After this I saw another angel descending from heaven
This phrase indicates a continuation of the vision sequence in Revelation. The "another angel" suggests a new messenger distinct from those previously mentioned, emphasizing the ongoing revelation. Angels in biblical literature often serve as divine messengers or agents of God's will. The descent from heaven signifies a divine origin and authority, reinforcing the heavenly source of the message. This imagery is consistent with other biblical accounts where angels are depicted as descending to deliver important messages or enact God's judgment (e.g., Genesis 28:12, Daniel 10:5-6).

with great authority
The angel's "great authority" underscores the significance and power of the message being delivered. In biblical terms, authority often denotes the right to command or enforce obedience, reflecting divine backing. This authority is reminiscent of the authority given to Jesus (Matthew 28:18) and the apostles (Luke 9:1). It suggests that the angel's message carries the weight of divine decree, possibly indicating impending judgment or significant revelation.

and the earth was illuminated by his glory
The illumination of the earth by the angel's glory highlights the divine presence and the transformative power of God's glory. In biblical tradition, glory often signifies God's manifest presence, as seen in the Shekinah glory that filled the tabernacle (Exodus 40:34-35) and the transfiguration of Jesus (Matthew 17:2). The illumination suggests a revelation of truth or exposure of hidden things, aligning with themes of light overcoming darkness (John 1:5). This imagery may also foreshadow the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom, where His glory fills the earth (Habakkuk 2:14).

And he cried out in a mighty voice:
The phrase indicates the authority and urgency of the proclamation. In biblical literature, a "mighty voice" often signifies a message of great importance, often delivered by an angel or a divine messenger. This echoes the Old Testament prophets who often spoke with authority when delivering God's messages (e.g., Isaiah 40:3).

Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great!
The repetition of "fallen" emphasizes the certainty and completeness of Babylon's destruction. Babylon symbolizes a system of worldly power and corruption, often associated with idolatry and opposition to God. Historically, Babylon was a powerful empire known for its wealth and decadence. In Revelation, it represents the ultimate downfall of human pride and rebellion against God, similar to the fall of historical Babylon as prophesied in Isaiah 21:9.

She has become a lair for demons
This imagery suggests desolation and spiritual corruption. In ancient times, ruins were often thought to be inhabited by evil spirits. The reference to demons indicates a complete moral and spiritual decay, aligning with the idea that Babylon's fall is not just physical but also spiritual, as seen in Isaiah 13:21.

and a haunt for every unclean spirit,
The term "unclean spirit" refers to demonic forces or influences that are opposed to God. This phrase underscores the total abandonment of Babylon to evil, highlighting its spiritual desolation. It reflects the biblical theme of judgment where God allows evil to consume what is already corrupt, as seen in Matthew 12:43.

every unclean bird,
Unclean birds, according to Levitical law (Leviticus 11), were those that were not to be eaten and often symbolized impurity. The presence of such birds in Babylon signifies its complete defilement and abandonment. This imagery is consistent with prophetic descriptions of desolation, such as in Jeremiah 50:39.

and every detestable beast.
Detestable beasts further symbolize impurity and chaos. In biblical symbolism, beasts often represent nations or powers that oppose God (Daniel 7). The presence of these creatures in Babylon signifies its utter ruin and the reversal of God's created order, reflecting the consequences of sin and rebellion.

All the nations have drunk the wine of the passion of her immorality.
This phrase suggests a widespread influence of corruption and moral decay, symbolized by "wine," which often represents seduction and intoxication in biblical literature. The "nations" indicate a global impact, suggesting that the immorality of Babylon (often interpreted as a symbol of a corrupt world system) has permeated every corner of the earth. This imagery echoes Jeremiah 51:7, where Babylon is described as a golden cup that made the earth drunk. The "passion of her immorality" implies a fervent, almost irresistible allure that leads to spiritual and moral compromise. This can be seen as a warning against the seductive power of sin and the consequences of turning away from God's commandments.

The kings of the earth were immoral with her,
The "kings of the earth" represent political leaders and authorities who have engaged in alliances or partnerships with this corrupt system. Their immorality suggests not only personal sin but also systemic corruption and complicity in the broader moral decay. This reflects the historical context of empires and nations that have often been swayed by power, wealth, and idolatry, leading to their downfall. The phrase can be connected to the Old Testament, where Israel's kings were often led astray by foreign alliances and idolatry, as seen in 1 Kings 11:1-8 with Solomon's foreign wives leading him to idolatry.

and the merchants of the earth have grown wealthy from the extravagance of her luxury.
The "merchants of the earth" symbolize the economic aspect of Babylon's influence, highlighting how commerce and trade have been intertwined with moral corruption. The wealth gained from "the extravagance of her luxury" points to materialism and greed, which are often condemned in Scripture as leading people away from God (1 Timothy 6:10). This phrase suggests that the pursuit of wealth and luxury can lead to complicity in immoral systems. Historically, this can be seen in the Roman Empire's trade networks, which were often associated with excess and moral decline. The warning here is against the dangers of prioritizing material wealth over spiritual integrity, echoing Jesus' teachings in Matthew 6:19-21 about storing treasures in heaven rather than on earth.

Then I heard another voice from heaven say:
This phrase indicates a divine message, emphasizing the authority and urgency of the command. The voice from heaven suggests a direct communication from God or an angelic messenger. In biblical literature, heavenly voices often convey important revelations or instructions, as seen in other instances like the baptism of Jesus (Matthew 3:17) and the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:5).

“Come out of her, My people,
This call to "come out" is reminiscent of God's call to Lot to leave Sodom (Genesis 19:12-14) and the Israelites' exodus from Egypt (Exodus 12:31-33). It signifies a separation from sin and impending judgment. "My people" indicates that God is addressing believers, urging them to dissociate from the corrupt system symbolized by "her," often interpreted as Babylon, representing a world system opposed to God.

so that you will not share in her sins
The warning to avoid sharing in her sins highlights the danger of complicity and moral contamination. This echoes the biblical principle of being in the world but not of it (John 17:14-16). The call to holiness and separation from sin is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, urging believers to live distinctively (2 Corinthians 6:17).

or contract any of her plagues.
The mention of plagues draws a parallel to the plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-11), symbolizing divine judgment. It serves as a warning of the consequences of remaining aligned with a sinful system. The plagues in Revelation are part of the eschatological judgments, emphasizing the severity of God's wrath against sin and the protection offered to those who heed His call to separate.

For her sins are piled up to heaven
This phrase evokes the imagery of sins accumulating to such an extent that they reach the heavens, reminiscent of the Tower of Babel in Genesis 11:4, where humanity's pride and rebellion sought to reach the heavens. The idea of sins reaching heaven signifies the enormity and severity of Babylon's transgressions. In the biblical context, Babylon often symbolizes a system of worldly power and corruption, opposing God's kingdom. The phrase suggests that the sins of this symbolic Babylon are so vast and egregious that they demand divine attention and judgment. This imagery also connects to the Old Testament, where the sins of nations like Sodom and Gomorrah were so great that they cried out to God for judgment (Genesis 18:20-21).

and God has remembered her iniquities
The concept of God "remembering" iniquities implies that He is now acting upon them, not that He had forgotten them. In biblical terms, when God remembers, it often leads to action, whether in mercy or judgment. This is seen in Genesis 8:1, where God "remembered" Noah and acted to end the flood. Here, God's remembrance of Babylon's iniquities indicates that the time for judgment has come. Theologically, this reflects God's justice and holiness, as He cannot overlook sin indefinitely. The phrase underscores the certainty of divine retribution for persistent rebellion and wickedness, aligning with the prophetic warnings throughout Scripture that God will ultimately judge the unrepentant (Isaiah 13:19, Jeremiah 51:24).

Give back to her as she has done to others;
This phrase reflects the principle of divine retribution, where actions are met with corresponding consequences. In biblical context, this is often seen as God's justice being executed. The "her" refers to Babylon, symbolizing a corrupt system or city that has led others into sin. This principle is echoed in the Old Testament, such as in Jeremiah 50:29, where Babylon is called to be repaid for her deeds. The idea of reaping what one sows is a consistent biblical theme, seen in Galatians 6:7.

pay her back double for what she has done;
The concept of "double" repayment signifies the severity of Babylon's sins and the completeness of her judgment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, double restitution was a legal principle for certain crimes, indicating a full and just recompense. This is seen in Exodus 22:4, where a thief must repay double. The doubling emphasizes the thoroughness of God's judgment against the wickedness and idolatry represented by Babylon.

mix her a double portion in her own cup.
The imagery of a "cup" often symbolizes God's wrath and judgment in the Bible. In Psalm 75:8, the cup is filled with foaming wine, representing divine wrath. The "double portion" again underscores the intensity and certainty of the judgment. The use of "her own cup" suggests that Babylon's punishment is a direct result of her own actions, reinforcing the idea of justice being served. This phrase connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's ultimate victory over evil and the establishment of His righteous kingdom.

As much as she has glorified herself and lived in luxury
This phrase highlights the self-exaltation and indulgence of Babylon, symbolizing a system or city characterized by pride and opulence. The imagery of glorification and luxury is reminiscent of ancient Babylon's wealth and grandeur, as well as other historical empires known for their excesses. This self-glorification is condemned throughout Scripture, as seen in Isaiah 47:8-9, where Babylon's arrogance leads to its downfall. The Bible consistently warns against pride and self-reliance, as seen in Proverbs 16:18, which states that pride precedes destruction.

give her the same measure of torment and grief
The principle of divine retribution is evident here, where the punishment matches the sin. This reflects the biblical concept of justice, where actions have corresponding consequences, as seen in Galatians 6:7, "A man reaps what he sows." The torment and grief are proportional to the luxury and self-glorification, emphasizing God's righteous judgment. This mirrors the Old Testament law of lex talionis, or "an eye for an eye," found in Exodus 21:23-25, underscoring the fairness of divine justice.

In her heart she says, ‘I sit as queen; I am not a widow and will never see grief.’
This statement reveals Babylon's false sense of security and invincibility. The imagery of sitting as a queen suggests authority and power, while the denial of widowhood and grief indicates a belief in perpetual stability and prosperity. This echoes the attitude of ancient Babylon, as described in Isaiah 47:7-8, where the city boasts of its eternal reign. The prophetic literature often uses the metaphor of a widow to describe desolation and loss, as seen in Lamentations 1:1. The arrogance and self-deception of Babylon are ultimately its downfall, as God's judgment is inevitable, fulfilling prophecies of destruction and humbling of the proud.

Therefore her plagues will come in one day—
This phrase indicates the sudden and unexpected nature of the judgment. In biblical prophecy, "one day" often symbolizes a swift and decisive action by God. The use of "plagues" echoes the plagues of Egypt in Exodus, signifying divine retribution. The suddenness emphasizes the certainty and severity of God's judgment.

death and grief and famine—
These specific plagues reflect the comprehensive nature of the judgment. "Death" signifies the end of life and can be seen as a direct consequence of sin. "Grief" or mourning indicates the emotional and societal impact of the judgment. "Famine" represents economic collapse and the failure of sustenance, reminiscent of the curses in Deuteronomy 28. Together, they portray a complete dismantling of the city's power and prosperity.

and she will be consumed by fire,
Fire is a common biblical symbol of purification and judgment. It suggests total destruction, leaving nothing behind. This imagery is consistent with the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19) and the prophesied destruction of Babylon in Isaiah 13. Fire also represents God's holiness and the consuming nature of His judgment.

for mighty is the Lord God who judges her.”
This phrase underscores the power and authority of God as the ultimate judge. It affirms that the judgment is not arbitrary but is executed by the sovereign Lord. The might of God is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, emphasizing His ability to fulfill His purposes. This connects to other biblical passages that highlight God's sovereignty, such as Psalm 24:8 and Isaiah 40:10. The judgment is just and righteous, reflecting God's character.

Then the kings of the earth
This phrase refers to the rulers and leaders of various nations. In biblical prophecy, "kings of the earth" often symbolize political powers and authorities. These kings represent those who have aligned themselves with Babylon, a symbol of worldly power and corruption.

who committed sexual immorality and lived in luxury with her
The sexual immorality here is symbolic of idolatry and unfaithfulness to God. It represents the spiritual adultery of aligning with Babylon's corrupt systems. Living in luxury indicates indulgence in materialism and wealth, prioritizing earthly pleasures over spiritual fidelity.

will weep and wail
The emotional response of weeping and wailing signifies deep sorrow and regret. This reaction highlights the realization of the loss of Babylon's power and the consequences of their alliance with her. It reflects the mourning over the destruction of what they valued.

at the sight of the smoke rising from the fire that consumes her
The imagery of smoke rising from fire is a vivid depiction of judgment and destruction. It echoes Old Testament imagery, such as the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. The smoke signifies the complete and irreversible judgment of Babylon, serving as a warning of the ultimate fate of those who oppose God.

In fear of her torment
This phrase highlights the terror and awe inspired by the judgment upon Babylon. The fear is not just physical but also spiritual, as the torment represents divine retribution. This echoes the Old Testament prophecies against cities like Nineveh and Tyre, where fear was a response to God's judgment (Nahum 3:7, Ezekiel 26:16-18).

they will stand at a distance
The distance signifies both literal and metaphorical separation. Those witnessing Babylon's fall are removed from the immediate destruction, possibly indicating their desire to avoid sharing in her fate. This mirrors the reaction of Lot's wife in Genesis 19:26, who looked back at Sodom's destruction, and the warning to flee from sin and judgment.

and cry out
The act of crying out is a common biblical expression of lament and despair. It reflects the deep emotional response to witnessing the downfall of a once-great power. This is reminiscent of the lamentations over fallen cities in the Old Testament, such as in Lamentations 1:1-2.

“Woe, woe to the great city,
The repetition of "woe" emphasizes the severity and certainty of the judgment. The term "great city" underscores Babylon's prominence and influence, much like the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, which were also judged for their wickedness (Genesis 19:24-25).

the mighty city of Babylon!
Babylon is symbolic of human pride and opposition to God, drawing from its historical role as a center of idolatry and rebellion (Genesis 11:1-9). The reference to its might highlights the contrast between its earthly power and its ultimate downfall, as seen in Isaiah 13:19-22.

For in a single hour your judgment has come.”
The suddenness of the judgment underscores the swiftness and decisiveness of God's action. This echoes the theme of unexpected judgment found in the parables of Jesus, such as the parable of the ten virgins (Matthew 25:1-13). The phrase "single hour" indicates the completeness and finality of the event, reminiscent of the sudden fall of other biblical cities like Jericho (Joshua 6:20).

And the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her
This phrase highlights the global impact of Babylon's fall, symbolizing a powerful economic center. Merchants represent those who profit from trade and commerce, and their mourning indicates the loss of economic prosperity. In biblical context, Babylon often symbolizes a system of worldly wealth and corruption. The merchants' grief reflects their dependence on this system, reminiscent of Ezekiel 27, where the fall of Tyre, another great trading city, leads to widespread lamentation. This mourning is not out of love for Babylon but for the loss of their own wealth and status.

because there is no one left to buy their cargo—
The cessation of trade underscores the complete destruction of Babylon's economic power. This phrase suggests a sudden and total collapse, leaving merchants without a market for their goods. Historically, cities like Babylon and Tyre were centers of trade, and their fall would have had significant economic repercussions. Theologically, this can be seen as a judgment against materialism and the idolatry of wealth, echoing Jesus' teachings in Matthew 6:19-21 about storing treasures in heaven rather than on earth. The prophecy serves as a warning against placing trust in worldly systems that are ultimately temporary and subject to divine judgment.

cargo of gold, silver, precious stones, and pearls;
This phrase highlights the immense wealth and opulence associated with Babylon, symbolizing the materialism and greed that characterize the city. Gold and silver have been historically used as currency and symbols of wealth and power throughout biblical history, as seen in the construction of the Tabernacle and Solomon's Temple (Exodus 25:3; 1 Kings 6:20-22). Precious stones and pearls are often associated with beauty and value, reminiscent of the high priest's breastplate (Exodus 28:17-20) and the New Jerusalem's foundations (Revelation 21:19-21). The accumulation of such wealth can be seen as a critique of the idolatry of materialism, contrasting with the spiritual riches found in Christ (Ephesians 1:18).

of fine linen, purple, silk, and scarlet;
These textiles represent luxury and status. Fine linen was used in the garments of the priests (Exodus 28:39-42) and signifies purity and righteousness (Revelation 19:8). Purple dye, derived from the murex shellfish, was extremely costly and reserved for royalty and the wealthy (Judges 8:26; Mark 15:17). Silk, a rare and expensive fabric, and scarlet, a color associated with wealth and sin (Isaiah 1:18), further emphasize the decadence of Babylon. The use of these materials underscores the city's pride and self-indulgence, contrasting with the humility and simplicity taught by Jesus (Matthew 6:19-21).

of all kinds of citron wood and every article of ivory, precious wood, bronze, iron, and marble;
Citron wood, known for its fragrance and durability, was used in luxury items and furniture. Ivory, often imported from distant lands, was a symbol of wealth and was used in Solomon's throne (1 Kings 10:18). Precious wood, bronze, iron, and marble were materials used in the construction of grand buildings and idols, reflecting human achievement and pride. These materials are reminiscent of the opulence of ancient empires like Babylon and Rome, which are often seen as types of worldly power opposed to God's kingdom. The mention of these materials serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly wealth and the ultimate judgment against those who trust in material possessions rather than in God (Matthew 6:24; 1 Timothy 6:17-19).

of cinnamon, spice, incense, myrrh, and frankincense;
These items were luxury goods in the ancient world, often associated with wealth and opulence. Cinnamon and spice were highly valued for their rarity and use in perfumes and anointing oils. Incense and myrrh were used in religious rituals, symbolizing prayers rising to God (Psalm 141:2). Frankincense, a gift brought to Jesus by the Magi (Matthew 2:11), signifies divinity and worship. The mention of these items highlights the material wealth and spiritual corruption of Babylon, representing a world system opposed to God.

of wine, olive oil, fine flour, and wheat;
These are staples of the Mediterranean diet, essential for daily life and religious offerings (Leviticus 2:1-16). Wine and olive oil were symbols of joy and prosperity (Psalm 104:15). The abundance of these goods in Babylon signifies economic prosperity but also indulgence and excess. The reference to fine flour and wheat connects to the sustenance and basic needs of life, which Babylon exploited for luxury rather than sustenance.

of cattle, sheep, horses, and carriages;
These animals were crucial for agriculture, transportation, and trade. Cattle and sheep were used for sacrifices and food, while horses and carriages indicate military power and wealth. The accumulation of such resources in Babylon suggests a focus on earthly power and security, contrasting with reliance on God. The imagery may evoke the wealth of Solomon's kingdom (1 Kings 10:26-29), which ultimately led to idolatry and division.

of bodies and souls of slaves.
This phrase underscores the dehumanizing aspect of Babylon's commerce, where people are reduced to commodities. The mention of both bodies and souls highlights the total exploitation and moral decay inherent in the system. Slavery was a common practice in the Roman Empire, and this critique aligns with biblical themes of liberation and justice (Exodus 21:16, Galatians 3:28). The spiritual implication is profound, as it contrasts with the freedom offered in Christ (John 8:36).

And they will say:
This phrase introduces a lament or declaration, often seen in prophetic literature. It suggests a collective voice, possibly of those who have witnessed the fall of Babylon, symbolizing a great city or system opposed to God. This echoes the lamentations found in the Old Testament, such as in Ezekiel 27, where the fall of Tyre is mourned.

The fruit of your soul’s desire has departed from you;
The "fruit" symbolizes the results or rewards of one's pursuits and desires. In biblical terms, fruit often represents the outcomes of one's actions, whether good or bad (Galatians 5:22-23). Here, it signifies the loss of what was once deeply desired, indicating a judgment on misplaced priorities. This reflects the transient nature of earthly desires, as seen in Ecclesiastes 2:11, where Solomon speaks of the vanity of worldly pursuits.

all your luxury and splendor have vanished,
Luxury and splendor refer to wealth, opulence, and the outward signs of prosperity. The Bible frequently warns against the dangers of wealth and the false security it provides (1 Timothy 6:9-10). The vanishing of these indicates a divine judgment, reminiscent of the sudden destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24-25), serving as a warning against pride and self-indulgence.

never to be seen again.
This finality underscores the totality of the judgment. It suggests a complete and irreversible end, similar to the destruction of Babylon in the Old Testament (Isaiah 13:19-22). This phrase emphasizes the permanence of God's judgment and the futility of relying on temporal power and wealth. It also points to the ultimate victory of God's kingdom, where only what is eternal will remain (Hebrews 12:27-28).

The merchants who sold these things and gained their wealth from her
This phrase refers to the traders and businessmen who profited from the opulence and luxury of Babylon, symbolizing a corrupt world system. In biblical context, Babylon often represents a center of commerce and idolatry, drawing parallels to the historical city known for its wealth and decadence (Isaiah 47:15). The merchants' wealth is tied to their participation in this corrupt system, highlighting the moral compromise involved in their prosperity. This echoes the warnings in 1 Timothy 6:10 about the love of money being a root of all kinds of evil.

will stand at a distance, in fear of her torment
The image of standing at a distance suggests both physical separation and a desire to avoid sharing in Babylon's judgment. This reflects the fear and helplessness of those who witness the downfall of a once-great power. The torment mentioned here is indicative of divine judgment, reminiscent of the plagues in Egypt (Exodus 9:20-21) and the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:28). The fear of torment underscores the inevitability and severity of God's judgment on sin.

They will weep and mourn
The emotional response of weeping and mourning signifies deep regret and loss, not necessarily repentance. This reaction is similar to the lamentations over Tyre in Ezekiel 27:31-32, where merchants mourn the loss of a trading partner. The focus here is on the economic impact rather than spiritual awakening, highlighting the transient nature of worldly wealth and the ultimate futility of placing trust in material prosperity.

saying: “Woe, woe to the great city,
The repetition of "woe" emphasizes the severity of the judgment pronounced. In biblical literature, "woe" is often used to express lamentation or impending doom. The "great city" is commonly interpreted as Babylon, symbolizing a center of commerce, idolatry, and opposition to God. This echoes the Old Testament prophecies against ancient Babylon (Isaiah 13, Jeremiah 50-51) and reflects the city's ultimate downfall due to its pride and sin.

clothed in fine linen and purple and scarlet,
These garments signify wealth, luxury, and royalty. In ancient times, fine linen and purple dye were expensive and often associated with nobility and the elite (Esther 8:15, Luke 16:19). Scarlet, too, was a color of opulence and was used in the tabernacle (Exodus 26:1). The description highlights the city's materialism and self-indulgence, contrasting with the humble attire of Christ and His followers.

adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls!
The adornment with gold, precious stones, and pearls further underscores the city's immense wealth and splendor. This imagery is reminiscent of the opulence of ancient cities like Tyre (Ezekiel 28:13) and Babylon. It also contrasts with the New Jerusalem, which is described with similar imagery but represents divine glory and purity (Revelation 21:18-21). The focus on material wealth serves as a critique of the city's misplaced values and priorities, which ultimately lead to its downfall.

For in a single hour such fabulous wealth has been destroyed!
This phrase emphasizes the sudden and complete nature of Babylon's downfall, symbolizing the swift judgment of God. The "single hour" indicates the rapidity of the event, reflecting the unexpected and decisive nature of divine intervention. The "fabulous wealth" refers to the immense riches and opulence associated with Babylon, often interpreted as a representation of worldly power and materialism. This echoes the sudden destruction of other cities in biblical history, such as Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24-25), and serves as a warning against placing trust in material wealth, aligning with Jesus' teachings in Matthew 6:19-21 about storing treasures in heaven rather than on earth.

Every shipmaster, passenger, and sailor, and all who make their living from the sea, will stand at a distance
This phrase highlights the global impact of Babylon's fall, affecting those involved in maritime trade. The mention of "shipmaster, passenger, and sailor" underscores the extensive network of commerce and the reliance on Babylon's economy. The sea was a major avenue for trade in the ancient world, and those who "make their living from the sea" represent the economic systems dependent on Babylon's prosperity. Standing "at a distance" suggests both physical separation and a sense of helplessness or fear, reminiscent of the reaction to the destruction of Tyre in Ezekiel 27:29-32. This imagery serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly wealth and the ultimate sovereignty of God over all nations and economies.

and cry out at the sight of the smoke rising from the fire that consumes her.
This phrase depicts a scene of lamentation and astonishment as observers witness the destruction of Babylon, symbolizing a great city or system opposed to God. The imagery of smoke rising is reminiscent of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:28), where smoke was a sign of divine judgment. The fire consuming her indicates total destruction, aligning with Old Testament prophecies against cities like Tyre and Nineveh (Ezekiel 26:19-21, Nahum 3:7). The lamentation reflects the deep impact of Babylon's fall on those who benefited from her, highlighting the transient nature of worldly power and wealth.

“What city was ever like this great city?” they will exclaim.
This rhetorical question emphasizes the unparalleled nature of Babylon's greatness and subsequent fall. It echoes the lament over Tyre in Ezekiel 27:32, where the city's unmatched splendor and influence are mourned. The phrase underscores the theme of hubris and the inevitable downfall of those who exalt themselves against God. In a broader biblical context, it serves as a warning against idolatry and the pursuit of earthly glory, contrasting with the eternal kingdom of God. The exclamation also points to the ultimate futility of human pride and the certainty of divine justice.

Then they will throw dust on their heads
This phrase reflects an ancient Near Eastern custom of expressing extreme grief and mourning. Throwing dust on one's head is a sign of lamentation and despair, seen in other biblical passages such as Job 2:12 and Joshua 7:6. It symbolizes the depth of sorrow and the recognition of calamity.

as they weep and mourn and cry out:
The repetition of "weep and mourn and cry out" emphasizes the intensity of the lament. This reaction is not just personal but communal, indicating a widespread impact. The lamentation is reminiscent of the mourning over fallen cities in the Old Testament, such as the lament over Tyre in Ezekiel 27:30-32.

“Woe, woe to the great city,
The double "woe" signifies a pronouncement of judgment and doom. The "great city" is often interpreted as Babylon, representing a system of worldly power and corruption. This echoes the prophetic language used in Isaiah 21:9 and Jeremiah 51:8, where Babylon's fall is lamented.

where all who had ships on the sea were enriched by her wealth!
This highlights the city's economic influence and its role in global trade. The mention of ships and the sea suggests a maritime economy, similar to ancient cities like Tyre and Sidon. The wealth generated by this trade is a source of pride and reliance, now turned to loss.

For in a single hour she has been destroyed.”
The suddenness of the destruction underscores the swiftness of divine judgment. This echoes the theme of unexpected calamity found in other scriptures, such as 1 Thessalonians 5:3, where destruction comes suddenly. The phrase "single hour" emphasizes the immediacy and totality of the city's fall, serving as a warning of the transient nature of earthly power and wealth.

Rejoice over her, O heaven
This phrase calls for a heavenly celebration, indicating that the events on earth have cosmic significance. The "her" refers to Babylon, symbolizing a corrupt world system. The call to rejoice is reminiscent of the heavenly rejoicing in Luke 15:7 over a sinner who repents, but here it is over divine justice being served. The heavens often represent God's domain, where His will is perfectly enacted.

and you saints and apostles and prophets
This group includes those who have been faithful to God's calling throughout history. Saints refer to all believers, apostles to the foundational leaders of the Church, and prophets to those who have spoken God's truth. This echoes Hebrews 11, which lists the faithful who have suffered for righteousness. Their inclusion signifies that God's judgment is a vindication of their faith and suffering.

because God has pronounced for you His judgment against her
The judgment is described as being "for you," indicating that it is a response to the injustices suffered by God's people. This aligns with the theme of divine retribution found in Romans 12:19, where God promises to avenge His people. The judgment against Babylon fulfills prophecies like those in Isaiah 13 and Jeremiah 51, where Babylon's downfall is foretold. It underscores God's sovereignty and justice, ensuring that evil will not prevail.

Then a mighty angel picked up a stone the size of a great millstone
In biblical literature, angels often serve as messengers or agents of God's will. The description of the angel as "mighty" emphasizes the power and authority given by God to execute judgment. The "stone the size of a great millstone" symbolizes a heavy and significant object, indicating the severity of the impending judgment. Millstones were large, heavy stones used for grinding grain, and their size and weight make them apt symbols for destruction. This imagery is reminiscent of Jeremiah 51:63-64, where a stone is used to symbolize the sinking of Babylon, indicating a complete and irreversible downfall.

and cast it into the sea,
The act of casting the stone into the sea signifies the total and sudden destruction of Babylon. In biblical symbolism, the sea often represents chaos, judgment, or the nations. The imagery of something being thrown into the sea suggests a forceful and decisive action, indicating that Babylon's fall will be both dramatic and conclusive. This action echoes the fate of the Egyptian army in Exodus 15:4-5, where they were cast into the sea, symbolizing God's judgment and deliverance of His people.

saying: “With such violence the great city of Babylon will be cast down,
The phrase "with such violence" underscores the intensity and swiftness of Babylon's destruction. Babylon, historically a symbol of human pride and opposition to God, represents a system of worldly power and corruption. The "great city" refers to the culmination of human rebellion against God, often interpreted as a future manifestation of a corrupt world system. The casting down of Babylon is a fulfillment of prophetic judgment, as seen in Isaiah 13 and Jeremiah 50-51, where Babylon's fall is foretold as a divine act of retribution.

never to be seen again.
This phrase indicates the finality and completeness of Babylon's destruction. The idea of "never to be seen again" suggests that Babylon's influence and power will be utterly eradicated, leaving no trace of its former glory. This echoes the prophetic declarations in Isaiah 13:19-22 and Jeremiah 51:62, where Babylon's desolation is described as permanent. Theologically, this signifies the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom over all earthly powers and the establishment of His eternal reign, as seen in Revelation 21-22, where the new heaven and new earth are revealed.

And the sound of harpists and musicians, of flute players and trumpeters, will never ring out in you again.
This phrase signifies the complete cessation of joy and celebration in Babylon, symbolizing the fall of a great city or system. In biblical times, music was integral to celebrations, worship, and daily life. The absence of music indicates desolation and judgment. This echoes the Old Testament prophecies against cities like Tyre and Babylon (Isaiah 24:8; Jeremiah 25:10), where the end of music signifies divine judgment. The instruments mentioned—harps, flutes, and trumpets—were commonly used in both religious and secular festivities, highlighting the totality of the city's downfall.

Nor will any craftsmen of any trade be found in you again,
Craftsmen were essential to the economy and culture of ancient cities, responsible for creating goods, art, and tools. Their absence suggests the collapse of economic activity and the end of cultural production. This reflects the broader biblical theme of divine judgment leading to the cessation of human enterprise and creativity, as seen in the fall of other cities in scripture (Ezekiel 26:13). The mention of "any trade" underscores the comprehensive nature of the judgment, affecting all aspects of life and industry.

nor the sound of a millstone be heard in you again.
The millstone was vital for grinding grain, a basic necessity for sustenance. Its silence indicates not only economic ruin but also the end of daily life and sustenance. This imagery is used in Jeremiah 25:10 to describe the desolation of Jerusalem, emphasizing the severity of the judgment. The absence of the millstone's sound symbolizes the cessation of life-sustaining activities, pointing to the complete and irreversible nature of the city's destruction. This aligns with the prophetic tradition of depicting divine judgment as a return to chaos and lifelessness.

The light of a lamp will never shine in you again
This phrase signifies the complete and utter desolation of Babylon, symbolizing a city or system opposed to God. In biblical times, lamps were essential for daily life, representing guidance, life, and presence. The absence of light indicates the removal of God's presence and blessing. This imagery echoes Jeremiah 25:10, where the cessation of light symbolizes judgment and desolation. The lamp's extinguishing signifies the end of prosperity and life, reflecting the finality of God's judgment.

and the voices of a bride and bridegroom will never call out in you again
The absence of the voices of a bride and bridegroom signifies the end of joy, celebration, and community life. Weddings were significant social events in ancient cultures, symbolizing joy and new beginnings. The cessation of these voices indicates a complete societal collapse and the end of normal life. This imagery is also found in Jeremiah 7:34, where the absence of wedding celebrations signifies divine judgment and desolation. It underscores the totality of Babylon's fall and the irreversible nature of God's judgment.

For your merchants were the great ones of the earth
This phrase highlights the economic power and influence of Babylon, whose merchants were renowned and influential globally. In the ancient world, merchants were often wealthy and held significant social status. Babylon's wealth and commerce are depicted as contributing to its pride and eventual downfall. This reflects the biblical theme of the dangers of wealth and materialism, as seen in Ezekiel 27, where Tyre's merchants are similarly described. The merchants' prominence underscores the global impact of Babylon's fall.

because all the nations were deceived by your sorcery.
The term "sorcery" refers to practices that deceive and lead people away from God, often associated with idolatry and false religion. In the biblical context, sorcery is condemned as it represents rebellion against God and reliance on false powers. Babylon's use of sorcery symbolizes its spiritual corruption and the deceptive allure of its wealth and power. This deception is a recurring theme in Revelation, where false prophets and deceptive practices lead nations astray (Revelation 13:14). The phrase underscores the spiritual and moral corruption that led to Babylon's judgment.

And there was found in her the blood of prophets and saints
This phrase indicates a judgment against a city or entity symbolized by "her," often interpreted as Babylon. The imagery of blood signifies guilt and responsibility for the persecution and martyrdom of God's messengers. Prophets and saints refer to those who have been faithful to God's word throughout history. This echoes Jesus' lament over Jerusalem in Matthew 23:37, where He speaks of the city that kills the prophets. The historical context suggests a pattern of opposition to divine truth, seen in both Old and New Testament narratives.

and of all who had been slain on the earth
This broadens the scope of the indictment to include all innocent bloodshed, suggesting a systemic and pervasive culture of violence and injustice. It reflects the cumulative guilt of a society that has consistently rejected God's ways. This phrase connects to Genesis 4:10, where Abel's blood cries out from the ground, symbolizing divine awareness and judgment of human violence. Theologically, it underscores the ultimate accountability before God for all acts of unrighteousness and the eventual triumph of divine justice.