Berean Study Bible Conquest of the Northern CitiesJabin was a royal title used by the kings of Hazor, a prominent Canaanite city located in northern Israel. Hazor was a major city-state and a significant military and economic center in Canaan. The phrase "heard about these things" refers to the previous victories of Joshua and the Israelites over other Canaanite cities and kings, particularly the defeat of the southern coalition in Joshua 10. This news would have been alarming to Jabin, prompting him to take action to protect his territory. Hazor's archaeological remains indicate it was a large and fortified city, underscoring its importance and the threat perceived by Jabin. Jos 9:1 Now when news of this reached all the kings… he sent word to Jobab king of Madon; Jobab, the king of Madon, is mentioned here as part of a coalition against Israel. Madon was likely a smaller city-state in the region, though its exact location is uncertain. The sending of word indicates a call to arms, a common practice among ancient Near Eastern kings to form alliances against common enemies. This reflects the political landscape of Canaan, where city-states often banded together for mutual defense against powerful adversaries. Jos 12:19 the king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one; to the kings of Shimron and Achshaph; Shimron and Achshaph were other city-states in the northern region of Canaan. The inclusion of these kings in the coalition highlights the widespread concern among the Canaanite rulers about the advancing Israelites. The gathering of multiple kings suggests a significant military alliance, emphasizing the scale of the threat perceived by the Canaanites. This coalition mirrors other biblical accounts where multiple nations unite against a common foe, such as in Psalm 83, which speaks of a confederation against Israel. The unification of these kings against Israel can also be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate victory of God's people over their enemies, a theme that resonates throughout the biblical narrative. Jos 12:20 the king of Shimron-meron, one; the king of Achshaph, one; to the kings of the north in the mountains, This phrase refers to the coalition of northern kings who opposed Israel's conquest. The "north" indicates regions north of the central Canaanite territories. The "mountains" likely refer to the mountainous regions of Upper Galilee. These areas were known for their strategic military advantage and difficult terrain, which provided natural fortifications. Historically, these kings would have been part of smaller city-states, each with its own ruler, forming alliances to resist the advancing Israelites. Jos 12:1-2 Now these are the kings of the land whom the Israelites… in the Arabah south of Chinnereth, The "Arabah" is a term used for the Jordan Rift Valley, a significant geographical feature running from the Sea of Galilee (Chinnereth) to the Dead Sea. "South of Chinnereth" indicates the area south of the Sea of Galilee, a fertile region crucial for agriculture and trade. This area was significant in biblical history, as it was part of the land promised to the Israelites. The mention of Chinnereth connects to the Sea of Galilee, a site of many of Jesus' future miracles and teachings. Jos 12:3 as well as the Arabah east of the Sea of Chinnereth… in the foothills, The "foothills" refer to the Shephelah, a region of low hills between the coastal plain and the central highlands of Israel. This area was known for its fertile land and was often contested by various groups throughout biblical history. The Shephelah served as a buffer zone and was strategically important for controlling access to the interior of the land. It was a place of frequent conflict, as seen in the battles between the Israelites and the Philistines. Jos 10:40 So Joshua conquered the whole region—the hill country… and in Naphoth-dor to the west; "Naphoth-dor" refers to the region around the ancient city of Dor, located on the Mediterranean coast. This area was known for its harbors and trade routes, making it economically significant. The "west" indicates its coastal location, which was crucial for maritime trade and cultural exchanges. Dor was a Canaanite city that later became a significant site during the reign of King Solomon, who used it as one of his administrative districts. The mention of this region highlights the comprehensive nature of the conquest, reaching from the mountains to the sea. Jos 12:23 the king of Dor in Naphath-dor, one; the king of Goiim… to the Canaanites in the east and west; The Canaanites were the original inhabitants of the land that God promised to the Israelites. They were known for their polytheistic beliefs and practices, which were in direct opposition to the monotheistic worship of Yahweh. The mention of "east and west" indicates the widespread presence of the Canaanites across the region, highlighting the vastness of the land that Israel was to conquer. This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the conquest, as the Israelites were to take possession of the entire land, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21). Num 13:29 The Amalekites live in the land of the Negev;… to the Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, and Jebusites in the hill country; These groups were significant inhabitants of the land, each with their own distinct cultures and territories. The Amorites were known for their strong cities and were often seen as formidable opponents (Numbers 13:29). The Hittites were part of a larger empire known for its advanced culture and military prowess. The Perizzites were a rural people, often living in unwalled villages, making them vulnerable to attack. The Jebusites inhabited Jerusalem, a key city that would later become the capital of Israel under King David (2 Samuel 5:6-9). The "hill country" refers to the central mountainous region of Canaan, a strategically important area due to its elevation and defensibility. Exo 23:23 For My angel will go before you, and bring you into the land… and to the Hivites at the foot of Hermon in the land of Mizpah. The Hivites were another Canaanite group, and their mention here places them in the northern part of the land, near Mount Hermon. This mountain is significant in biblical history, often associated with divine encounters and boundaries (Deuteronomy 3:8-9). The "land of Mizpah" refers to a region known for its watchtowers or lookout points, indicating its strategic importance for surveillance and defense. The inclusion of the Hivites in this list emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the conquest, as the Israelites were to subdue all the peoples of the land, fulfilling God's command to drive out the inhabitants and establish a nation dedicated to Him (Exodus 23:23-24). Jdg 3:3 the five rulers of the Philistines, all the Canaanites,… So these kings came out with all their armies, This phrase indicates a coalition of Canaanite kings uniting against Israel. Historically, such alliances were common in the ancient Near East when facing a common threat. The unification of these kings highlights the perceived threat of Israel's advance under Joshua's leadership. This mirrors earlier biblical narratives where enemies unite against God's people, such as in Genesis 14 with the kings against Abraham. Jos 10:5 So the five kings of the Amorites joined forces… a multitude as numerous as the sand on the seashore, This hyperbolic expression emphasizes the vast number of the enemy forces, drawing a parallel to God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 22:17, where his descendants would be as numerous as the sand on the seashore. The contrast here is stark: the promise of blessing to Abraham's seed versus the overwhelming opposition they face. It underscores the miraculous nature of Israel's victories, attributing success to divine intervention rather than military might. 1Sa 13:5 Now the Philistines assembled to fight against Israel… along with a great number of horses and chariots. Horses and chariots were symbols of military power and technological advancement in ancient warfare, often associated with the might of Egypt and other powerful nations. The presence of these in the Canaanite coalition suggests a formidable and well-equipped force. Biblically, reliance on horses and chariots is often contrasted with reliance on God (Psalm 20:7), highlighting the theme of faith over human strength. This also foreshadows the eventual command in Deuteronomy 17:16 for Israel not to multiply horses, emphasizing trust in God rather than military power. 1Ki 20:1 Ben-hadad king of Aram assembled his entire army.… All these kings This phrase refers to the coalition of Canaanite kings who united against Israel. Historically, the Canaanite city-states were often in conflict with each other, but the threat posed by Israel prompted them to form an alliance. This reflects the common biblical theme of God’s people facing opposition from a united front of adversaries, similar to the coalition of kings in Genesis 14. Jos 10:5 So the five kings of the Amorites joined forces… joined forces The unification of these kings signifies a significant military alliance. In the ancient Near East, such alliances were strategic, often formed to counter a common enemy. This mirrors the spiritual battles believers face, where opposition may come from various sources united against God's purposes. 2Ch 20:1 After this, the Moabites and Ammonites, together with some… and encamped at the waters of Merom The waters of Merom are identified with a location in northern Canaan, possibly near modern-day Lake Huleh. This site was strategically chosen for its proximity to the northern territories and its resources. Archaeological evidence suggests that this area was fertile and well-suited for sustaining large armies, indicating the seriousness of the threat to Israel. Exo 15:27 Then they came to Elim, where there were twelve springs… to fight against Israel. The intent to fight against Israel highlights the ongoing conflict between the Israelites and the inhabitants of Canaan. This battle is part of the larger narrative of the conquest of Canaan, fulfilling God’s promise to give the land to the descendants of Abraham (Genesis 12:7). It also prefigures the spiritual battles faced by believers, with Israel representing God's chosen people and the Canaanites symbolizing opposition to God's will. Exo 17:8 After this, the Amalekites came and attacked… Then the LORD said to Joshua, This phrase indicates direct divine communication, emphasizing the leadership role of Joshua as God's chosen successor to Moses. It reflects the ongoing relationship between God and His people, where God provides guidance and assurance. This divine interaction is consistent with other instances in the Old Testament where God speaks to His leaders, such as Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3) and Samuel in the temple (1 Samuel 3). Jos 1:1 Now after the death of His servant Moses,… “Do not be afraid of them, God's command to not fear is a recurring theme in Scripture, often given to leaders facing overwhelming odds. This assurance is rooted in God's sovereignty and faithfulness, as seen in Deuteronomy 31:6, where Moses tells Israel to be strong and courageous. The command addresses the natural human tendency towards fear in the face of formidable enemies, reminding believers of God's power and presence. Deu 7:18 But do not be afraid of them. Be sure to remember… for by this time tomorrow I will deliver all of them slain before Israel. This promise of victory underscores God's control over the outcome of battles. It reflects the covenant relationship where God fights for Israel, as seen in previous victories like the crossing of the Red Sea (Exodus 14:13-14). The specific timing ("by this time tomorrow") highlights God's precise orchestration of events, reinforcing trust in His promises. Exo 9:5 The LORD set a time, saying, “Tomorrow the LORD will do this… You are to hamstring their horses Hamstringing horses was a military strategy to incapacitate the enemy's cavalry, ensuring they could not be used again in battle. This action reflects a reliance on God's power rather than military might, as horses and chariots were symbols of strength in ancient warfare (Psalm 20:7). It also aligns with God's instructions to not accumulate horses, which could lead to reliance on human strength (Deuteronomy 17:16). 2Sa 8:4 David captured from him a thousand chariots,… and burn up their chariots.” Burning chariots further symbolizes the destruction of the enemy's military capabilities. Chariots were advanced war technology, and their destruction signifies the futility of human power against God's will. This act serves as a reminder of God's supremacy and the importance of obedience to His commands, as seen in the destruction of Jericho (Joshua 6). It also prefigures the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ, who triumphs not by earthly power but through sacrificial love. 2Ki 23:11 And he removed from the entrance to the house of the LORD… So by the waters of Merom, The waters of Merom are identified with a marshy area in northern Canaan, likely near modern-day Lake Hula. This location is significant as it was a strategic gathering point for the northern coalition of Canaanite kings. The geographical setting provided a natural defense, yet it also became the site of their defeat. This reflects the biblical theme of God using seemingly strong positions of the enemy to demonstrate His power and deliverance. Jdg 5:21 The River Kishon swept them away, the ancient river,… Joshua and his whole army Joshua, as the leader of Israel, is a type of Christ, leading God's people into the Promised Land. His name, meaning "The Lord is salvation," parallels Jesus' role in the New Testament. The mention of "his whole army" emphasizes the unity and collective effort of the Israelites under divine guidance. This unity is crucial for the success of God's people, as seen throughout biblical narratives. Jos 8:1 Then the LORD said to Joshua, “Do not be afraid… came upon them suddenly The element of surprise is a recurring military tactic in the Bible, often used to demonstrate God's wisdom and strategic superiority over human plans. This sudden approach reflects divine guidance, as God often instructed Israel to use unconventional methods to achieve victory, underscoring His sovereignty and the importance of obedience to His commands. Jos 10:9 After marching all night from Gilgal,… and attacked them, The attack signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel the land of Canaan. It also represents the spiritual battles believers face, where reliance on God's strength leads to victory. This phrase connects to the broader biblical theme of God's people overcoming through faith and obedience, as seen in passages like Ephesians 6:10-18, which speaks of the armor of God. Jos 10:10 And the LORD threw them into confusion before Israel,… and the LORD delivered them into the hand of Israel, This phrase emphasizes the divine intervention and sovereignty of God in the battles of Israel. It reflects the recurring biblical theme that victory comes from the Lord, not merely through human strength or strategy. This aligns with earlier promises made to Joshua (Joshua 1:5) and echoes the assurance given to the Israelites throughout their conquest of Canaan. It underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience leads to divine assistance. Jdg 11:21 Then the LORD, the God of Israel, delivered Sihon… who struck them down and pursued them The Israelites, under Joshua's leadership, acted decisively in battle. This reflects the fulfillment of God's command to take possession of the land (Deuteronomy 7:2). The phrase indicates both the military prowess of Israel and their commitment to God's instructions. It also serves as a reminder of the importance of following through on God's commands without hesitation. Jos 10:10-11 And the LORD threw them into confusion before Israel,… all the way to Greater Sidon and Misrephoth-maim, Greater Sidon was a significant Phoenician city, indicating the extent of Israel's campaign. Misrephoth-maim, possibly meaning "burning waters," is less clearly identified but suggests a location of strategic importance. The mention of these places highlights the thoroughness of Israel's conquest and the geographical breadth of their campaign. It also reflects the historical context of the ancient Near East, where control of key locations was crucial for dominance. Jos 13:6 All the inhabitants of the hill country… and eastward as far as the Valley of Mizpeh. The Valley of Mizpeh, likely located in the northern region of Canaan, further illustrates the comprehensive nature of the military campaign. Mizpeh, meaning "watchtower," suggests a place of strategic observation and defense. This phrase indicates the extent of Israel's pursuit and the thoroughness with which they executed God's command to subdue the land. Jos 13:26 The territory from Heshbon to Ramath-mizpeh and Betonim,… They struck them down, leaving no survivors. This phrase reflects the complete and total victory achieved by Israel, in accordance with the divine mandate to eliminate the Canaanite presence (Deuteronomy 20:16-18). It underscores the seriousness of God's command and the necessity of purging the land of influences that could lead Israel astray. This action, while difficult from a modern perspective, is understood within the context of maintaining the purity of worship and the fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs. Num 21:35 So they struck down Og, along with his whole army… Joshua treated them as the LORD had told him; This phrase emphasizes Joshua's obedience to God's commands, reflecting a central theme in the book of Joshua: the importance of following divine instructions. This obedience is reminiscent of earlier commands given to Moses and the Israelites, such as in Deuteronomy 7:2, where God instructs them to completely destroy the nations in the Promised Land. Joshua's actions here are a continuation of the covenantal faithfulness expected of Israel's leaders. This obedience is also a type of Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the will of the Father (John 6:38). Deu 20:16-17 However, in the cities of the nations that the LORD your God… he hamstrung their horses Hamstringing horses involved cutting the tendons of the hind legs, rendering them useless for battle. This act was significant because it demonstrated reliance on God rather than military might, as horses and chariots were symbols of power and strength in ancient warfare (Psalm 20:7). By disabling the horses, Joshua ensured that Israel would not be tempted to trust in these war instruments, aligning with God's command in Deuteronomy 17:16, which warned against amassing horses. 2Sa 8:4 David captured from him a thousand chariots,… and burned up their chariots. Burning the chariots further symbolizes the rejection of reliance on human strength and technology. Chariots were advanced military technology of the time, and their destruction signified a commitment to trust in God's provision and protection. This act also fulfilled God's instructions and served as a physical manifestation of divine judgment against the Canaanite nations. The destruction of chariots can be seen as a precursor to the ultimate victory over sin and death through Christ, who triumphed not by earthly power but through sacrifice and resurrection (Colossians 2:15). Psa 46:9 He makes wars to cease throughout the earth;… At that time This phrase indicates a specific period during Joshua's military campaigns in Canaan. It suggests a continuation of the conquest narrative, following the defeat of the northern coalition of kings. The timing is crucial as it shows the systematic approach Joshua took in securing the land promised to Israel. Jos 10:42 And because the LORD, the God of Israel, fought for Israel… Joshua turned back Joshua's strategic decision to turn back implies a deliberate and planned military maneuver. This action demonstrates his leadership and tactical acumen. It also reflects obedience to God's command to conquer the land, as seen in earlier chapters. Jos 10:43 Then Joshua returned with all Israel to the camp at Gilgal. and captured Hazor Hazor was a significant Canaanite city, known for its size and influence. Archaeological evidence supports its prominence, with findings of a large city complex. Capturing Hazor was crucial as it was a major stronghold in northern Canaan, symbolizing a decisive victory over the region. Jos 6:20-21 So when the rams’ horns sounded, the people shouted.… and put its king to the sword, The execution of Hazor's king was a common practice in ancient warfare, signifying total defeat and the transfer of power. This act fulfilled God's command to eliminate the Canaanite leadership, preventing future rebellion and ensuring the Israelites' dominance. Jos 10:24-26 When they had brought the kings to Joshua, he summoned… because Hazor was formerly the head of all these kingdoms. Hazor's status as the head of the northern coalition underscores its importance. Historically, it was a leading city-state, exerting influence over surrounding territories. This phrase highlights the strategic significance of its conquest, as it dismantled the power structure opposing Israel. Jdg 4:2 So the LORD sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan… The Israelites put everyone in Hazor to the sword, This phrase indicates the complete military victory achieved by the Israelites over the city of Hazor. Hazor was a significant Canaanite city, often considered the head of all those kingdoms (Joshua 11:10). The act of putting everyone to the sword reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of total warfare, where the complete annihilation of the enemy was sometimes seen as necessary to prevent future threats. This action was also in obedience to God's command to the Israelites to completely destroy the Canaanite nations (Deuteronomy 7:1-2), which was intended to prevent the Israelites from being led astray by pagan practices. Jos 10:37 They captured it and put to the sword its king,… devoting them to destruction. The term "devoting to destruction" translates the Hebrew word "herem," which means to consecrate something to God by completely destroying it. This was a form of divine judgment against the Canaanites for their idolatry and wickedness (Leviticus 18:24-25). It also served to purify the land for the Israelites, ensuring that no pagan influences would remain to corrupt them. This concept is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as in the destruction of Jericho (Joshua 6:17-21). 1Sa 15:3 Now go and attack the Amalekites and devote… Nothing that breathed remained, This phrase emphasizes the totality of the destruction. It underscores the completeness of the judgment executed upon Hazor, leaving no survivors. This mirrors the instructions given in Deuteronomy 20:16-18, where God commanded the Israelites to leave nothing alive in the cities of the nations He was giving them as an inheritance. The thoroughness of this destruction was intended to prevent any future resurgence of the Canaanite culture and religion. Deu 20:16 However, in the cities of the nations that the LORD your God… and Joshua burned down Hazor itself. Burning the city was a symbolic act of finality, ensuring that Hazor could not be easily rebuilt or reoccupied. Archaeological evidence supports the biblical account, as excavations at Hazor have revealed a layer of destruction by fire dating to the time of Joshua. This act of burning also served as a visible sign of God's judgment and the fulfillment of His promises to Israel. The destruction of Hazor can be seen as a type of the ultimate judgment that will come upon the world, as described in Revelation 18, where Babylon the Great is also burned and destroyed. Jos 8:19 They rushed forward, entered the city, captured it… Joshua captured all these kings and their cities This phrase highlights Joshua's role as a military leader and the fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land of Canaan. The capture of the kings and their cities signifies the conquest of the northern coalition of Canaanite kings, which is a continuation of the campaign that began in the southern region. This conquest is a testament to God's faithfulness in delivering the land to Israel as promised to Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21). The cities mentioned were strategically important, and their capture ensured control over the region. Jos 10:42 And because the LORD, the God of Israel, fought for Israel… and put them to the sword. This phrase indicates the complete military defeat and execution of the Canaanite kings and their armies. The phrase "put them to the sword" is a common biblical expression for total destruction in battle. This action was part of the divine judgment against the Canaanites for their idolatry and wickedness, as outlined in Deuteronomy 9:4-5. It also served to prevent the Israelites from being influenced by the Canaanite religious practices. Deu 13:15 you must surely put the inhabitants of that city… He devoted them to destruction, The term "devoted to destruction" (Hebrew: herem) refers to the complete consecration of something to God, often through its destruction. This was a command given to ensure that nothing from the conquered cities would lead the Israelites into idolatry or sin. The concept of herem is seen in other parts of the Old Testament, such as in the destruction of Jericho (Joshua 6:17-21). It underscores the seriousness of maintaining purity and obedience to God's commands. Jos 6:21 With the edge of the sword they devoted to destruction… as Moses the LORD’s servant had commanded. This phrase connects Joshua's actions to the instructions given by Moses, emphasizing continuity in leadership and obedience to God's law. Moses, as the LORD's servant, had received direct commands from God regarding the conquest of Canaan (Deuteronomy 7:1-2). Joshua's adherence to these commands demonstrates his faithfulness and the importance of following divine instructions. This obedience is a key theme throughout the book of Joshua and serves as a model for the Israelites and future generations. Jos 8:31 just as Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded the Israelites. He built it according to what is written in the Book of the Law of Moses: “an altar of uncut stones on which no iron tool has been used.” And on it they offered burnt offerings to the LORD… Yet Israel did not burn any of the cities built on their mounds, This phrase indicates a strategic decision by the Israelites during their conquest of Canaan. The "mounds" refer to ancient fortified cities often built on elevated ground, known as "tells." These cities were typically well-defended and served as administrative centers. The decision not to burn these cities suggests a desire to preserve them for future use, reflecting a practical approach to settlement and governance. This restraint aligns with God's instructions to Israel to inherit the land and its cities (Deuteronomy 6:10-11), emphasizing the continuity of civilization under new leadership. Deu 20:10-15 When you approach a city to fight against it,… except Hazor, Hazor was a significant Canaanite city, often considered the head of all those kingdoms (Joshua 11:10). Its destruction was unique and symbolically important. Archaeological evidence supports the biblical account, showing a layer of destruction at Hazor dating to the Late Bronze Age. The burning of Hazor signifies a decisive victory over a major power in the region, demonstrating God's deliverance and the fulfillment of His promises to Israel. Hazor's destruction also serves as a warning against idolatry and rebellion against God, themes prevalent throughout the Old Testament. Jdg 4:2 So the LORD sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan… which Joshua burned. Joshua's role as the leader of Israel is highlighted here, emphasizing his obedience to God's commands and his role as a military leader. The act of burning Hazor can be seen as a fulfillment of divine judgment against the Canaanites, who were known for their idolatry and moral corruption (Deuteronomy 9:4-5). This act also prefigures the ultimate judgment and purification that Christ will bring, as Joshua (Yeshua in Hebrew) is a type of Christ, leading God's people into the promised inheritance. The destruction of Hazor underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and the establishment of His kingdom through His chosen leaders. Jos 6:24 Then the Israelites burned up the city and everything in it.… The Israelites took for themselves all the plunder and livestock of these cities, This phrase highlights the common practice in ancient warfare where victors claimed the spoils of war. In the context of the Israelite conquest, this was often seen as a fulfillment of God's promises to provide for His people. The taking of plunder and livestock was a means of sustaining the Israelite community as they settled in the Promised Land. This practice is consistent with earlier instructions given in Deuteronomy 20:14, where God allowed the Israelites to take plunder from cities that were far from them, but not from those within the land of Canaan. Deu 2:35 We carried off only the livestock and the plunder… but they put all the people to the sword until they had completely destroyed them, This phrase reflects the concept of herem, or the ban, which was a command for total destruction of certain peoples and cities. This was not merely an act of war but a divine judgment against the Canaanites for their idolatry and wickedness, as seen in Genesis 15:16 and Leviticus 18:24-25. The complete destruction was intended to prevent the Israelites from being influenced by the Canaanite practices and to maintain the purity of worship to Yahweh. Deu 7:2 and when the LORD your God has delivered them over to you… not sparing anyone who breathed. The phrase underscores the totality of the destruction commanded by God. This was a difficult and controversial aspect of the conquest narrative, often raising questions about the nature of divine justice. However, it is important to understand this within the context of God's holiness and the need to eradicate sin and idolatry from the land. This act of judgment can be seen as a foreshadowing of the final judgment, where sin will be completely eradicated. It also serves as a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, where nothing that opposes God's kingdom will remain. Deu 20:16-18 However, in the cities of the nations that the LORD your God… As the LORD had commanded His servant Moses, This phrase emphasizes the divine authority behind the commands given to Moses. It reflects the continuity of God's covenant and instructions from Moses to Joshua. The LORD's commands to Moses included the laws and guidelines for leading the Israelites and conquering the Promised Land (Exodus 3:10, Deuteronomy 31:7-8). This continuity underscores the unchanging nature of God's will and His faithfulness to His promises. Exo 40:16 Moses did everything just as the LORD had commanded him. so Moses commanded Joshua. Moses, as the leader of Israel, was responsible for passing on God's commands to Joshua, his successor. This transfer of leadership is significant, as it shows the importance of mentorship and the preparation of future leaders within the biblical narrative (Deuteronomy 34:9). Joshua's role as Moses' assistant (Exodus 24:13) prepared him to lead the Israelites with the same dedication to God's commands. Jos 4:10 Now the priests who carried the ark remained standing… That is what Joshua did, Joshua's obedience is highlighted here, demonstrating his faithfulness and commitment to God's instructions. His actions are a testament to his character and leadership, fulfilling the role that Moses had prepared him for. Joshua's obedience serves as a model for faithfulness and diligence in carrying out God's will (Joshua 1:7-9). Jos 1:16-18 So they answered Joshua, “Everything you have commanded us… leaving nothing undone This phrase underscores Joshua's thoroughness and dedication in executing God's commands. It reflects the completeness of his obedience, ensuring that every aspect of God's instructions was fulfilled. This mirrors the biblical principle of wholehearted devotion to God, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:5. Jos 23:14 Now behold, today I am going the way of all the earth… of all that the LORD had commanded Moses. The comprehensive nature of Joshua's obedience is emphasized here, indicating that he followed every command given to Moses by the LORD. This reflects the importance of adhering to God's word in its entirety, without omission or alteration. It also highlights the continuity of God's plan from Moses to Joshua, ensuring the fulfillment of His promises to the Israelites (Numbers 27:18-23). Exo 39:42-43 The Israelites had done all the work just as the LORD…
Joshua Takes the Whole LandThis phrase indicates the comprehensive nature of Joshua's conquest. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land of Canaan (Genesis 12:7). The term "took" implies military victory and divine assistance, as God had assured Joshua of success (Joshua 1:3-5). This conquest is a type of Christ's ultimate victory over sin and death, as Joshua's name in Hebrew, "Yehoshua," is the same as Jesus, meaning "The Lord is salvation." Jos 10:42 And because the LORD, the God of Israel, fought for Israel… the hill country, The hill country refers to the central mountainous region of Canaan, which includes areas like Hebron and Jerusalem. This area was significant for its strategic military advantage and fertile land. It was later allotted to the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. The hill country is often associated with strength and stability in biblical literature (Psalm 125:2). Jos 10:40 So Joshua conquered the whole region—the hill country… all the Negev, The Negev is a desert region in the southern part of Israel. Its mention highlights the extent of the conquest, reaching even the arid and less hospitable areas. The Negev was part of the territory promised to Abraham (Genesis 13:14-17) and later became part of the inheritance of the tribe of Judah. Jdg 1:9 Afterward, the men of Judah marched down to fight… all the land of Goshen, This is not the same Goshen as in Egypt but a region in southern Canaan. It is thought to be a fertile area, possibly near the Negev. The mention of Goshen emphasizes the diversity of the land conquered, from fertile plains to desert regions. Jos 10:41 Joshua conquered the area from Kadesh-barnea to Gaza,… the western foothills, Also known as the Shephelah, this region consists of lowlands between the hill country and the coastal plains. It was a buffer zone and often a battleground between the Israelites and the Philistines. The Shephelah was known for its agricultural productivity and strategic importance. Jos 15:33-47 These were in the foothills: Eshtaol, Zorah, Ashnah,… the Arabah, The Arabah is the rift valley running from the Sea of Galilee to the Red Sea. It includes the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea area. This region was significant for trade routes and its mineral resources. The Arabah's inclusion in the conquest underscores the comprehensive nature of Israel's territorial claims. Deu 4:49 including all the Arabah on the east side of the Jordan… and the mountains of Israel and their foothills, This phrase refers to the northern regions, including areas like Mount Carmel and the Galilee. The mountains of Israel were known for their beauty and strategic importance. They are often symbolic of God's majesty and protection (Psalm 121:1-2). The mention of foothills indicates the thoroughness of the conquest, covering both highlands and lowlands. Ezk 36:1-8 And you, son of man, prophesy to the mountains of Israel… from Mount Halak, which rises toward Seir, Mount Halak is believed to be located in the southern part of Canaan, near the border of Edom. The term "Halak" means "smooth" or "bald," suggesting a barren or rocky landscape. This area marks the southern extent of Joshua's conquests. Seir is associated with the Edomites, descendants of Esau, and represents a region south of the Dead Sea. The mention of Seir highlights the geographical breadth of the conquest, extending from the southern to the northern parts of the land. Jos 24:4 and to Isaac I gave Jacob and Esau. I gave Esau Mount Seir… as far as Baal-gad in the Valley of Lebanon Baal-gad is situated at the northern boundary of the land conquered by Joshua, near Mount Hermon. The name "Baal-gad" indicates a place of worship dedicated to the Canaanite god Baal, reflecting the prevalent pagan practices in the region. The Valley of Lebanon is a fertile area, and its mention signifies the strategic and economic importance of the territory. This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the conquest, from the southern deserts to the lush northern valleys. Jos 12:7 And these are the kings of the land that Joshua… at the foot of Mount Hermon. Mount Hermon is a significant landmark in the northern part of Israel, known for its height and snow-capped peaks. It serves as a natural boundary and is often associated with the northern limits of the Promised Land. In biblical literature, Mount Hermon is sometimes linked to divine encounters and is considered a place of spiritual significance. Its mention here emphasizes the extent of the land under Israelite control. Deu 3:9 which the Sidonians call Sirion but the Amorites call Senir— He captured all their kings and struck them down, putting them to death. This phrase highlights the complete military victory achieved by Joshua over the Canaanite kings. The capture and execution of these kings symbolize the decisive nature of the conquest and the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to the Israelites. This act of judgment reflects the biblical theme of divine justice against the idolatry and wickedness of the Canaanite nations. It also prefigures the ultimate victory of Christ over sin and death, as Joshua (a type of Christ) leads his people to inherit the Promised Land. Jos 10:22-27 Then Joshua said, “Open the mouth of the cave… Joshua waged war Joshua, as the leader of the Israelites, was fulfilling the command given by God to conquer the land of Canaan. This phrase highlights his role as a military leader and a faithful servant executing divine instructions. The wars were not merely political but were seen as acts of divine judgment against the Canaanite nations for their idolatry and immorality (Deuteronomy 9:4-5). Deu 20:4 For the LORD your God goes with you to fight for you… against all these kings The "kings" refer to the various rulers of the Canaanite city-states. Each city-state was often ruled by its own king, and these kings formed coalitions to resist the Israelite invasion. This reflects the fragmented political landscape of Canaan during this period, as confirmed by archaeological findings of city-state structures and records of local rulers. Jos 10:42 And because the LORD, the God of Israel, fought for Israel… for a long period of time. The conquest of Canaan was not a swift campaign but took several years, possibly around seven years, as inferred from the broader biblical narrative (Joshua 14:7, 10). This extended period allowed for the systematic defeat of the Canaanite coalitions and the gradual settlement of the Israelites. The prolonged warfare also served to test the faith and perseverance of the Israelites, as they relied on God's promises for victory (Exodus 23:29-30). Jos 23:1 A long time after the LORD had given Israel rest… No city made peace with the Israelites This phrase highlights the widespread resistance against the Israelites during their conquest of Canaan. The Canaanite cities, despite witnessing the power of God through Israel's victories, chose to resist rather than seek peace. This reflects the hardness of their hearts and fulfills the divine mandate given to Israel to conquer the land (Deuteronomy 7:1-2). The refusal to make peace can be seen as a fulfillment of God's judgment against the Canaanites for their idolatry and wickedness (Genesis 15:16). Deu 7:2 and when the LORD your God has delivered them over to you… except the Hivites living in Gibeon; The Gibeonites, a group of Hivites, are noted for their unique approach to the advancing Israelites. Unlike other Canaanite cities, they sought peace through deception, as detailed in Joshua 9. They disguised themselves as travelers from a distant land to secure a treaty with Israel. This act of cunning is significant as it spared them from destruction and integrated them into Israelite society, albeit as servants. The Gibeonites' decision can be seen as a recognition of the power of Israel's God, contrasting with the defiance of other Canaanite cities. Jos 9:3-6 But the people of Gibeon, having heard what Joshua had done… all others were taken in battle. This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of Israel's military campaign in Canaan. The conquest was marked by numerous battles, as the Israelites, under Joshua's leadership, systematically defeated the Canaanite cities. This military success is attributed to divine intervention and fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs (Genesis 12:7, Exodus 23:23). The phrase also highlights the theme of divine justice, as the conquest served as a judgment against the Canaanite nations for their sins. The battles were not merely human endeavors but were seen as acts of divine will, with God fighting for Israel (Joshua 10:42). Jos 10:40-42 So Joshua conquered the whole region—the hill country… For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts This phrase indicates divine sovereignty in the events that unfold. The hardening of hearts is a recurring theme in the Bible, notably seen in the account of Pharaoh during the Exodus (Exodus 9:12). It suggests that God, in His omniscience and justice, allows or causes certain individuals or groups to resist His will, ultimately fulfilling His divine purposes. This hardening is not arbitrary but serves a greater plan within God's redemptive history. Exo 7:3 But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and though I will… to engage Israel in battle, The engagement in battle was part of the conquest of Canaan, a land promised to the descendants of Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21). The battles were not merely military campaigns but were seen as acts of divine judgment against the Canaanite nations for their idolatry and wickedness (Deuteronomy 9:4-5). This engagement was necessary for Israel to take possession of the land God had given them. Deu 2:32 So Sihon and his whole army came out for battle… so that they would be set apart for destruction The phrase "set apart for destruction" refers to the Hebrew concept of "herem," which means devoted to God for destruction. This was a form of divine judgment against the Canaanites, who were seen as irredeemably corrupt. The destruction was meant to prevent the Israelites from being influenced by the Canaanites' idolatrous practices (Deuteronomy 20:16-18). Deu 20:17 For you must devote them to complete destruction… and would receive no mercy, This lack of mercy underscores the severity of God's judgment. It reflects the holiness and justice of God, who cannot tolerate sin. The Canaanites had ample time to repent, as evidenced by Rahab's acknowledgment of God's power (Joshua 2:9-11), but they chose to persist in their ways. This phrase also serves as a warning to Israel to remain faithful to God. Deu 13:8 you must not yield to him or listen to him.… being annihilated as the LORD had commanded Moses. The command to annihilate the Canaanites was given to Moses as part of the instructions for taking possession of the Promised Land (Deuteronomy 7:1-2). This command was not based on ethnic superiority but on the moral and spiritual corruption of the Canaanites. It also foreshadows the ultimate judgment that will come upon the world, pointing to the need for repentance and faith in God's provision for salvation through Jesus Christ. Deu 7:1-2 When the LORD your God brings you into the land… At that time This phrase indicates a specific period during Joshua's military campaigns in Canaan. It follows the successful conquests of the northern and southern coalitions of Canaanite kings, suggesting a strategic continuation of Israel's efforts to secure the Promised Land. Jos 10:42 And because the LORD, the God of Israel, fought for Israel… Joshua proceeded to eliminate the Anakim The Anakim were a race of giants, descendants of Anak, known for their formidable size and strength. Their presence in Canaan was a source of fear for the Israelites, as noted in the report of the spies in Numbers 13:33. Joshua's actions here fulfill God's promise to give Israel victory over their enemies, demonstrating God's power over seemingly insurmountable obstacles. Num 13:22 They went up through the Negev and came to Hebron,… from the hill country of Hebron, Debir, and Anab, Hebron, Debir, and Anab were significant locations in the southern part of Canaan. Hebron, in particular, was an ancient city with historical and spiritual significance, being associated with the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The elimination of the Anakim from these areas signifies the removal of a major threat and the establishment of Israelite control over key territories. Jos 14:12-15 Now therefore give me this hill country… and from all the hill country of Judah and of Israel. This phrase expands the scope of Joshua's campaign to include the broader regions of Judah and Israel, indicating a comprehensive effort to secure the land. The hill country was strategically important for defense and agriculture, making its control vital for the stability and prosperity of the Israelite tribes. Jos 10:40-41 So Joshua conquered the whole region—the hill country… Joshua devoted them to destruction, along with their cities. The term "devoted to destruction" refers to the Hebrew concept of "herem," which involves the complete destruction of a people or city as an offering to God. This was a common practice in ancient warfare, intended to prevent the influence of pagan cultures and religions on the Israelites. It underscores the seriousness of maintaining the purity of worship and obedience to God's commands. This act also prefigures the ultimate victory over sin and evil through Jesus Christ, who conquers spiritual giants and secures eternal salvation for believers. Deu 20:16-17 However, in the cities of the nations that the LORD your God… No Anakim were left in the land of the Israelites; The Anakim were a race of giants mentioned in the Old Testament, known for their formidable size and strength. They were descendants of Anak and were considered a significant threat to the Israelites. The eradication of the Anakim from the land signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites victory over their enemies. This phrase highlights the completeness of Joshua's conquest in the Promised Land, as the Anakim were among the most feared inhabitants. The removal of these giants symbolizes the triumph of faith and obedience over seemingly insurmountable obstacles, reflecting the broader theme of divine assistance in Israel's military campaigns. Jdg 1:20 Just as Moses had promised, Judah gave Hebron to Caleb… only in Gaza, Gath, and Ashdod did any survive. Gaza, Gath, and Ashdod were Philistine cities located in the coastal region of Canaan. These cities were part of the Philistine pentapolis and remained outside the immediate control of the Israelites during Joshua's conquest. The survival of the Anakim in these areas suggests that while Joshua's campaign was largely successful, some territories remained unconquered, foreshadowing future conflicts between the Israelites and the Philistines. Gath is notably mentioned as the hometown of Goliath, the giant defeated by David, indicating that remnants of the Anakim lineage persisted and continued to pose challenges to Israel. This phrase underscores the ongoing struggle between the Israelites and their neighbors, as well as the need for continued reliance on God for victory and protection. Jos 13:3 from the Shihor east of Egypt to the territory of Ekron… So Joshua took the entire land, This phrase signifies the fulfillment of God's promise to the Israelites regarding the land of Canaan. The "entire land" refers to the territories that were conquered under Joshua's leadership, which included key regions such as Jericho, Ai, and the southern and northern kingdoms. This conquest was a significant achievement, as it involved overcoming numerous fortified cities and diverse peoples. The phrase underscores Joshua's role as a faithful leader who executed God's commands, reflecting the divine mandate given to the Israelites to possess the land (Deuteronomy 1:8). Jos 21:43-45 Thus the LORD gave Israel all the land He had sworn… in keeping with all that the LORD had spoken to Moses. This highlights the continuity of God's promises from Moses to Joshua. The LORD had assured Moses that the Israelites would inherit the land (Exodus 3:8, Deuteronomy 31:7-8). Joshua's actions are seen as a direct fulfillment of these promises, demonstrating God's faithfulness and the importance of obedience to His word. This continuity also emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God's promises are realized through human agency. 1Ki 8:56 Blessed be the LORD, who has given rest to His people Israel… And Joshua gave it as an inheritance to Israel The distribution of the land as an inheritance signifies the transition from conquest to settlement. This act fulfilled the promise made to the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Genesis 12:7, 26:3, 28:13). The concept of inheritance is deeply rooted in the covenantal relationship, where the land is not merely a possession but a divine gift that signifies God's enduring commitment to His people. This inheritance also foreshadows the spiritual inheritance believers receive through Christ (Ephesians 1:11). Jos 13:6-7 All the inhabitants of the hill country… according to the allotments to their tribes. The division of the land among the tribes of Israel was conducted according to specific allotments, which were determined by casting lots (Numbers 26:55-56). This method ensured that the distribution was perceived as divinely guided, reflecting God's sovereignty over the process. Each tribe received a portion of the land that corresponded to its size and needs, as outlined in the Book of Joshua (chapters 13-21). This tribal allotment system reinforced the unity and identity of the Israelite community. Num 33:54 And you are to divide the land by lot according to your clans… Then the land had rest from war. This phrase indicates a period of peace following the extensive military campaigns led by Joshua. The "rest" from war symbolizes the completion of a significant phase in Israel's history, where the primary objective of conquering the land was achieved. This rest is not only physical but also spiritual, as it represents a time of fulfillment and divine blessing. It prefigures the ultimate rest found in Christ, who offers spiritual rest to believers (Hebrews 4:8-10). The cessation of warfare allowed the Israelites to focus on establishing their society according to God's laws and commandments. Jos 14:15 Hebron used to be called Kiriath-arba, after Arba… This is a draft of the Berean Study Bible. Please send all comments and recommendations to bereanstudybible@aol.com. Bible Hub |
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