higher standard, emphasizing humane treatment. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where masters are instructed to treat their servants justly and fairly (Colossians 4:1). The idea of not ruling harshly can also be seen as a type of Christ, who leads with gentleness and humility (Matthew 11:29).

but you shall fear your God
The fear of God is a central theme throughout Scripture, signifying reverence, awe, and obedience to His commandments. This phrase connects the ethical treatment of others with one's relationship with God, suggesting that true reverence for God is demonstrated through just actions. The fear of God is foundational in the wisdom literature, such as Proverbs 9:10, where it is described as the beginning of wisdom. This fear is not terror but a profound respect that influences behavior, aligning with Jesus' teaching that love for God and neighbor are the greatest commandments (Matthew 22:37-39).

Your menservants and maidservants
In ancient Israel, servitude was a common practice, and the term "menservants and maidservants" refers to individuals who were in a position of servitude or slavery. This was a regulated institution within the Mosaic Law, which provided specific guidelines on how servants were to be treated (Exodus 21:1-11). The concept of servitude in Israel was distinct from the harsh slavery practices of other ancient cultures, as it included provisions for humane treatment and eventual release (Leviticus 25:39-43).

shall come from the nations around you
The Israelites were instructed to acquire servants from the surrounding nations, which included groups such as the Canaanites, Moabites, and Edomites. This reflects the historical context of the ancient Near East, where nations often engaged in trade, including the exchange of labor. The Israelites were to remain distinct from these nations, yet they were permitted to engage in certain economic transactions with them. This distinction underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, emphasizing their unique identity as His chosen people (Deuteronomy 7:6).

from whom you may purchase them
The act of purchasing servants from other nations was a legal transaction in the ancient world. This phrase indicates that servitude was not based on race or ethnicity but was an economic arrangement. The purchase of servants from foreign nations was allowed, contrasting with the treatment of fellow Israelites, who could not be permanently enslaved (Leviticus 25:39-42). This reflects the broader biblical theme of redemption and freedom, as seen in the deliverance of Israel from Egypt, which serves as a type of Christ's redemptive work (Exodus 6:6, Galatians 5:1).

You may also purchase them from the foreigners residing among you
In the context of ancient Israel, the term "foreigners" refers to non-Israelites living within the boundaries of the Israelite community. These individuals were often traders, laborers, or those who had settled in the land for various reasons. The allowance to purchase foreigners as servants reflects the socio-economic structures of the time, where servitude was a common practice across many cultures. This practice is not an endorsement of slavery as understood in modern terms but rather a regulated form of servitude with specific protections and rights outlined in the Mosaic Law. The Israelites were reminded of their own history as foreigners in Egypt, which influenced the ethical treatment of servants (Exodus 22:21).

or their clans living among you who are born in your land
The mention of "clans" indicates extended family groups of foreigners who had settled in Israel. Being "born in your land" suggests a level of integration into the community, though they remained distinct from the covenant people of Israel. This distinction is important in understanding the social hierarchy and legal status within Israel. The inclusion of these individuals in the economic system of Israel reflects the broader principle of hospitality and provision for those who are not part of the covenant community, as seen in the laws concerning the treatment of sojourners (Leviticus 19:34).

These may become your property
The concept of property in this context is tied to the economic and social systems of the ancient Near East. Servitude was often a means of survival for foreigners and their families, providing them with protection and sustenance. The term "property" does not imply ownership in the modern sense but rather a legal and economic responsibility. The Israelites were commanded to treat their servants with dignity and respect, as outlined in various laws that provided for their welfare and eventual release (Deuteronomy 15:12-15). This reflects the broader biblical theme of justice and mercy, which is ultimately fulfilled in the person and work of Jesus Christ, who came to proclaim liberty to the captives (Luke 4:18).

You may leave them to your sons after you to inherit as property;
This phrase addresses the practice of passing down servants or slaves as inheritance, a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The concept of inheritance was crucial in maintaining family wealth and continuity. In the context of Leviticus, this regulation applied to non-Israelite slaves, distinguishing them from Hebrew servants who were to be released in the Year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25:10). This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's covenant people being set apart and treated differently from those outside the covenant community.

you can make them slaves for life.
This part of the verse highlights the distinction between foreign slaves and Hebrew servants. While Hebrew servants were to be released after six years or during the Jubilee, foreign slaves could be held permanently. This reflects the socio-economic realities of the time, where slavery was a widespread institution. The Bible's regulations aimed to mitigate the harshness of slavery, ensuring humane treatment. This also foreshadows the New Testament's spiritual liberation through Christ, where all believers, regardless of background, are freed from the bondage of sin (Galatians 3:28).

But as for your brothers, the Israelites,
Here, the text emphasizes the familial and covenantal relationship among the Israelites. The term "brothers" underscores the unity and equality expected within the covenant community. This principle is rooted in the idea that all Israelites are descendants of Abraham and part of God's chosen people. This familial bond is a precursor to the New Testament teaching of the church as a family of believers (Ephesians 2:19).

no man may rule harshly over his brother.
This command prohibits oppressive leadership among the Israelites, promoting justice and compassion. The Hebrew word for "harshly" implies severity and cruelty, which God forbids among His people. This reflects God's character as just and merciful and His desire for His people to emulate these attributes. The principle of fair and kind treatment is echoed in the teachings of Jesus, who calls His followers to love one another (John 13:34) and to lead with servanthood rather than domination (Mark 10:42-45).

If a foreigner residing among you prospers
In ancient Israel, foreigners, or "sojourners," were non-Israelites living among the Israelites. The Law provided protections for them, recognizing their vulnerability (Exodus 22:21). The prosperity of a foreigner indicates the economic opportunities available in Israel, reflecting God's blessing on the land (Deuteronomy 28:11). This prosperity could be seen as a test of Israel's faithfulness to God's commands regarding treatment of foreigners (Leviticus 19:33-34).

but your countryman dwelling near him becomes destitute
The term "countryman" refers to a fellow Israelite. Economic hardship could result from various factors, including poor harvests, mismanagement, or unforeseen circumstances. The Law anticipated such situations, providing mechanisms for relief and restoration (Deuteronomy 15:7-11). This reflects the communal responsibility Israelites had towards one another, emphasizing compassion and support within the covenant community.

and sells himself to the foreigner or to a member of his clan
Selling oneself into servitude was a common practice in the ancient Near East as a means of debt repayment or survival. This provision in the Law allowed an Israelite to become a servant to a foreigner, highlighting the severity of his destitution. However, the Law also included regulations to ensure humane treatment and eventual release (Leviticus 25:48-55). This situation underscores the importance of redemption and restoration, themes that resonate with the broader biblical narrative of deliverance and salvation, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who redeems humanity from the bondage of sin (Galatians 3:13).

He retains the right of redemption after he has sold himself.
In the context of ancient Israel, the concept of redemption was deeply rooted in the social and religious fabric of the community. The right of redemption refers to the ability of an individual to regain freedom or property that had been sold due to economic hardship. This principle is grounded in the belief that the land and people ultimately belong to God (Leviticus 25:23). The Jubilee laws, which are detailed in Leviticus 25, were designed to prevent the permanent loss of family land and to ensure that individuals who had fallen into servitude could be restored to their original status. This reflects God's desire for justice and mercy within the community. Theologically, this right of redemption can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate redemption offered through Jesus Christ, who redeems humanity from the bondage of sin (Galatians 3:13).

One of his brothers may redeem him:
The provision for a family member, specifically a brother, to redeem an individual highlights the importance of family solidarity and responsibility in ancient Israelite society. This practice ensured that the family unit remained intact and that individuals were not left in perpetual servitude. The role of the kinsman-redeemer, or "goel," is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, most notably illustrated in the Book of Ruth, where Boaz acts as a redeemer for Ruth and Naomi (Ruth 4:1-10). This concept of a kinsman-redeemer is a type of Christ, who is our ultimate Redeemer. Just as a brother could redeem a family member, Christ, as our spiritual brother, redeems us, restoring us to our rightful place as children of God (Hebrews 2:11-12). This provision underscores the communal and familial nature of God's covenant with His people, emphasizing that redemption is not just an individual act but a communal responsibility.

either his uncle or cousin or any close relative from his clan may redeem him.
In the context of Leviticus 25, the concept of redemption is tied to the Year of Jubilee, a time when debts were forgiven, and land was returned to its original family owners. The mention of an "uncle or cousin or any close relative" highlights the importance of family and kinship in ancient Israelite society. The Hebrew term "goel" (redeemer) is significant here, as it refers to a family member who has the responsibility to restore the economic and social well-being of a relative. This practice ensured that families could maintain their inheritance and social standing. The role of the redeemer is a precursor to the concept of Jesus Christ as the ultimate Redeemer, who restores humanity's relationship with God. The idea of a close relative stepping in to redeem is also seen in the story of Ruth and Boaz, where Boaz acts as a kinsman-redeemer.

Or if he prospers, he may redeem himself.
This phrase introduces the possibility of self-redemption, which underscores the value of personal responsibility and initiative. In the ancient Near Eastern context, economic hardship could lead to a person selling themselves into servitude. However, the provision for self-redemption allowed individuals the opportunity to regain their freedom and property if their circumstances improved. This reflects the biblical principle of hope and restoration, emphasizing that one's current situation is not necessarily permanent. Theologically, this can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual redemption, where individuals are encouraged to seek reconciliation with God. The notion of self-redemption also aligns with the broader biblical theme of repentance and renewal, as seen in passages like 2 Chronicles 7:14, where turning back to God leads to healing and restoration.

He and his purchaser will then count the time from the year he sold himself up to the Year of Jubilee.
This phrase refers to the practice of indentured servitude in ancient Israel, where an individual could sell themselves into servitude due to financial hardship. The Year of Jubilee, occurring every 50th year, was a time of liberation and restoration, as outlined in Leviticus 25. This period was significant because it ensured that no Israelite would be permanently enslaved, reflecting God's desire for freedom and equality among His people. The counting of time emphasizes the temporary nature of servitude and the hope of redemption. This concept parallels the spiritual redemption offered through Christ, who liberates believers from the bondage of sin.

The price of his sale will be determined by the number of years,
The valuation of the servant's remaining time until the Jubilee was calculated based on the years left, ensuring fairness in the transaction. This reflects the biblical principle of justice and equity, as seen in other scriptures like Deuteronomy 15:12-15, which also addresses the treatment of servants. The economic system in Israel was designed to prevent perpetual poverty and to promote social stability. This principle of fair valuation can be seen as a type of Christ's sacrificial atonement, where the price paid for humanity's redemption was perfectly just and sufficient.

based on the daily wages of a hired hand.
The reference to daily wages indicates that the servant's labor was valued similarly to that of a hired worker, ensuring dignity and respect for the individual. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of fair treatment for all workers, as seen in passages like James 5:4, which condemns the withholding of wages. The daily wage system reflects the agrarian society of ancient Israel, where labor was often compensated on a daily basis. This system underscores the importance of fair compensation and the recognition of each person's contribution, echoing the New Testament teaching that "the laborer deserves his wages" (1 Timothy 5:18).

If many years remain
This phrase refers to the context of the Year of Jubilee, a time every 50 years when liberty was proclaimed throughout the land (Leviticus 25:10). The concept of time remaining is crucial in determining the redemption price for a person who has sold themselves into servitude due to debt. The longer the time until the Jubilee, the higher the redemption price, reflecting the value of the labor that would be lost by the master. This principle underscores the importance of the Jubilee as a time of restoration and freedom, reflecting God's desire for His people to live in liberty and equality.

he must pay for his redemption
Redemption here involves the act of buying back one's freedom. This reflects the broader biblical theme of redemption, where God redeems His people from slavery and sin. The concept of redemption is central to the Christian faith, with Jesus Christ being the ultimate Redeemer who pays the price for humanity's sins (Ephesians 1:7). In the context of Leviticus, redemption is a legal and economic transaction, but it also points to the spiritual redemption that Christ provides.

in proportion to his purchase price
The redemption price is calculated based on the original purchase price and the number of years remaining until the Jubilee. This ensures fairness and justice in economic transactions, reflecting God's concern for equity and righteousness. The principle of proportionality is seen throughout Scripture, emphasizing that God's laws are just and balanced. This also foreshadows the idea that Christ's sacrifice is sufficient and perfectly proportionate to cover the sins of humanity, fulfilling the law's demands completely (Romans 3:24-26).

If only a few years remain until the Year of Jubilee
The Year of Jubilee, occurring every 50th year, was a time of liberation and restoration for the Israelites. It was a year when debts were forgiven, slaves were freed, and land was returned to its original owners. This concept underscores God's desire for justice and mercy within the community. The Jubilee year is a reminder of God's sovereignty over the land and His provision for His people. It also foreshadows the ultimate redemption and freedom found in Jesus Christ, who proclaimed the "year of the Lord's favor" (Luke 4:19), symbolizing spiritual liberation.

he is to calculate and pay his redemption
The process of redemption involved a financial transaction to buy back one's freedom or property. This reflects the broader biblical theme of redemption, where God redeems His people from slavery and sin. The calculation of redemption price based on remaining years until Jubilee emphasizes fairness and justice in economic dealings. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where Christ's sacrifice is the ultimate redemption for humanity, paying the price for sin (1 Peter 1:18-19).

according to his remaining years
The calculation based on remaining years until Jubilee ensured that the redemption price was fair and proportional. This reflects God's concern for equity and justice in His laws. It also highlights the temporary nature of earthly possessions and the importance of looking forward to ultimate redemption. The concept of time and remaining years can be seen as a metaphor for the brevity of life and the urgency of seeking spiritual redemption through Christ, who offers eternal life (John 3:16).

He shall be treated like a man hired from year to year
This phrase refers to the treatment of an Israelite who has sold himself into servitude due to poverty. The law required that such a person be treated as a hired worker rather than a slave. This reflects the dignity and value placed on every individual, emphasizing that even in servitude, an Israelite retains certain rights and should be treated with respect. The concept of a hired worker implies a temporary and contractual relationship, highlighting the hope of eventual freedom and restoration. This principle is rooted in the broader biblical theme of redemption and liberation, as seen in the Jubilee laws (Leviticus 25:10), which ensured that no Israelite would remain in servitude indefinitely.

but a foreign owner must not rule over him harshly
This part of the verse addresses the potential for abuse by foreign owners who might not adhere to Israelite laws and customs. The prohibition against harsh rule underscores the importance of justice and compassion, even towards those in vulnerable positions. Historically, foreign rule often brought oppression, as seen in Israel's own experience in Egypt (Exodus 1:13-14). This command serves as a reminder of God's deliverance and the call to reflect His character in all relationships. The prohibition against harshness aligns with the broader biblical narrative of God's concern for the oppressed and His call for His people to act justly (Micah 6:8).

in your sight
The phrase "in your sight" implies accountability within the community. It suggests that the treatment of servants was not just a private matter but one of public concern. This communal aspect reflects the covenantal nature of Israel's society, where individuals were responsible for upholding God's laws collectively. The visibility of actions within the community served as a deterrent against mistreatment and ensured that justice was maintained. This principle of accountability is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are called to live transparently and in community, bearing one another's burdens (Galatians 6:2) and holding each other accountable to God's standards.

Even if he is not redeemed in any of these ways,
This phrase refers to the various methods of redemption outlined earlier in Leviticus 25, where a kinsman-redeemer could buy back a relative sold into servitude. The concept of redemption is central to the biblical narrative, symbolizing God's deliverance of His people. The inability to be redeemed by human means highlights the need for divine intervention, foreshadowing the ultimate redemption through Jesus Christ.

he and his children shall be released
The release of the servant and his children emphasizes the restoration of family and property, reflecting God's justice and mercy. This provision ensures that servitude is not permanent, aligning with the biblical theme of liberation. It also underscores the importance of family continuity and inheritance in Israelite society, which is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament.

in the Year of Jubilee.
The Year of Jubilee, occurring every 50th year, was a time of liberation and restoration, where debts were forgiven, and land was returned to original owners. This practice is unique to Israel and reflects God's sovereignty over the land and His desire for social equality. The Jubilee year is a type of the ultimate rest and restoration found in Christ, who proclaimed the "year of the Lord's favor" (Luke 4:19), symbolizing spiritual freedom and redemption for all believers.

For the Israelites are My servants.
This phrase emphasizes the unique relationship between God and the Israelites. In the ancient Near Eastern context, servitude often implied ownership and protection. Here, God asserts His claim over Israel, not as a tyrant, but as a benevolent master who cares for His people. This servitude is not one of oppression but of covenantal relationship, where the Israelites are called to serve God in obedience and worship. This concept is echoed in other scriptures, such as Exodus 19:5-6, where Israel is described as a "kingdom of priests and a holy nation."

They are My servants, whom I brought out of the land of Egypt.
This phrase recalls the historical event of the Exodus, a foundational moment for Israel's identity. The deliverance from Egypt is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, symbolizing God's power and faithfulness. It serves as a reminder of God's redemptive work and His ability to liberate His people from bondage. This act of deliverance is a type of the ultimate redemption found in Jesus Christ, who delivers believers from the bondage of sin. The Exodus narrative is also a testament to God's covenantal promises, as seen in Genesis 15:13-14, where God foretells the liberation of Abraham's descendants.

I am the LORD your God.
This declaration underscores God's sovereignty and the personal relationship He has with His people. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) is significant, as it is God's covenant name, revealing His eternal and unchanging nature. This phrase is a reminder of the first commandment in Exodus 20:2-3, where God establishes His exclusive right to Israel's worship and allegiance. It also points to the central theme of Leviticus, which is holiness and the call for Israel to be set apart for God. This statement is a reaffirmation of God's authority and His role as the ultimate lawgiver and protector of Israel.