Truly, truly, I tell you
The phrase "Truly, truly" is a translation of the Greek "Amen, amen," which is used to emphasize the truth and importance of what follows. This double affirmation is unique to the Gospel of John and serves to highlight the authority of Jesus' words. In the cultural context of the time, such repetition was a way to underscore the reliability and seriousness of a statement, akin to a solemn oath.

whoever does not enter the sheepfold by the gate
The "sheepfold" refers to a protective enclosure for sheep, often made of stone walls with a single entrance. In biblical times, shepherds would lead their sheep into these enclosures for safety during the night. The "gate" symbolizes the legitimate and rightful way to enter, suggesting order and divine approval. This imagery is consistent with Old Testament references to God as the shepherd of Israel (Psalm 23:1, Ezekiel 34:11-16).

but climbs in some other way
This phrase implies deceit and illegitimacy. In the historical context, thieves would often attempt to bypass the gate to steal sheep, highlighting their unlawful intentions. Spiritually, this can be seen as a metaphor for false teachers or prophets who seek to lead God's people astray without divine authority or calling.

is a thief and a robber
The terms "thief" and "robber" are used to describe those who exploit and harm the flock for personal gain. In the cultural context, a thief might steal secretly, while a robber would use violence. This distinction underscores the danger posed by those who do not enter through the legitimate means. Biblically, this can be connected to warnings against false prophets and leaders who come to deceive (Matthew 7:15, Acts 20:29). The imagery also contrasts with Jesus as the Good Shepherd, who enters by the gate and cares for His sheep (John 10:11).

But the one who enters by the gate
This phrase emphasizes the legitimate and rightful entry of the shepherd. In the context of ancient Near Eastern shepherding practices, the gate was the proper entrance to the sheepfold, distinguishing the true shepherd from thieves and robbers who would climb over the walls. This imagery is used to contrast Jesus with false leaders. The gate symbolizes the lawful and divinely appointed way, reflecting Jesus' fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah entering through the proper channels (e.g., Micah 5:2, Isaiah 53).

is the shepherd of the sheep
The shepherd is a well-known biblical metaphor for leadership and care, seen in figures like David (1 Samuel 16:11) and in Psalm 23, where God is depicted as the shepherd. In John 10, Jesus identifies Himself as the Good Shepherd, indicating His role as the true leader and caretaker of His people. This phrase underscores His authority and responsibility, contrasting with false shepherds who exploit the flock. The shepherd's role involves guidance, protection, and provision, reflecting Jesus' mission to lead His followers to spiritual safety and nourishment.

The gatekeeper opens the gate for him
In the context of ancient Near Eastern shepherding practices, a gatekeeper was responsible for guarding the sheepfold, ensuring that only the rightful shepherd could enter. This imagery highlights the role of divine authority and order. The gatekeeper can be seen as a representation of God the Father, who grants Jesus, the Good Shepherd, access to His flock. This aligns with the biblical theme of Jesus being the only legitimate way to the Father (John 14:6). The gatekeeper's role underscores the legitimacy and divine approval of Jesus' ministry.

and the sheep listen for his voice
Sheep are known for their ability to recognize the voice of their shepherd, distinguishing it from others. This phrase emphasizes the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers, who are attuned to His teachings and guidance. In a broader biblical context, this reflects the call for believers to discern and follow the voice of truth amidst the many voices in the world (1 John 4:1). The ability to hear and respond to Jesus' voice is a mark of true discipleship.

He calls his own sheep by name
This phrase illustrates the personal and individual care Jesus has for each of His followers. In biblical times, shepherds often named their sheep, indicating a deep familiarity and bond. This personal calling signifies the intimate relationship Jesus desires with each believer, echoing the theme of God's personal knowledge and care for His people (Isaiah 43:1). It also reflects the prophetic fulfillment of the Messiah as a shepherd who knows His flock intimately (Ezekiel 34:11-16).

and leads them out
The act of leading the sheep out signifies guidance and provision. In the historical context, shepherds would lead their sheep to pastures for nourishment and safety. This imagery is a metaphor for Jesus leading His followers to spiritual sustenance and protection. It connects to the broader biblical narrative of God as a shepherd leading His people, as seen in Psalm 23. This leadership is not coercive but invitational, reflecting Jesus' role as a guide and protector who leads His followers to abundant life (John 10:10).

When he has brought out all his own
This phrase refers to the shepherd leading his flock out of the sheepfold. In biblical times, shepherds would gather their sheep into a communal pen at night for protection. In the morning, each shepherd would call his sheep, and they would follow him out. This imagery highlights the personal relationship between the shepherd and his sheep, symbolizing Jesus' relationship with His followers. The phrase emphasizes the idea of ownership and care, as the shepherd knows each sheep individually. This reflects the intimate knowledge and care Jesus has for His followers, as seen in passages like Psalm 23, where the Lord is depicted as a shepherd who leads and provides for His sheep.

he goes on ahead of them
The shepherd leading from the front is significant, as it demonstrates guidance and protection. In the ancient Near East, shepherds would lead their flocks to ensure they were safe from predators and to find good pasture. This leadership style contrasts with modern methods where sheep are often driven from behind. Jesus, as the Good Shepherd, leads by example, going before His followers and preparing the way. This is reminiscent of God leading the Israelites through the wilderness in a pillar of cloud and fire (Exodus 13:21). It underscores the trustworthiness and reliability of Jesus as a leader who does not abandon His flock.

and his sheep follow him
The sheep's response to the shepherd's leadership is one of trust and obedience. This reflects the expected response of believers to Jesus' call. In the cultural context, sheep are known for their ability to recognize their shepherd's voice and follow him, even amidst other flocks. This obedience is not out of compulsion but a natural response to the shepherd's care and guidance. The imagery here is a call to discipleship, where followers of Christ are expected to heed His teachings and follow His example, as seen in passages like Matthew 16:24, where Jesus calls His disciples to take up their cross and follow Him.

because they know his voice
The recognition of the shepherd's voice signifies a deep, personal relationship. In the biblical context, knowing the voice implies familiarity and trust. Sheep would not follow a stranger because they do not recognize his voice, highlighting the unique bond between the shepherd and his sheep. This is a metaphor for the spiritual discernment believers have, enabling them to distinguish the voice of Christ from false teachings. It echoes the promise in Jeremiah 31:33-34, where God speaks of a new covenant where His people will know Him personally. This phrase emphasizes the importance of a personal relationship with Jesus, cultivated through prayer, study of Scripture, and obedience to His commands.

But they will never follow a stranger;
This phrase emphasizes the discernment of true believers, likened to sheep who recognize their shepherd's voice. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, shepherds had a close relationship with their sheep, who would only follow their own shepherd. This reflects the intimate relationship between Christ and His followers. The imagery of sheep and shepherd is prevalent throughout Scripture, such as in Psalm 23 and Ezekiel 34, where God is depicted as the shepherd of His people. This phrase underscores the idea that true believers will not be led astray by false teachings or false prophets, as warned in Matthew 7:15.

in fact, they will flee from him
The act of fleeing indicates an instinctive reaction to danger or deception. In the historical context, sheep would naturally run from anyone who was not their shepherd, as they would perceive them as a threat. This reflects the spiritual instinct of believers to avoid false doctrines and teachings. The apostle Paul warns against false teachers in Acts 20:29-30, urging the church to be vigilant. This phrase also highlights the protective role of the Holy Spirit, who guides believers into all truth (John 16:13).

because they do not recognize his voice.”
Recognition of the shepherd's voice is a key theme in understanding the relationship between Christ and His followers. In the biblical context, the voice represents authority and identity. Jesus, as the Good Shepherd, has a unique voice that His sheep know and trust. This is a fulfillment of the prophecy in Isaiah 40:11, where God is described as tending His flock like a shepherd. The inability to recognize the stranger's voice signifies the spiritual discernment given to believers, enabling them to distinguish between truth and falsehood. This discernment is further supported by the teachings in 1 John 4:1, which instructs believers to test the spirits to see whether they are from God.

Jesus spoke to them using this illustration
In the context of John 10, Jesus is speaking to the Pharisees and the people around Him. The illustration refers to the parable of the Good Shepherd, which is a common teaching method used by Jesus to convey spiritual truths through everyday imagery. Shepherding was a familiar occupation in ancient Israel, and the imagery of sheep and shepherds is prevalent throughout the Bible, symbolizing the relationship between God and His people (e.g., Psalm 23, Ezekiel 34). Jesus often used parables to reveal truths to those who were open to understanding while concealing them from those who were not receptive (Matthew 13:10-17).

but they did not understand
The lack of understanding among Jesus' audience, particularly the Pharisees, highlights their spiritual blindness and inability to grasp the deeper truths of His message. This theme of misunderstanding is recurrent in the Gospels, where Jesus' teachings are often met with confusion or rejection by those who are spiritually hardened or self-righteous (John 8:43, 1 Corinthians 2:14). The inability to understand is not due to the complexity of the message but rather the condition of the heart.

what He was telling them
Jesus' message in this passage is about His identity as the Good Shepherd and the implications of that role. He is contrasting Himself with false shepherds, or leaders, who do not genuinely care for the sheep (John 10:1-5, Ezekiel 34:2-4). The illustration is a revelation of His divine mission and His sacrificial love for His followers. The failure to comprehend what Jesus was telling them underscores the broader rejection of Jesus by the religious leaders, who were unable to see Him as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah (Isaiah 53, Micah 5:4).

So He said to them again
This phrase indicates a repetition, emphasizing the importance of the message. Jesus often repeated His teachings to ensure understanding. In the context of John 10, He is addressing the Pharisees, who were struggling to comprehend His previous parable about the shepherd and the sheep. Repetition is a common teaching method in Jewish tradition, used to reinforce key points.

Truly, truly
The double "truly" (Greek: "Amen, amen") is a solemn affirmation, underscoring the truth and authority of Jesus' words. This phrase is unique to the Gospel of John and is used to introduce significant teachings. It reflects Jesus' divine authority and the certainty of His message, demanding the listener's attention.

I tell you
This personal address highlights the direct communication between Jesus and His audience. It signifies the importance of the message and the personal responsibility of the listeners to heed His words. Jesus often used this phrase to convey teachings that required personal reflection and response.

I am the gate
This metaphor identifies Jesus as the sole means of access to spiritual safety and salvation. In the cultural context, sheepfolds often had a single entrance, and the shepherd would act as the gate, protecting the sheep. This imagery connects to Old Testament themes of God as the protector and guide of His people (e.g., Psalm 23). Jesus' claim echoes His exclusive role as the mediator between God and humanity, fulfilling prophecies of the Messiah as the way to God.

for the sheep
The sheep represent believers, those who follow Jesus and recognize His voice. In biblical symbolism, sheep are often used to depict God's people, highlighting their need for guidance and protection. This phrase emphasizes Jesus' role as the shepherd who cares for and leads His flock, contrasting with false leaders who exploit the sheep. The imagery aligns with passages like Ezekiel 34, where God promises to shepherd His people directly, fulfilled in Jesus' ministry.

All who came before Me
This phrase refers to those who claimed to be the Messiah or spiritual leaders before Jesus. In the historical context, various individuals arose in Israel claiming to be the deliverer or leader, often leading people astray. This can be seen in the context of false prophets and leaders mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in Jeremiah 23:1-2, where God condemns the shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of His pasture. Jesus positions Himself as the true shepherd, contrasting with those who came before Him.

were thieves and robbers
The terms "thieves" and "robbers" suggest deceit and violence. In the cultural context of first-century Judea, thieves would sneak in to steal, while robbers would use force. This imagery is used to describe false leaders who exploit and harm the people for personal gain. Ezekiel 34:2-4 also speaks against the shepherds of Israel who fed themselves rather than the flock, highlighting the selfishness and destructiveness of these false leaders. Jesus, in contrast, offers protection and genuine care for His followers.

but the sheep did not listen to them
This indicates that true believers, represented as sheep, were not ultimately deceived by these false leaders. In biblical symbolism, sheep are often used to represent God's people, as seen in Psalm 23 and Isaiah 53:6. The idea that the sheep did not listen suggests a divine protection and discernment given to those who are truly God's. This echoes Jesus' teaching in John 10:27, where He states that His sheep hear His voice and follow Him, emphasizing the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers.

I am the gate.
In this declaration, Jesus identifies Himself as the exclusive means of access to spiritual safety and eternal life. The imagery of a gate or door is significant in the context of ancient Near Eastern shepherding practices, where a shepherd would often serve as the literal gate to a sheepfold, lying across the entrance to protect the sheep. This metaphor emphasizes Jesus' role as the protector and mediator between God and humanity. The concept of Jesus as the sole entry point aligns with His other "I am" statements, such as "I am the way, the truth, and the life" (John 14:6), underscoring His unique and divine authority.

If anyone enters through Me,
This phrase highlights the inclusivity of the offer of salvation, available to "anyone" who chooses to enter through Jesus. It reflects the universal call of the Gospel, transcending ethnic, cultural, and social boundaries. The act of entering "through Me" signifies faith in Jesus as the Messiah and acceptance of His redemptive work. This echoes the invitation found in Matthew 11:28, "Come to Me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest."

he will be saved.
The promise of salvation is central to the Christian faith, encompassing deliverance from sin and its consequences, including eternal separation from God. This assurance of salvation is a recurring theme in the New Testament, as seen in passages like Romans 10:9, "If you declare with your mouth, 'Jesus is Lord,' and believe in your heart that God raised Him from the dead, you will be saved." The certainty of salvation through Jesus alone is a cornerstone of Christian doctrine.

He will come in and go out
This phrase suggests freedom and security for those who are in Christ. In the context of shepherding, sheep that can "come in and go out" are under the care of a trustworthy shepherd, free from fear of predators or thieves. Spiritually, this represents the believer's liberty in Christ, as well as the assurance of His constant presence and protection. It reflects the peace and confidence found in Psalm 121:8, "The LORD will watch over your coming and going both now and forevermore."

and find pasture.
Finding pasture symbolizes provision, sustenance, and spiritual nourishment. In the agrarian society of biblical times, green pastures were essential for the well-being of sheep, representing abundance and care. Spiritually, this imagery points to the fulfillment and satisfaction found in a relationship with Christ, as He provides for the needs of His followers. This is reminiscent of Psalm 23:1-2, "The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. He makes me lie down in green pastures." Jesus, as the Good Shepherd, ensures that His flock is well-fed and cared for, both physically and spiritually.

The thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy.
This phrase highlights the contrast between the intentions of the thief and those of Jesus. In the context of John 10, the "thief" can be understood as false teachers or leaders who exploit the flock for personal gain. Historically, Israel had experienced leaders who led them astray, as seen in the warnings of the prophets (e.g., Ezekiel 34:2-4). The imagery of a thief aligns with the cultural understanding of shepherding in ancient Palestine, where shepherds had to protect their flocks from thieves and predators. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of spiritual warfare, where Satan is described as a thief who seeks to devour (1 Peter 5:8).

I have come that they may have life,
Jesus' mission is presented as the antithesis of the thief's destructive intent. The "life" mentioned here is not merely physical existence but encompasses spiritual vitality and eternal life. This concept is central to the Gospel of John, where Jesus is repeatedly identified as the source of life (John 1:4, 14:6). The promise of life is rooted in the Old Testament, where God is depicted as the giver of life (Deuteronomy 30:19-20). Jesus fulfills the prophetic expectation of a shepherd who truly cares for and sustains His flock (Psalm 23).

and have it in all its fullness.
The phrase "in all its fullness" suggests abundance and completeness, indicating that the life Jesus offers is rich and satisfying. This fullness is not limited to material prosperity but includes spiritual blessings and a deep relationship with God. The idea of abundant life resonates with the promises of the Old Testament, where God assures His people of blessings when they follow His ways (Deuteronomy 28:1-14). In the New Testament, this fullness is further explained as the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, who empowers believers to live fruitful lives (Galatians 5:22-23). Jesus, as the Good Shepherd, provides not only for the needs of His sheep but also ensures their well-being and flourishing.

I am the good shepherd.
In this declaration, Jesus identifies Himself as the "good shepherd," a title rich with Old Testament imagery. Shepherds were common in ancient Israel, and the role was often used metaphorically for leaders and kings. In Ezekiel 34, God condemns the false shepherds of Israel and promises to be the true shepherd for His people. Jesus fulfills this prophecy, presenting Himself as the divine shepherd who genuinely cares for His flock. The term "good" (Greek: kalos) implies nobility and moral excellence, distinguishing Jesus from mere hired hands or false leaders.

The good shepherd lays down His life for the sheep.
This phrase foreshadows Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross. Unlike a hired hand who might flee in danger, the good shepherd willingly sacrifices Himself for the safety and salvation of the sheep. This act of laying down His life is a voluntary and redemptive act, highlighting the depth of His love and commitment. It connects to Isaiah 53, where the suffering servant bears the iniquities of others. Additionally, this self-sacrifice fulfills the typology of the Passover lamb, whose blood was shed for the deliverance of God's people. Jesus' death is not just an act of martyrdom but a purposeful atonement for sin, aligning with the New Testament theme of substitutionary atonement found in passages like Romans 5:8 and 1 Peter 2:24.

The hired hand is not the shepherd
In biblical times, shepherds were responsible for the care and protection of their sheep, often risking their lives for the flock. A hired hand, however, lacks the personal investment and commitment of a true shepherd. This distinction highlights the difference between genuine spiritual leaders and those who serve only for personal gain. The hired hand represents leaders who do not have a true calling or love for the people they serve, contrasting with Jesus, the Good Shepherd, who lays down His life for His sheep (John 10:11).

and the sheep are not his own
Ownership implies responsibility and care. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, shepherds often owned their sheep, creating a deep bond and sense of duty. The hired hand, lacking this ownership, does not have the same level of concern or dedication. This phrase underscores the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers, as He knows them by name and they recognize His voice (John 10:3-4).

When he sees the wolf coming
Wolves were natural predators of sheep in the ancient Near East, symbolizing danger and threat. In a spiritual sense, wolves can represent false teachers or external threats to the church. The hired hand's reaction to the wolf reveals his lack of commitment and courage. This imagery is echoed in other scriptures warning against false prophets who come in sheep's clothing but are inwardly ravenous wolves (Matthew 7:15).

he abandons the sheep and runs away
The hired hand's flight in the face of danger illustrates his self-preservation over the welfare of the sheep. This behavior contrasts sharply with the sacrificial nature of Jesus, who does not flee from danger but willingly faces it for the sake of His flock. This abandonment can also be seen as a warning against leaders who fail to protect their congregations from spiritual harm.

Then the wolf pounces on them and scatters the flock
The scattering of the flock signifies the chaos and vulnerability that ensue when leadership fails. In the absence of a protective shepherd, the sheep are left defenseless against predators. This scattering can be seen as a metaphor for the dispersion of believers when they lack strong, faithful leadership. It also reflects the prophecy in Zechariah 13:7, where the striking of the shepherd leads to the scattering of the sheep, a prophecy Jesus applies to Himself in Matthew 26:31.

The man runs away
This phrase highlights the lack of commitment and responsibility of the hired servant. In biblical times, shepherds were expected to protect their flock from predators and thieves. A true shepherd, as opposed to a hired hand, would risk his life for the sheep. This distinction is crucial in understanding the role of Jesus as the Good Shepherd, who lays down His life for His sheep (John 10:11). The imagery of running away contrasts with the steadfastness and courage expected of a true leader or protector.

because he is a hired servant
The term "hired servant" refers to someone who works for wages rather than out of genuine care or ownership. In the cultural context of the time, hired hands were often seen as less reliable than those who had a personal stake in the flock. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the difference between those who serve God out of love and commitment versus those who do so for personal gain or obligation. The hired servant's lack of personal investment in the sheep symbolizes religious leaders who are more concerned with their own interests than with the spiritual well-being of their followers.

and is unconcerned for the sheep.
This phrase underscores the indifference of the hired servant towards the sheep, which can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual leaders who neglect their duties. In Ezekiel 34, God condemns the shepherds of Israel for failing to care for the flock, a prophecy that finds fulfillment in Jesus' critique of the Pharisees and religious leaders of His time. The lack of concern is contrasted with Jesus' deep compassion and care for His followers, as seen in His willingness to sacrifice Himself for their salvation. This serves as a call for true spiritual leaders to prioritize the welfare of their flock above their own interests.

I am the good shepherd.
In this declaration, Jesus identifies Himself as the "good shepherd," a title rich with Old Testament imagery. Shepherds were common in ancient Israel, and the role was often used metaphorically for leaders and kings. In Ezekiel 34, God condemns the false shepherds of Israel and promises to be the true shepherd for His people. Jesus fulfills this prophecy, presenting Himself as the divine shepherd who genuinely cares for His flock. The term "good" implies not only moral excellence but also the ideal or model shepherd, contrasting with hired hands who do not own the sheep and flee when danger comes (John 10:12-13).

I know My sheep
The knowledge Jesus speaks of is intimate and personal, not merely intellectual. In biblical terms, "knowing" often implies a deep relationship, as seen in Genesis 4:1 where Adam "knew" Eve. Jesus' knowledge of His sheep signifies His understanding of their needs, struggles, and individual characteristics. This reflects the personal relationship God desires with His people, as seen in Psalm 139, where David speaks of God's intimate knowledge of him. This phrase also emphasizes Jesus' role as the omniscient God who knows each believer personally.

and My sheep know Me,
This mutual knowledge indicates a reciprocal relationship between Jesus and His followers. The sheep, representing believers, recognize and respond to the voice of their shepherd, as described earlier in John 10:3-4. This relationship is based on trust and familiarity, cultivated through faith and obedience. The concept of knowing God is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in Jeremiah 31:34, where God promises a new covenant in which His people will know Him directly. This phrase underscores the personal and relational nature of faith in Christ, contrasting with a mere religious observance.

just as the Father knows Me
This phrase emphasizes the intimate and unique relationship between Jesus and God the Father. In biblical context, the term "knows" implies a deep, personal, and experiential knowledge, not merely intellectual awareness. This relationship is foundational to the Christian understanding of the Trinity, where the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct yet one. The knowledge between the Father and the Son is perfect and complete, reflecting divine unity and purpose. This mirrors the Old Testament concept of God's covenantal knowledge of Israel, where knowing implies a chosen relationship (Amos 3:2).

and I know the Father.
Here, Jesus asserts His divine knowledge of the Father, affirming His deity and equality with God. This mutual knowledge signifies the perfect harmony and agreement in the divine will and mission. It also highlights Jesus' authority and authenticity as the Son of God, who reveals the Father to humanity (John 1:18). This mutual knowledge is a model for believers, who are called to know God through Christ, as seen in the New Testament's emphasis on knowing God through a relationship with Jesus (Philippians 3:10).

And I lay down My life for the sheep.
This statement is a prophetic declaration of Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross. The imagery of the shepherd laying down his life for the sheep is rooted in the cultural and historical context of shepherding in ancient Israel, where shepherds were known to risk their lives to protect their flocks. This act of laying down His life is voluntary and purposeful, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant. It also connects to the typology of the Passover lamb, where Jesus is the ultimate sacrifice for the sins of humanity (1 Corinthians 5:7). This phrase underscores the theme of substitutionary atonement, where Jesus dies in place of His people, ensuring their salvation and eternal security.

I have other sheep that are not of this fold.
This phrase indicates Jesus' mission extends beyond the Jewish people, who are the initial "fold." The "other sheep" are often understood to represent the Gentiles, highlighting the inclusivity of the Gospel. This aligns with Old Testament prophecies such as Isaiah 49:6, which speaks of being a light to the nations. The concept of "fold" suggests a specific group or community, initially the Jewish nation, but Jesus' mission is universal.

I must bring them in as well,
The necessity ("must") underscores the divine mandate and purpose of Jesus' mission. This reflects God's sovereign plan for salvation, as seen in passages like Acts 1:8, where the disciples are instructed to be witnesses to the ends of the earth. The phrase suggests active pursuit and intentionality in reaching the Gentiles, fulfilling the Abrahamic promise that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3).

and they will listen to My voice.
This indicates the response of the "other sheep" to Jesus' call, emphasizing the recognition and acceptance of His authority. It echoes John 10:3-4, where the sheep recognize the shepherd's voice. This listening is not merely auditory but involves obedience and discipleship, as seen in Romans 10:17, where faith comes by hearing the word of Christ.

Then there will be one flock and one shepherd.
This phrase points to the unity of believers under Christ, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries. It fulfills Ezekiel 34:23, where God promises one shepherd for His people. The imagery of one flock under one shepherd signifies the church's unity, as further elaborated in Ephesians 2:14-16, where Christ breaks down the dividing wall between Jew and Gentile, creating one new humanity. This unity is both a present reality and a future hope, culminating in the eschatological vision of Revelation 7:9, where a multitude from every nation worships together.

The reason the Father loves Me
This phrase highlights the unique relationship between Jesus and God the Father. The love of the Father for the Son is a central theme in the Gospel of John, emphasizing the divine nature and mission of Jesus. This love is not based on human merit but on the divine plan of salvation. The Father’s love is rooted in the Son’s obedience and willingness to fulfill His redemptive mission. This echoes the concept of divine love seen in passages like John 3:16, where God’s love for the world is demonstrated through the giving of His Son.

is that I lay down My life
Here, Jesus speaks of His voluntary sacrifice. The laying down of His life is a reference to His impending crucifixion, which is central to the Christian understanding of atonement. This act is not forced upon Him but is a willing submission to the Father’s will, as seen in the Garden of Gethsemane (Matthew 26:39). The sacrificial nature of Jesus’ death fulfills Old Testament prophecies and typologies, such as the Passover lamb (Exodus 12) and the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53. It also reflects the cultural understanding of sacrifice in the Jewish tradition, where the shedding of blood was necessary for the atonement of sins.

in order to take it up again
This phrase points to the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith. Jesus’ authority over life and death is affirmed here, as He not only lays down His life but also has the power to take it up again. This demonstrates His divinity and fulfills His own predictions of His resurrection (John 2:19-21). The resurrection is a pivotal event that confirms Jesus as the Messiah and the Son of God, as prophesied in the Old Testament (Psalm 16:10) and affirmed in the New Testament (1 Corinthians 15:3-4). It assures believers of their future resurrection and eternal life, as Jesus is the "firstfruits" of those who have fallen asleep (1 Corinthians 15:20).

No one takes it from Me
This phrase emphasizes the voluntary nature of Jesus' sacrifice. In the context of Roman-occupied Judea, crucifixion was a common method of execution, often imposed by authorities. However, Jesus asserts that His life is not taken by force, highlighting His divine control over the situation. This aligns with Isaiah 53:7, where the suffering servant willingly submits to suffering.

but I lay it down of My own accord
Here, Jesus underscores His willingness to sacrifice Himself. This voluntary act is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 40:6-8, which speak of a willing servant. It also reflects the cultural understanding of a shepherd laying down his life for his sheep, a theme prevalent in John 10.

I have authority to lay it down
Jesus claims divine authority over His life and death, a significant assertion in a Jewish context where life and death were considered under God's control. This statement connects to John 1:1-4, where Jesus is described as the Word, through whom all things were made, affirming His divine nature and authority.

and authority to take it up again
This phrase points to the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith. Jesus' authority to take up His life again is a testament to His divinity and power over death, as seen in Acts 2:24, where God raises Jesus, freeing Him from the agony of death. It also fulfills the prophecy of Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not abandoning His Holy One to decay.

This charge I have received from My Father.”
Jesus' mission is portrayed as divinely ordained, emphasizing His obedience to the Father. This reflects the relationship within the Trinity, where the Son submits to the Father's will, as seen in Philippians 2:8. It also connects to the concept of Jesus as the sent one, a theme throughout the Gospel of John, highlighting His role as the Messiah.

Again there was division among the Jews
The phrase "again there was division" indicates that this was not the first time Jesus' teachings caused a split among the Jewish people. This division is a recurring theme in the Gospels, highlighting the varied responses to Jesus' ministry. The Jewish community was diverse, with groups like the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes holding different beliefs and expectations about the Messiah. Jesus' teachings often challenged the established religious norms, leading to disagreements and debates. This division can be seen as a fulfillment of prophecies such as Isaiah 8:14, where the Messiah is described as a stone of stumbling and a rock of offense to both houses of Israel.

because of Jesus’ message
Jesus' message was revolutionary and often counter-cultural, emphasizing themes like the Kingdom of God, repentance, and the fulfillment of the Law through love and grace. His claims of divinity and authority, as seen in John 10:30 where He states, "I and the Father are one," were particularly controversial. This message challenged the religious leaders' understanding of God and the Law, leading to division. The message of Jesus also fulfilled Old Testament prophecies about the coming Messiah, such as those found in Isaiah 53, which describe a suffering servant who would bring salvation. Jesus' teachings and actions, such as performing miracles and forgiving sins, were seen as direct claims to His messianic identity, further polarizing His audience.

Many of them said
This phrase indicates a division among the people who were listening to Jesus. The context is the Feast of Dedication in Jerusalem, where Jesus was teaching. The "many" refers to a significant portion of the Jewish leaders and possibly some of the crowd. This division is a recurring theme in the Gospel of John, highlighting the varied responses to Jesus' ministry.

He is demon-possessed
Accusations of demon possession were not uncommon in the ancient world, especially when someone exhibited behavior or teachings that were considered radical or threatening to the established order. In the Gospels, Jesus is accused multiple times of being under demonic influence (e.g., Matthew 12:24, Mark 3:22). This reflects the spiritual blindness and hardness of heart of those who opposed Him, unable to recognize His divine authority and power.

and insane
The charge of insanity suggests that Jesus' teachings and claims were perceived as irrational or beyond comprehension. In the cultural context, mental illness was often misunderstood and stigmatized. The accusation of insanity also serves to discredit Jesus' message, as it implies that His words should not be taken seriously. This reflects the tension between human understanding and divine revelation.

Why would you listen to Him?
This rhetorical question is meant to dissuade others from following Jesus. It reflects the leaders' fear of losing influence and control over the people. The question also underscores the challenge of faith, as listening to Jesus requires discernment and openness to the truth He reveals. This echoes the broader theme in John of hearing and recognizing the voice of the Good Shepherd (John 10:3-4, 27).

But others replied
This phrase indicates a division among the people listening to Jesus. In the context of John 10, Jesus has been speaking about being the Good Shepherd, which has caused a mixed reaction among the Jews. The "others" here are those who are skeptical of the accusations against Jesus. This division is a recurring theme in the Gospels, where Jesus' words and actions often lead to differing opinions among the people (John 7:43).

“These are not the words of a man possessed by a demon.
The people are responding to the accusation that Jesus is demon-possessed, a charge that was not uncommon in His ministry (John 8:48). The logic here is that the teachings of Jesus, characterized by wisdom and authority, do not align with the chaotic and destructive nature typically associated with demonic possession. This reflects a broader biblical theme where true wisdom and divine insight are contrasted with the confusion and deception of evil (James 3:15-17).

Can a demon open the eyes of the blind?”
This rhetorical question refers to the miracle Jesus performed in John 9, where He healed a man who was blind from birth. The act of giving sight to the blind is significant in Jewish thought, as it is a messianic sign prophesied in the Old Testament (Isaiah 35:5). The question implies that such a miraculous and compassionate act is inconsistent with the work of demons, who are associated with darkness and destruction. This miracle serves as a type of Jesus' spiritual mission to bring light and understanding to a world in spiritual blindness (John 1:4-5).

At that time
This phrase situates the events within a specific period, indicating a continuation of the narrative. It connects to the preceding events in the Gospel of John, where Jesus has been teaching and performing miracles. The timing is significant as it sets the stage for the events that follow, highlighting the ongoing tension between Jesus and the Jewish leaders.

the Feast of Dedication
Known today as Hanukkah, this feast commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after its desecration by Antiochus IV Epiphanes in 164 BC. It is not one of the feasts prescribed in the Torah but was established during the intertestamental period. The feast lasts eight days and involves the lighting of the menorah, symbolizing the miracle of the oil. This context is important as it reflects themes of light and dedication, which are significant in Jesus' teachings.

took place in Jerusalem
Jerusalem is the religious and cultural center of Judaism, home to the Temple, which is central to Jewish worship and identity. The city's significance is underscored by its frequent mention in the Gospels as the setting for key events in Jesus' ministry. The location emphasizes the importance of the events and teachings that occur there, as Jerusalem is the focal point of Jewish religious life.

It was winter
This detail provides a temporal context, as the Feast of Dedication occurs in the month of Kislev (November-December). The mention of winter may also symbolize the spiritual coldness and opposition Jesus faced from the religious leaders. Additionally, it sets the scene for the events that follow, as Jesus walks in Solomon's Colonnade, a sheltered area of the Temple, which would have been a practical place to gather during the colder months.

and Jesus was walking
This phrase indicates a deliberate action by Jesus, suggesting His active engagement with the people and the religious leaders. Walking implies movement and presence, highlighting Jesus' accessibility and willingness to teach and interact with those around Him. This action is consistent with His ministry, where He often traveled to various locations to preach and perform miracles.

in the temple courts
The temple courts refer to the outer areas of the Temple in Jerusalem, a central place of worship and gathering for the Jewish people. This location is significant as it was a place where religious teaching and discussions often occurred. The temple courts were accessible to all, including Gentiles, making it a strategic location for Jesus to reach a diverse audience. The setting underscores the importance of the Temple in Jewish life and worship, and Jesus' presence there emphasizes His role as a teacher and His connection to Jewish tradition.

in Solomon’s Colonnade
Solomon's Colonnade, also known as Solomon's Porch, was a covered walkway on the eastern side of the Temple complex. It was named after King Solomon, who built the first Temple. This area was known for its grandeur and was a common place for teaching and gathering. The mention of Solomon's Colonnade connects Jesus to the wisdom and legacy of Solomon, a revered figure in Jewish history. It also serves as a backdrop for Jesus' teachings, linking Him to the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the continuation of God's covenant with Israel. Solomon's Colonnade is later mentioned in Acts as a place where the early church gathered, indicating its ongoing significance in the early Christian community.

So the Jews gathered around Him
This phrase indicates a collective action by the Jewish leaders or people, often referring to the religious authorities like the Pharisees and Sadducees. The gathering suggests a confrontation or a demand for clarity. In the context of John 10, Jesus is in Jerusalem during the Feast of Dedication (Hanukkah), a time when many Jews would be present. The gathering around Jesus can be seen as a sign of their increasing tension and opposition to His ministry. This setting in Jerusalem, a city central to Jewish religious life, underscores the significance of their inquiry.

and demanded,
The use of the word "demanded" reflects the urgency and intensity of their request. It implies a lack of patience and possibly a confrontational attitude. This demand is not a polite request but an insistence on an answer. The Jewish leaders were often skeptical of Jesus' claims and sought to challenge Him, as seen in other parts of the Gospels where they question His authority and teachings.

“How long will You keep us in suspense?
This question reveals their frustration and perhaps a sense of exasperation. The phrase "keep us in suspense" suggests that they felt Jesus was being ambiguous or evasive about His identity. However, throughout His ministry, Jesus had provided numerous signs and teachings that pointed to His identity as the Messiah. The suspense they felt was more a result of their own unbelief and misunderstanding rather than any lack of clarity on Jesus' part.

If You are the Christ,
The term "Christ" is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew "Messiah," meaning "Anointed One." The Jews were expecting a Messiah who would deliver them from Roman oppression and restore the kingdom of Israel. Their question reflects a political and national expectation rather than a spiritual understanding of the Messiah's role. Throughout the Old Testament, prophecies such as Isaiah 9:6-7 and Micah 5:2 pointed to the coming of a Messiah who would have a divine and eternal kingdom.

tell us plainly.”
The request for a plain statement indicates their desire for an unequivocal declaration from Jesus. However, Jesus often spoke in parables and used metaphors, such as being the "Good Shepherd" earlier in John 10, to reveal His identity to those with faith while concealing it from those who were hard-hearted. This request for plainness also highlights their spiritual blindness, as Jesus had already made His identity clear to those willing to see and hear.

"I already told you," Jesus replied
In this phrase, Jesus is addressing the Jewish leaders who are questioning His identity. This reflects a recurring theme in the Gospel of John, where Jesus often speaks plainly about His identity and mission, yet many do not understand or accept His words. This statement underscores the persistent unbelief of the religious leaders despite Jesus' clear teachings and previous declarations about Himself (John 8:58, John 9:37).

"but you did not believe."
Here, Jesus highlights the issue of unbelief, which is a central theme in the Gospel of John. Despite witnessing Jesus' miracles and hearing His teachings, the religious leaders remain skeptical. This unbelief is not due to a lack of evidence but rather a hardness of heart, as seen throughout the Gospel (John 12:37-40). This reflects the broader biblical narrative of Israel's history, where prophets were often rejected despite their clear messages from God (Isaiah 6:9-10).

"The works I do in My Father’s name"
Jesus refers to His miracles and teachings as works done in the authority and power of God the Father. This phrase emphasizes the divine origin and purpose of Jesus' ministry. In the cultural and historical context, performing works in someone's name meant acting with their authority and approval. Jesus' miracles, such as healing the blind and raising the dead, serve as signs pointing to His divine nature and messianic role (John 5:36, John 14:10-11).

"testify on My behalf."
The works of Jesus serve as a testimony to His identity as the Son of God and the promised Messiah. In Jewish legal tradition, testimony was crucial for establishing truth, and Jesus' miracles function as divine testimony to His claims (John 5:31-39). This aligns with the prophetic expectation of the Messiah performing signs and wonders (Isaiah 35:5-6). Jesus' works are not just acts of compassion but are also meant to reveal His divine authority and fulfill Old Testament prophecies.

But because you are not My sheep
This phrase highlights the distinction between those who belong to Jesus and those who do not. In the context of John 10, Jesus is speaking to the Pharisees, who are questioning His identity and authority. The imagery of sheep and shepherd is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, where God is often depicted as the Shepherd of Israel (Psalm 23:1, Ezekiel 34:11-16). Jesus, by referring to "My sheep," is asserting His role as the Good Shepherd, a fulfillment of messianic prophecy. The concept of being "not My sheep" implies a lack of relationship and recognition, as sheep naturally follow their shepherd. This distinction is not based on ethnicity or religious status but on spiritual receptivity and recognition of Jesus' voice (John 10:3-4).

you refuse to believe
The refusal to believe is a recurring theme in the Gospel of John, where belief in Jesus is central to receiving eternal life (John 3:16, John 6:29). The Greek word for "refuse" indicates a willful decision, suggesting that the Pharisees' unbelief is not due to a lack of evidence but a hardened heart. This echoes the Old Testament pattern of Israel's unbelief despite witnessing God's works (Psalm 95:8-11). Theologically, this phrase underscores the doctrine of human responsibility in the context of divine sovereignty. While Jesus' sheep hear His voice and follow Him, those who are not His sheep choose not to believe, highlighting the mystery of faith and unbelief. This refusal also fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah, where the Messiah would be rejected by His own people (Isaiah 53:3).

My sheep
In biblical times, sheep were a common metaphor for God's people, reflecting their need for guidance and protection. The imagery of sheep is prevalent throughout Scripture, symbolizing believers who are under the care of the Good Shepherd, Jesus Christ. This metaphor is rooted in the pastoral culture of ancient Israel, where shepherds played a crucial role in the community. The Old Testament frequently uses this imagery, such as in Psalm 23, where the Lord is depicted as a shepherd.

listen to My voice;
Listening to the voice of Jesus implies a relationship characterized by recognition and obedience. In the context of the Gospel of John, this listening is not merely auditory but involves a deep, spiritual understanding and acceptance of His teachings. This phrase connects to the broader theme of Jesus as the Word of God (John 1:1) and the importance of hearing and responding to His message. The ability to discern His voice is a mark of true discipleship and is contrasted with those who do not recognize Him (John 10:5).

I know them,
The knowledge Jesus speaks of here is intimate and personal, reflecting a deep relationship between the shepherd and His sheep. This echoes the covenant relationship God has with His people, as seen in passages like Jeremiah 1:5, where God knows His people even before they are formed. In the New Testament, this knowledge is reciprocal, as believers are also called to know Christ (Philippians 3:10). The Greek word for "know" (γινώσκω) implies an ongoing, dynamic relationship rather than mere intellectual awareness.

and they follow Me.
Following Jesus involves a commitment to His teachings and a lifestyle that reflects His example. This phrase emphasizes the active response required from believers, who are called to walk in His footsteps (1 Peter 2:21). The concept of following is central to discipleship, as seen in Jesus' call to His first disciples (Matthew 4:19). It also implies trust and reliance on Jesus as the shepherd who leads His flock to safety and provision, resonating with the promise of eternal life and security found in Him (John 10:28).

I give them eternal life
This phrase highlights the divine authority and power of Jesus as the giver of eternal life, a gift that only God can bestow. In the context of John 10, Jesus is speaking to the Jews during the Feast of Dedication, also known as Hanukkah, in Jerusalem. This setting underscores the theme of light and life, as Hanukkah celebrates the rededication of the temple and the miracle of the oil. The concept of eternal life is central to the Gospel of John, emphasizing a quality of life that begins now and continues forever, rooted in a relationship with Jesus. This promise is echoed in John 3:16, where belief in Jesus leads to eternal life, and in John 17:3, where eternal life is defined as knowing the only true God and Jesus Christ.

and they will never perish
This assurance of eternal security is a profound promise of salvation. The term "perish" here refers to spiritual death or eternal separation from God, rather than physical death. This promise is consistent with the Old Testament, where God is depicted as a shepherd who protects His flock, as seen in Psalm 23. The imagery of the shepherd is prevalent in John 10, where Jesus identifies Himself as the Good Shepherd who lays down His life for the sheep. This phrase also connects to Romans 8:38-39, where Paul assures believers that nothing can separate them from the love of God in Christ Jesus.

No one can snatch them out of My hand
This statement emphasizes the security and protection that believers have in Jesus. The imagery of the hand signifies power and possession, reflecting the ancient Near Eastern concept of a king's hand as a symbol of authority and strength. In the cultural context, a shepherd's hand would guide and protect the sheep, ensuring their safety. This assurance is reinforced in the following verse, John 10:29, where Jesus speaks of the Father's hand, indicating the unity and shared purpose of the Father and the Son. This promise of security is also seen in Isaiah 43:13, where God declares that no one can deliver out of His hand, highlighting the sovereignty and omnipotence of God.

My Father who has given them to Me
This phrase emphasizes the divine relationship between Jesus and God the Father, highlighting the authority and unity within the Trinity. The concept of God giving believers to Jesus is rooted in the idea of divine election and predestination, as seen in passages like Ephesians 1:4-5. This reflects the belief that salvation is initiated by God and that believers are a gift to Christ, underscoring the security and assurance of their salvation. The Father’s role in giving believers to Jesus also points to the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah gathering God’s people, such as in Isaiah 53:10-12.

is greater than all
This phrase asserts the supremacy and omnipotence of God the Father over all creation. It reflects the monotheistic belief central to Jewish and Christian theology that God is the ultimate authority and power. This statement can be connected to passages like Isaiah 40:25-26, which speak of God’s incomparable greatness. The phrase reassures believers of the security found in God’s power, as nothing can surpass or challenge His will. It also serves as a reminder of the divine hierarchy, where Jesus, though equal with God, submits to the Father’s authority, as seen in Philippians 2:6-8.

No one can snatch them out of My Father’s hand
This phrase provides a powerful assurance of the believer’s eternal security. The imagery of being in the Father’s hand suggests protection, care, and possession. It echoes the shepherd imagery found earlier in John 10, where Jesus describes Himself as the Good Shepherd who protects His sheep. The idea of being unable to be snatched away is reminiscent of Psalm 95:7, where God is depicted as the shepherd of His people. This assurance is further supported by Romans 8:38-39, which declares that nothing can separate believers from the love of God. The phrase emphasizes the permanence of salvation and the believer’s safety in God’s sovereign grip.

I and the Father
This phrase highlights the unique relationship between Jesus and God the Father. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus frequently emphasizes His divine sonship and unity with the Father (John 5:19-23, John 14:9-11). The use of "I" and "the Father" indicates a distinct yet unified relationship, reflecting the Trinitarian concept of God as three persons in one essence. This relationship is central to understanding the nature of Jesus as both fully God and fully man, a core tenet of Christian theology.

are one.
The assertion of being "one" with the Father is a profound declaration of Jesus' divinity. The Greek word for "one" (hen) used here implies unity of essence or nature, not merely agreement or purpose. This statement is pivotal in the context of the Jewish understanding of monotheism, as it equates Jesus with God, which was considered blasphemous by His contemporaries (John 10:31-33). This unity is further explored in John 17:21-23, where Jesus prays for His followers to be one as He and the Father are one, indicating a spiritual unity that believers are called to emulate. This concept is also a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and types, such as the unity and oneness of God expressed in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4) and the anticipated Messiah who would embody God's presence among His people (Isaiah 9:6, Micah 5:2).

At this
This phrase refers to the immediate context of the preceding verses where Jesus declares, "I and the Father are one" (John 10:30). This statement is a profound claim of unity with God, which the Jewish audience perceives as blasphemy. The context is crucial as it highlights the escalating tension between Jesus and the Jewish leaders, who are increasingly hostile to His teachings and claims.

the Jews
In the Gospel of John, "the Jews" often refers to the Jewish religious leaders and authorities rather than the Jewish people as a whole. These leaders are portrayed as being in opposition to Jesus throughout the Gospel. Their reaction is rooted in their understanding of the Law and their perception of Jesus' claims as a threat to their religious authority and traditions.

again picked up stones
The word "again" indicates that this is not the first time the Jewish leaders have attempted to stone Jesus. A previous instance is recorded in John 8:59, where they reacted similarly to Jesus' claim of divinity. Stoning was a prescribed method of execution for blasphemy according to Levitical law (Leviticus 24:16). This action reflects their belief that Jesus has committed blasphemy by equating Himself with God.

to stone Him
Stoning was a common form of capital punishment in ancient Jewish law for certain offenses, including blasphemy. The act of picking up stones signifies their intent to carry out this punishment immediately, without a formal trial. This reflects the severity of their reaction to Jesus' claim and their understanding of the law. Theologically, this moment foreshadows the ultimate rejection and crucifixion of Jesus, fulfilling the prophecies of the suffering Messiah (Isaiah 53).

But Jesus responded,
In this passage, Jesus is addressing the Jewish leaders who are challenging Him. His response is calm and measured, reflecting His wisdom and authority. This interaction takes place during the Feast of Dedication in Jerusalem, a time when many Jews would gather, providing a significant audience for His teachings.

“I have shown you many good works
Jesus refers to His miracles and teachings, which are evidence of His divine mission. These works include healing the sick, giving sight to the blind, and raising the dead, all of which align with the messianic prophecies found in Isaiah 35:5-6. His works are not only miraculous but also compassionate, demonstrating the nature of God’s kingdom.

from the Father.
Jesus emphasizes that His works are not of His own initiative but are done in obedience to God the Father. This highlights the unity between Jesus and the Father, a central theme in the Gospel of John. It also underscores the divine authority behind His actions, as seen in John 5:19-20, where Jesus explains His dependence on the Father.

For which of these
Here, Jesus challenges the logic of His accusers. By asking this question, He forces them to consider the nature of His works, which are inherently good and beneficial. This rhetorical question exposes the irrationality of their hostility towards Him.

do you stone Me?”
Stoning was a prescribed punishment for blasphemy according to Levitical law (Leviticus 24:16). The Jewish leaders accused Jesus of blasphemy because He claimed to be one with the Father (John 10:30). However, Jesus’ question highlights the inconsistency in their reasoning, as His works clearly demonstrate His divine authority and identity. This moment foreshadows the ultimate rejection and crucifixion of Jesus, fulfilling the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53.

“We are not stoning You for any good work,” said the Jews,
The Jewish leaders were responding to Jesus' miraculous works, which they could not deny. In the cultural and religious context of first-century Judaism, stoning was a prescribed punishment for blasphemy (Leviticus 24:16). The leaders acknowledged Jesus' good works, which included healing and teaching, but they were more concerned with what they perceived as a violation of the Law. This reflects the tension between Jesus' ministry and the religious authorities, who were often more focused on legalistic interpretations than on the spirit of the Law.

“but for blasphemy,
Blasphemy, in Jewish law, was a serious offense, often involving speaking irreverently about God or claiming divine status. The accusation of blasphemy against Jesus was based on His claims of divinity, which the Jewish leaders saw as a direct challenge to their understanding of monotheism. This charge is significant because it highlights the growing conflict between Jesus and the religious authorities, who were unable to accept His identity as the Son of God.

because You, who are a man,
The emphasis on Jesus being a man underscores the Jewish leaders' inability to comprehend His dual nature as both fully human and fully divine. This reflects the broader theological challenge of the Incarnation, which is central to Christian doctrine. The leaders' focus on Jesus' humanity prevented them from recognizing His divine authority and mission.

make Yourself out to be God.”
This statement directly addresses the core issue of Jesus' identity. Throughout the Gospel of John, Jesus makes several "I am" statements (e.g., John 8:58, John 14:6) that align Him with the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14. The Jewish leaders understood these claims as equating Himself with God, which they considered blasphemous. This accusation ultimately led to Jesus' crucifixion, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah's suffering (Isaiah 53). The charge of blasphemy also highlights the misunderstanding of Jesus' mission and the nature of His kingdom, which was not of this world (John 18:36).

Jesus replied
In this passage, Jesus is responding to the accusations of blasphemy from the Jewish leaders. This interaction takes place during the Feast of Dedication in Jerusalem, a time when many Jews would gather to remember the rededication of the Second Temple. Jesus often used questions and references to Scripture to challenge the religious leaders and to reveal deeper truths about His identity and mission.

Is it not written in your Law
Here, "your Law" refers to the Hebrew Scriptures, particularly the Torah, which is the foundation of Jewish religious life. By using the term "your Law," Jesus emphasizes the authority and sacredness of the Scriptures that the Jewish leaders themselves uphold. This phrase also highlights Jesus' deep knowledge of the Scriptures and His ability to interpret them authoritatively.

‘I have said you are gods’?
This phrase is a direct quotation from Psalm 82:6, where God addresses the judges of Israel, calling them "gods" because of their role as representatives of divine justice. In the cultural and historical context, judges and leaders were seen as God's agents on earth, tasked with upholding His laws and justice. Jesus uses this reference to argue that if human judges can be called "gods" in the Scriptures, then it is not blasphemous for Him, the Son of God, to claim a unique relationship with the Father. This argument underscores Jesus' divinity and His fulfillment of Old Testament types and prophecies concerning the Messiah.

If he called them gods
In this phrase, Jesus refers to Psalm 82:6, where the term "gods" is used to describe human judges or leaders in Israel. This usage highlights the authority and responsibility given to them by God. The term "gods" here is not implying divinity but rather a role of significant authority. This reflects the cultural understanding of the time, where leaders were seen as representatives of divine justice. The use of "gods" underscores the seriousness of their role in executing God's law.

to whom the word of God came
This phrase emphasizes that these leaders received their authority through the divine revelation of God's word. The "word of God" here refers to the law and commandments given to Israel, which were meant to guide the leaders in their judgments. This highlights the historical context of Israel as a theocratic society, where civil and religious laws were intertwined. The phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of God communicating His will through chosen individuals, as seen with prophets and leaders throughout the Old Testament.

and the Scripture cannot be broken
This statement affirms the inerrancy and authority of Scripture. It reflects the belief that God's word is unchangeable and must be fulfilled. This principle is consistent throughout the Bible, as seen in passages like Isaiah 55:11, which speaks of God's word accomplishing its purpose. The phrase underscores the reliability of Scripture, a foundational belief in Christian doctrine. It also serves as a reminder of the continuity and consistency of God's revelation from the Old Testament to the New Testament, reinforcing the idea that Jesus' teachings are in harmony with the Scriptures.

then what about the One whom the Father sanctified and sent into the world?
This phrase highlights the divine mission and authority of Jesus. The term "sanctified" indicates being set apart for a holy purpose, reflecting Old Testament practices where priests and prophets were consecrated for God's work (Exodus 28:41). Jesus being "sent into the world" underscores His pre-existence and divine origin, aligning with prophecies like Isaiah 61:1, which speaks of the anointed one sent to bring good news. This mission is further emphasized in John 3:17, where God sends His Son not to condemn the world but to save it.

How then can you accuse Me of blasphemy
The accusation of blasphemy arises from Jewish leaders' understanding of the Law, where claiming equality with God was a serious offense (Leviticus 24:16). Jesus challenges their interpretation by pointing to His divine commissioning. The cultural context of first-century Judaism held strict monotheistic beliefs, making Jesus' claims controversial. However, His miracles and teachings consistently pointed to His divine nature, as seen in John 5:18, where similar accusations were made.

for stating that I am the Son of God?
The title "Son of God" is central to Jesus' identity and mission. It signifies a unique relationship with the Father, distinct from the general sense of being God's children. This claim fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 2:7, which speaks of the Messiah as God's Son. Theologically, it affirms the doctrine of the Trinity, where Jesus shares in the divine essence. This statement is pivotal in the Gospel of John, where Jesus' divinity is a recurring theme, as seen in John 1:14, where the Word becomes flesh.

If I am not doing the works of My Father
This phrase emphasizes Jesus' claim to divine authority and mission. The "works" refer to the miracles and teachings of Jesus, which are consistent with the character and will of God the Father. In the context of John's Gospel, these works include healing the sick, giving sight to the blind, and raising the dead, all of which demonstrate His divine nature and fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies (Isaiah 35:5-6). The phrase also highlights the intimate relationship between Jesus and the Father, as seen in John 5:19, where Jesus states that He can do nothing by Himself but only what He sees the Father doing.

then do not believe Me.
Here, Jesus presents a logical argument to His audience. If His actions were not aligned with God's will, then they would have reason to doubt His claims. This statement challenges the listeners to evaluate His works as evidence of His divine mission. In the cultural context of first-century Judaism, signs and wonders were often seen as validation of a prophet's message. Jesus invites scrutiny of His works as a basis for belief, aligning with the Jewish expectation of signs as seen in Deuteronomy 18:21-22, where a prophet's authenticity is tested by the fulfillment of their words. This phrase underscores the importance of faith based on evidence and the recognition of Jesus as the Messiah through His works.

But if I am doing them
This phrase refers to the miraculous works and signs Jesus performed, which are central to His ministry. In the context of John 10, Jesus is addressing the skepticism of the Jewish leaders. The works He refers to include healing the sick, giving sight to the blind, and raising the dead, which are consistent with the messianic prophecies found in Isaiah 35:5-6. These acts serve as evidence of His divine authority and fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy.

even though you do not believe Me
Here, Jesus acknowledges the disbelief of His audience, particularly the religious leaders who were resistant to His message. This disbelief is a recurring theme in the Gospels, as seen in John 1:11, where it states that He came to His own, but His own did not receive Him. The skepticism of the Jewish leaders is rooted in their expectations of a political Messiah and their inability to recognize Jesus' spiritual mission.

believe the works themselves
Jesus appeals to the evidence of His works as a basis for belief. This is a call to recognize the divine power and authority behind His miracles, which testify to His identity as the Son of God. The works are meant to lead the observers to faith, as seen in John 20:30-31, where the purpose of the recorded signs is to lead to belief in Jesus as the Christ.

so that you may know and understand
The purpose of believing in the works is to lead to a deeper knowledge and understanding of Jesus' relationship with the Father. This knowledge is not merely intellectual but involves a relational and experiential understanding of who Jesus is. The Greek terms used here imply a progressive and growing comprehension, which is a theme throughout John's Gospel.

that the Father is in Me, and I am in the Father.
This statement emphasizes the unity and intimate relationship between Jesus and the Father, a central theme in the Gospel of John. It reflects the concept of perichoresis, the mutual indwelling of the Father and the Son, which is foundational to Trinitarian theology. This unity is further elaborated in John 14:10-11 and is crucial for understanding the divine nature of Jesus. The statement also echoes the Shema from Deuteronomy 6:4, affirming the oneness of God while revealing the distinct persons within the Godhead.

At this, they tried again to seize Him
This phrase indicates a repeated attempt by the Jewish leaders to capture Jesus. The context is the Feast of Dedication in Jerusalem, where Jesus was teaching in the temple courts. The leaders were increasingly hostile due to His claims of divinity, which they considered blasphemous. This reflects the growing tension between Jesus and the religious authorities, who were threatened by His influence and teachings. The phrase "tried again" suggests previous attempts to arrest Him, highlighting their persistent opposition.

but He escaped their grasp
This demonstrates Jesus' divine ability to evade capture, emphasizing His control over the situation. Despite their efforts, the religious leaders could not apprehend Him until the appointed time of His crucifixion, fulfilling the divine timeline. This escape can be seen as a fulfillment of prophecy, as Jesus' life and ministry were orchestrated according to God's sovereign plan. It also illustrates His wisdom and discernment in navigating dangerous situations, ensuring His mission continued until its completion.

Then Jesus went back across the Jordan
This phrase indicates a geographical movement by Jesus, crossing the Jordan River. The Jordan River is significant in biblical history, serving as a boundary and a place of transition. It was the site where the Israelites crossed into the Promised Land (Joshua 3-4) and where Elijah and Elisha performed miracles (2 Kings 2). Jesus' crossing back over the Jordan may symbolize a return to foundational aspects of His ministry, as well as a retreat from the increasing hostility in Judea.

to the place where John had first been baptizing
This location is traditionally identified as Bethany beyond the Jordan (John 1:28), where John the Baptist conducted his ministry of baptism and called people to repentance. This site is significant as the starting point of Jesus' public ministry, where He was baptized by John (Matthew 3:13-17). The return to this place may signify a renewal or reaffirmation of His mission. It also connects Jesus' ministry to the prophetic role of John the Baptist, who prepared the way for the Messiah (Isaiah 40:3, Malachi 3:1).

and He stayed there
Jesus' decision to remain in this area suggests a period of withdrawal and reflection. This could be seen as a strategic retreat from the growing opposition in Jerusalem, allowing Him time to teach His disciples and prepare for the events leading to His crucifixion. It also highlights the importance of this location as a place of spiritual significance and preparation. The act of staying may also indicate a fulfillment of prophecy, as Jesus often withdrew to fulfill His mission according to divine timing (Isaiah 42:1-4).

Many came to Him
This phrase indicates a significant movement of people towards Jesus, suggesting His growing influence and the curiosity or need that drew people to Him. In the context of John 10, Jesus had been teaching about being the Good Shepherd, which resonated with many who were familiar with shepherding as a common occupation in ancient Israel. The geographical setting is likely beyond the Jordan, where John the Baptist had previously ministered, a place familiar to those seeking spiritual truth.

and said,
The act of speaking to Jesus shows a level of engagement and recognition of His authority. In the cultural context, addressing a rabbi or teacher directly was a sign of respect and acknowledgment of their wisdom. This interaction reflects the Jewish tradition of dialogue and debate as a means of understanding spiritual truths.

“Although John never performed a sign,
John the Baptist's ministry was characterized by preaching repentance and baptizing, rather than performing miracles. This distinction is important because it highlights the different roles within God's plan. John was the forerunner, preparing the way for Jesus, as prophesied in Isaiah 40:3. His lack of miraculous signs did not diminish his authority or the truth of his message, which was validated by the fulfillment in Jesus.

everything he said about this man was true.”
This affirmation underscores the reliability and prophetic nature of John the Baptist's testimony about Jesus. John had declared Jesus as the Lamb of God (John 1:29), pointing to His role in salvation history. The truthfulness of John's words is confirmed by Jesus' life and ministry, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah. This statement also serves as a testament to Jesus' identity and mission, reinforcing the belief that He is the promised Savior.

And many in that place
This phrase refers to the location where Jesus was ministering at the time, which was beyond the Jordan River, where John the Baptist had previously been baptizing. This area, known as Perea, was a region east of the Jordan River. The reference to "that place" highlights the significance of the location as a site of previous spiritual activity and the continuation of God's work through Jesus. The people in this region were familiar with John the Baptist's message, which prepared them for the coming of Jesus.

believed in Jesus.
The belief in Jesus by many in this area signifies the acceptance of His identity and message as the Messiah. This belief is a fulfillment of the purpose of John's Gospel, which is to lead people to faith in Jesus as the Christ, the Son of God (John 20:31). The act of believing is central to the Gospel message, emphasizing faith as the means of receiving eternal life. This belief contrasts with the rejection Jesus faced from some religious leaders and others in Judea, highlighting the varied responses to His ministry. The faith of these individuals is a testament to the power of Jesus' words and works, which were authenticated by the testimony of John the Baptist and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah.