At that time
This phrase indicates a specific moment in the narrative, following the events of Matthew 17, where Jesus had been discussing His death and resurrection. It suggests a transition and a continuation of the teaching moments with His disciples. The timing is significant as it reflects the disciples' ongoing struggle to understand the nature of Jesus' mission and the kingdom He was establishing.

the disciples came to Jesus
The disciples, a group of twelve men chosen by Jesus, often sought His guidance and teaching. Their approach to Jesus here shows their dependence on Him for understanding spiritual truths. This moment reflects their close relationship with Jesus and their role as learners. It also highlights the communal aspect of discipleship, as they come together with a shared question.

and asked,
The act of asking indicates a desire for knowledge and understanding. It shows the disciples' willingness to learn and their recognition of Jesus as a teacher with authority. This question also reveals their human concerns and misunderstandings about the nature of greatness in the kingdom of heaven.

“Who then is the greatest
The question of greatness was a common concern in the cultural context of the time, where social status and hierarchy were significant. The disciples' question reflects a misunderstanding of the values of the kingdom of heaven, which contrasts with worldly views of power and status. This inquiry sets the stage for Jesus to teach about humility and servanthood.

in the kingdom of heaven?”
The kingdom of heaven is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing God's reign and rule. It is both a present reality and a future hope. The disciples' question shows their interest in understanding their place within this kingdom. Jesus' response, which follows in the subsequent verses, redefines greatness in terms of childlike humility and dependence on God, challenging the disciples' preconceptions and inviting them to embrace a new way of living.

Jesus invited
This action by Jesus is significant as it demonstrates His intentional teaching method. Jesus often used everyday situations and objects to convey deeper spiritual truths. By inviting a child, He sets the stage for a lesson on humility and greatness in the kingdom of heaven. This invitation is a call to attention, emphasizing the importance of what He is about to teach.

a little child
In the cultural context of the time, children were considered low in social status and without power or influence. By choosing a child, Jesus challenges the disciples' understanding of greatness and status. The child represents innocence, dependence, and humility, qualities that are essential for those who wish to enter the kingdom of heaven. This act also foreshadows the value Jesus places on the "least of these" throughout His ministry.

to stand among them
The act of placing the child among the disciples is symbolic. It visually represents the centrality of humility and childlike faith in the community of believers. This positioning among the disciples serves as a direct contrast to their previous discussions about who would be the greatest in the kingdom. It underscores the message that true greatness is found in humility and service, not in status or power. This moment is a practical demonstration of Jesus' teaching that the last shall be first, and the first shall be last (Matthew 19:30).

Truly I tell you,
This phrase is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the importance and truth of His statement. It is a common introductory phrase in the Gospels, indicating that what follows is of significant importance. In the cultural context of the time, such a phrase would capture the attention of the listeners, underscoring the authority of the speaker. Jesus often used this phrase to introduce teachings that challenged conventional wisdom or religious norms.

He said,
This indicates that Jesus is the speaker, directly addressing His disciples. The context of this passage is a discussion among the disciples about who is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven. Jesus uses this moment to teach a profound lesson on humility and the nature of true greatness in God's kingdom.

unless you change
The call to "change" implies a transformation or conversion. In the original Greek, the word used suggests a turning or a change of direction, akin to repentance. This transformation is not merely external but involves a fundamental change of heart and mind. It reflects the biblical theme of repentance, which is a turning away from sin and a turning towards God, as seen in passages like Acts 3:19.

and become like little children,
Children in the ancient world were considered low in social status, dependent, and without power. Jesus uses the example of children to illustrate the qualities of humility, trust, and dependence on God that are necessary for entering the kingdom of heaven. This teaching aligns with other scriptures that emphasize humility, such as James 4:10 and 1 Peter 5:5-6. The childlike qualities Jesus refers to are not about innocence or naivety but about a posture of humility and trust.

you will never enter the kingdom of heaven.
The "kingdom of heaven" is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing God's sovereign rule and the realm where His will is perfectly done. Entrance into this kingdom requires a radical reorientation of one's life, characterized by humility and dependence on God, as opposed to self-reliance or pride. This statement underscores the exclusivity of the kingdom's entrance criteria, echoing other teachings of Jesus about the narrow path (Matthew 7:13-14) and the need for spiritual rebirth (John 3:3).

Therefore, whoever humbles himself
This phrase emphasizes the necessity of humility in the life of a believer. Humility is a recurring theme in Scripture, often associated with submission to God's will and the acknowledgment of one's own limitations and need for divine grace. In the cultural context of the time, humility was not typically seen as a virtue; rather, honor and status were highly valued. This teaching challenges societal norms by elevating humility as a key characteristic of those who belong to God's kingdom. The call to humble oneself is echoed in other passages, such as James 4:10, which states, "Humble yourselves before the Lord, and He will exalt you."

like this little child
Children in the ancient world were considered low in social status, lacking power and influence. By using a child as an example, Jesus highlights qualities such as innocence, trust, and dependence. These attributes are essential for entering and participating in the kingdom of heaven. The reference to a child also underscores the idea of being teachable and open to learning, which is crucial for spiritual growth. This imagery is consistent with other biblical teachings that emphasize the importance of childlike faith, such as in Mark 10:15, where Jesus says, "Truly I tell you, anyone who will not receive the kingdom of God like a little child will never enter it."

is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven
The concept of greatness in the kingdom of heaven is contrasted with worldly notions of greatness, which often involve power, wealth, and prestige. In God's kingdom, greatness is defined by one's humility and service to others. This teaching is consistent with Jesus' own example, as He came not to be served, but to serve (Matthew 20:28). The kingdom of heaven is a central theme in Jesus' ministry, representing God's reign and the fulfillment of His promises. This statement also connects to the Beatitudes in Matthew 5, where Jesus describes the blessedness of those who embody kingdom values, such as the poor in spirit and the meek.

And whoever welcomes a little child
In the cultural context of the first century, children were often seen as insignificant and without status. Jesus elevates their importance, emphasizing humility and innocence. This phrase underscores the value of welcoming and caring for those who are vulnerable and dependent. It reflects the broader biblical theme of God’s concern for the marginalized and the call for believers to exhibit compassion and hospitality.

like this
Jesus likely refers to a specific child present during His teaching, using the child as a tangible example of the qualities He values: humility, trust, and simplicity. This phrase invites believers to emulate these characteristics in their own lives, highlighting the importance of childlike faith and dependence on God.

in My name
To act "in My name" implies doing something with the authority and character of Jesus. It signifies actions that align with His teachings and reflect His love and grace. This phrase connects to the broader biblical theme of acting as representatives of Christ, as seen in passages like Colossians 3:17, which encourages believers to do everything in the name of the Lord Jesus.

welcomes Me
This statement equates the act of welcoming a child with welcoming Jesus Himself, illustrating the intimate connection between how we treat others and our relationship with Christ. It echoes the teaching found in Matthew 25:40, where Jesus identifies with the "least of these." This phrase emphasizes the incarnational aspect of Christian service, where serving others is a direct expression of serving Christ.

But if anyone causes one of these little ones who believe in Me to stumble
This phrase emphasizes the seriousness of leading believers, especially those who are young in faith or vulnerable, into sin or away from Christ. The "little ones" can refer to children or new believers, highlighting their innocence and need for guidance. The concept of causing someone to "stumble" is a metaphor for leading them into sin or causing them to lose faith. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the responsibility of believers to support and edify one another, as seen in Romans 14:13, where Paul warns against putting a stumbling block in a brother's way.

it would be better for him to have a large millstone hung around his neck
The imagery of a millstone, which was a heavy stone used for grinding grain, signifies the severity of the punishment for leading others into sin. In ancient times, millstones were large and required significant effort to move, symbolizing the weight of the sin of causing others to stumble. This hyperbolic statement underscores the gravity of the offense in the eyes of God.

and to be drowned in the depths of the sea
Drowning in the sea was considered a terrifying and shameful death in the ancient world, often associated with judgment and destruction. The "depths of the sea" evoke images of chaos and the unknown, further emphasizing the dire consequences of leading believers astray. This phrase echoes the seriousness of divine judgment, similar to the fate of those who opposed God in the Old Testament, such as the Egyptians in Exodus 14:27-28. The use of such vivid imagery serves to warn and deter believers from causing spiritual harm to others.

Woe to the world for the causes of sin.
This phrase highlights the inevitable presence of sin in the world, a concept rooted in the fall of humanity as described in Genesis 3. The term "woe" is a strong expression of grief or denunciation, often used by prophets in the Old Testament to pronounce judgment (e.g., Isaiah 5:8-23). The "world" here refers to the fallen human system opposed to God, as seen in 1 John 2:15-17. The "causes of sin" can be understood as temptations or stumbling blocks that lead people away from righteousness. This reflects the pervasive nature of sin and its impact on creation, aligning with Romans 8:20-22, which speaks of creation's subjection to futility.

These stumbling blocks must come,
This acknowledges the inevitability of temptations and trials in a fallen world. The phrase "must come" suggests divine foreknowledge and the reality of living in a world marred by sin. It echoes Jesus' teachings in Matthew 13:41 about the presence of stumbling blocks until the end of the age. The concept of stumbling blocks, or "skandalon" in Greek, refers to anything that causes someone to fall into sin. This is consistent with the biblical narrative that trials and temptations are part of the human experience, as seen in James 1:2-4, which encourages believers to find joy in trials for the sake of spiritual maturity.

but woe to the man through whom they come!
This part of the verse shifts focus to personal responsibility and accountability. While stumbling blocks are inevitable, individuals are warned against being the source of temptation or sin for others. This aligns with Jesus' earlier teachings in Matthew 5:29-30, where He emphasizes the seriousness of causing others to sin. The "woe" pronounced here serves as a warning of judgment for those who lead others astray, reminiscent of the severe consequences faced by false prophets and leaders in the Old Testament (e.g., Jeremiah 23:1-2). This underscores the importance of living a life that reflects Christ's teachings and avoids leading others into sin, as further emphasized in Romans 14:13.

If your hand or your foot causes you to sin,
This phrase emphasizes the seriousness of sin and the lengths one should go to avoid it. In biblical context, the hand and foot symbolize actions and paths in life. The metaphorical use of body parts highlights the personal responsibility in avoiding sin. The concept of sin causing separation from God is consistent throughout Scripture, as seen in Genesis 3 with the fall of man.

cut it off and throw it away.
This hyperbolic language is not a literal command but a call to radical action against sin. It reflects the Jewish teaching style of using exaggeration to make a point. The idea is to remove anything from one's life that leads to sin, similar to the call for spiritual purity found in passages like Colossians 3:5, which urges believers to "put to death" earthly desires.

It is better for you to enter life crippled or lame
The phrase "enter life" refers to eternal life, a central theme in Christian doctrine. The imagery of being "crippled or lame" underscores the value of eternal life over physical wholeness. This teaching aligns with the Beatitudes in Matthew 5, where spiritual blessings are prioritized over earthly conditions.

than to have two hands and two feet and be thrown into the eternal fire.
"Eternal fire" is a reference to hell, a place of judgment and separation from God. This concept is consistent with other biblical references to hell, such as in Revelation 20:14-15. The stark contrast between eternal life and eternal fire serves as a warning about the consequences of sin and the importance of repentance and faith in Jesus Christ.

And if your eye causes you to sin
This phrase emphasizes the seriousness of sin and the lengths one should go to avoid it. In biblical context, the "eye" often symbolizes desire or lust, as seen in Matthew 5:28, where looking at someone with lust is equated with adultery. The hyperbolic language underscores the importance of spiritual purity and vigilance against temptation. Historically, Jewish teachings also stressed the importance of avoiding sin, though not through literal self-mutilation, but through discipline and repentance.

gouge it out and throw it away
The drastic imagery here is not meant to be taken literally but serves to illustrate the radical measures one should take to avoid sin. This reflects the Jewish rhetorical style of using hyperbole to make a point. The act of "throwing it away" signifies a complete and decisive break from sin, aligning with the biblical call for repentance and transformation, as seen in Romans 12:2.

It is better for you to enter life with one eye
"Enter life" refers to entering eternal life or the Kingdom of Heaven. The phrase suggests that spiritual well-being and eternal destiny are far more important than physical completeness. This echoes Jesus' teachings on the value of the soul over the body, as in Matthew 16:26, where gaining the world is worthless if one loses their soul.

than to have two eyes and be thrown into the fire of hell
The "fire of hell" (Gehenna) is a reference to the Valley of Hinnom, a place outside Jerusalem associated with idolatry and child sacrifice in the Old Testament (2 Kings 23:10, Jeremiah 7:31). By Jesus' time, it had become a symbol of divine judgment and eternal punishment. This phrase serves as a stark warning about the consequences of unrepentant sin, emphasizing the reality of judgment and the necessity of choosing righteousness.

See that you do not look down on any of these little ones.
This phrase emphasizes the importance of humility and the value of every individual, especially those who are vulnerable or considered insignificant by societal standards. In the context of Matthew 18, "little ones" refers to children and, by extension, to all believers who exhibit childlike faith and humility. The cultural context of the time often saw children as having low status, so Jesus' instruction challenges societal norms by elevating their importance. This teaching aligns with the broader biblical theme of God’s care for the humble and lowly, as seen in passages like James 4:6, which states that God gives grace to the humble. The warning against looking down on others is a call to recognize the inherent worth and dignity of every person, reflecting the image of God in humanity.

For I tell you that their angels in heaven always see the face of My Father in heaven.
This phrase introduces the concept of guardian angels, suggesting that each believer, especially the "little ones," has angels assigned to them who have direct access to God. The idea of angels as protectors and messengers is well-established in Scripture, with examples such as Psalm 91:11, which speaks of God commanding His angels to guard His people. The phrase "always see the face of My Father" implies a special status and privilege, indicating that these angels are in constant communication with God, ready to act on behalf of those they protect. This reflects the intimate care and attention God provides to each believer, reinforcing the message that no one is insignificant in His eyes. Theologically, this underscores the belief in divine providence and the active role of angels in the spiritual realm, as seen in Hebrews 1:14, which describes angels as ministering spirits sent to serve those who will inherit salvation.

For the Son of Man
This title, "Son of Man," is one Jesus frequently used to refer to Himself, emphasizing both His humanity and His divine mission. It is rooted in Daniel 7:13-14, where the "Son of Man" is depicted as a heavenly figure with authority and an everlasting dominion. This title underscores Jesus' role as the Messiah and His identification with humanity, fulfilling the prophecies of a savior who would come in human form.

came
The term "came" indicates the purposefulness of Jesus' mission. It suggests pre-existence and intentionality, affirming the belief that Jesus' coming was part of God's divine plan for salvation. This aligns with John 1:14, which speaks of the Word becoming flesh and dwelling among us, highlighting the incarnation as a pivotal event in redemptive history.

to save
The primary mission of Jesus is encapsulated in this phrase. "To save" refers to the deliverance from sin and its consequences, a central theme in Christian theology. This salvation is not just a rescue from physical danger but a spiritual redemption, as seen in passages like John 3:17 and Luke 19:10. It reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53, which foretold a suffering servant who would bear the sins of many.

the lost
"The lost" refers to those who are spiritually estranged from God, akin to the lost sheep in the parable found in Luke 15:3-7. This phrase highlights the universal need for salvation, as all humanity is considered lost due to sin (Romans 3:23). It underscores Jesus' role as the Good Shepherd, who seeks out and saves those who are lost, fulfilling the prophecy of Ezekiel 34:11-16, where God promises to search for His sheep and rescue them.

What do you think?
This phrase invites the listener or reader to engage in self-reflection and consider the scenario presented. It is a rhetorical question that sets the stage for a parable, a common teaching method used by Jesus to convey deeper spiritual truths. The question encourages personal introspection and challenges the audience to evaluate their understanding of God's character and priorities.

If a man has a hundred sheep
Sheep were a common part of agrarian life in ancient Israel, and shepherding was a familiar occupation. The number "hundred" signifies completeness and abundance, suggesting a full flock under the shepherd's care. This imagery is used throughout Scripture to represent God's people, with God or Christ as the shepherd (e.g., Psalm 23, John 10:11-16).

and one of them goes astray
Sheep are known for their tendency to wander, symbolizing human beings' propensity to stray from God's path. This phrase highlights the vulnerability and waywardness of individuals, echoing the theme of sin and the need for redemption. Isaiah 53:6 states, "We all, like sheep, have gone astray," reinforcing the idea of humanity's inclination to deviate from divine guidance.

will he not leave the ninety-nine on the hills
The shepherd's decision to leave the ninety-nine sheep underscores the value of each individual. The "hills" suggest a place of safety and security for the flock, indicating that the shepherd ensures their well-being before pursuing the lost one. This action reflects God's prioritization of seeking and saving the lost, as seen in Luke 19:10.

and go out to search for the one that is lost?
The shepherd's pursuit of the lost sheep illustrates God's relentless love and grace. It emphasizes the personal nature of God's care and His willingness to go to great lengths to restore a wayward soul. This mirrors the mission of Jesus, who came to seek and save the lost (Luke 15:4-7). The parable also foreshadows the sacrificial nature of Christ's ministry, as He actively seeks those who are spiritually lost.

And if he finds it,
This phrase highlights the shepherd's active pursuit of the lost sheep, symbolizing God's relentless search for those who have strayed from His path. The imagery of a shepherd is deeply rooted in biblical tradition, with figures like David and Moses serving as shepherds before leading God's people. The shepherd's search reflects God's desire for repentance and restoration, as seen in Ezekiel 34:11-16, where God promises to seek out His scattered flock.

truly I tell you,
This phrase underscores the authority and certainty of Jesus' words. It is a common expression used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of His teachings. In the context of Matthew 18, it assures the listener of the significance of the parable and the joy that comes from the redemption of the lost.

he rejoices more over that one sheep
The joy of finding the lost sheep illustrates the immense value God places on each individual. This joy is echoed in Luke 15:7, where there is more rejoicing in heaven over one sinner who repents than over ninety-nine righteous persons who do not need to repent. The shepherd's joy is a reflection of God's love and grace, emphasizing that no one is beyond redemption.

than over the ninety-nine that did not go astray.
This comparison highlights the shepherd's concern for the lost and the extraordinary nature of God's grace. While the ninety-nine represent those who are already in the fold, the focus on the one lost sheep demonstrates God's inclusive love and the importance of seeking out the marginalized and forgotten. This theme is consistent with Jesus' ministry, which often reached out to those on the fringes of society, as seen in His interactions with tax collectors, sinners, and the outcast.

In the same way
This phrase connects the current verse to the preceding parable of the lost sheep (Matthew 18:12-13). The parable illustrates God's active pursuit of those who have gone astray, emphasizing His desire for their return. The phrase "in the same way" indicates that the following statement about God's will is directly related to the shepherd's joy in finding the lost sheep.

your Father in heaven
This phrase emphasizes the personal and relational nature of God as a Father. It reflects the intimate relationship believers have with God, who is not a distant deity but a caring and loving Father. The term "in heaven" underscores His divine authority and sovereignty, reminding readers of His ultimate power and control over all creation.

is not willing
This indicates God's intentional desire and purpose. It highlights the active will of God, showing that He has a specific intention regarding the fate of His people. This aligns with 2 Peter 3:9, which states that God is patient, not wanting anyone to perish but everyone to come to repentance.

that any of these little ones
"These little ones" refers to believers, particularly those who are humble and dependent on God, much like children. In the broader context of Matthew 18, Jesus emphasizes the importance of humility and childlike faith. The term "little ones" can also be seen as a reference to those who are vulnerable or marginalized within the community of faith.

should perish
The word "perish" here implies spiritual destruction or eternal separation from God. It is not merely physical death but a state of being lost eternally. This reflects the seriousness of sin and the consequences of turning away from God. The use of "perish" connects to John 3:16, where God's love is shown in His desire to save the world through Jesus Christ, so that whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life.

If your brother sins against you
This phrase emphasizes the familial relationship among believers, referring to fellow Christians as "brother." The term "sins against you" indicates a personal offense or wrongdoing. In the cultural context of the time, maintaining community harmony was crucial, and addressing sin was a way to preserve unity. The concept of sinning against another is rooted in the Old Testament, where interpersonal wrongs were addressed within the community (Leviticus 19:17).

go and confront him privately
The directive to "go" suggests taking initiative and responsibility in addressing the issue. "Confront him privately" underscores the importance of discretion and respect for the individual's dignity. This approach aligns with the wisdom literature of the Old Testament, such as Proverbs 25:9, which advises resolving disputes directly and privately. The goal is reconciliation without public embarrassment or gossip.

If he listens to you
Listening implies not just hearing but understanding and acknowledging the wrongdoing. This phrase highlights the importance of open communication and the willingness to resolve conflicts. In the biblical context, listening is often associated with obedience and repentance (James 1:19-20). The act of listening is a step towards reconciliation and healing within the community.

you have won your brother over
The phrase "won your brother over" suggests a successful reconciliation and restoration of the relationship. This reflects the redemptive nature of Christian community, where forgiveness and restoration are paramount. The language of "winning" echoes Paul's writings, where he speaks of winning others for Christ (1 Corinthians 9:19-22). It emphasizes the victory of love and unity over division and strife.

But if he will not listen
This phrase addresses the situation where a fellow believer refuses to heed a private correction. It reflects the importance of accountability within the Christian community. The context is Jesus' teaching on resolving conflicts among believers, emphasizing the need for persistence in seeking reconciliation. This approach aligns with the broader biblical principle of seeking peace and restoration (Romans 12:18).

take one or two others along
This instruction is rooted in the Jewish legal practice of involving witnesses to establish the truth of a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). It underscores the seriousness of the situation and the need for impartiality and fairness. The presence of additional people serves to confirm the facts and provide support for both parties involved. This step is part of a graduated process of church discipline aimed at restoration rather than punishment.

so that ‘every matter may be established
The phrase highlights the importance of establishing facts before taking further action. It reflects a commitment to justice and truth, ensuring that decisions are based on verified information. This principle is consistent with the biblical emphasis on truthfulness and integrity (Proverbs 12:17).

by the testimony of two or three witnesses.’
This requirement is a direct reference to Deuteronomy 19:15, which mandates multiple witnesses to confirm a charge. It serves as a safeguard against false accusations and ensures that any disciplinary action is grounded in credible evidence. The use of witnesses is a common legal practice in both Old and New Testament times, reflecting God's concern for justice and fairness. This principle is echoed in other New Testament passages, such as 2 Corinthians 13:1 and 1 Timothy 5:19, reinforcing its continued relevance in the early church.

If he refuses to listen to them,
This phrase addresses the situation where an individual remains unrepentant after being confronted by one or two witnesses, as instructed earlier in the chapter. The refusal to listen indicates a hardened heart, a theme seen throughout Scripture, such as Pharaoh's refusal to heed Moses in Exodus. The process of confrontation is rooted in the Jewish legal system, where multiple witnesses were required to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15).

tell it to the church.
The term "church" (Greek: ekklesia) here refers to the assembly of believers, not a building. This is one of the earliest uses of the term in the New Testament, indicating the communal aspect of early Christian life. The church acts as a body of accountability, reflecting the communal nature of Israel in the Old Testament, where the community played a role in maintaining holiness (Leviticus 19:17).

And if he refuses to listen even to the church,
This highlights the gravity of the situation. The church, as the body of Christ, represents the final earthly authority in matters of discipline. The refusal to heed the church's counsel shows a rejection of communal and divine authority, paralleling the rejection of prophets in the Old Testament (Jeremiah 7:25-26).

regard him as you would a pagan or a tax collector.
Pagans and tax collectors were often viewed as outsiders and sinners in Jewish society. Jesus' instruction here is not about ostracism but about recognizing the individual's separation from the community due to unrepentance. This mirrors the Old Testament practice of cutting off those who violated the covenant (Numbers 15:30-31). However, Jesus' own ministry to tax collectors and sinners (Matthew 9:10-13) suggests that this separation is not without hope for restoration through repentance.

Truly I tell you
This phrase is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the importance and truth of His statement. It is often used to introduce significant teachings or revelations. In the context of Matthew 18, Jesus is addressing His disciples, underscoring the authority and responsibility they will have in the community of believers. This phrase is similar to the Old Testament prophets who would declare, "Thus says the Lord," indicating divine authority.

whatever you bind on earth
The concept of "binding" in Jewish tradition refers to forbidding or declaring something as unlawful. In rabbinic literature, rabbis had the authority to bind and loose, meaning they could interpret the law and make decisions on what was permissible or not. Here, Jesus extends this authority to His disciples, indicating their role in establishing church discipline and doctrine. This authority is not arbitrary but is to be exercised in accordance with God's will and guidance.

will be bound in heaven
This phrase suggests a divine endorsement of the decisions made by the disciples on earth. It implies that the actions taken by the church, when aligned with God's will, are ratified in heaven. This reflects the close relationship between the earthly church and the heavenly realm, emphasizing the spiritual authority given to the church. It also highlights the responsibility of the church to seek God's guidance in its decisions.

and whatever you loose on earth
"Loosing" refers to permitting or declaring something as lawful. In the context of church discipline, it involves the authority to forgive sins and restore individuals to fellowship. This authority is rooted in the teachings of Jesus and is to be exercised with wisdom and compassion. The concept of loosing is also connected to the proclamation of the gospel, where the message of forgiveness and freedom in Christ is offered to all.

will be loosed in heaven
This indicates that the decisions to forgive and restore, made by the church in accordance with God's will, are affirmed in the heavenly realm. It underscores the unity between the church's actions and God's purposes. This phrase also points to the ultimate authority of God in matters of forgiveness and judgment, reminding the church of its role as a steward of God's grace and truth.

Again, I tell you truly
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and importance of Jesus' statement. The repetition of "again" suggests that Jesus is reinforcing a principle He has taught before, highlighting its significance. The use of "truly" (or "verily" in other translations) is a common method Jesus uses to underscore the truth and reliability of His words, akin to an oath or solemn declaration.

that if two of you on the earth
The mention of "two" underscores the importance of community and agreement in prayer. In Jewish tradition, the testimony of two witnesses was required to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). This principle is applied here to the spiritual realm, indicating the power of collective faith and unity. The phrase "on the earth" contrasts with "in heaven," emphasizing the connection between earthly actions and heavenly responses.

agree about anything you ask for
The concept of agreement in prayer suggests a harmonious and unified request, reflecting the unity of believers. This agreement is not merely a verbal consensus but a spiritual alignment with God's will. The scope of "anything" indicates the vast potential of prayer, though it is understood within the context of God's will and purpose (1 John 5:14-15).

it will be done for you
This promise highlights the efficacy of prayer when offered in unity and faith. The assurance "it will be done" reflects the power and willingness of God to respond to the prayers of His people. This aligns with other scriptural promises about answered prayer (John 14:13-14, James 5:16).

by My Father in heaven
The phrase "My Father" emphasizes the intimate relationship between Jesus and God, inviting believers into that relationship. The location "in heaven" signifies God's sovereignty and authority over all creation. This assurance of divine intervention from heaven underscores the connection between the believer's earthly petitions and God's heavenly power.

For where two or three gather together in My name,
This phrase emphasizes the importance of community and fellowship among believers. In the Jewish tradition, a minimum of ten men, known as a minyan, was required for certain religious activities. Jesus, however, highlights that even a small gathering of believers is significant. The phrase "in My name" indicates that the gathering is centered around Jesus and His teachings, reflecting a unity of purpose and faith. This aligns with the early Christian practice of meeting in homes for worship and prayer, as seen in Acts 2:46. The emphasis on gathering "in My name" underscores the authority and presence of Jesus in the assembly, distinguishing it from secular or non-Christian gatherings.

there am I with them.”
This promise of Jesus' presence is a profound assurance to believers. It reflects the omnipresence of Christ, a divine attribute, and His commitment to be with His followers. This echoes the promise in Matthew 28:20, where Jesus assures His disciples of His presence "to the very end of the age." Theologically, this presence is understood as spiritual and real, facilitated by the Holy Spirit, who indwells believers. This assurance would have been particularly comforting to the early church, which often faced persecution and isolation. It also connects to the Old Testament, where God's presence among His people was a sign of His favor and covenant, as seen in Exodus 33:14. The promise of Jesus' presence reinforces the idea that the church is not merely a human institution but a spiritual body united by Christ Himself.

Then Peter came to Jesus and asked,
Peter, often seen as the spokesperson for the disciples, approaches Jesus with a question. This reflects the rabbinic tradition of asking questions to gain deeper understanding. Peter's approach signifies a desire for clarity on spiritual and moral issues, a common practice among disciples seeking wisdom from their teacher.

“Lord, how many times shall I forgive my brother who sins against me?
The term "brother" here can be understood as a fellow believer or member of the community. Forgiveness was a significant theme in Jewish teaching, but Peter's question suggests a limit to this forgiveness. The cultural context of the time often emphasized justice and retribution, making Peter's inquiry about the extent of forgiveness particularly relevant.

Up to seven times?”
The number seven in Jewish tradition symbolizes completeness or perfection, often used in the Bible to signify fullness. Peter's suggestion of forgiving up to seven times may reflect a generous spirit, as the rabbinic standard of the time was to forgive up to three times. This question sets the stage for Jesus to teach about the boundless nature of forgiveness, contrasting human limitations with divine grace.

Jesus answered
In this passage, Jesus is responding to Peter's question about forgiveness. The context is a discussion on how many times one should forgive a brother who sins against them. Jesus' response emphasizes the importance of forgiveness in the Christian life, reflecting God's own forgiveness towards humanity. This sets the stage for a teaching moment that challenges the conventional limits of forgiveness.

I tell you
This phrase underscores the authority of Jesus' teaching. It is a common introduction in the Gospels when Jesus is about to reveal a significant truth or principle. It indicates that what follows is not merely a suggestion but a command or a divine principle that should be adhered to by His followers.

not just seven times
The number seven in Jewish culture often symbolizes completeness or perfection. Peter's suggestion of forgiving seven times might have seemed generous, as the traditional Jewish teaching often emphasized forgiving three times. By saying "not just seven times," Jesus is indicating that the standard of forgiveness is far beyond human expectations or cultural norms.

but seventy-seven times!
This phrase can also be translated as "seventy times seven," which would be 490 times. The exact number is less important than the principle it conveys: forgiveness should be limitless. This teaching reflects the boundless grace and mercy of God. It also connects to the Old Testament, where Lamech, a descendant of Cain, boasts of avenging himself "seventy-seven times" (Genesis 4:24). Jesus reverses this idea, promoting forgiveness instead of vengeance. This teaching aligns with the broader biblical narrative of redemption and grace, highlighting the transformative power of forgiveness in the life of a believer.

Because of this
This phrase connects the parable to the preceding discussion on forgiveness and humility. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the context of Jesus' teachings on forgiveness, as seen in Matthew 18:21-22, where Peter asks about the limits of forgiveness.

the kingdom of heaven
This term refers to God's sovereign rule and reign, both in the present spiritual sense and the future physical manifestation. It is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, highlighting the values and principles of God's kingdom, which often contrast with worldly values.

is like a king
The king in the parable represents God, who is sovereign and just. Kingship imagery is common in Scripture, illustrating authority, judgment, and the responsibility of rulers. This aligns with Old Testament depictions of God as King, such as in Psalm 47:7-8.

who wanted to settle accounts
This phrase indicates a time of reckoning or judgment. In biblical times, settling accounts was a common practice, reflecting the need for accountability and justice. It parallels the final judgment, where God will hold individuals accountable for their actions, as seen in Romans 14:12.

with his servants
Servants in this context represent believers or those under God's authority. The relationship between a king and his servants illustrates the dynamic between God and humanity, emphasizing obedience, stewardship, and the expectation of faithfulness. This is echoed in other parables, such as the Parable of the Talents in Matthew 25:14-30.

As he began the settlements
This phrase introduces the parable of the unmerciful servant, which is part of Jesus' teaching on forgiveness. The context is a king settling accounts with his servants, symbolizing God's judgment. The concept of settling accounts is a common biblical theme, reflecting the final judgment where all will give an account to God (Romans 14:12). The setting of a king and his servants would resonate with Jesus' audience, familiar with the hierarchical structures of ancient Near Eastern societies.

a debtor owing ten thousand talents
The amount of ten thousand talents is hyperbolic, emphasizing the impossibility of repaying such a debt. A single talent was a large sum, equivalent to about 20 years' wages for a laborer. Thus, ten thousand talents would be an astronomical debt, illustrating the magnitude of sin against God. This hyperbole underscores the need for divine forgiveness, as humans cannot repay their spiritual debt. The use of talents connects to other parables, such as the Parable of the Talents (Matthew 25:14-30), where talents represent God-given responsibilities and opportunities.

was brought to him
The debtor being brought to the king signifies the inevitability of facing judgment. In biblical times, debtors could be summoned before a ruler or judge to settle their debts, often leading to severe consequences if they could not pay. This reflects the spiritual reality that all will stand before God (2 Corinthians 5:10). The passive voice "was brought" suggests the debtor's lack of control over the situation, highlighting human helplessness without divine intervention. This phrase also foreshadows the grace and mercy that the king, representing God, will extend, pointing to the redemptive work of Jesus Christ.

Since the man was unable to pay
This phrase highlights the man's financial incapacity, reflecting the spiritual reality of humanity's inability to repay the debt of sin. In biblical times, debt was a serious issue, often leading to slavery or imprisonment. The inability to pay symbolizes the human condition of sinfulness and the need for divine intervention, as seen in Romans 3:23, "for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God."

the master ordered that he be sold
In ancient Jewish and Roman cultures, selling a debtor into slavery was a common practice to recover losses. This reflects the severity of the consequences of sin and the justice of God. The master represents God, who is just and righteous, yet also merciful. This action underscores the seriousness of sin and the need for redemption, as seen in the sacrificial system of the Old Testament.

to pay his debt
Debt in this context is a metaphor for sin. The concept of sin as a debt is prevalent throughout Scripture, notably in the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:12), where Jesus teaches to pray for the forgiveness of debts. This reflects the idea that sin incurs a moral and spiritual obligation that must be addressed.

along with his wife and children
The inclusion of the man's family in the punishment reflects the communal nature of life in biblical times, where the actions of one family member could affect the entire household. This also illustrates the far-reaching consequences of sin, affecting not just the individual but those around them, as seen in the story of Achan in Joshua 7.

and everything he owned
This phrase emphasizes the totality of the man's loss, symbolizing the complete forfeiture of one's life and possessions due to sin. It reflects the biblical principle that sin leads to death and loss, as stated in Romans 6:23, "For the wages of sin is death." The comprehensive nature of the punishment underscores the need for a savior who can redeem and restore what is lost.

Then the servant fell on his knees before him.
In the cultural context of the first-century Jewish society, falling on one's knees was a sign of deep respect, submission, and desperation. This act of humility reflects the servant's acknowledgment of the master's authority and his own helplessness. Kneeling is often associated with prayer and supplication in the Bible, as seen in Daniel 6:10 and Acts 9:40, symbolizing a posture of earnest pleading and reverence. The servant's action here is a physical manifestation of his urgent plea for mercy.

‘Have patience with me,’ he begged,
The plea for patience indicates the servant's recognition of his inability to repay the debt immediately. Patience, or longsuffering, is a virtue extolled throughout Scripture, as seen in Galatians 5:22, where it is listed as a fruit of the Spirit. The servant's request highlights the human need for grace and mercy, themes central to the teachings of Jesus. This plea also reflects the broader biblical narrative of God's patience with humanity, as seen in 2 Peter 3:9, where God is described as patient, not wanting anyone to perish.

‘and I will pay back everything.’
The promise to repay the debt, though likely impossible given the servant's situation, demonstrates a willingness to make amends and a desire to restore what was owed. This reflects the biblical principle of restitution found in passages like Exodus 22:1-14, where making things right is a key aspect of justice. However, the hyperbolic nature of the debt in the parable (Matthew 18:24) underscores the futility of human efforts to repay the spiritual debt of sin, pointing to the need for divine forgiveness. This phrase also foreshadows the ultimate forgiveness offered through Christ, who pays the debt of sin on behalf of humanity, as seen in Colossians 2:13-14.

His master had compassion on him
The concept of compassion in biblical terms often reflects the deep, heartfelt mercy that God shows towards humanity. In the context of this parable, the master represents God, who is moved by the plight of the servant. Compassion is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in passages like Psalm 103:13, where God is described as a compassionate father. This compassion is not merely an emotional response but leads to action, as seen in the subsequent forgiveness of the debt. The cultural context of the time emphasized a hierarchical relationship between masters and servants, making the master's compassion even more striking and countercultural.

forgave his debt
Forgiveness of debt in the ancient world was a significant act, often involving a legal or formal declaration. In Jewish law, the Year of Jubilee (Leviticus 25) was a time when debts were forgiven, reflecting God's desire for restoration and freedom. Theologically, this phrase points to the forgiveness of sins, a central tenet of Christian faith, where God forgives the insurmountable debt of sin through Jesus Christ. This act of forgiveness is a type of the ultimate forgiveness offered through Christ's sacrifice, as seen in Colossians 2:13-14, where the record of debt is canceled.

and released him
The release of the servant signifies liberation and freedom, echoing the biblical theme of redemption. In the historical context, a debtor could be imprisoned or enslaved until the debt was paid, so release was a profound act of grace. This release parallels the spiritual freedom believers receive through Christ, as described in Galatians 5:1, where Paul speaks of freedom from the yoke of slavery. The release also prefigures the eschatological hope of ultimate liberation from sin and death, as promised in Revelation 21:4, where God will wipe away every tear and free humanity from the consequences of sin.

But when that servant went out
This phrase follows the parable of the unmerciful servant, where a servant who owed a massive debt was forgiven by his master. The act of going out signifies a transition from receiving mercy to interacting with others, highlighting the expectation of extending the same grace received. This reflects the biblical principle of forgiveness as seen in Matthew 6:12, where believers are taught to forgive others as they have been forgiven.

he found one of his fellow servants
The term "fellow servants" indicates a peer relationship, emphasizing equality among individuals. This mirrors the Christian teaching that all believers are equal before God, as seen in Galatians 3:28. The encounter with a fellow servant underscores the communal aspect of faith, where relationships are governed by love and forgiveness.

who owed him a hundred denarii
A hundred denarii was a significant but manageable debt, equivalent to about a hundred days' wages. This contrasts sharply with the enormous debt the first servant was forgiven, illustrating the disparity between human offenses and divine forgiveness. The comparison serves to highlight the pettiness of holding grudges over relatively minor offenses when one has been forgiven much greater sins.

He grabbed him and began to choke him
The physical aggression depicted here is a stark contrast to the mercy shown by the master earlier in the parable. This act of violence symbolizes the destructive nature of unforgiveness and the human tendency towards retribution. It serves as a warning against allowing anger and bitterness to dictate actions, as advised against in Ephesians 4:31-32.

saying, ‘Pay back what you owe me!’
The demand for repayment reflects a legalistic mindset, focusing on justice rather than mercy. This attitude is contrary to the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized forgiveness and reconciliation over strict adherence to the law. The insistence on repayment can be seen as a metaphor for the human inclination to seek personal justice rather than trusting in God's ultimate judgment, as discussed in Romans 12:19.

So his fellow servant fell down and begged him
In the cultural context of the first-century Jewish society, falling down before someone was a sign of deep respect and submission. This act of prostration indicates the fellow servant's recognition of his subordinate position and his desperation. The imagery of falling down is reminiscent of other biblical instances where individuals fall before a figure of authority or divinity, such as in Genesis 44:14 when Joseph's brothers fall before him. This act of humility is a common theme in Scripture, emphasizing the importance of recognizing one's own limitations and the need for mercy.

‘Have patience with me
The plea for patience reflects a common human experience of seeking mercy and time to rectify a wrong. Patience, or longsuffering, is a virtue extolled throughout the Bible, notably in Galatians 5:22 as a fruit of the Spirit. The request for patience highlights the servant's hope for grace and the opportunity to make amends. This mirrors the patience God shows towards humanity, as seen in 2 Peter 3:9, where God is described as patient, not wanting anyone to perish but everyone to come to repentance.

and I will pay you back.’
The promise to repay the debt underscores the servant's intention to fulfill his obligations, despite his current inability. This reflects the biblical principle of restitution, as seen in passages like Exodus 22:1-14, where the law outlines the importance of making amends for wrongs. The servant's commitment to repay also parallels the broader biblical narrative of redemption and restoration, where humanity is called to reconcile with God and others. This phrase can be seen as a type of Christ's redemptive work, where He pays the debt of sin on behalf of humanity, offering a way for reconciliation and restoration.

But he refused.
This phrase highlights the unforgiving nature of the servant, contrasting with the mercy he had just received from his master. In the broader biblical context, this refusal to forgive is a direct violation of the teachings of Jesus, who emphasizes forgiveness in passages like Matthew 6:14-15. The servant's refusal serves as a warning against harboring unforgiveness, which can lead to spiritual and relational bondage.

Instead, he went and had the man thrown into prison
In ancient times, debtors' prisons were common, and those unable to pay their debts could be imprisoned until the debt was settled, often by family members. This action reflects the harsh realities of the legal and economic systems of the time. The servant's decision to imprison the debtor contrasts sharply with the grace he received, illustrating the parable's message about the importance of extending the same mercy we have been shown. This act also serves as a metaphor for spiritual imprisonment caused by unforgiveness.

until he could pay his debt.
This phrase underscores the impossibility of the debtor's situation, as being in prison would prevent him from earning any money to repay the debt. It highlights the futility and harshness of the servant's actions. In a spiritual sense, it reflects the idea that without forgiveness, we are unable to repay our own debts to God. This connects to the broader biblical theme of redemption and the need for divine intervention, as seen in passages like Romans 3:23-24, where it is only through Christ that our debts are truly forgiven.

When his fellow servants saw what had happened
This phrase highlights the communal nature of the servant's environment, emphasizing accountability within a community. In biblical times, servants often worked closely together, forming tight-knit groups. The fellow servants' observation suggests a shared moral compass and a collective sense of justice. This reflects the broader biblical principle of communal responsibility, as seen in passages like Galatians 6:1-2, where believers are encouraged to bear one another's burdens.

they were greatly distressed
The emotional response of the fellow servants indicates a deep sense of injustice and moral outrage. This distress can be compared to the reaction of the Israelites when they witnessed wrongdoing among their people, as seen in Nehemiah 5:6-7. The distress also underscores the expectation of mercy and forgiveness within the community, aligning with the teachings of Jesus on forgiveness, such as in Matthew 6:14-15.

and they went and recounted all of this to their master
The action of reporting to the master demonstrates the hierarchical structure of authority in ancient times, where servants were accountable to their master. This reflects the biblical theme of divine justice, where God is the ultimate judge and authority, as seen in Romans 14:12. The act of recounting the events to the master also parallels the concept of prayer and confession in Christianity, where believers bring their concerns and grievances before God, trusting in His righteous judgment.

Then the master summoned him
In the parable of the unforgiving servant, the master represents God, who is sovereign and just. The act of summoning indicates a call to account, reflecting the biblical principle that all will stand before God to give an account of their actions (Romans 14:12). This summoning is a reminder of divine authority and the accountability each person has before God.

and said, ‘You wicked servant!
The term "wicked" highlights the moral failing of the servant, who, despite receiving mercy, failed to extend it to others. This reflects the biblical teaching that wickedness is not just about actions but also the condition of the heart (Jeremiah 17:9). The servant's behavior contrasts with the righteousness expected of those who have received God's grace.

I forgave all your debt
The forgiveness of debt symbolizes the immense grace and mercy God extends to humanity. In biblical times, debt was a serious matter, often leading to slavery or imprisonment. The complete forgiveness of debt signifies the totality of God's forgiveness of sin, as seen in passages like Psalm 103:12, where God removes transgressions as far as the east is from the west.

because you begged me.
This phrase underscores the importance of humility and repentance in receiving God's mercy. The servant's initial plea for mercy mirrors the sinner's cry for salvation. It reflects the biblical principle that God is compassionate and responsive to those who earnestly seek His forgiveness (2 Chronicles 7:14, Luke 18:13-14). The servant's failure to show the same mercy he received highlights the expectation that those forgiven by God should forgive others (Ephesians 4:32).

Shouldn’t you have had mercy on your fellow servant
This phrase is part of a parable Jesus tells about a king settling accounts with his servants. The context is forgiveness and mercy, central themes in Jesus' teachings. The servant in question had been forgiven a massive debt by the king, symbolizing God's forgiveness of our sins. The expectation of showing mercy to others is a reflection of the mercy we receive from God. This aligns with the teachings in the Lord's Prayer, where we ask God to forgive our debts as we forgive our debtors (Matthew 6:12). The cultural context of the time emphasized honor and reciprocity, making the servant's lack of mercy even more egregious.

just as I had on you?
This phrase highlights the expectation of reciprocal mercy. The king's forgiveness of the servant's debt is a type of Christ's atoning work, where He pays the debt of sin for humanity. The servant's failure to extend the same mercy to his fellow servant is a direct violation of the principle of grace. This mirrors the biblical principle found in Ephesians 4:32, which calls believers to be kind and compassionate, forgiving each other just as in Christ God forgave them. The historical context of debt and servitude in ancient times underscores the gravity of the servant's actions, as debt could lead to imprisonment or slavery, making the king's initial act of mercy even more profound.

In anger
The master's anger reflects divine justice and righteousness. Throughout Scripture, God's anger is often depicted as a response to sin and injustice (e.g., Psalm 7:11). This anger is not capricious but is a measured response to the servant's failure to show mercy, mirroring the divine expectation of forgiveness as seen in Matthew 6:14-15.

his master
The master in this parable represents God, who is sovereign and just. The relationship between master and servant is a common biblical motif illustrating God's authority over humanity. This reflects the cultural context of the time, where masters had significant control over their servants, paralleling God's ultimate authority over creation.

turned him over to the jailers
The act of turning the servant over to the jailers signifies the consequences of unrepentant sin. In biblical times, jailers were responsible for enforcing punishment, often in harsh conditions. This imagery underscores the severity of divine judgment for those who fail to extend the grace they have received.

to be tortured
Torture here symbolizes the spiritual and emotional torment resulting from separation from God's grace. It reflects the severe consequences of unforgiveness, as seen in the broader biblical narrative where sin leads to suffering and alienation from God (Isaiah 59:2).

until he should repay all that he owed
This phrase highlights the impossibility of repaying the debt, symbolizing the insurmountable debt of sin that humanity owes to God. It echoes the earlier part of the parable where the servant's debt was forgiven, emphasizing the necessity of grace and the futility of attempting to earn salvation through works (Ephesians 2:8-9). Theologically, it points to the need for Christ's atoning sacrifice, as only through Him can the debt of sin be truly settled.

That is how My heavenly Father will treat each of you
This phrase concludes the Parable of the Unforgiving Servant, emphasizing the seriousness of forgiveness. The parable illustrates the kingdom of heaven's principles, where God's mercy is extended to those who show mercy. The "heavenly Father" is a term that underscores God's authority and paternal relationship with believers. The treatment mentioned refers to the consequences of failing to forgive, as seen in the parable where the unforgiving servant is handed over to the jailers. This reflects the biblical principle of divine justice, where God's treatment of individuals mirrors their actions towards others (Matthew 6:14-15).

unless you forgive your brother
Forgiveness is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, highlighting the necessity of forgiving others as a reflection of God's forgiveness towards us. The term "brother" indicates fellow believers, emphasizing the importance of maintaining unity and love within the Christian community. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that calls for reconciliation and peace among God's people (Ephesians 4:32). The cultural context of the time placed a high value on familial and community relationships, making forgiveness essential for social harmony.

from your heart.
The phrase "from your heart" signifies genuine, heartfelt forgiveness, not merely a superficial or obligatory act. This internal transformation is a work of the Holy Spirit, aligning with the biblical call for believers to exhibit the fruits of the Spirit, such as love and kindness (Galatians 5:22-23). The heart, in biblical terms, represents the center of one's being, including emotions, will, and intellect. Thus, forgiveness must be sincere and complete, reflecting the depth of God's forgiveness towards humanity. This teaching challenges believers to examine their motives and attitudes, ensuring that their actions are rooted in true compassion and grace.