Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, emphasizing the role of Moses as a prophet and mediator between God and the Israelites. It reflects the ongoing relationship and dialogue between God and Moses, which is a central theme in the Exodus narrative. This communication underscores the authority and divine backing Moses has in confronting Pharaoh.

Go to Pharaoh
Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, is a central figure in the Exodus story. His hardened heart and resistance to God's commands set the stage for the plagues. Egypt, at this time, was a powerful and influential civilization, and Pharaoh was considered a god-king, which makes Moses' mission both dangerous and significant. This command to "go" highlights the courage and faith required of Moses.

and tell him that this is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says
This phrase establishes the authority of the message. The title "the God of the Hebrews" distinguishes Yahweh from the Egyptian pantheon and asserts His sovereignty over His people. It also serves as a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The use of "says" indicates a prophetic declaration, demanding Pharaoh's attention and compliance.

‘Let My people go
This demand is central to the Exodus narrative. It is a call for liberation and freedom from slavery, reflecting God's concern for justice and His power to deliver. The phrase "My people" emphasizes God's ownership and protective relationship with the Israelites. This command is repeated throughout the plagues, highlighting its importance and the persistent resistance of Pharaoh.

so that they may worship Me
The purpose of the Israelites' release is not merely freedom but to serve and worship God. This reflects the biblical theme that true freedom is found in serving God. Worship here implies a covenantal relationship and obedience to God's commands. It foreshadows the giving of the Law at Sinai and the establishment of Israel as a nation dedicated to God. This phrase also points to the ultimate purpose of redemption, which is to bring people into right relationship with God.

But if you continue to restrain them
This phrase addresses Pharaoh's persistent refusal to release the Israelites from bondage. The Hebrew word for "restrain" implies a deliberate act of holding back or preventing freedom. This reflects Pharaoh's hardened heart, a recurring theme in Exodus, where God allows Pharaoh's heart to harden to demonstrate His power and glory (Exodus 4:21). The act of restraining the Israelites is symbolic of sin's grip on humanity, which only divine intervention can break. This also foreshadows the spiritual bondage from which Christ delivers believers, as seen in John 8:36, where Jesus declares that the Son sets people free indeed.

and refuse to let them go,
Pharaoh's refusal is not just a political decision but a spiritual defiance against God's command. The phrase "let them go" is central to the narrative of Exodus, emphasizing God's demand for His people's liberation. This refusal sets the stage for the subsequent plagues, which serve as judgments against Egypt's gods and demonstrate Yahweh's supremacy (Exodus 12:12). Theologically, this reflects the struggle between divine will and human obstinacy. It also prefigures the ultimate liberation from sin through Christ, as seen in Romans 6:18, where believers are set free from sin and become servants of righteousness.

then the hand of the LORD
This phrase signifies divine intervention and judgment. The "hand of the LORD" is a biblical metaphor for God's power and authority. It is used throughout Scripture to denote God's active involvement in the affairs of humanity, often in the context of deliverance or judgment (e.g., Exodus 3:20, Isaiah 41:10). In this context, it emphasizes that the forthcoming plague is a direct act of God, not a natural disaster.

will bring a severe plague
The term "severe plague" indicates a devastating and widespread affliction. In the ancient Near East, plagues were often seen as acts of divine retribution. This particular plague is part of the ten plagues of Egypt, which were judgments against the Egyptian gods and a demonstration of God's supremacy (Exodus 12:12). The severity underscores the seriousness of Pharaoh's refusal to release the Israelites.

on your livestock in the field
Livestock was a critical component of the Egyptian economy and daily life, providing food, labor, and trade goods. The plague specifically targeting livestock in the field highlights the vulnerability of Egypt's resources and the direct impact on their agricultural and economic stability. This also serves as a direct challenge to the Egyptian god Apis, who was depicted as a bull and symbolized fertility and strength.

on your horses, donkeys, camels, herds, and flocks
The mention of specific animals underscores the comprehensive nature of the plague. Horses were used for chariots and military purposes, donkeys for transportation, camels for trade, and herds and flocks for food and clothing. The inclusion of these animals indicates that no aspect of Egyptian life would be untouched by this judgment. This comprehensive destruction serves as a precursor to the final plague, which would lead to the Exodus. The targeting of these animals also foreshadows the future provision and protection of Israel's livestock during their journey to the Promised Land (Exodus 12:32).

But the LORD will make a distinction
This phrase highlights God's sovereignty and His ability to differentiate between His people and others. It reflects the theme of divine election and protection, as seen throughout the Bible. The distinction made by God here is a precursor to the separation of the righteous from the unrighteous, a theme that is echoed in the New Testament, such as in Matthew 25:31-46, where Jesus speaks of separating the sheep from the goats.

between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt,
The livestock represents the economic and agricultural wealth of both nations. In ancient Egypt, livestock was crucial for agriculture, transportation, and religious sacrifices. By sparing the livestock of Israel, God demonstrates His power over the natural world and His ability to protect His people’s resources. This distinction also serves as a sign to the Egyptians of the true God’s power, contrasting with their own deities, such as Apis, the bull god, and Hathor, the cow goddess.

so that no animal belonging to the Israelites will die.’”
This promise of protection is a direct fulfillment of God's covenant with Israel, showcasing His faithfulness. It also serves as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate protector and savior of His people. The sparing of the Israelites' livestock can be seen as a foreshadowing of the Passover, where God spares the firstborn of Israel, pointing to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). This act of divine protection underscores the theme of redemption and deliverance that runs throughout the Bible.

The LORD set a time
This phrase indicates God's sovereignty and control over events. In the context of the plagues, it demonstrates that God is not acting randomly but with purpose and precision. This is consistent with other instances in Scripture where God sets specific times for His actions, such as the timing of the flood in Genesis 7:4 and the birth of Jesus in Galatians 4:4. It underscores the idea that God’s plans are deliberate and unfold according to His divine timetable.

saying, “Tomorrow
The specification of "tomorrow" highlights the immediacy and certainty of God's actions. It serves as a warning to Pharaoh and the Egyptians, giving them a short period to consider the seriousness of their situation. This immediacy is seen in other biblical narratives, such as the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in Genesis 19:12-13, where God provides a clear and urgent timeline for His judgment.

the LORD will do this
The phrase emphasizes that the forthcoming event is an act of God, not a natural occurrence or coincidence. It is a demonstration of His power over creation, reinforcing His identity as the one true God. This is a recurring theme in the plagues, as each one challenges the authority of the Egyptian gods and affirms the supremacy of the God of Israel. It also foreshadows the ultimate acts of God in history, such as the resurrection of Jesus, which is a definitive act of divine intervention.

in the land.”
The reference to "the land" signifies the geographical scope of God's action, which in this context is Egypt. It highlights the impact of the plague on the Egyptian people and their environment, serving as a direct challenge to Pharaoh's authority and the Egyptian belief system. The land of Egypt, with its reliance on the Nile and its pantheon of gods, is a fitting stage for God to demonstrate His power. This also prefigures the broader biblical theme of God’s dominion over all the earth, as seen in Psalm 24:1, and His ability to act within specific locations to fulfill His purposes.

And the next day the LORD did just that.
This phrase highlights the immediacy and certainty of God's actions. In the context of the plagues, it underscores God's sovereignty and power over creation. The plagues were a direct challenge to the Egyptian gods, demonstrating that the God of Israel was the true God. This phrase also emphasizes the fulfillment of God's word, as He had previously warned Pharaoh through Moses about the impending plague on the livestock.

All the livestock of the Egyptians died,
This part of the verse indicates the severity of the plague. The death of all Egyptian livestock would have had devastating economic and social impacts, as livestock were essential for agriculture, transportation, and religious sacrifices. This plague specifically targeted the Egyptians, further demonstrating God's ability to distinguish between His people and their oppressors. The death of the livestock can also be seen as a judgment against the Egyptian god Apis, who was depicted as a bull and symbolized fertility and strength.

but not one animal belonging to the Israelites died.
This phrase highlights the divine protection over the Israelites, showcasing God's covenant faithfulness. It serves as a sign of distinction between the Egyptians and the Israelites, reinforcing the theme of God's chosen people. This protection is a precursor to the Passover, where God would again distinguish between the Israelites and Egyptians. The preservation of Israelite livestock also ensured that they had the necessary resources for their journey out of Egypt and for future sacrifices to God. This distinction is a type of Christ, who provides salvation and protection to those who belong to Him.

Pharaoh sent officials
Pharaoh's decision to send officials reflects his skepticism and desire for verification. In the context of ancient Egypt, officials were often used to gather information and report back to the ruler. This action demonstrates Pharaoh's continued resistance to the signs and wonders performed by God through Moses and Aaron. It also highlights the bureaucratic nature of Pharaoh's court, where decisions were often based on reports from trusted officials.

and found that none of the livestock of the Israelites had died.
This phrase underscores the miraculous nature of God's protection over the Israelites. In the context of the plagues, this distinction between the Egyptians and the Israelites serves as a sign of God's covenantal faithfulness to His people. The survival of the Israelite livestock contrasts with the devastation experienced by the Egyptians, emphasizing God's power and the fulfillment of His promises. This event foreshadows the ultimate deliverance of the Israelites from Egypt and serves as a type of Christ's redemptive work, where believers are spared from spiritual death.

But Pharaoh’s heart was hardened,
The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a recurring theme in the Exodus narrative. It illustrates the spiritual blindness and stubbornness that can result from persistent sin and rebellion against God. This hardening can be seen as both a divine judgment and a personal choice, reflecting the complex interplay between human free will and divine sovereignty. Theologically, it serves as a warning against resisting God's will and highlights the consequences of pride and unbelief.

and he would not let the people go.
Pharaoh's refusal to release the Israelites demonstrates his defiance against God's command and his unwillingness to acknowledge God's authority. This resistance sets the stage for the subsequent plagues and the eventual deliverance of the Israelites. It also reflects the broader theme of liberation and redemption that runs throughout the Bible, pointing to the ultimate deliverance found in Jesus Christ. The narrative encourages believers to trust in God's timing and sovereignty, even in the face of opposition and delay.

Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, emphasizing the authority and command of God. Moses and Aaron are God's chosen leaders to confront Pharaoh, highlighting their roles as prophets and mediators. This reflects the consistent biblical theme of God using chosen individuals to fulfill His purposes, as seen with other prophets like Elijah and Jeremiah.

Take handfuls of soot from the furnace
The soot from the furnace symbolizes the oppression and labor of the Israelites in Egypt, as furnaces were used for brick-making, a task imposed on the Israelites. This act serves as a reminder of their suffering and God's awareness of their plight. The soot also foreshadows the coming plague, representing the transformation of oppression into judgment against Egypt.

in the sight of Pharaoh
Performing this act in Pharaoh's presence is significant as it serves as a direct challenge to his authority and a demonstration of God's power. It underscores the public nature of God's judgments and the opportunity for Pharaoh to witness and respond to God's signs, similar to the confrontations between Elijah and the prophets of Baal.

Moses is to toss it into the air
The act of tossing soot into the air symbolizes the spread and inevitability of the plague. It signifies the transition from a symbolic act to a tangible judgment, illustrating the power of God to transform the natural elements into instruments of His will. This action parallels other biblical instances where physical acts accompany divine intervention, such as the parting of the Red Sea or the fall of Jericho.

It will become fine dust over all the land of Egypt
This phrase refers to the sixth plague that God sent upon Egypt through Moses and Aaron. The transformation of ashes into fine dust symbolizes the divine power and judgment of God over the Egyptian land. The use of dust is significant, as it recalls the creation of man from dust in Genesis 2:7, highlighting God's authority over life and creation. The land of Egypt, a powerful and advanced civilization, is shown to be vulnerable to God's will, emphasizing His supremacy over all nations.

and festering boils will break out on man and beast
The boils represent a direct attack on the health and well-being of both humans and animals, demonstrating the comprehensive nature of God's judgment. This plague would have caused significant distress and disruption, as boils are painful and debilitating. The inclusion of both man and beast indicates the widespread impact of the plague, affecting all aspects of Egyptian society. This affliction can be seen as a direct challenge to the Egyptian gods associated with health and medicine, such as Imhotep and Sekhmet, showing their impotence in the face of the God of Israel.

throughout the land.
The phrase underscores the totality of the plague's reach, affecting every corner of Egypt. This widespread impact serves to further demonstrate God's power and the seriousness of His demands for the release of the Israelites. The comprehensive nature of the plague also foreshadows the finality of God's judgment, as seen in the ultimate deliverance of His people and the destruction of the Egyptian army in the Red Sea. The plagues collectively serve as a type of the final judgment, pointing to the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who provides salvation from the bondage of sin.

So they took soot from the furnace and stood before Pharaoh.
The act of taking soot from a furnace is symbolic and significant. Furnaces in ancient Egypt were often used for brick-making, a task the Israelites were forced into during their enslavement (Exodus 1:14). This soot, therefore, represents the oppression and suffering of the Israelites. Standing before Pharaoh signifies a direct confrontation with the power of Egypt, highlighting the boldness and authority given to Moses and Aaron by God. This act is a continuation of the plagues, which serve as judgments against the gods of Egypt, demonstrating the LORD's supremacy (Exodus 12:12).

Moses tossed it into the air,
The action of tossing soot into the air is a prophetic gesture, symbolizing the spread of the plague throughout Egypt. This act can be seen as a type of divine judgment, reminiscent of how God uses seemingly small actions to bring about significant consequences. The gesture also reflects the power of God working through Moses, as the simple act of tossing soot results in a widespread affliction. This mirrors other biblical instances where God uses physical actions to convey spiritual truths, such as the parting of the Red Sea (Exodus 14:21).

and festering boils broke out on man and beast.
The plague of boils is the sixth plague and marks a turning point in the severity of the plagues. Boils, or skin diseases, were considered a severe affliction in ancient cultures, often associated with impurity and divine disfavor. This plague directly affects both humans and animals, indicating the comprehensive nature of God's judgment. The affliction of boils is reminiscent of the suffering of Job (Job 2:7), highlighting themes of testing and divine sovereignty. The inclusion of both man and beast underscores the totality of God's power over all creation, as well as the interconnectedness of human and animal life in the Egyptian economy and religion.

The magicians could not stand before Moses
The magicians, who previously attempted to replicate the miracles performed by Moses and Aaron, are now powerless. This signifies the superiority of God's power over Egyptian magic and deities. In earlier chapters, these magicians were able to mimic some of the plagues, but their inability to stand before Moses here highlights the progression of God's judgment and the futility of opposing Him. This moment foreshadows the ultimate defeat of all who oppose God's will, as seen in Revelation 19:19-21.

because the boils had broken out on them
The boils represent the sixth plague sent by God upon Egypt. This affliction was not only painful but also rendered the magicians ceremonially unclean, preventing them from performing their duties. The Hebrew word for "boils" suggests inflamed, ulcerous sores, which would have been both physically debilitating and socially isolating. This plague demonstrates God's control over health and disease, contrasting with the Egyptian belief in their gods' protective powers.

and on all the Egyptians
The widespread nature of the boils emphasizes the comprehensive reach of God's judgment. Unlike previous plagues that affected specific areas or groups, this one impacts all Egyptians, signifying that no one is exempt from God's authority. This universal affliction serves as a precursor to the final plague, the death of the firstborn, which ultimately leads to the liberation of the Israelites. The suffering of the Egyptians can be seen as a parallel to the suffering of those who reject God, as described in Romans 1:18-32.

But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart
This phrase indicates divine intervention in Pharaoh's decision-making process. In the context of the plagues, it shows God's sovereignty over human affairs. The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a recurring theme in Exodus, emphasizing God's control and the fulfillment of His purposes. This hardening can be seen as a judicial act, where God confirms Pharaoh in his own stubbornness. It also serves to demonstrate God's power and glory, as seen in Romans 9:17-18, where Paul discusses God's right to show mercy or harden whom He wills. Theologically, this raises questions about free will and divine sovereignty, which have been debated throughout church history.

and he would not listen to them
Pharaoh's refusal to listen to Moses and Aaron is a direct result of his hardened heart. This stubbornness is a key factor in the narrative, leading to the escalation of plagues. It highlights the spiritual blindness and pride that can prevent individuals from responding to God's message. In a broader biblical context, this can be compared to the parables of Jesus, where those who have hardened hearts are unable to perceive the truth (Matthew 13:14-15). Pharaoh's resistance serves as a warning against the dangers of pride and disobedience to God's commands.

just as the LORD had said to Moses
This phrase underscores the fulfillment of God's word and His foreknowledge. God had previously informed Moses that Pharaoh would not easily let the Israelites go (Exodus 4:21). This assurance to Moses is a reminder of God's omniscience and the certainty of His plans. It also serves to strengthen Moses' faith and resolve, knowing that the unfolding events are part of God's divine plan. This theme of prophecy and fulfillment is prevalent throughout Scripture, reinforcing the reliability and authority of God's word.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, emphasizing the role of Moses as a prophet and intermediary between God and the people. It underscores the authority of the message that follows, as it originates from God Himself. This pattern of God speaking to Moses is consistent throughout the Exodus narrative, highlighting Moses' unique relationship with God (Exodus 3:4, Exodus 6:2).

Get up early in the morning
Rising early signifies urgency and importance. In ancient Near Eastern culture, early morning was often a time for significant activities or announcements. This timing also suggests a strategic approach, as Pharaoh would likely be more accessible at this time, possibly during his morning rituals or inspections (Exodus 7:15).

stand before Pharaoh
Moses is instructed to confront Pharaoh directly, demonstrating boldness and divine backing. This confrontation is part of a series of encounters where Moses acts as God's representative, challenging the authority of Pharaoh, who was considered a god in Egyptian culture. This phrase also highlights the ongoing conflict between the God of Israel and the gods of Egypt (Exodus 5:1-2).

and tell him that this is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says
This statement establishes the identity and authority of the speaker. "The LORD" (Yahweh) is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His relationship with the Hebrews. By identifying as the "God of the Hebrews," it distinguishes Yahweh from the Egyptian pantheon and asserts His sovereignty over His people. This declaration is a reminder of the covenant promises made to the patriarchs (Genesis 17:7).

‘Let My people go, so that they may worship Me
The demand for release is not merely for freedom but for the purpose of worship. This highlights the central theme of worship and service to God, which is a recurring motif throughout the Bible. The phrase "My people" signifies God's ownership and covenant relationship with Israel. The call to worship is a direct challenge to Pharaoh's authority, as it implies that the Israelites' ultimate allegiance is to God, not to Pharaoh. This request is repeated throughout the plagues, emphasizing its importance (Exodus 7:16, Exodus 8:1).

Otherwise, I will send all My plagues against you and your officials and your people
This phrase indicates a direct warning from God to Pharaoh, emphasizing the severity of the impending judgment. The plagues are a demonstration of God's power and sovereignty over Egypt, a nation that worshiped many gods. The plagues were not random but targeted Egyptian deities, showing God's supremacy. The mention of "officials and your people" highlights the widespread impact of the plagues, affecting all levels of Egyptian society. This reflects the biblical theme of divine justice, where the consequences of sin and rebellion against God are experienced by the entire community.

so you may know that there is no one like Me in all the earth
This phrase underscores the purpose of the plagues: to reveal God's unique nature and unparalleled power. In the ancient Near Eastern context, where polytheism was prevalent, this declaration sets the God of Israel apart as the one true God. The phrase "in all the earth" emphasizes God's universal dominion, not limited to Israel or Egypt. This is a recurring biblical theme, seen in passages like Isaiah 45:5-6, where God declares His uniqueness. The plagues serve as a type of Christ, foreshadowing the ultimate revelation of God's power and love through Jesus, who demonstrates God's authority over nature, sin, and death.

For by this time
This phrase indicates a specific moment in the timeline of the plagues in Egypt. It suggests that God has been patient and deliberate in His actions. The plagues were not random but were part of a divine plan to demonstrate His power and sovereignty over Egypt and its gods.

I could have stretched out My hand
The "hand" of God is a metaphor for His power and intervention in human affairs. In biblical terms, God's hand represents His ability to execute judgment or deliverance. This phrase emphasizes God's control over the situation and His ability to act decisively.

and struck you and your people
This refers to Pharaoh and the Egyptians. The plagues were directed at both the leader and the nation, highlighting the collective responsibility and the widespread impact of their actions. It also underscores the personal nature of God's judgment against those who oppose His will.

with a plague
Plagues were common in the ancient Near East and were often seen as acts of divine judgment. Each plague in Exodus was a direct challenge to the Egyptian gods, demonstrating the futility of their worship. This particular mention of a plague serves as a reminder of God's power to bring about destruction as a form of judgment.

to wipe you off the earth
This phrase indicates the severity of the potential judgment. It echoes the language of total destruction found in other parts of the Old Testament, such as the flood narrative in Genesis. It serves as a warning of the ultimate consequences of continued rebellion against God.

and your people
The inclusion of "your people" highlights the communal aspect of sin and judgment. In the biblical context, leaders and their people were often seen as a unit, with the actions of one affecting the other. This reflects the interconnectedness of society and the far-reaching impact of leadership decisions.

But I have raised you up for this very purpose
This phrase indicates divine sovereignty and purpose. In the context of Exodus, God is speaking to Pharaoh through Moses. The raising up of Pharaoh can be understood as God's allowance of Pharaoh's position and power to fulfill a specific divine plan. This reflects the biblical theme of God using even those who oppose Him to accomplish His purposes, as seen in Romans 9:17. Historically, Pharaohs were considered gods in Egyptian culture, yet here, the true God asserts His control over earthly rulers.

that I might display My power to you
The display of God's power is a central theme in the Exodus narrative. The plagues, including the one described in this chapter, serve as demonstrations of God's supremacy over the Egyptian gods and nature itself. This phrase emphasizes that the events are not random but are orchestrated to reveal God's might. Theologically, this foreshadows the ultimate display of God's power in the resurrection of Jesus Christ, as seen in Ephesians 1:19-20.

and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth
The proclamation of God's name signifies His reputation and character being made known. In the ancient Near East, a name was more than a label; it represented one's essence and authority. The events in Egypt were meant to extend beyond the immediate context, impacting surrounding nations and future generations. This is fulfilled as the fame of the God of Israel spreads, influencing Rahab in Joshua 2:9-11 and the Gibeonites in Joshua 9:9. Ultimately, this points to the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19, where the name of God is to be proclaimed to all nations.

Still, you lord it over My people
This phrase highlights Pharaoh's persistent arrogance and refusal to humble himself before God. The term "lord it over" suggests a tyrannical and oppressive rule, which is consistent with Pharaoh's treatment of the Israelites as slaves. This behavior is a direct challenge to God's authority, as the Israelites are referred to as "My people," indicating God's covenant relationship with them. This echoes God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 15:13-14, where He foretold the oppression of his descendants and their eventual deliverance. Pharaoh's actions are a fulfillment of this prophecy, setting the stage for God's intervention.

and do not allow them to go.
Pharaoh's refusal to release the Israelites is a central theme in the Exodus narrative. This stubbornness is not just a political decision but a spiritual defiance against God's command. The demand for the Israelites' release is not merely for freedom but for them to serve and worship God, as seen in Exodus 5:1. This phrase also foreshadows the eventual plagues that God will bring upon Egypt as a demonstration of His power and judgment. The hardening of Pharaoh's heart, mentioned throughout the Exodus account, serves as a warning against resisting God's will. This resistance is contrasted with the ultimate deliverance and redemption that God provides, which is a type of the salvation offered through Jesus Christ, who delivers humanity from the bondage of sin.

Behold, at this time tomorrow
This phrase indicates the immediacy and certainty of God's judgment. The use of "behold" serves as a call to attention, emphasizing the seriousness of the forthcoming event. The specificity of "this time tomorrow" underscores God's control over time and events, a theme consistent throughout Scripture, such as in Genesis 18:14 when God promises Sarah a son.

I will rain down
The phrase "rain down" suggests divine intervention, as rain is often associated with God's provision or judgment. In this context, it is a form of judgment. This is reminiscent of the flood in Genesis 7, where God used rain as a means of judgment. It also foreshadows future divine judgments, such as those described in Revelation.

the worst hail that has ever fallen on Egypt
Hail is a natural phenomenon, but its unprecedented severity here indicates a supernatural act. This plague is one of the ten plagues that demonstrate God's power over the Egyptian gods, specifically Nut, the sky goddess, and Set, the storm god. The severity of the hail serves to show that the God of Israel is supreme over all creation.

from the day it was founded until now
This phrase emphasizes the historical significance of the event. Egypt, with its long history and established civilization, had never experienced such a calamity. This highlights the uniqueness of God's intervention. The phrase also serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over nations and history, as seen in Daniel 2:21, where God changes times and seasons and deposes kings.

So give orders now to shelter your livestock and everything you have in the field.
This command reflects the urgency and seriousness of the impending plague. In the context of the plagues of Egypt, this is the seventh plague, which is a turning point in the narrative. The Egyptians were primarily an agrarian society, heavily reliant on livestock and agriculture for their economy and sustenance. The instruction to shelter livestock indicates a divine warning that offers a chance for protection, highlighting God's mercy even amidst judgment. This also demonstrates God's control over nature, contrasting with the Egyptian gods who were believed to have power over the elements.

Every man or beast that remains in the field and is not brought inside will die
This phrase underscores the severity of the plague and the certainty of God's word. The inclusion of both man and beast emphasizes the indiscriminate nature of the judgment, affecting all who do not heed the warning. Historically, this would have been a significant threat, as both human life and livestock were crucial for survival. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the importance of heeding divine warnings. This can be seen as a type of final judgment, where those who do not seek refuge in God's provision face destruction.

when the hail comes down upon them.’”
Hail in the ancient Near East was a rare but devastating phenomenon, often associated with divine wrath. The specificity of the plague—hail—demonstrates God's power over the natural world and serves as a direct challenge to the Egyptian deities, such as Nut, the sky goddess, and Set, the storm god. This event foreshadows future divine judgments and can be seen as a type of Christ, who provides shelter and protection from the ultimate judgment. The hail also connects to other scriptural instances of divine judgment through natural disasters, such as the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.

Those among Pharaoh’s officials
This phrase refers to the Egyptian officials serving under Pharaoh. These individuals were part of the ruling class in Egypt, responsible for various administrative and governmental duties. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and advanced civilization, and its officials would have been well-educated and influential. The mention of Pharaoh's officials highlights the reach of God's influence, even among those who were not part of the Israelite community.

who feared the word of the LORD
The fear of the LORD here indicates a recognition of God's power and authority. This fear is not merely terror but a reverential awe and respect for God's commands and warnings. In the context of the plagues, it shows that some Egyptians acknowledged the reality and power of the God of Israel. This fear is similar to the fear of the LORD described in Proverbs 1:7, which is the beginning of knowledge. It also foreshadows the eventual acknowledgment of God's power by the Egyptians during the Exodus.

hurried to bring their servants and livestock to shelter
This action demonstrates a practical response to the warning given by God through Moses. The officials' decision to protect their servants and livestock shows a belief in the impending judgment and a desire to preserve life and property. It reflects a contrast between those who heed God's warnings and those who do not, as seen in the broader narrative of the plagues. This act of taking shelter can be seen as a type of seeking refuge in God, akin to the protection offered by the blood of the Passover lamb, which is a type of Christ's sacrificial protection for believers.

but those who disregarded the word of the LORD
This phrase highlights the theme of disobedience and unbelief. In the context of the plagues in Egypt, it underscores the contrast between those who heeded God's warnings and those who did not. The "word of the LORD" refers to the divine message delivered through Moses, which was a call to action to protect themselves from the impending plague. This reflects a broader biblical theme where ignoring God's word leads to consequences, as seen in Genesis 3 with Adam and Eve's disobedience. It also foreshadows the importance of faith and obedience in the New Testament, where Jesus emphasizes hearing and acting upon His words (Matthew 7:24-27).

left their servants and livestock in the field
This part of the verse illustrates the tangible consequences of ignoring divine warnings. In ancient Egypt, livestock were vital to the economy and daily life, serving as a source of food, labor, and wealth. By leaving their servants and livestock in the field, those who disregarded God's warning exposed them to the deadly hailstorm, resulting in significant loss. This act of negligence can be seen as a lack of stewardship and care for what God has entrusted to them. It also serves as a parallel to spiritual neglect, where failing to heed God's word can lead to spiritual ruin. The imagery of leaving the field unprotected can be connected to Jesus' parable of the sower, where the seed that falls on rocky ground or among thorns fails to thrive (Mark 4:3-20), symbolizing the importance of a receptive heart to God's message.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, emphasizing Moses' role as God's chosen leader and prophet. It reflects the ongoing dialogue between God and Moses throughout the Exodus narrative, highlighting Moses' obedience and faithfulness. This communication underscores the authority of God's commands and the importance of Moses as an intermediary between God and the Israelites.

Stretch out your hand toward heaven
The act of stretching out the hand is symbolic of invoking divine power. It signifies Moses' role in executing God's will and demonstrates the connection between heaven (God's domain) and earth. This gesture is a recurring motif in the plagues, symbolizing God's control over natural elements. It also prefigures the miracles of Jesus, who often used physical gestures to perform signs and wonders.

so that hail may fall on all the land of Egypt
Hail is a natural phenomenon used here as a divine instrument of judgment. The specificity of "all the land of Egypt" indicates the widespread impact of the plague, affecting the entire nation. This event demonstrates God's sovereignty over creation and serves as a direct challenge to the Egyptian deities associated with weather and agriculture, such as Nut, the sky goddess, and Osiris, the god of fertility and crops.

on man and beast and every plant of the field
The comprehensive nature of the plague highlights the severity of God's judgment. It affects humans, animals, and vegetation, illustrating the totality of the devastation. This mirrors the comprehensive nature of sin's consequences and foreshadows the final judgment. The inclusion of "man and beast" also recalls the creation narrative, where God created all living things, emphasizing His power to both create and destroy.

throughout the land of Egypt
The phrase underscores the extent of the plague's impact, affecting the entire Egyptian territory. This widespread destruction serves as a testament to God's power and a warning to Pharaoh and the Egyptians. It also sets the stage for the eventual liberation of the Israelites, as the plagues progressively demonstrate God's supremacy over Egypt and its gods. The geographical scope of the plague reinforces the narrative of God's deliverance and the fulfillment of His promises to His people.

So Moses stretched out his staff toward heaven
Moses' action of stretching out his staff is a recurring motif in the Exodus narrative, symbolizing divine authority and intervention. The staff, a simple shepherd's tool, becomes a powerful instrument of God's will. This act signifies Moses' obedience and the direct connection between God's command and the ensuing miracle. The gesture toward heaven indicates the source of the power—God Himself. This act parallels other instances where Moses uses the staff to perform miracles, such as parting the Red Sea (Exodus 14:16).

and the LORD sent thunder and hail
The LORD's response to Moses' action is immediate and powerful, demonstrating His control over nature. Thunder and hail are often associated with divine judgment in the Bible. In the ancient Near East, storms were seen as manifestations of divine power, and here they serve as a direct challenge to the Egyptian gods, particularly those associated with weather and agriculture. This plague is the seventh in a series of ten, each designed to show the impotence of the Egyptian deities and the supremacy of the God of Israel.

and lightning struck the earth
The lightning, or "fire," as some translations render it, adds to the terror and destruction of the plague. It emphasizes the severity of God's judgment and the comprehensive nature of the devastation. Lightning is often a symbol of God's presence and power, as seen in other biblical passages like Psalm 18:14 and Revelation 4:5. This element of the plague underscores the divine origin of the event, distinguishing it from natural occurrences.

So the LORD rained down hail upon the land of Egypt
The phrase "rained down" suggests a continuous and overwhelming onslaught, highlighting the intensity of the plague. Hailstorms were rare in Egypt, making this event even more extraordinary and terrifying. The land of Egypt, a symbol of human pride and power, is subjected to divine judgment, fulfilling God's promise to demonstrate His power and compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites. This act of judgment also foreshadows future divine interventions, such as the plagues in Revelation, and serves as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death.

The hail fell
The plague of hail is the seventh of the ten plagues that God sent upon Egypt. This event demonstrates God's power over nature, contrasting with the Egyptian gods who were believed to control the weather. Hail, a rare occurrence in Egypt due to its typically warm climate, signifies a divine intervention. The severity of the hailstorm underscores the seriousness of Pharaoh's hardened heart and God's judgment against Egypt.

and the lightning continued flashing through it.
The combination of hail and lightning indicates a supernatural storm, emphasizing the intensity and divine origin of the plague. Lightning, often associated with God's presence and power, can be seen in other biblical instances, such as at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:16). This imagery reinforces the idea of God's direct involvement and the awe-inspiring nature of His judgments.

The hail was so severe that nothing like it had ever been seen
This phrase highlights the unprecedented nature of the plague. The severity of the hailstorm serves as a testament to God's unmatched power and the seriousness of His warnings. It also acts as a sign to both the Egyptians and the Israelites of God's sovereignty and the futility of resisting His will.

in all the land of Egypt
The phrase emphasizes the widespread impact of the plague, affecting the entire nation. This widespread devastation would have had significant economic and social consequences, disrupting agriculture and daily life. It serves as a direct challenge to the Egyptian belief in the protection offered by their gods and the Pharaoh.

from the time it became a nation.
This reference to Egypt's history underscores the magnitude of the event. Egypt, known for its long and storied history, had never experienced such a calamity. This serves to remind the reader of God's control over history and His ability to intervene in the affairs of nations. It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance of the Israelites, as God's power is demonstrated in unprecedented ways.

Throughout the land of Egypt
This phrase emphasizes the widespread nature of the plague, affecting the entire nation. Egypt, known for its advanced civilization and powerful empire, was geographically centered around the Nile River. The land's fertility depended heavily on the Nile's inundation, making the impact of the hail particularly devastating. This event demonstrates God's power over the natural world and His ability to execute judgment on a national scale.

the hail struck down everything in the field
Hail is a rare and destructive weather phenomenon in Egypt, a region characterized by its arid climate. The severity of this plague is underscored by its ability to destroy everything in the fields, which were crucial for Egypt's agriculture-based economy. This judgment highlights God's control over creation and serves as a direct challenge to the Egyptian gods, such as Nut, the sky goddess, and Set, the god of storms.

both man and beast
The inclusion of both humans and animals in the destruction signifies the comprehensive nature of the judgment. In ancient Egyptian society, animals were not only vital for agriculture and transportation but also held religious significance. The loss of life among both humans and animals underscores the severity of the plague and serves as a reminder of the consequences of Pharaoh's hardened heart.

it beat down every plant of the field
The destruction of crops would have had catastrophic implications for Egypt's food supply, leading to potential famine. This phrase highlights the economic and social impact of the plague, as agriculture was the backbone of Egyptian society. The devastation of the crops can be seen as a fulfillment of God's warning to Pharaoh and a demonstration of His sovereignty over the land.

and stripped every tree
Trees, often symbols of life and prosperity, were also destroyed, indicating the totality of the devastation. In the biblical narrative, trees can represent stability and blessing, and their destruction signifies the removal of these blessings from Egypt. This act of stripping the trees can be seen as a precursor to the later plagues and a foreshadowing of the ultimate deliverance of the Israelites, as it demonstrates God's power to dismantle the natural order to fulfill His purposes.

The only place where it did not hail
This phrase highlights the divine protection over the Israelites during the seventh plague in Egypt. The hailstorm was a demonstration of God's power and judgment against the Egyptians and their gods. The exemption of Goshen underscores God's ability to distinguish between His people and their oppressors. This selective protection is reminiscent of the Passover, where the Israelites were spared from the final plague. It also foreshadows the concept of divine protection seen in Psalm 91:7, where a thousand may fall at one's side, but it will not come near those under God's care.

was in the land of Goshen
Goshen was a region in Egypt where the Israelites settled during Joseph's time (Genesis 47:6). It was likely located in the eastern part of the Nile Delta, a fertile area suitable for grazing and agriculture. The land of Goshen served as a place of refuge and provision for the Israelites during their time in Egypt. Archaeological evidence suggests that Semitic peoples, like the Israelites, lived in this region during the period of the Exodus. Goshen's separation from the rest of Egypt symbolizes the distinct identity and destiny of the Israelites as God's chosen people.

where the Israelites lived
The Israelites, descendants of Jacob, had been living in Egypt for several generations by the time of the Exodus. Their presence in Goshen was initially a result of Joseph's high position in Pharaoh's court, which allowed his family to settle in Egypt during a time of famine. Over time, the Israelites grew in number and strength, which led to their enslavement by a new Pharaoh who did not know Joseph (Exodus 1:8-10). The distinction of their dwelling place during the plagues serves as a testament to God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, ensuring the preservation and eventual deliverance of their descendants. This protection is a type of Christ, who provides spiritual refuge and salvation for believers.

Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron.
Pharaoh's summoning of Moses and Aaron indicates a moment of desperation. This is during the seventh plague, hail, which devastated Egypt. Pharaoh's action reflects a temporary acknowledgment of the power of the God of Israel. Historically, Egyptian rulers were seen as divine or semi-divine, making this act of summoning foreign leaders significant. It shows a crack in Pharaoh's perceived invincibility and divine status.

“This time I have sinned,” he said.
Pharaoh's admission of sin is notable, as it is rare for a ruler of his stature to confess wrongdoing. In the context of the plagues, this statement marks a moment of apparent repentance. However, it is important to note that Pharaoh's heart is described as hardened throughout the narrative, suggesting that this confession may be insincere or temporary. This phrase can be compared to other instances in scripture where leaders acknowledge sin but do not fully repent, such as King Saul in 1 Samuel 15:24.

“The LORD is righteous,
Pharaoh's acknowledgment of the LORD's righteousness contrasts with his own actions and those of his people. The term "righteous" in the biblical context refers to God's just and moral nature. This statement aligns with the broader biblical theme of God's justice and righteousness, as seen in passages like Psalm 145:17. It highlights the moral and ethical standards that God upholds, which Pharaoh and the Egyptians have violated.

and I and my people are wicked.”
Here, Pharaoh admits to the wickedness of both himself and his people. This collective acknowledgment of sin underscores the corporate nature of sin in the biblical narrative, where leaders and their nations are often seen as intertwined in their moral standing. The term "wicked" denotes a departure from God's laws and standards. This phrase can be connected to the broader biblical theme of repentance and the need for turning away from sin, as seen in the calls for national repentance in books like Jonah and Joel.

Pray to the LORD
This phrase indicates Pharaoh's recognition of the power and authority of the LORD, the God of Israel, over the natural elements. In the context of the plagues, it shows a momentary acknowledgment of God's supremacy, though not a genuine conversion. The act of asking for prayer suggests an understanding of intercession, a theme seen throughout the Bible, such as in the role of Jesus as the intercessor (Hebrews 7:25).

for there has been enough of God’s thunder and hail.
The thunder and hail are part of the seventh plague, demonstrating God's control over creation and His ability to use it as a tool of judgment. This plague specifically targeted the Egyptian gods associated with the weather, such as Nut, the sky goddess, and Set, the storm god, showing their impotence. The severity of the plague is a reminder of God's power and the consequences of hardening one's heart against Him, as seen in Pharaoh's repeated refusals.

I will let you go;
Pharaoh's statement here is a temporary concession under duress, reflecting a pattern of insincere promises. This mirrors the human tendency to make vows to God in times of crisis without true repentance. The phrase foreshadows the eventual Exodus, a pivotal event in Israel's history that prefigures the deliverance from sin through Christ (1 Corinthians 10:1-4).

you do not need to stay any longer.”
This phrase signifies a momentary release from bondage, symbolizing the greater spiritual liberation that God offers. The Israelites' eventual departure from Egypt is a type of the believer's deliverance from the bondage of sin. This anticipates the ultimate freedom found in Christ, who sets captives free (Luke 4:18). The temporary nature of Pharaoh's promise highlights the need for genuine repentance and the futility of resisting God's will.

Moses said to him
This phrase indicates a direct communication between Moses and Pharaoh. Moses, as the leader of the Israelites, acts as God's spokesperson. This interaction highlights the ongoing confrontation between God's representative and the Egyptian ruler, emphasizing the theme of divine authority versus human authority.

When I have left the city
Moses' departure from the city signifies a physical and symbolic separation from the Egyptian center of power. It underscores the distinction between the Israelites and the Egyptians, as well as the sanctity of Moses' mission. The city, likely Pi-Ramesses or another major Egyptian city, represents the heart of Pharaoh's domain.

I will spread out my hands to the LORD
The act of spreading out hands is a gesture of prayer and supplication, common in ancient Near Eastern cultures. It signifies Moses' reliance on divine intervention. This posture is seen elsewhere in Scripture, such as in 1 Kings 8:22, where Solomon spreads his hands in prayer at the dedication of the temple.

The thunder will cease, and there will be no more hail
This promise of cessation of the plague demonstrates God's control over nature, contrasting with the Egyptian gods who were believed to govern natural phenomena. The plagues serve as judgments against the gods of Egypt, as seen in Exodus 12:12, where God executes judgment on all the gods of Egypt.

so that you may know that the earth is the LORD’s
This statement underscores the central theme of the Exodus narrative: the demonstration of God's sovereignty over all creation. It echoes the declaration in Psalm 24:1, "The earth is the LORD’s, and everything in it." The plagues are not only punitive but also revelatory, intended to reveal God's power and authority to Pharaoh and the Egyptians.

But as for you and your officials
This phrase addresses Pharaoh and his court, highlighting the collective responsibility and shared guilt of the Egyptian leadership. In the context of the plagues, it underscores the stubbornness and hard-heartedness of not just Pharaoh but also his advisors. Historically, Egyptian officials were deeply entrenched in the polytheistic culture, which made the acknowledgment of the God of Israel particularly challenging. This collective mention emphasizes the widespread resistance to God's commands.

I know that you still do not fear
The phrase "I know" indicates God's omniscience and Moses' understanding of Pharaoh's heart, which remains hardened despite the miraculous signs. The concept of "fear" in biblical terms often refers to reverence and awe, which Pharaoh and his officials lack. This lack of fear is a recurring theme in the narrative of the plagues, illustrating the spiritual blindness and pride of the Egyptian leadership. Theologically, it contrasts with the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10).

the LORD our God.
This phrase identifies the God of Israel as distinct from the gods of Egypt, emphasizing His sovereignty and power. The use of "our God" signifies a personal relationship between the Israelites and Yahweh, contrasting with the impersonal nature of Egyptian deities. Theologically, this distinction is crucial as it sets the stage for the eventual deliverance of Israel and the establishment of a covenant relationship. The plagues serve as a demonstration of God's supremacy over all false gods, a theme that resonates throughout the Old Testament and is fulfilled in the New Testament through Christ's victory over sin and death.

Now the flax and barley were destroyed
The destruction of the flax and barley crops is significant in the context of the plagues of Egypt. These crops were essential to the Egyptian economy and daily life. Flax was used to make linen, a valuable textile, while barley was a staple food source. The destruction of these crops would have had a devastating impact on the Egyptian society, highlighting the severity of God's judgment. This event demonstrates God's power over nature and His ability to disrupt the economic and social structures of a nation.

since the barley was ripe
The timing of the plague is crucial. Barley ripens in Egypt around February or March, indicating that this plague occurred in the early spring. This detail helps to establish a timeline for the plagues and the Exodus narrative. The ripeness of the barley signifies that the harvest was imminent, making the destruction even more impactful as it would have been a time of expected abundance and provision.

and the flax was in bloom
Flax blooms around the same time as barley ripens, reinforcing the early spring setting. The blooming of flax indicates that it was at a vulnerable stage, susceptible to damage from the hail. This detail underscores the precision of God's judgment, as He targeted the crops at a time when their destruction would be most detrimental. The mention of flax also connects to the broader biblical theme of God's provision and the consequences of disobedience, as seen in other scriptural accounts where agricultural prosperity is linked to covenant faithfulness.

but the wheat and spelt were not destroyed
In the context of the plagues in Egypt, this phrase highlights the selective nature of the seventh plague, which was hail. The wheat and spelt were not destroyed because they had not yet matured. This detail underscores God's control over the natural world and His ability to protect certain elements even amidst judgment. Wheat and spelt were staple grains in ancient Egypt, essential for daily sustenance and economic stability. The preservation of these crops indicates a measure of mercy, allowing for future provision despite the devastation.

because they are late crops
Wheat and spelt are described as late crops, meaning they mature later in the growing season compared to barley and flax, which were destroyed by the hail. This agricultural detail provides insight into the timing of the plagues, likely occurring around February or March. The survival of these crops serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the precision of His judgments. It also foreshadows the continued opportunity for Pharaoh to repent, as the preservation of these crops suggests that God’s judgments are not yet final. This concept of divine timing and mercy is echoed in other scriptures, such as 2 Peter 3:9, which speaks of God's patience and desire for repentance.

Then Moses departed from Pharaoh
Moses' departure from Pharaoh signifies a temporary end to their confrontation. This interaction is part of the larger narrative of the plagues, where Moses acts as God's messenger. The departure indicates Moses' obedience to God's instructions and his role as an intermediary between God and Pharaoh. This moment reflects the ongoing struggle between God's will and Pharaoh's hardened heart, a theme prevalent throughout the Exodus narrative.

went out of the city
Moses leaving the city to pray is significant. In ancient Egypt, cities were centers of power and idolatry. By stepping outside, Moses symbolically distances himself from Egyptian influence and aligns with God's holiness. This act also demonstrates a separation from the corruption and sin associated with Pharaoh's rule, emphasizing the need for a sacred space to communicate with God.

and spread out his hands to the LORD
The gesture of spreading out hands is a posture of prayer and supplication, indicating Moses' earnest appeal to God. This physical act is a sign of humility and dependence on divine intervention. It is a common biblical motif seen in other scriptures, such as Solomon's prayer at the dedication of the temple (1 Kings 8:22). This posture underscores the sincerity and urgency of Moses' request for the cessation of the plague.

The thunder and hail ceased
The cessation of thunder and hail demonstrates God's control over nature and His response to Moses' intercession. This event is part of the seventh plague, which was a direct challenge to the Egyptian god of the sky, Nut. The stopping of the storm at Moses' request highlights the power of the God of Israel over Egyptian deities and nature itself, reinforcing the theme of God's supremacy.

and the rain no longer poured down on the land
The end of the rain signifies the completion of this particular judgment upon Egypt. It serves as a tangible sign of God's mercy and the effectiveness of Moses' prayer. The cessation of the plague also foreshadows the eventual deliverance of the Israelites from Egypt, symbolizing hope and restoration. This moment is a precursor to the ultimate redemption narrative found in the Exodus story, which is a type of the salvation offered through Jesus Christ.

When Pharaoh saw that the rain and hail and thunder had ceased
This phrase indicates a moment of relief for Pharaoh and Egypt after the seventh plague. The cessation of the storm signifies a temporary reprieve from God's judgment. In the ancient Near East, weather phenomena were often seen as manifestations of divine power. The Egyptians worshiped gods like Seth, who was associated with storms, but the plagues demonstrated the LORD's supremacy over these deities. The cessation of the storm might have led Pharaoh to believe that the threat was over, revealing a common human tendency to forget divine intervention once immediate danger passes.

he sinned again
Pharaoh's sin here is his refusal to let the Israelites go, despite his previous promises. This reflects a pattern of disobedience and rebellion against God's commands. In biblical terms, sin is often described as missing the mark or failing to live up to God's standards. Pharaoh's repeated sinning highlights the hardness of his heart and his resistance to God's will. This pattern is reminiscent of the cycle of sin and repentance seen throughout the Old Testament, particularly in the book of Judges.

and hardened his heart—he and his officials
The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a central theme in the Exodus narrative. It illustrates the tension between divine sovereignty and human responsibility. While God is said to harden Pharaoh's heart in some passages, here it is Pharaoh himself who hardens his heart, showing his culpability. This hardening is a deliberate choice to resist God's command, reflecting a spiritual blindness and stubbornness. The mention of his officials indicates that this was not just a personal decision but one that involved the leadership of Egypt, suggesting a collective resistance to God's will. This hardening can be seen as a type of the ultimate rejection of God, which is fulfilled in the New Testament by those who reject Christ, the true deliverer.

So Pharaoh’s heart was hardened
The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a recurring theme in the Exodus narrative. It signifies Pharaoh's resistance to God's will and serves as a demonstration of God's sovereignty over human decisions. The hardening can be seen as both a divine act and a result of Pharaoh's own stubbornness. This duality is reflected in earlier passages where Pharaoh hardens his own heart (Exodus 8:15) and where God declares He will harden Pharaoh's heart (Exodus 4:21). This hardening is not merely a personal obstinacy but a fulfillment of God's plan to display His power and glory through the plagues and the eventual liberation of the Israelites.

and he would not let the Israelites go
Pharaoh's refusal to release the Israelites is central to the narrative of the Exodus. It sets the stage for the series of plagues that God brings upon Egypt, each escalating in severity. This refusal highlights the conflict between God's command and human authority, illustrating the futility of resisting God's will. The Israelites' bondage in Egypt is symbolic of spiritual bondage, and their eventual liberation prefigures the salvation offered through Jesus Christ, who delivers humanity from the bondage of sin.

just as the LORD had said through Moses
This phrase underscores the fulfillment of God's word and the role of Moses as His prophet. God's foreknowledge and the reliability of His promises are emphasized here. Earlier in Exodus, God had informed Moses that Pharaoh would not easily let the Israelites go (Exodus 3:19). This fulfillment of prophecy serves to authenticate Moses' leadership and the divine origin of his mission. It also reinforces the theme of God's faithfulness and the certainty of His plans, which is echoed throughout Scripture, such as in Isaiah 46:10, where God declares the end from the beginning.