Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth
This phrase introduces the vision of a renewed creation, echoing the prophetic promises found in Isaiah 65:17 and 66:22, where God speaks of creating new heavens and a new earth. The concept of a "new heaven and a new earth" signifies a complete transformation and renewal of the current creation, free from the corruption and decay introduced by sin. This vision aligns with the eschatological hope found throughout Scripture, where God restores and redeems His creation. The use of "new" implies not just a replacement but a qualitative transformation, indicating a perfected state of existence.

for the first heaven and earth had passed away
The passing away of the first heaven and earth signifies the end of the current world order, which is marred by sin and suffering. This aligns with 2 Peter 3:10-13, where the apostle Peter describes the heavens passing away with a roar and the elements being destroyed by fire, leading to the expectation of a new heaven and a new earth where righteousness dwells. The imagery suggests a purging and renewal process, emphasizing the transient nature of the present world in contrast to the eternal nature of the new creation.

and the sea was no more
In the ancient Near Eastern context, the sea often symbolized chaos, danger, and separation. In biblical literature, the sea is sometimes associated with evil and opposition to God's order, as seen in the chaotic waters subdued in Genesis 1:2 and the sea monster Leviathan in Job 41 and Isaiah 27:1. The absence of the sea in the new creation symbolizes the removal of chaos, danger, and separation, reflecting a state of perfect peace and harmony. This imagery underscores the complete victory of God over all forces of disorder and the establishment of His perfect order in the new creation.

I saw the holy city
The vision of the "holy city" signifies a place set apart for God's presence and people. In biblical context, cities often represent centers of human civilization and culture. The "holy city" contrasts with earthly cities, symbolizing purity and divine order. This vision is given to John, the apostle, who is exiled on the island of Patmos. The concept of a holy city is rooted in the Old Testament, where Jerusalem is often depicted as the dwelling place of God (Psalm 48:1-2).

the new Jerusalem
The "new Jerusalem" represents the fulfillment of God's promises and the ultimate restoration of His people. It is not merely a physical city but a symbol of God's eternal kingdom. This new creation is a recurring theme in prophetic literature, such as Isaiah 65:17-19, which speaks of a new heaven and a new earth. The new Jerusalem is the culmination of God's redemptive plan, contrasting with the old Jerusalem, which was subject to sin and destruction.

coming down out of heaven from God
The descent of the new Jerusalem "out of heaven from God" emphasizes its divine origin and nature. Unlike earthly cities built by human hands, this city is a gift from God, signifying His initiative in salvation and restoration. This imagery echoes the vision of Jacob's ladder in Genesis 28:12, where heaven and earth are connected by divine action. It underscores the idea that the new creation is not achieved by human effort but by God's sovereign will.

prepared as a bride
The preparation "as a bride" highlights the city's beauty, purity, and readiness for a divine relationship. In biblical times, a bride's preparation was a significant cultural event, symbolizing purity and commitment. This imagery is used throughout Scripture to describe the relationship between God and His people, such as in Hosea 2:19-20 and Ephesians 5:25-27. The city, like a bride, is made ready for a sacred union with God.

adorned for her husband
The adornment "for her husband" signifies the intimate and covenantal relationship between God and His people. In ancient Jewish culture, a bride adorned herself to meet her groom, symbolizing joy and anticipation. This phrase reflects the eschatological hope of the church as the bride of Christ, as seen in Revelation 19:7-8. The adornment represents the righteousness and glory bestowed upon the church by Christ, the bridegroom.

And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying:
This phrase indicates a divine proclamation, emphasizing the authority and importance of the message. The "loud voice" signifies clarity and urgency, ensuring that the message is heard by all. The "throne" represents God's sovereign rule and authority, a recurring theme in Revelation, symbolizing His ultimate control over the events described. This echoes similar proclamations in Revelation, such as in 11:15, where voices from heaven announce the kingdom of God.

Behold, the dwelling place of God is with man:
This statement fulfills the prophetic vision of God dwelling among His people, as seen in the Old Testament, particularly in Leviticus 26:11-12 and Ezekiel 37:27. The term "dwelling place" (Greek: "skēnē") is reminiscent of the tabernacle, where God's presence was with Israel during their wilderness journey. This signifies a return to the intimate relationship between God and humanity, reminiscent of the Garden of Eden before the fall.

and He will dwell with them:
The promise of God's presence is a central theme throughout Scripture, from the tabernacle and temple in the Old Testament to the incarnation of Christ (John 1:14, "The Word became flesh and dwelt among us"). This phrase assures believers of God's eternal presence, a fulfillment of the Emmanuel prophecy ("God with us") found in Isaiah 7:14 and reiterated in Matthew 1:23.

They will be His people:
This covenantal language reflects the relationship God established with Israel (Exodus 6:7, Deuteronomy 7:6). It signifies a restored and perfected community of believers, transcending ethnic and national boundaries, united as God's chosen people. This echoes the promise in 2 Corinthians 6:16, where believers are described as the temple of the living God.

and God Himself will be with them as their God:
This phrase emphasizes the personal and direct relationship between God and His people, free from the barriers of sin and separation. It fulfills the ultimate promise of the new covenant, as seen in Jeremiah 31:33, where God declares He will be their God, and they will be His people. This reflects the consummation of God's redemptive plan, where He is fully present with His people in the new creation, as described in Revelation 21:1-2.

He will wipe away every tear from their eyes,
This phrase signifies God's intimate care and compassion for His people. It echoes Isaiah 25:8, where God promises to swallow up death forever and wipe away tears from all faces. The imagery of God personally wiping away tears suggests a close, personal relationship between God and His people, emphasizing His role as a loving Father. In the ancient Near Eastern context, tears were often associated with mourning and suffering, and the act of wiping them away symbolizes the end of sorrow and the beginning of eternal joy.

and there will be no more death
The abolition of death fulfills the prophecy found in 1 Corinthians 15:26, where death is described as the last enemy to be destroyed. In the biblical narrative, death entered the world through sin (Genesis 3), and its eradication signifies the complete restoration of creation. This promise of no more death is central to the Christian hope of eternal life, where believers will experience unending fellowship with God.

or mourning or crying or pain,
These elements are representative of the human experience of suffering and loss. Mourning, crying, and pain are consequences of the fallen world and human sinfulness. The promise that these will cease is a direct result of the new creation, where the effects of sin are entirely removed. This aligns with the prophetic vision in Isaiah 65:17-19, where God creates new heavens and a new earth, and the former troubles are forgotten.

for the former things have passed away.”
The "former things" refer to the current world order, characterized by sin, suffering, and death. This phrase indicates a complete transformation and renewal of creation, as described in 2 Peter 3:13, where believers look forward to a new heaven and a new earth, the home of righteousness. The passing away of the former things signifies the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan, where the old order is replaced by a new, perfect existence in God's presence.

And the One seated on the throne said
This phrase identifies the speaker as God, who is often depicted as seated on a throne, symbolizing His sovereignty and authority. The imagery of a throne is consistent throughout Scripture, such as in Isaiah 6:1 and Daniel 7:9, where God is portrayed as the ultimate ruler. The throne signifies judgment, power, and the divine right to rule over creation.

Behold, I make all things new
This declaration points to the transformative power of God, emphasizing renewal and restoration. It echoes the promises found in Isaiah 43:19 and 2 Corinthians 5:17, where God speaks of doing a new thing and believers becoming new creations in Christ. This renewal is both physical and spiritual, indicating the complete restoration of creation and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

Then He said, “Write this down
The command to write underscores the importance and permanence of the message. It reflects the biblical tradition of recording divine revelations, as seen in Jeremiah 30:2 and Habakkuk 2:2. This ensures that the message is preserved for future generations and highlights the reliability of God's word.

for these words are faithful and true.”
This assurance emphasizes the trustworthiness and certainty of God's promises. The terms "faithful" and "true" are often used in Scripture to describe God's character and His words, as seen in Psalm 33:4 and John 17:17. This phrase reassures believers that God's promises will be fulfilled, providing hope and encouragement in the face of trials and uncertainties.

And He told me
This phrase indicates direct communication from God to John, the author of Revelation. It emphasizes the personal nature of the revelation and the authority of the message. Throughout the Bible, God speaks directly to His prophets, as seen with Moses (Exodus 3:4) and Isaiah (Isaiah 6:8).

It is done!
This declaration signifies the completion of God's redemptive plan. It echoes Jesus' words on the cross, "It is finished" (John 19:30), indicating the fulfillment of God's promises and the establishment of His eternal kingdom. The phrase underscores the finality and certainty of God's purposes.

I am the Alpha and the Omega
Alpha and Omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, symbolizing completeness and eternity. This title for God appears in Revelation 1:8 and 22:13, affirming His eternal nature and sovereign control over history. It highlights God's omnipresence and omnipotence, encompassing all time and creation.

the Beginning and the End
This phrase reinforces God's eternal existence and His role as the Creator and Consummator of all things. It connects to Isaiah 44:6, where God declares Himself as the first and the last. It assures believers of God's unchanging nature and His ultimate authority over the universe.

To the thirsty I will give freely
This promise reflects God's grace and generosity. The imagery of thirst is often used in Scripture to describe spiritual longing (Psalm 42:1-2, John 4:13-14). The offer of free water signifies salvation and the satisfaction of spiritual needs without cost, emphasizing the gift of grace (Ephesians 2:8-9).

from the spring of the water of life
The water of life symbolizes eternal life and spiritual renewal. This imagery is rooted in Old Testament prophecies like Isaiah 55:1 and finds fulfillment in Jesus' offer of living water (John 7:37-38). The spring represents the source of life, pointing to God as the provider of eternal sustenance and joy.

The one who overcomes
This phrase refers to the concept of spiritual victory and perseverance in the Christian faith. In the context of Revelation, overcoming is a recurring theme (Revelation 2-3) and is associated with remaining faithful to Christ despite trials and persecution. The term "overcomes" is derived from the Greek word "nikao," which means to conquer or prevail. This reflects the spiritual battle believers face against sin, the world, and Satan. The idea of overcoming is also linked to the promises given to the seven churches in Revelation, where each church is encouraged to overcome specific challenges.

will inherit all things
The promise of inheritance is a significant biblical theme, often associated with the blessings and promises of God to His people. In the Old Testament, inheritance was tied to the land promised to Abraham and his descendants (Genesis 12:7). In the New Testament, the concept expands to include the spiritual inheritance of eternal life and the kingdom of God (Romans 8:17, Galatians 3:29). The phrase "all things" suggests the fullness of God's promises, including eternal life, the new heaven and new earth, and the presence of God Himself. This inheritance is not earned but is a gift to those who remain faithful.

and I will be his God
This phrase echoes the covenant language found throughout the Bible, where God promises to be the God of His people (Exodus 6:7, Jeremiah 31:33). It signifies a personal and relational aspect of God's promise, emphasizing His commitment and faithfulness to those who overcome. This relationship is central to the biblical narrative, where God desires to dwell with His people and be their God. In Revelation, this promise is fulfilled in the new creation, where God dwells with humanity in a restored relationship.

and he will be My son
The concept of sonship in the Bible conveys a deep relationship with God, marked by love, inheritance, and identity. In the New Testament, believers are often referred to as children of God (John 1:12, Romans 8:14-17). This sonship is made possible through faith in Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate Son of God. The phrase "he will be My son" indicates a status of honor and privilege, reflecting the believer's adoption into God's family. It also points to the intimate relationship between God and His people, where believers are not only subjects of God's kingdom but also His beloved children.

But to the cowardly
This phrase refers to those who lack faith and courage in the face of persecution or trials. In biblical context, cowardice is often associated with a failure to stand firm in one's faith. Jesus warned against denying Him before others (Matthew 10:33), and the early church faced severe persecution, making courage a vital virtue.

and unbelieving
Unbelief is a central theme throughout Scripture, often linked to a rejection of God's truth and promises. Hebrews 3:12 warns against having an unbelieving heart that turns away from the living God. This phrase underscores the importance of faith as a foundational element of the Christian life.

and abominable
The term "abominable" refers to those who engage in detestable practices, often associated with idolatry and moral corruption. In the Old Testament, certain practices were considered abominations, such as idolatry (Deuteronomy 7:25) and sexual immorality (Leviticus 18:22).

and murderers
Murder is explicitly condemned in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:13). Jesus expanded on this in Matthew 5:21-22, teaching that even harboring anger against others is akin to murder. This phrase highlights the seriousness of taking a life and the broader implications of hatred.

and sexually immoral
Sexual immorality encompasses a range of behaviors outside the biblical standard of sexual relations within marriage between a man and a woman. The New Testament frequently warns against such practices (1 Corinthians 6:9-10), emphasizing purity and holiness.

and sorcerers
Sorcery, or witchcraft, involves the use of magic or supernatural powers apart from God. It is condemned in both the Old and New Testaments (Deuteronomy 18:10-12, Galatians 5:19-21) as it often involves reliance on demonic forces and a rejection of God's sovereignty.

and idolaters
Idolatry is the worship of false gods or the elevation of anything above God. It is a recurring issue throughout the Bible, with the first two commandments addressing it directly (Exodus 20:3-4). Idolatry can also be metaphorical, referring to anything that takes precedence over God in one's life.

and all liars
Lying is condemned throughout Scripture as contrary to God's nature, who is truth (John 14:6). Proverbs 6:16-19 lists a lying tongue among the things God hates. This phrase emphasizes the importance of truthfulness and integrity.

their place will be in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur
This imagery is used to describe the final judgment and eternal separation from God. The lake of fire is mentioned earlier in Revelation 20:14-15 as the destination for death, Hades, and those not found in the Book of Life. It symbolizes ultimate punishment and the culmination of God's justice.

This is the second death.”
The "second death" refers to eternal separation from God, distinct from physical death. Revelation 20:6 contrasts the second death with the first resurrection, highlighting the eternal consequences of one's spiritual state. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the eternal stakes involved in one's relationship with God.

Then one of the seven angels with the seven bowls full of the seven final plagues
This phrase refers to the angels introduced earlier in Revelation (Revelation 15:1, 16:1), who are tasked with pouring out God's wrath upon the earth. The number seven signifies completeness or perfection in biblical numerology, indicating the finality of God's judgment. The bowls are symbolic of God's wrath being fully dispensed, echoing the plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-12) as a demonstration of divine justice.

came and said to me
The angel's approach to John signifies a transition from judgment to revelation. This personal interaction highlights the importance of the message being delivered. The angel serves as a divine messenger, a common role for angels throughout Scripture (Daniel 9:21-23, Luke 1:26-38).

“Come, I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb.”
The bride represents the Church, the collective body of believers, as seen in Ephesians 5:25-27 and 2 Corinthians 11:2. The imagery of a bride emphasizes purity, devotion, and the intimate relationship between Christ and His followers. The Lamb refers to Jesus Christ, the sacrificial Lamb of God (John 1:29, Revelation 5:6), highlighting His role in redemption and His union with the Church. This vision contrasts with the earlier depiction of Babylon, the harlot (Revelation 17), symbolizing the ultimate triumph of good over evil and the fulfillment of God's promises.

And he carried me away in the Spirit
This phrase indicates a visionary experience, where John is transported spiritually rather than physically. Similar experiences are seen in Ezekiel 37:1 and Acts 8:39, where individuals are moved by the Spirit to receive divine revelation. This emphasizes the supernatural nature of the vision and the divine origin of the message.

to a mountain great and high
Mountains in biblical literature often symbolize places of divine revelation and encounter, such as Mount Sinai (Exodus 19) and the Mount of Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1-9). The "great and high" mountain suggests a place of significant revelation, underscoring the importance of what John is about to witness.

and showed me the holy city of Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds profound significance throughout the Bible as the center of worship and the dwelling place of God among His people (Psalm 48:1-2). In prophetic literature, it often symbolizes the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises. This vision of a "holy city" represents the culmination of God's redemptive plan, a new creation where God dwells with His people eternally.

coming down out of heaven from God
This imagery signifies the divine origin and perfection of the new Jerusalem. Unlike the earthly city, which has been subject to sin and destruction, this city is pure and holy, descending from God Himself. It fulfills prophecies such as Isaiah 65:17-19, where a new heaven and earth are promised. The descent from heaven indicates that this is a gift from God, not built by human hands, and represents the ultimate reconciliation between God and humanity.

shining with the glory of God
This phrase emphasizes the divine presence and majesty of the New Jerusalem. The "glory of God" often signifies God's manifest presence, as seen in Exodus 40:34-35 when the glory filled the tabernacle. In the New Testament, the glory of God is revealed in Jesus Christ (John 1:14). The shining aspect suggests purity, holiness, and the overwhelming brilliance of God's presence, reminiscent of the Shekinah glory that led the Israelites.

Its radiance was like a most precious jewel
The imagery of a precious jewel conveys immense value and beauty. In ancient times, jewels were symbols of wealth and status, often used in the construction of sacred spaces, such as the high priest's breastplate (Exodus 28:17-20). This description underscores the incomparable worth and splendor of the heavenly city, reflecting God's own nature.

like a jasper
Jasper in biblical times was a term used for a variety of precious stones, often associated with a greenish hue, though here it is described as clear. In Revelation 4:3, jasper is part of the vision of God's throne, indicating purity and divine majesty. The use of jasper connects the New Jerusalem with the divine throne room, suggesting that the city is a place of God's direct rule and presence.

as clear as crystal
The clarity of the jasper signifies transparency and purity, qualities that are often associated with holiness and truth. Crystal-clear imagery is used in Revelation 22:1 to describe the river of the water of life, symbolizing purity and the untainted nature of the new creation. This clarity also suggests that nothing impure or hidden will exist in the New Jerusalem, aligning with the promise of a new heaven and earth where righteousness dwells (2 Peter 3:13).

The city had a great and high wall
The imagery of a "great and high wall" signifies security, protection, and separation from all that is unholy. In ancient times, city walls were essential for defense against enemies, symbolizing strength and stability. This wall represents the impenetrable nature of the New Jerusalem, ensuring that nothing impure can enter (Revelation 21:27). The wall's grandeur also reflects the glory and majesty of God’s eternal kingdom.

with twelve gates
The number twelve is significant throughout Scripture, often symbolizing completeness and God's divine order. The twelve gates suggest accessibility and the welcoming nature of God's kingdom, open to all who are redeemed. In Ezekiel 48:30-35, a similar vision of a city with twelve gates is described, each named after the tribes of Israel, indicating continuity between the Old and New Covenants.

inscribed with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel
The inscription of the twelve tribes' names highlights the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel and the integral role of the Jewish people in salvation history. It underscores the unity of God's people, both Jews and Gentiles, in the New Jerusalem. This connection to the tribes of Israel also points to the covenantal faithfulness of God, as seen in passages like Genesis 49 and Numbers 2, where the tribes are listed and blessed.

and twelve angels at the gates
The presence of twelve angels at the gates signifies divine guardianship and the holiness of the city. Angels often serve as messengers and protectors in Scripture, as seen in Genesis 3:24, where cherubim guard the way to the Tree of Life. Their role here emphasizes the sacredness of the New Jerusalem and the divine order maintained within its walls. The angels also serve as a reminder of the heavenly nature of the city, aligning with the vision of God's eternal kingdom.

There were three gates on the east
The number three often symbolizes completeness or divine perfection in biblical numerology. The east holds significant biblical symbolism, often representing the direction from which God's glory appears (Ezekiel 43:2). The Garden of Eden was placed in the east (Genesis 2:8), and the wise men came from the east to worship Jesus (Matthew 2:1). The gates facing east may symbolize the entrance of God's presence and the fulfillment of His promises.

three on the north
The north is sometimes associated with God's judgment and power (Isaiah 14:13). In ancient Israel, enemies often attacked from the north, making it a direction associated with danger and divine protection. The inclusion of gates on the north side signifies God's sovereignty and the protection He offers from all directions. It also emphasizes the universality of God's kingdom, open to all nations.

three on the south
The south is often associated with warmth and blessing, as it is the direction of the Negev, a region in Israel known for its fertility and abundance. The presence of gates on the south side may symbolize the blessings and prosperity that come from God. It also reflects the inclusivity of the New Jerusalem, welcoming people from all directions and backgrounds.

and three on the west
The west is significant in biblical history as the direction of the Mediterranean Sea, representing the unknown and the Gentile nations. The western gates highlight the expansion of God's kingdom beyond Israel to include all peoples. This aligns with the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19) and the prophecy of the inclusion of the Gentiles (Isaiah 49:6). The gates on the west signify the fulfillment of God's plan for salvation to reach the ends of the earth.

The wall of the city
The imagery of a wall signifies protection and security, a common feature in ancient cities. In biblical times, walls were essential for defense against enemies. This wall symbolizes the eternal security and peace of the New Jerusalem, contrasting with the vulnerability of earthly cities.

had twelve foundations
The number twelve is significant in Scripture, often representing completeness or divine authority. The twelve foundations suggest a strong and unshakeable structure, emphasizing the permanence and stability of God's eternal kingdom. This echoes the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles, indicating continuity between the Old and New Covenants.

bearing the names of the twelve apostles
The apostles were foundational to the early Church, as seen in Ephesians 2:20, where the Church is described as being built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets. Their names on the foundations highlight their role in spreading the Gospel and establishing the Church, underscoring the unity and continuity of God's redemptive plan.

of the Lamb
The Lamb refers to Jesus Christ, the sacrificial Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). This title emphasizes the sacrificial nature of Christ's work and His central role in the establishment of the New Jerusalem. The apostles' connection to the Lamb underscores their mission to testify to His life, death, and resurrection, forming the basis of the Christian faith.

The angel who spoke with me
This phrase indicates a continuation of a vision given to John, the author of Revelation. Angels often serve as messengers or guides in biblical visions, as seen in Daniel and Ezekiel. The presence of an angel underscores the divine authority and significance of the revelation being given. Angels are frequently depicted as God's servants who execute His will, emphasizing the heavenly origin of the message.

had a golden measuring rod
The use of a measuring rod is reminiscent of Ezekiel 40:3, where a man with a measuring rod measures the temple. Gold, a symbol of purity and divinity, suggests the perfection and holiness of what is being measured. The act of measuring signifies God's ownership and the precision of His plans. It also indicates the importance of the city being measured, as it is set apart for a divine purpose.

to measure the city
The city being measured is the New Jerusalem, a central theme in Revelation 21. This city represents the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to dwell with His people. Measuring the city signifies its completeness and readiness as the eternal dwelling place for believers. The New Jerusalem is depicted as a place of perfect harmony and beauty, reflecting God's glory.

and its gates
The gates of the city are significant as they symbolize access and security. In ancient cities, gates were crucial for protection and controlled entry. The New Jerusalem's gates, described later in Revelation as being made of pearl, signify the beauty and value of entry into God's eternal kingdom. The gates also represent the tribes of Israel, connecting the New Jerusalem to God's covenant people.

and walls
The walls of the city symbolize protection and separation from all that is unholy. In biblical times, city walls were essential for defense against enemies. The walls of the New Jerusalem, described as being made of jasper, indicate the strength and impenetrability of God's eternal kingdom. They also serve as a boundary, ensuring that only those who are redeemed may enter, highlighting the purity and sanctity of the city.

The city lies foursquare, with its width the same as its length.
The description of the city as "foursquare" suggests perfection and completeness, reflecting the divine order and symmetry. In biblical symbolism, the square often represents stability and perfection. The Holy of Holies in the tabernacle and temple was also a perfect square, indicating a place of divine presence. This imagery connects the New Jerusalem to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to dwell among His people. The equal width and length emphasize the city's perfect proportions, symbolizing the harmony and balance of God's eternal kingdom.

And he measured the city with the rod, and all its dimensions were equal—
The act of measuring the city with a rod signifies the precision and intentionality of God's design. In biblical times, measuring was often associated with ownership, judgment, or preparation for construction. The equal dimensions highlight the city's perfection and completeness, reflecting God's perfect plan for His creation. This measurement echoes the vision of Ezekiel's temple, where precise measurements were given, symbolizing God's meticulous care and sovereignty.

12,000 stadia in length and width and height.
The measurement of 12,000 stadia, approximately 1,400 to 1,500 miles, suggests an immense and vast city, far beyond any earthly city. The number 12,000 combines the symbolic Numbers 12 (representing the tribes of Israel and the apostles) and 1,000 (indicating completeness or vastness), symbolizing the fullness of God's people. The equal length, width, and height suggest a cube, reminiscent of the Holy of Holies, indicating the entire city is a sacred space where God's presence dwells. This imagery points to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to be with His people, as seen in prophecies throughout Scripture, such as Isaiah 65:17-19 and Ezekiel 48:35.

And he measured its wall
The act of measuring in biblical literature often signifies the establishment of boundaries or the confirmation of divine order. In the context of Revelation, measuring the wall of the New Jerusalem symbolizes God's precise and perfect design for His eternal city. This echoes the measuring of the temple in Ezekiel 40-42, where the prophet is given a vision of a future temple, emphasizing God's meticulous planning and the sanctity of His dwelling place.

to be 144 cubits
The number 144 is significant as it is the product of 12 times 12, which in biblical numerology represents completeness and perfection. The number 12 is often associated with the people of God, as seen in the 12 tribes of Israel and the 12 apostles. Thus, 144 cubits may symbolize the complete and perfect protection and security of God's people within the New Jerusalem. A cubit, an ancient unit of measure, is approximately 18 inches or 45 centimeters, making the wall about 216 feet or 66 meters high, indicating a substantial and formidable barrier.

by the human measure
This phrase indicates that the measurement is understandable and relatable to human standards, emphasizing the tangible reality of the New Jerusalem. It reassures believers that the promises of God are not abstract or mystical but are grounded in reality and can be comprehended by human understanding. This aligns with the incarnation of Christ, where the divine took on human form to be relatable and accessible.

the angel was using
The involvement of an angel in the measurement process underscores the divine authority and heavenly origin of the vision. Angels often serve as messengers or agents of God's will throughout Scripture, as seen in the announcements to Mary in Luke 1 and to the shepherds in Luke 2. The angel's role here highlights the divine endorsement and authenticity of the vision John receives, assuring believers of the certainty and truth of God's promises for the future.

The wall was made of jasper
Jasper is a precious stone often associated with beauty and strength. In biblical times, jasper was highly valued and used in various forms of decoration and jewelry. Its mention here symbolizes the glory and majesty of the New Jerusalem. Jasper is also referenced in Revelation 4:3, where it describes the appearance of God on His throne, indicating purity and divine presence. The wall being made of jasper signifies the protection and eternal security of the city, reflecting God's unchanging nature and His covenant with His people.

and the city itself of pure gold
Gold is a symbol of purity, value, and royalty throughout the Bible. In the ancient world, gold was the most precious metal, often used in the construction of temples and palaces. The use of pure gold to describe the city emphasizes its divine origin and the perfection of God's creation. This imagery connects to the Old Testament, where the tabernacle and Solomon's temple were adorned with gold, signifying God's dwelling place among His people (Exodus 25:11, 1 Kings 6:20-22). The city being made of pure gold highlights the holiness and splendor of the New Jerusalem, a place where God's presence is fully realized.

as pure as glass
The phrase "as pure as glass" suggests transparency and clarity, qualities that are often associated with truth and righteousness. In the ancient world, glass was not as refined as it is today, making pure, clear glass a rare and valuable commodity. This description implies that the city is free from impurity and corruption, reflecting the perfect and unblemished nature of God's kingdom. The transparency also symbolizes the openness and accessibility of God's presence, where nothing is hidden, and all is revealed in His light. This imagery aligns with 1 Corinthians 13:12, where Paul speaks of seeing "face to face" and knowing fully, as we are fully known.

The foundations of the city walls were adorned with every kind of precious stone:
This phrase highlights the splendor and divine craftsmanship of the New Jerusalem. The use of precious stones signifies beauty, value, and permanence. In ancient times, such stones were symbols of wealth and status, often used in royal settings. Biblically, precious stones are associated with the high priest's breastplate (Exodus 28:17-20), symbolizing God's people and His covenant with them. The adornment of the city walls with these stones reflects the glory and holiness of God's eternal kingdom.

The first foundation was jasper,
Jasper is often described as a clear, crystalline stone, possibly resembling a diamond. In Revelation 4:3, God Himself is described as having an appearance like jasper, indicating purity and divine majesty. The use of jasper as the first foundation stone underscores the purity and holiness of the New Jerusalem, setting the tone for the entire city.

the second sapphire,
Sapphire is a deep blue stone, symbolizing heaven and divine revelation. In Exodus 24:10, the pavement under God's feet is described as being like sapphire, suggesting a connection to the divine presence. The use of sapphire in the foundation may represent the heavenly origin and nature of the New Jerusalem, emphasizing its connection to God's throne.

the third chalcedony,
Chalcedony is a translucent stone, often with a bluish hue. It is less frequently mentioned in the Bible, but its inclusion here suggests a unique aspect of beauty and diversity in God's creation. The presence of chalcedony in the foundation may symbolize the variety and richness of God's kingdom, where every believer has a place.

the fourth emerald,
Emerald is a bright green stone, symbolizing life, renewal, and immortality. In Revelation 4:3, a rainbow resembling an emerald encircles God's throne, indicating His eternal covenant and mercy. The use of emerald in the foundation of the New Jerusalem highlights the promise of eternal life and the renewal of creation in God's presence.

the fifth sardonyx
Sardonyx is a variety of onyx characterized by its layers of red and white bands. In biblical times, it was valued for its beauty and used in jewelry and ornamentation. Sardonyx is mentioned in the context of the New Jerusalem's foundation stones, symbolizing strength and beauty. The use of precious stones in Revelation reflects the glory and perfection of God's eternal kingdom. Sardonyx may also represent the blending of divine and human elements, as seen in the incarnation of Christ.

the sixth carnelian
Carnelian, a reddish-brown stone, was highly prized in ancient cultures for its vibrant color. It is associated with courage and protection. In the Bible, carnelian is linked to the tribe of Reuben, Jacob's firstborn, symbolizing strength and dignity. The inclusion of carnelian in the New Jerusalem's foundation highlights the city's enduring strength and the fulfillment of God's promises.

the seventh chrysolite
Chrysolite, often identified with the modern-day peridot, is a yellow-green gemstone. In ancient times, it was believed to have protective properties and was associated with the sun. Biblically, chrysolite is connected to the tribe of Asher, known for its abundance and prosperity. The presence of chrysolite in the New Jerusalem signifies the city's eternal prosperity and the light of God's presence.

the eighth beryl
Beryl is a mineral that comes in various colors, including green, blue, and yellow. It was used in ancient times for its beauty and durability. In the Bible, beryl is associated with the tribe of Dan, symbolizing judgment and wisdom. The use of beryl in the New Jerusalem's foundation stones reflects the city's divine wisdom and the righteous judgment of God.

the ninth topaz
Topaz is a gemstone that ranges in color from yellow to blue. It was highly valued in antiquity for its clarity and brilliance. Biblically, topaz is linked to the tribe of Simeon, representing faithfulness and obedience. The inclusion of topaz in the New Jerusalem underscores the faithfulness of God's covenant and the clarity of His truth.

the tenth chrysoprase
Chrysoprase is a green variety of chalcedony, prized for its vibrant color. In ancient times, it was associated with healing and renewal. The use of chrysoprase in the New Jerusalem's foundation stones symbolizes the city's eternal renewal and the healing presence of God. It reflects the promise of new life and restoration in God's kingdom.

the eleventh jacinth
Jacinth, often identified with the modern-day zircon, is a reddish-orange gemstone. It was valued in ancient cultures for its fiery color and was believed to have protective qualities. In the Bible, jacinth is associated with the tribe of Gad, symbolizing strength and victory. The presence of jacinth in the New Jerusalem signifies the city's eternal victory over sin and death through Christ.

the twelfth amethyst
Amethyst is a purple gemstone known for its beauty and rarity. In biblical times, it was associated with royalty and spiritual wisdom. Amethyst is linked to the tribe of Issachar, representing understanding and discernment. The use of amethyst in the New Jerusalem's foundation stones highlights the city's royal status and the spiritual wisdom of God's eternal kingdom.

And the twelve gates were twelve pearls
The number twelve is significant in biblical symbolism, often representing completeness or divine authority, as seen in the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles. The use of pearls for the gates is unique and significant. In ancient times, pearls were considered extremely valuable and rare, symbolizing purity and beauty. This imagery suggests the immense value and purity of the New Jerusalem. The idea of gates made of pearls also reflects the parable of the pearl of great price (Matthew 13:45-46), emphasizing the kingdom of heaven's incomparable worth.

with each gate consisting of a single pearl
The description of each gate being made from a single pearl highlights the miraculous and divine nature of the New Jerusalem. In the natural world, pearls of such size do not exist, indicating that this is a supernatural creation. This imagery may also symbolize the unity and perfection of God's creation, as well as the singularity of Christ as the way to enter the kingdom of heaven (John 14:6). The singular pearl could also represent the unity of believers entering through Christ, the one true gate.

The main street of the city was pure gold
Gold is often associated with divinity, kingship, and purity in the Bible. The use of pure gold for the main street signifies the holiness and majesty of the New Jerusalem. In ancient cultures, gold was the most precious metal, often used in the construction of temples and palaces, symbolizing wealth and splendor. The purity of the gold indicates the absence of impurity or sin, reflecting the perfect nature of the heavenly city. This imagery connects to the streets of gold mentioned in Revelation 21:18, emphasizing the city's divine origin and eternal value.

as clear as glass
The description of gold being as clear as glass suggests a level of purity and transparency beyond earthly experience. In biblical symbolism, glass often represents clarity and truth. This imagery may indicate the complete transparency and righteousness of the New Jerusalem, where nothing is hidden, and all is revealed in the light of God's glory. The clarity of the gold also reflects the purity and holiness of God's presence, as seen in Revelation 22:5, where there is no need for the sun or moon because God's glory illuminates the city.

But I saw no temple in the city
In the context of Revelation, the absence of a physical temple in the New Jerusalem is significant. Throughout the Old Testament, the temple was the central place of worship and the dwelling place of God's presence among His people (1 Kings 8:10-11). The temple in Jerusalem was a symbol of God's covenant with Israel and a place where sacrifices and offerings were made. However, in the New Jerusalem, there is no need for a physical temple because God's presence is fully realized and accessible to all. This reflects the fulfillment of prophecies such as Jeremiah 31:33, where God promises to write His law on the hearts of His people, indicating a direct and personal relationship with Him.

because the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple
The phrase highlights the unity and divinity of God the Father and Jesus Christ, the Lamb. In the New Jerusalem, God's presence is not confined to a building but is embodied in the persons of the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb. This reflects the theological truth of the Trinity and the role of Jesus as the mediator between God and humanity (John 1:14, Colossians 2:9). The Lamb, a title for Jesus, emphasizes His sacrificial role in redemption, as seen in Revelation 5:6-9. The presence of God and the Lamb as the temple signifies the complete and eternal communion between God and His people, fulfilling the ultimate purpose of creation and redemption.

And the city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it
This phrase indicates a transformation from the current natural order. In the new creation, the heavenly city, the New Jerusalem, does not rely on the sun or moon for light. This reflects the fulfillment of Isaiah 60:19-20, where it is prophesied that the Lord will be an everlasting light. The absence of the sun and moon signifies the complete sufficiency and supremacy of God's presence, eliminating the need for created sources of light. This also symbolizes the end of time as we know it, as celestial bodies are often used to mark time.

because the glory of God illuminates the city
The glory of God, often associated with His divine presence and majesty, provides the light for the city. This recalls the Shekinah glory that filled the tabernacle and temple in the Old Testament (Exodus 40:34-35, 1 Kings 8:10-11). The divine illumination signifies God's direct and unmediated presence with His people, fulfilling the promise of God dwelling among His people (Revelation 21:3). This light is pure, holy, and eternal, contrasting with the temporary and imperfect light of the sun and moon.

and the Lamb is its lamp
The Lamb, a title for Jesus Christ, emphasizes His role in redemption and His sacrificial death. As the lamp, the Lamb is the means through which God's glory is manifested and perceived. This imagery connects to John 1:4-5, where Jesus is described as the light of men, and John 8:12, where He declares Himself the light of the world. The Lamb being the lamp highlights the centrality of Christ in the new creation, where His presence is the source of life and truth. This also fulfills the typology of the Passover lamb, pointing to Jesus as the ultimate sacrifice and source of spiritual illumination.

By its light the nations will walk
This phrase refers to the New Jerusalem, described earlier in Revelation 21, which is illuminated by the glory of God and the Lamb, Jesus Christ. The "light" symbolizes divine truth and righteousness, which guides the nations. In biblical context, light often represents God's presence and guidance (Psalm 119:105, John 8:12). The nations walking by this light suggests a time of peace and unity under God's rule, fulfilling prophecies like Isaiah 2:2-4, where nations stream to the mountain of the Lord for instruction. This imagery contrasts with the darkness of sin and ignorance that characterizes the current world order.

and into it the kings of the earth will bring their glory
This phrase indicates that the rulers of the earth will recognize the sovereignty of God and honor Him by bringing their "glory" into the New Jerusalem. Historically, kings would bring gifts to honor a greater king or deity, as seen when the Magi brought gifts to Jesus (Matthew 2:11). The "glory" could represent the wealth, honor, and cultural achievements of the nations, acknowledging that all true glory belongs to God. This act fulfills prophecies like Isaiah 60:3-5, where nations and kings are drawn to the light of God's people, bringing wealth and honor. It signifies the submission of earthly powers to divine authority, a reversal of the rebellion seen in Psalm 2. This also typifies the ultimate reign of Christ, where every knee will bow and every tongue confess His lordship (Philippians 2:10-11).

Its gates will never be shut at the end of the day
In ancient cities, gates were typically closed at night to protect against invaders and ensure the safety of the inhabitants. The open gates in this passage symbolize perpetual safety and security, indicating that the New Jerusalem is a place of eternal peace. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise of protection and the absence of any threat or danger. The imagery of open gates also suggests unrestricted access to God's presence, emphasizing the inclusivity and welcoming nature of the heavenly city. This can be connected to Isaiah 60:11, where the gates of the city are always open, signifying the continuous influx of nations bringing their glory to God.

because there will be no night there
Night often symbolizes darkness, evil, and uncertainty in biblical literature. The absence of night in the New Jerusalem signifies the complete eradication of sin and evil, as well as the presence of God's eternal light. This aligns with Revelation 22:5, which states that there will be no need for the light of a lamp or the sun, for the Lord God will give them light. The perpetual light represents the unending presence and glory of God, who is often described as light in Scripture (e.g., 1 John 1:5). This eternal day reflects the fulfillment of prophecies such as Isaiah 60:19-20, where the Lord is an everlasting light, and the days of mourning are ended.

And into the city
This phrase refers to the New Jerusalem, a central theme in Revelation 21. The city symbolizes the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to dwell among His people. It is described as descending from heaven, indicating its divine origin and perfection. The New Jerusalem is the culmination of biblical prophecy, representing the eternal dwelling place of God with humanity, as seen in Ezekiel 48:35 and Isaiah 65:17-19.

will be brought
The act of bringing suggests a continuous and voluntary offering. This reflects the worship and reverence that the nations will show towards God. It implies a sense of pilgrimage and devotion, reminiscent of the Old Testament practice where nations would come to Jerusalem to worship during the feasts (Zechariah 14:16).

the glory and honor
Glory and honor denote the highest attributes and achievements of the nations. In biblical terms, glory often refers to the visible manifestation of God's presence, while honor signifies respect and reverence. This indicates that all that is valuable and praiseworthy in human culture will be offered to God, purified and redeemed. It echoes the prophetic vision in Isaiah 60:11, where the wealth of nations is brought to God's city.

of the nations
The inclusion of the nations signifies the universal scope of God's redemptive plan. It fulfills the promise made to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 22:18). This phrase underscores the diversity and unity of God's people, as seen in Revelation 7:9, where a multitude from every nation, tribe, people, and language stands before the throne. It highlights the breaking down of barriers and the gathering of all peoples into God's eternal kingdom.

But nothing unclean will ever enter it
This phrase emphasizes the absolute purity and holiness of the New Jerusalem, the eternal dwelling place of God with His people. In biblical context, "unclean" refers to anything that is morally or ritually impure. The concept of purity is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, where the Israelites were given laws to distinguish between clean and unclean (Leviticus 11). The New Jerusalem is depicted as a place where sin and impurity have no place, reflecting the holiness of God Himself (Isaiah 35:8). This aligns with the vision of a new heaven and a new earth where righteousness dwells (2 Peter 3:13).

nor anyone who practices an abomination or a lie
The term "abomination" is often used in Scripture to describe actions that are detestable to God, such as idolatry and moral corruption (Deuteronomy 7:25, Proverbs 6:16-19). Lies and deceit are also condemned throughout the Bible (Proverbs 12:22, John 8:44). This phrase underscores the exclusion of those who persist in sin and rebellion against God from the holy city. It reflects the final judgment where those who have not repented and turned to God are separated from His presence (Matthew 25:41-46).

but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life
The "Lamb's Book of Life" is a symbolic register of those who have received eternal life through faith in Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God (John 1:29, Revelation 13:8). This concept is rooted in the idea of divine records, as seen in the Old Testament (Exodus 32:32-33, Daniel 12:1). The Lamb, representing Jesus, signifies His sacrificial death and victory over sin and death (Revelation 5:6-9). Only those who have accepted Christ's atonement and have been transformed by His grace are granted access to the New Jerusalem. This phrase highlights the exclusivity of salvation through Christ alone (John 14:6) and the assurance of eternal life for believers (1 John 5:11-13).