Now the LORD attended to Sarah
This phrase highlights God's direct involvement and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises. The term "attended" indicates God's active role in Sarah's life, emphasizing His personal care and intervention. This moment is a fulfillment of God's earlier promise to Abraham and Sarah that they would have a son (Genesis 17:16, 18:10). It underscores the theme of divine faithfulness and the importance of God's timing, as Sarah had been barren for many years. This also reflects God's sovereignty and His ability to bring life and hope where there was none, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible.

as He had said
This phrase underscores the reliability and truthfulness of God's word. It refers back to God's specific promise to Abraham and Sarah that they would have a son (Genesis 17:19, 18:14). The fulfillment of this promise serves as a testament to God's unchanging nature and His commitment to His covenant. It also serves as a reminder that God's words are not empty but are always fulfilled in His perfect timing. This is a recurring theme in Scripture, where God's promises are consistently realized, reinforcing the trustworthiness of His word (Isaiah 55:11).

and the LORD did for Sarah
Here, the focus is on God's action in Sarah's life, demonstrating His power and grace. This action is a miraculous event, as Sarah was beyond the age of childbearing (Genesis 18:11). It highlights God's ability to transcend natural laws and perform miracles. This act of God is a precursor to other miraculous births in the Bible, such as the birth of John the Baptist (Luke 1:7, 13) and ultimately, the virgin birth of Jesus Christ (Matthew 1:18-23). It illustrates God's intervention in human history to fulfill His redemptive plan.

what He had promised
This phrase reaffirms the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah. It emphasizes the certainty and reliability of God's promises, which are a central theme in the biblical narrative. The birth of Isaac is not only a personal fulfillment for Sarah but also a critical step in the unfolding of God's covenant with Abraham, which includes the promise of numerous descendants and the blessing of all nations through his lineage (Genesis 12:2-3, 22:17-18). This event foreshadows the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises through Jesus Christ, who is the promised seed of Abraham (Galatians 3:16).

So Sarah conceived
This phrase marks the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah, highlighting the miraculous nature of Sarah's conception. Sarah was well past the age of childbearing, emphasizing the divine intervention required for her to conceive. This event underscores the theme of God's faithfulness and power to fulfill His promises, even when circumstances seem impossible. It also prefigures the miraculous birth of Jesus Christ, born of the Virgin Mary, as both births were divinely orchestrated.

and bore a son to Abraham
The birth of Isaac is significant as it establishes the lineage through which God's covenant with Abraham would continue. Isaac is the child of promise, through whom God would build a great nation. This event is a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative, as it sets the stage for the development of the Israelite people. The birth of a son to Abraham also fulfills the cultural importance of having an heir, which was crucial in ancient Near Eastern societies for the continuation of one's lineage and inheritance.

in his old age
Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, highlighting the miraculous nature of the event. This detail emphasizes God's ability to work beyond human limitations and expectations. It also serves as a testament to Abraham's faith, as he believed God's promise despite his and Sarah's advanced age. This aspect of the story is echoed in the New Testament, where Abraham's faith is commended in Romans 4:19-21.

at the very time God had promised
This phrase underscores the precision and reliability of God's timing. God's promise to Abraham regarding the birth of Isaac was specific, and its fulfillment at the appointed time demonstrates God's sovereignty and faithfulness. This theme of divine timing is prevalent throughout Scripture, reminding believers that God's plans unfold according to His perfect schedule. The fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham also foreshadows the fulfillment of messianic prophecies, culminating in the birth of Jesus Christ at the appointed time (Galatians 4:4).

And Abraham gave the name Isaac
The name "Isaac" means "he laughs" or "laughter," reflecting the joy and surprise surrounding his birth. This name is significant because both Abraham and Sarah laughed at the promise of having a son in their old age (Genesis 17:17; 18:12). Isaac's name serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises, despite human doubt. The act of naming by Abraham signifies his acceptance and acknowledgment of God's promise. Naming in biblical times was a significant act, often reflecting character or destiny.

to the son Sarah bore to him
This phrase emphasizes the fulfillment of God's specific promise to Abraham and Sarah, not just to Abraham alone. Sarah's role is crucial, as she was initially barren, and her bearing a son is a testament to God's miraculous intervention. This event is a pivotal moment in the Abrahamic covenant, as Isaac is the child through whom God's promises to Abraham would be realized (Genesis 17:19). The birth of Isaac also prefigures the miraculous birth of Jesus Christ, born to Mary, who was a virgin, highlighting the theme of divine intervention in human history.

When his son Isaac was eight days old
The practice of circumcision on the eighth day is significant in Jewish tradition, as it aligns with God's covenant with Abraham. The number eight often symbolizes new beginnings in the Bible. Scientifically, it is noted that the eighth day is optimal for circumcision due to the natural peak in vitamin K levels, which aids in blood clotting. This timing underscores the divine wisdom in God's command.

Abraham circumcised him
Circumcision was a physical sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants, marking them as God's chosen people. Abraham's obedience in circumcising Isaac demonstrates his faithfulness to God's commands. This act is a precursor to the New Testament's emphasis on the circumcision of the heart, symbolizing spiritual purity and dedication to God (Romans 2:29).

as God had commanded him
This phrase highlights Abraham's obedience to God's specific instructions, which were first given in Genesis 17:10-14. It reflects the importance of following divine commands precisely, a theme that recurs throughout Scripture. Abraham's compliance is a model of faith and obedience, which is later echoed in the New Testament by Jesus Christ, who perfectly fulfilled God's will (John 6:38).

Abraham was a hundred years old
Abraham's age at the time of Isaac's birth highlights the miraculous nature of the event, as it was biologically improbable for him to father a child at such an advanced age. This underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah, demonstrating God's power and faithfulness. The age of 100 also signifies a complete cycle, often associated with divine intervention and fulfillment in biblical numerology. Abraham's advanced age serves as a testament to his faith and patience, as he waited 25 years from the initial promise of a son (Genesis 12:4, 17:1).

when his son Isaac
Isaac, whose name means "he laughs," is the child of promise, through whom God's covenant with Abraham would continue. Isaac's birth is a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative, as it establishes the lineage through which the nation of Israel would come. Isaac is a type of Christ, as both were promised sons, both had miraculous births, and both were involved in significant acts of sacrifice (Genesis 22, Hebrews 11:17-19).

was born to him.
The birth of Isaac to Abraham and Sarah is a fulfillment of God's specific promise to them (Genesis 17:19, 21:1-2). This event is a key moment in the Abrahamic covenant, which includes the promise of numerous descendants and the land of Canaan. The birth signifies God's faithfulness to His word and His ability to bring life and hope where there was barrenness and impossibility. Isaac's birth also sets the stage for the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through the lineage of Abraham, leading ultimately to the birth of Jesus Christ (Matthew 1:1-2).

Then Sarah said,
This phrase marks a significant moment in Sarah's life, as she speaks after the fulfillment of God's promise to her and Abraham. Sarah, who had been barren for many years, now experiences the joy of motherhood. Her words reflect a personal testimony of God's faithfulness. In the broader biblical narrative, Sarah's voice here is important as it highlights the fulfillment of God's covenant promise to Abraham, which is central to the unfolding story of Israel.

“God has made me laugh,
The laughter here is one of joy and amazement, contrasting with Sarah's earlier laughter of doubt in Genesis 18:12 when she first heard the promise of a son. This transformation from doubt to joy underscores the theme of God's power to bring about the impossible. The name Isaac, which means "he laughs," is a direct reflection of this moment, symbolizing the joy and fulfillment of God's promise. This laughter can also be seen as a type of the joy that comes with the fulfillment of God's promises in Christ, who brings ultimate joy and salvation.

and everyone who hears of this will laugh with me.”
Sarah anticipates that her joy will be shared by others, indicating the communal nature of God's blessings. This reflects the broader biblical theme that God's work in the lives of individuals often has implications for the community. The laughter of others can be seen as a recognition of God's miraculous intervention. This communal joy prefigures the joy of the nations in the New Testament, where the good news of Jesus Christ is shared and celebrated by all who hear it. The laughter also serves as a testimony to God's faithfulness and power, encouraging others to trust in His promises.

She added, “Who would have told Abraham that Sarah would nurse children?
This phrase highlights the miraculous nature of Sarah's childbirth. In the cultural and historical context of the ancient Near East, it was highly unusual for a woman of Sarah's age to bear children, as she was well past the typical childbearing years. This event underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah, as seen in Genesis 17:16-19, where God promises that Sarah will bear a son. The rhetorical question emphasizes the unexpected and divine nature of the event, pointing to God's power to fulfill His promises against all odds.

Yet I have borne him a son in his old age.”
The birth of Isaac to Abraham and Sarah in their old age is a testament to God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His covenant. Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, as noted in Genesis 21:5. This miraculous birth prefigures the birth of Jesus Christ, who was also born under extraordinary circumstances, fulfilling God's promise of salvation. The birth of Isaac is a pivotal moment in biblical history, as it continues the lineage through which the Messiah would eventually come, as outlined in the genealogies in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. This phrase also reflects the joy and fulfillment of God's promise, as Sarah's barrenness is overcome by divine intervention, symbolizing hope and the power of faith.

So the child grew and was weaned
In ancient Near Eastern cultures, weaning typically occurred around the age of three. This milestone marked a significant transition from infancy to early childhood. The growth of Isaac is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and Sarah, emphasizing the faithfulness of God in His covenant. The weaning of Isaac signifies a new stage in his life, paralleling the spiritual growth expected of believers as they mature in faith. This event also foreshadows the growth and development of the nation of Israel, which would come from Isaac's lineage.

and Abraham held a great feast on the day Isaac was weaned
Feasts were common in biblical times to celebrate significant life events. Abraham's feast for Isaac's weaning underscores the joy and gratitude for God's provision and the fulfillment of His promise. This celebration can be seen as a type of the future Messianic banquet, where believers will celebrate with Christ. The feast also highlights the importance of community and family in the biblical narrative, as such events would have involved extended family and servants. This occasion contrasts with the tension that arises with Ishmael, Abraham's son by Hagar, pointing to the complex family dynamics and the unfolding of God's plan through Isaac.

But Sarah saw
Sarah, the wife of Abraham, is a central figure in this narrative. Her observation is crucial as it sets the stage for the subsequent actions. In the cultural context of the time, the matriarch of the family held significant influence over household matters. Sarah's perception and reaction are pivotal in the unfolding of God's covenant promises through Isaac.

that the son whom Hagar the Egyptian had borne to Abraham
Ishmael, the son of Hagar, is identified here. Hagar, an Egyptian maidservant, was given to Abraham by Sarah to bear a child due to Sarah's initial barrenness. This act reflects the customs of the time, where a servant could bear children on behalf of a barren wife. Ishmael's Egyptian heritage is noted, highlighting the cultural and ethnic diversity within Abraham's household. This also sets up the later distinction between Isaac, the child of promise, and Ishmael.

was mocking
The Hebrew word used here can imply laughter or derision. This mocking is significant as it represents a threat to Isaac's position as the heir of God's covenant with Abraham. The tension between Ishmael and Isaac foreshadows the future conflicts between their descendants. This moment is pivotal in the narrative, leading to Ishmael and Hagar's eventual departure, which aligns with God's plan for Isaac to be the sole heir of the covenant.

her son
Isaac is referred to as "her son," emphasizing Sarah's protective and possessive nature over him. Isaac is the child of promise, born to Sarah in her old age as a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham. This phrase underscores the special status of Isaac in the Abrahamic covenant, distinguishing him from Ishmael and setting the stage for the lineage through which the Messiah, Jesus Christ, would eventually come.

and she said to Abraham
Sarah, Abraham's wife, is the speaker here. Her authority in the household is significant, reflecting the cultural norms of the time where the matriarch had a strong influence. This moment follows the weaning of Isaac, a significant event in ancient cultures, marking a child's transition from infancy to childhood. Sarah's demand reflects her protective instincts for Isaac's future.

“Expel the slave woman and her son
The "slave woman" refers to Hagar, Sarah's Egyptian maidservant, and her son, Ishmael, whom she bore to Abraham. This request highlights the tension between Sarah and Hagar, which began when Hagar conceived Ishmael (Genesis 16). The expulsion is a pivotal moment, emphasizing the separation of Isaac, the child of promise, from Ishmael. This act also foreshadows the eventual separation of Israel from other nations.

for the slave woman’s son will never share in the inheritance
In ancient Near Eastern culture, inheritance was a crucial aspect of family life, often determining one's future and status. Ishmael, though Abraham's firstborn, was not the child of promise. This statement underscores the divine promise that Isaac would be the heir through whom God's covenant would be fulfilled (Genesis 17:19-21). It reflects the broader biblical theme of God's sovereign choice.

with my son Isaac!”
Isaac is the child of promise, born to Sarah and Abraham in their old age, fulfilling God's promise to them (Genesis 21:1-3). His name, meaning "laughter," signifies joy and fulfillment of God's word. The distinction between Isaac and Ishmael is not just familial but theological, as Isaac represents the line through which the Messiah, Jesus Christ, would eventually come (Matthew 1:1-2). This separation is a type of the distinction between those who are heirs according to the flesh and those according to the promise, as elaborated in Galatians 4:28-31.

Now this matter distressed Abraham greatly
Abraham's distress highlights his deep emotional connection to Ishmael, his firstborn son. This moment reflects the human struggle between personal desires and divine will. Abraham's distress is not only personal but also spiritual, as he grapples with God's promises and the unfolding of His plan. The Hebrew word for "distressed" conveys a sense of deep emotional turmoil, indicating the gravity of the situation for Abraham. This moment is pivotal in Abraham's journey of faith, as he must trust God's plan despite his personal feelings.

because it concerned his son Ishmael.
Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar, represents a significant part of Abraham's life and legacy. In the cultural context of the time, the firstborn son held a place of honor and expectation. Ishmael's presence in Abraham's life was a result of Sarah's initial barrenness and the subsequent decision to have a child through Hagar, Sarah's maidservant. This decision, while culturally acceptable, was not in line with God's promise to give Abraham a son through Sarah. The situation with Ishmael also foreshadows the future tensions between the descendants of Ishmael and Isaac, which are seen throughout biblical history. Ishmael's role in the narrative serves as a reminder of the complexities of human decisions and their long-term implications in the unfolding of God's redemptive plan.

But God said to Abraham
This phrase indicates divine communication, emphasizing God's direct involvement in the lives of the patriarchs. It reflects the personal relationship between God and Abraham, a recurring theme in Genesis. God's guidance is crucial in the unfolding of His covenant promises.

Do not be distressed about the boy and your maidservant
God addresses Abraham's emotional turmoil regarding Ishmael and Hagar. This reflects the cultural and familial complexities of the time, where concubinage was practiced. God's reassurance highlights His sovereignty and care for all involved, even those outside the primary covenant line.

Listen to everything that Sarah tells you
This instruction underscores the importance of Sarah's role in the fulfillment of God's promises. It also reflects the biblical theme of God working through human agency, even when it involves difficult decisions. Sarah's insistence aligns with God's covenantal plan, showing divine orchestration.

for through Isaac your offspring will be reckoned
This phrase is central to the Abrahamic covenant, emphasizing Isaac as the child of promise. It connects to earlier promises in Genesis 17:19 and foreshadows the lineage leading to Jesus Christ, as seen in the genealogies of Matthew 1 and Luke 3. Isaac's role prefigures Christ, the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to bless all nations through Abraham's seed.

But I will also make a nation
This phrase indicates God's promise to create a great nation from Ishmael, the son of Hagar, despite his status as the son of a slave woman. This reflects God's sovereignty and grace, showing that His plans extend beyond human social structures. The promise to make a nation of Ishmael is fulfilled in the Arab peoples, traditionally considered his descendants. This mirrors God's earlier promise to Abraham about Isaac, highlighting God's faithfulness to His word.

of the slave woman’s son,
Hagar, the slave woman, was an Egyptian servant to Sarah, Abraham's wife. Her son, Ishmael, was born out of Sarah's initial lack of faith in God's promise of a child through her. This situation underscores the complexity of human relationships and the consequences of taking matters into one's own hands. Despite Ishmael's status, God acknowledges him and promises to bless him, demonstrating His care for all people, regardless of their social standing.

because he is your offspring.”
God's promise to bless Ishmael is directly linked to his relationship with Abraham. This highlights the importance of Abraham's covenant with God, which extends blessings to his descendants. It also emphasizes the biblical theme of God's faithfulness to His promises, as seen in other scriptures like Genesis 17:20, where God specifically promises to bless Ishmael. This connection to Abraham foreshadows the inclusive nature of God's covenant, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who extends God's blessings to all nations.

Early in the morning
This phrase indicates prompt obedience and urgency. In biblical narratives, early morning often signifies a time of significant action or divine encounter (e.g., Genesis 19:27, Exodus 24:4). It reflects Abraham's immediate compliance with God's directive, emphasizing his faith and trust in God's plan.

Abraham got up
Abraham's actions demonstrate his leadership and responsibility. As the patriarch, he is the one to initiate the difficult task of sending Hagar and Ishmael away. This moment is a test of faith, as Abraham must trust God's promise concerning Ishmael's future (Genesis 21:13).

took bread and a skin of water
The provision of bread and water highlights the basic sustenance needed for survival. In the ancient Near East, a skin of water was a common method of carrying liquids. This provision, though minimal, signifies Abraham's care and concern for Hagar and Ishmael, even as he sends them away.

put them on Hagar’s shoulders
This act of placing the provisions on Hagar's shoulders indicates her role as the primary caregiver for Ishmael. It also reflects the cultural norms of the time, where women often carried burdens. The physical burden symbolizes the emotional and spiritual weight Hagar bears as she leaves.

and sent her away with the boy
The sending away of Hagar and Ishmael is a pivotal moment, reflecting the fulfillment of God's promise to make Ishmael a great nation (Genesis 21:13). It also underscores the separation between Isaac, the child of promise, and Ishmael, aligning with God's covenantal plan.

She left and wandered in the Wilderness of Beersheba
The Wilderness of Beersheba is a semi-arid region, emphasizing the harsh conditions Hagar and Ishmael faced. Beersheba later becomes a significant location in Israel's history, associated with God's faithfulness and covenant (Genesis 26:23-33). The wandering signifies a period of trial and testing, reminiscent of Israel's future wilderness experiences.

When the water in the skin was gone
This phrase highlights the dire situation faced by Hagar and Ishmael in the wilderness. In the ancient Near East, water was a precious and often scarce resource, especially in desert regions like Beersheba, where this event took place. The depletion of water signifies a critical moment of survival, emphasizing human vulnerability and dependence on God's provision. This situation echoes the Israelites' later experiences in the wilderness, where they too faced a lack of water and relied on divine intervention (Exodus 17:1-7).

she left the boy under one of the bushes
Hagar's action of leaving Ishmael under a bush reflects her desperation and inability to watch her son die from thirst. The bush, likely a desert shrub, provided minimal shade and protection, symbolizing the limited human means available in times of crisis. This moment foreshadows God's intervention, as He hears the cries of Ishmael, much like He hears the cries of His people throughout Scripture (Exodus 3:7). The act of leaving Ishmael also parallels Abraham's earlier act of faith when he was willing to sacrifice Isaac, trusting in God's provision (Genesis 22:1-14).

Then she went off and sat down nearby
Hagar, the mother of Ishmael, finds herself in a desperate situation in the wilderness. This act of moving away signifies her emotional turmoil and helplessness. In the cultural context, a mother distancing herself from her child in distress is a profound expression of grief and despair. This moment reflects the human tendency to withdraw in times of overwhelming sorrow.

about a bowshot away
The term "bowshot" is a measure of distance, roughly equivalent to several hundred yards. This detail not only provides a vivid image of the scene but also emphasizes the separation between Hagar and Ishmael. The use of "bowshot" connects to the future of Ishmael, who is described as an archer in Genesis 21:20, highlighting his destiny and survival skills.

for she said, “I cannot bear to watch the boy die!”
Hagar's words reveal her deep maternal love and anguish. The fear of witnessing her son's death is unbearable, showcasing the depth of her despair. This moment parallels other biblical instances where individuals face seemingly insurmountable trials, such as Elijah in 1 Kings 19:4. It underscores the theme of human vulnerability and the need for divine intervention.

And as she sat nearby, she lifted up her voice and wept.
Hagar's weeping is a poignant expression of her sorrow and helplessness. In biblical narratives, crying out often precedes divine intervention, as seen in the stories of the Israelites in Exodus 2:23-25. Her tears and cries are a form of prayer, even if unspoken, demonstrating the power of lament in seeking God's mercy. This moment foreshadows God's response and provision, highlighting His compassion and faithfulness to those in distress.

Then God heard the voice of the boy
This phrase highlights God's attentiveness to human distress, emphasizing His compassion and responsiveness. The boy, Ishmael, is Abraham's son through Hagar, and his cries in the wilderness reflect a dire situation. This moment underscores God's promise to Abraham that Ishmael would also become a great nation (Genesis 17:20). It parallels God's hearing of the Israelites' cries in Egypt (Exodus 2:24), showing His consistent nature in responding to the afflicted.

and the angel of God called to Hagar from heaven
The angel of God represents a divine messenger, often seen as a theophany or a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ. This encounter is significant as it shows God's direct intervention and guidance. Hagar's previous encounter with the angel of the Lord in Genesis 16:7-13 established a pattern of divine care and promise for her and Ishmael. The heavenly origin of the call emphasizes the divine authority and assurance behind the message.

“What is wrong, Hagar?
This question is not for information but to engage Hagar, drawing her into a conversation that reassures and redirects her focus from despair to hope. It mirrors God's approach in Genesis 3:9, where He asks Adam, "Where are you?" inviting reflection and response. The personal address by name signifies God's intimate knowledge and care for individuals.

Do not be afraid
A common biblical exhortation, this phrase reassures Hagar of God's protection and provision. It echoes similar assurances given to Abraham (Genesis 15:1) and later to Mary (Luke 1:30), indicating a consistent divine message of peace and encouragement in times of fear and uncertainty.

for God has heard the voice of the boy where he lies
Reiterating God's attentiveness, this phrase confirms His awareness of Ishmael's plight. The specific mention of "where he lies" highlights God's omnipresence and ability to intervene regardless of physical location. It also fulfills the promise made to Hagar in Genesis 16:11, where the name Ishmael, meaning "God hears," was given, thus reinforcing the theme of divine faithfulness and the power of prayer.

Get up
This phrase is a call to action and urgency. In the biblical context, it signifies a divine intervention where God is instructing Hagar to rise from her despair. This mirrors other instances in Scripture where God commands individuals to rise, such as when He tells Joshua to "get up" after Israel's defeat at Ai (Joshua 7:10). It emphasizes God's active role in human affairs and His ability to change circumstances.

Lift up the boy
The boy referred to here is Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar. This phrase indicates a physical and emotional act of support and care. In the cultural context of the time, a mother lifting up her child symbolizes protection and nurturing. It also foreshadows God's promise to sustain and bless Ishmael, despite his and Hagar's current predicament in the wilderness.

And take him by the hand
Taking someone by the hand is a gesture of guidance and reassurance. In biblical symbolism, it represents God's guidance and presence. This act signifies Hagar's role in leading Ishmael towards his future, under God's promise. It parallels other biblical narratives where God leads His people by the hand, such as in Isaiah 41:13, where God promises to hold the right hand of His people.

For I will make him into a great nation
This promise is a reiteration of God's earlier covenant with Abraham regarding Ishmael (Genesis 17:20). It highlights God's faithfulness to His promises and His sovereign plan for all nations. Historically, Ishmael is considered the ancestor of many Arab peoples, fulfilling this prophecy. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of God's blessing extending beyond Israel, as seen in the inclusion of Gentiles in the New Testament (Galatians 3:8).

Then God opened her eyes
This phrase indicates divine intervention and revelation. In the biblical context, Hagar is in the wilderness, desperate and without hope. The opening of her eyes signifies a moment of spiritual awakening and divine provision. This act of God is reminiscent of other instances in Scripture where God provides clarity or revelation, such as when Elisha's servant's eyes are opened to see the chariots of fire (2 Kings 6:17). It underscores the theme of God's care and provision for those in distress.

and she saw a well of water
The well of water represents God's provision and sustenance. In the arid wilderness, water is a symbol of life and survival. Wells are significant in biblical narratives, often marking places of divine encounter and covenant, such as with Isaac at Beersheba (Genesis 26:23-25). This well is a literal source of life for Hagar and Ishmael, but it also symbolizes spiritual sustenance and God's faithfulness to His promises.

So she went and filled the skin with water
Hagar's action of filling the skin with water demonstrates obedience and initiative following divine revelation. It reflects a common biblical theme where human action follows divine provision, as seen in the gathering of manna by the Israelites (Exodus 16:4-5). The skin, a common container for water in ancient times, highlights the practical aspects of survival in the wilderness and the importance of resourcefulness.

and gave the boy a drink
This act of giving Ishmael a drink is a fulfillment of maternal care and responsibility. It signifies the immediate relief and sustenance provided by God through Hagar's actions. In a broader biblical context, it echoes the nurturing and life-giving role of mothers, as well as God's provision for future generations. Ishmael, as a descendant of Abraham, is part of God's promise to make Abraham a father of many nations (Genesis 17:20), and this moment ensures the continuation of that promise.

And God was with the boy
This phrase emphasizes God's providential care and presence with Ishmael, despite his separation from Abraham's household. It reflects the biblical theme of God's faithfulness to His promises, as He had assured Hagar that her son would become a great nation (Genesis 16:10). The divine presence with Ishmael parallels God's presence with other biblical figures, such as Joseph (Genesis 39:2) and Moses (Exodus 3:12), indicating that God's plans extend beyond the chosen line of Isaac.

and he grew up
Ishmael's growth signifies not only physical maturation but also the fulfillment of God's promise to Hagar. This growth can be seen as a metaphor for the development of nations, as Ishmael is traditionally considered the ancestor of various Arab tribes. The narrative underscores the importance of God's timing and sovereignty in the unfolding of His plans.

and settled in the wilderness
The wilderness, often a place of testing and transformation in the Bible, becomes Ishmael's home. This setting is significant as it reflects a life of independence and resilience. The wilderness of Paran, where Ishmael settled, is located in the Sinai Peninsula, a region known for its harsh conditions. This environment shaped Ishmael's character and the lifestyle of his descendants, who became known for their nomadic and survival skills.

and became a great archer
Ishmael's skill as an archer highlights his ability to thrive in the wilderness, a necessary skill for survival and protection. Archery is often associated with strength and prowess in ancient cultures. This detail connects to the prophecy given to Hagar that Ishmael would be "a wild donkey of a man" (Genesis 16:12), living in freedom and independence. The motif of the archer can also be seen in other biblical texts, such as the description of Esau (Genesis 27:3), and serves as a symbol of God's provision and the fulfillment of His promises.

And while he was dwelling in the Wilderness of Paran
The Wilderness of Paran is a desert region located in the northeastern part of the Sinai Peninsula. It is significant in biblical history as a place where the Israelites wandered during their exodus from Egypt (Numbers 10:12). This area is associated with desolation and testing, reflecting Ishmael's own life journey. The wilderness setting underscores themes of survival and divine provision, as God had promised to make Ishmael a great nation (Genesis 21:18). Paran's harsh environment also symbolizes the challenges Ishmael would face, yet it is here that he begins to establish his own identity apart from Abraham's household.

his mother got a wife for him
In ancient Near Eastern culture, it was customary for parents to arrange marriages for their children. Hagar, Ishmael's mother, takes on this responsibility, indicating her continued role in his life and her concern for his future. This action also reflects the matriarchal influence in Ishmael's upbringing, as Hagar was an Egyptian and likely sought a wife who shared cultural and familial ties. The choice of a wife is crucial for establishing Ishmael's lineage and fulfilling God's promise of making him a great nation.

from the land of Egypt
Egypt holds significant historical and cultural importance in the biblical narrative. It was a place of refuge and sustenance, as seen in Abraham's earlier journey there during a famine (Genesis 12:10). For Hagar, an Egyptian by birth, returning to her homeland to find a wife for Ishmael suggests a connection to her roots and heritage. This choice may also imply a strategic alliance, as Egypt was a powerful nation. Theologically, Egypt often represents a place of both refuge and bondage, foreshadowing future events in Israel's history. The marriage alliance with Egypt could be seen as a way to ensure Ishmael's prosperity and survival, aligning with God's promise to bless him.

At that time
This phrase situates the event within a specific period in Abraham's life, following the birth of Isaac and the expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael. It highlights a time of transition and fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham.

Abimelech and Phicol the commander of his army
Abimelech is a Philistine king, and Phicol is his military commander. Their presence indicates the importance of the meeting. Abimelech's earlier encounter with Abraham in Genesis 20, where God intervened to protect Sarah, sets a precedent for their relationship. The mention of Phicol suggests the seriousness of the diplomatic engagement, as military leaders were often involved in treaty negotiations.

said to Abraham
Abraham, the patriarch, is recognized as a significant figure by surrounding nations. His reputation and God's evident blessing upon him attract the attention of local rulers. This interaction underscores Abraham's growing influence and the fulfillment of God's promise to make him a great nation.

God is with you in all that you do
This acknowledgment by Abimelech and Phicol reflects the visible evidence of God's favor upon Abraham. It echoes the covenantal promise in Genesis 12:2-3, where God promises to bless Abraham and make his name great. The recognition by foreign leaders serves as a testament to God's faithfulness and the unfolding of His plan through Abraham. This phrase also prefigures the presence of God with His people, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, Immanuel, "God with us" (Matthew 1:23).

Now, therefore, swear to me here before God
This phrase highlights the solemnity and seriousness of the oath being requested. In ancient Near Eastern culture, swearing an oath before God was a binding and sacred act, indicating the importance of truthfulness and integrity. The invocation of God in the oath underscores the belief in divine witness and accountability. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God as a witness to covenants, as seen in other scriptures like Genesis 31:50, where Laban and Jacob make a similar agreement.

that you will not deal falsely with me
The request for honesty and integrity is central to maintaining peaceful relations. In the context of Genesis, Abraham had previously deceived Abimelech regarding Sarah (Genesis 20), which may have prompted this request for assurance. The emphasis on not dealing falsely is a recurring biblical principle, as seen in Proverbs 12:22, which states that lying lips are an abomination to the Lord.

or my children or descendants
This phrase extends the request for honesty beyond the immediate parties to future generations, highlighting the importance of long-term peace and trust. In the ancient world, familial and tribal relationships were crucial, and agreements often included provisions for descendants. This reflects the biblical theme of generational blessings and curses, as seen in Exodus 20:5-6.

Show to me and to the country in which you reside
Abimelech's request for kindness extends to the land, indicating the interconnectedness of people and their environment. This reflects the biblical understanding of stewardship and the responsibility to care for the land, as seen in Genesis 2:15. The mention of the country also underscores the importance of hospitality and fair treatment of sojourners, a theme reiterated in Leviticus 19:34.

the same kindness that I have shown to you.
Abimelech appeals to the principle of reciprocity, a common cultural norm in the ancient Near East. This reflects the biblical ethic of treating others as one wishes to be treated, as articulated in Matthew 7:12. The kindness shown by Abimelech likely refers to his previous interactions with Abraham, including the resolution of the conflict over Sarah and the granting of land rights. This principle of reciprocal kindness is foundational to covenant relationships throughout scripture.

And Abraham replied
Abraham, originally named Abram, is a central figure in the biblical narrative, known for his faith and obedience to God. His reply here is part of a dialogue with Abimelech, the king of Gerar. This interaction follows a series of events where God has shown His faithfulness to Abraham, including the birth of Isaac. Abraham's response is significant as it reflects his integrity and commitment to peaceful relations with his neighbors. This moment is part of a larger narrative where Abraham's character is tested and refined.

“I swear it.”
The act of swearing an oath in ancient times was a solemn and binding commitment. In the context of Genesis 21, Abraham is making a covenant with Abimelech regarding the ownership of a well. This well, located in Beersheba, becomes a significant site in biblical history. The oath signifies a mutual agreement and trust between Abraham and Abimelech, highlighting the importance of oaths in maintaining peace and justice. This act of swearing also prefigures the New Testament teachings on the importance of truthfulness and integrity, as seen in Jesus' teachings in Matthew 5:37, where He emphasizes letting one's "yes" be "yes" and "no" be "no."

But when Abraham complained to Abimelech
Abraham, a key patriarch in biblical history, is depicted here in a moment of conflict resolution. This interaction with Abimelech, the king of Gerar, highlights the importance of maintaining peaceful relations with neighboring leaders. The context of this complaint is rooted in the covenantal relationship established earlier in Genesis 20, where Abraham and Abimelech had previously interacted. This encounter underscores the ongoing need for diplomacy and negotiation in maintaining peace and justice, reflecting the broader biblical theme of living peaceably with others (Romans 12:18).

about a well
Wells were vital in the ancient Near East, serving as essential sources of water for survival, agriculture, and livestock. The mention of a well signifies the importance of water rights and the sustenance it provided for Abraham's growing household. In biblical times, wells were often sites of contention, as seen in other narratives such as Isaac's disputes over wells in Genesis 26. This particular well represents God's provision and the sustenance of His promises to Abraham, as water is often symbolic of life and blessing in Scripture (John 4:14).

that Abimelech’s servants had seized
The seizure of the well by Abimelech's servants indicates a breach of the earlier peace agreement between Abraham and Abimelech. This act of taking control of the well could be seen as a challenge to Abraham's rights and God's promises to him. The cultural context of the time often involved disputes over land and resources, which were resolved through negotiation or conflict. This incident foreshadows future conflicts over land and resources in the biblical narrative, such as the Israelites' later struggles to claim the Promised Land. It also points to the need for vigilance in protecting what God has entrusted to His people, a theme echoed in the New Testament's call to guard one's faith and inheritance in Christ (1 Timothy 6:20).

Abimelech replied
Abimelech, the king of Gerar, is a significant figure in the narrative of Genesis. His interactions with Abraham highlight themes of integrity and divine intervention. Abimelech's response here is part of a dialogue concerning a dispute over a well, which underscores the importance of water rights in the ancient Near East. This interaction also reflects the broader theme of God's protection and provision for Abraham and his descendants.

I do not know who has done this.
Abimelech's claim of ignorance suggests a lack of direct involvement or awareness of the actions of his servants. This statement can be seen as an assertion of his integrity, aligning with his previous encounter with Abraham in Genesis 20, where God warned him in a dream. The phrase emphasizes the importance of truth and transparency in leadership, a principle that resonates throughout Scripture.

You did not tell me,
This part of the dialogue indicates a breakdown in communication between Abraham and Abimelech. It highlights the necessity of clear communication in resolving conflicts, a theme that is prevalent in biblical narratives. The lack of prior notification could suggest a misunderstanding or oversight, which is a common human experience addressed in various biblical teachings.

so I have not heard about it until today.
Abimelech's statement underscores the immediacy of the issue and his willingness to address it once informed. This reflects a proactive approach to conflict resolution, which is a valued trait in biblical leadership. The timing of the revelation is significant, as it allows for the resolution of the dispute and the establishment of a covenant between Abraham and Abimelech, furthering God's plan for Abraham's lineage.

So Abraham brought sheep and cattle
In the ancient Near East, livestock was a sign of wealth and prosperity. Abraham's offering of sheep and cattle signifies his wealth and his willingness to establish peace and goodwill. This act of giving is reminiscent of other biblical instances where offerings are made to establish or confirm agreements, such as Jacob's gift to Esau in Genesis 32. The use of livestock in covenants also foreshadows the sacrificial system later established in the Mosaic Law.

and gave them to Abimelech
Abimelech was the king of Gerar, a Philistine city. This gesture of giving livestock to Abimelech indicates a formal and respectful approach to diplomacy. It reflects the cultural practices of the time, where gifts were often exchanged to solidify alliances or peace treaties. This act also demonstrates Abraham's integrity and desire to live peacefully with his neighbors, aligning with the biblical principle of living at peace with all men (Romans 12:18).

and the two men made a covenant
Covenants in the biblical context were solemn agreements that involved commitments and promises between parties. This covenant between Abraham and Abimelech is significant as it represents a peaceful resolution to previous tensions over water rights (Genesis 21:25-26). The making of a covenant often involved a ritual or symbolic act, such as the exchange of gifts or a shared meal, to seal the agreement. This covenant is a precursor to the more significant covenants God makes with His people, such as the Abrahamic Covenant in Genesis 15 and the New Covenant through Jesus Christ (Luke 22:20).

Abraham separated seven ewe lambs from the flock
*Abraham separated*: This action signifies a deliberate and intentional act by Abraham. In the cultural context of the ancient Near East, separating animals from a flock was a common practice for making offerings or establishing covenants. Abraham's separation of the lambs is a symbolic gesture, indicating a formal agreement or treaty. This act is part of the covenant-making process with Abimelech, the king of Gerar, highlighting the importance of clear and intentional actions in agreements.

*seven ewe lambs*: The number seven in biblical terms often symbolizes completeness or perfection. The use of seven ewe lambs here may indicate the completeness of the covenant between Abraham and Abimelech. Ewe lambs, being female, were valuable for their ability to produce more sheep, thus representing a significant and generous gift. This act of giving seven lambs can be seen as a peace offering, ensuring goodwill and trust between the two parties. The number seven also connects to the creation narrative, where God completed His work in seven days, further emphasizing the idea of completeness.

*from the flock*: The flock represents Abraham's wealth and God's blessing upon him. In the pastoral and agrarian society of the time, livestock was a primary measure of wealth and prosperity. By taking from his own flock, Abraham demonstrates his willingness to share his blessings and resources to maintain peace and establish a lasting covenant. This act of giving from his own flock can be seen as a reflection of God's provision and faithfulness to Abraham, as well as Abraham's role as a steward of God's blessings. and Abimelech asked him,
Abimelech, the king of Gerar, is a significant figure in the narrative of Abraham. His interactions with Abraham highlight themes of covenant and divine protection. Abimelech's inquiry reflects the customs of the time, where leaders often engaged in negotiations and treaties to ensure peace and mutual understanding. This interaction follows a previous encounter where God warned Abimelech in a dream regarding Sarah, Abraham's wife, emphasizing God's protection over His chosen people.

“Why have you set apart these seven ewe lambs?”
The act of setting apart seven ewe lambs is symbolic and significant in ancient Near Eastern culture. The number seven often represents completeness or perfection in the Bible, seen in the creation account and various other contexts. The ewe lambs serve as a witness or testimony to the covenant between Abraham and Abimelech, ensuring that the well of Beersheba belonged to Abraham. This act of setting apart is reminiscent of other biblical covenants, such as God's covenant with Noah and later with Israel. The lambs can also be seen as a type of Christ, the Lamb of God, who is set apart for the redemption of humanity, highlighting themes of sacrifice and covenant.

He replied
This phrase indicates a response, suggesting a dialogue or negotiation. In the context of Genesis 21, Abraham is speaking to Abimelech, the king of Gerar. This interaction follows a dispute over a well, highlighting the importance of water rights in the ancient Near East, a region where water was a precious and often contested resource.

You are to accept the seven ewe lambs from my hand
The offering of seven ewe lambs serves as a symbolic gesture of covenant and peace. The number seven often represents completeness or perfection in biblical texts, seen in the creation narrative and other covenantal contexts. Ewe lambs, being valuable livestock, signify a significant offering, underscoring Abraham's sincerity and the importance of the well. This act of giving also reflects the cultural practices of gift-giving to seal agreements or treaties.

as my witness
The use of the term "witness" here is legal and covenantal. In ancient times, physical objects or actions often served as witnesses to agreements, much like a signed contract today. The seven ewe lambs are a tangible testimony to the agreement between Abraham and Abimelech, ensuring that future generations would recognize the legitimacy of Abraham's claim to the well.

that I dug this well
Wells were vital for survival and prosperity, especially in arid regions. The act of digging a well was labor-intensive and signified ownership and rights to the water. This phrase emphasizes Abraham's initiative and effort in securing resources for his family and flocks. The well at Beersheba becomes a significant location in biblical history, later associated with the patriarchs and serving as a boundary marker in Israel's territory. The well also symbolizes God's provision and faithfulness, as seen in other biblical narratives where wells are places of divine encounter and blessing.

So that place was called Beersheba
The name "Beersheba" is derived from two Hebrew words: "beer," meaning "well," and "sheba," meaning "oath" or "seven." This location is significant in biblical history as a site of covenant-making. Beersheba is situated in the southern part of Israel, marking the boundary of the Promised Land. It became a central location for the patriarchs, including Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Archaeological evidence suggests that Beersheba was an important settlement during the time of the patriarchs, with remains of ancient wells and fortifications.

because it was there that the two of them swore an oath
The "two of them" refers to Abraham and Abimelech, the king of Gerar. This oath was a formal agreement to settle a dispute over a well of water, which was a crucial resource in the arid region. The act of swearing an oath was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures to ensure peace and cooperation. This event highlights the importance of water rights and the establishment of peaceful relations between different groups. The oath at Beersheba also prefigures the concept of covenant, which is central to biblical theology and finds its ultimate fulfillment in the New Covenant through Jesus Christ. The swearing of oaths in the Bible often points to God's faithfulness and the seriousness of commitments made before Him.

After they had made the covenant at Beersheba
The covenant at Beersheba marks a significant moment of peace and mutual recognition between Abraham and Abimelech. Beersheba, meaning "well of the oath" or "well of seven," is a location of strategic importance in the Negev desert. This covenant reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of forming alliances through oaths and treaties, often sealed by shared rituals or sacrifices. The well at Beersheba becomes a symbol of God's provision and faithfulness, as it ensures water and sustenance for Abraham's descendants. This event foreshadows later biblical covenants, emphasizing themes of divine promise and human agreement.

Abimelech and Phicol the commander of his army
Abimelech, likely a title rather than a personal name, refers to the king of Gerar. His presence, along with Phicol, the military commander, underscores the political and military significance of the covenant. The inclusion of Phicol suggests the importance of securing peace and stability in the region, as military leaders often played crucial roles in treaty negotiations. This alliance with Abraham, a growing patriarchal figure, indicates the recognition of his increasing influence and God's blessing upon him. The presence of these leaders highlights the intersection of divine promise and human political dynamics.

got up and returned to the land of the Philistines
The Philistines, though not the same as the later Philistines of the Iron Age, were a group residing in the coastal regions of Canaan. This phrase indicates the conclusion of the diplomatic encounter and the return to their territory, suggesting a successful negotiation. The mention of the Philistines connects to the broader biblical narrative, where they frequently appear as adversaries of Israel. This early interaction sets the stage for future conflicts and relationships between the descendants of Abraham and the Philistine people. The return to their land signifies the maintenance of territorial boundaries and the respect for the covenant established at Beersheba.

And Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba
The act of planting a tamarisk tree by Abraham is significant in several ways. The tamarisk tree, known for its long life and ability to thrive in arid conditions, symbolizes endurance and permanence. This act may represent Abraham's intention to establish a lasting presence in the land promised to him by God. Beersheba, located in the Negev desert, becomes an important site in biblical history, often associated with covenants and oaths. The planting of the tree could also signify a claim to the land, a common practice in ancient times to denote ownership or a significant event.

and there he called upon the name of the LORD
Calling upon the name of the LORD indicates an act of worship and prayer. This phrase suggests that Abraham is acknowledging God's sovereignty and expressing his dependence on Him. It reflects a personal relationship with God, a recurring theme in Abraham's life. This act of worship at Beersheba establishes the location as a place of spiritual significance, where Abraham publicly declares his faith. This practice of calling on God's name is seen throughout the Old Testament, emphasizing the importance of invoking God's presence and guidance.

the Eternal God
The title "Eternal God" (El Olam in Hebrew) highlights God's everlasting nature and unchanging character. This is the first time this specific title is used in the Bible, underscoring the timelessness and faithfulness of God. It reassures Abraham of God's perpetual covenant and promises. The concept of God's eternal nature is echoed in other scriptures, such as Isaiah 40:28 and Psalm 90:2, which affirm God's existence beyond time and His unending authority. This acknowledgment of God's eternal nature serves as a foundation for Abraham's faith and trust in God's promises.

And Abraham resided
This phrase indicates a period of settlement and stability for Abraham. It reflects a time when Abraham, a nomadic patriarch, found a place to dwell. This is significant as it shows God's provision and faithfulness in giving Abraham a place to live, despite being a sojourner in a foreign land. It also highlights Abraham's obedience and trust in God's promises, as he continues to live in the land that God has promised to his descendants.

in the land of the Philistines
The Philistines were a group of people who lived in the coastal region of Canaan. This area is significant in biblical history as it later becomes a major area of conflict for the Israelites. The Philistines are often seen as adversaries of Israel, but at this time, Abraham is able to live peacefully among them. This suggests a period of relative peace and diplomacy, as Abraham had previously made a covenant with Abimelech, the king of Gerar, a Philistine city. This covenant is a precursor to the later interactions between Israel and the Philistines.

for a long time
This phrase indicates that Abraham's stay was not temporary but extended over a significant period. It suggests a time of growth and establishment for Abraham's household. This long duration also implies that Abraham had a stable relationship with the Philistines, which is noteworthy given the later hostilities between the Philistines and the Israelites. This extended stay can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham to make him a great nation, as it allowed his family and wealth to increase. It also foreshadows the future possession of the land by his descendants, as God had promised.