Luke 18
Berean Study Bible

The Parable of the Persistent Widow

Then Jesus told them a parable
In the Gospel of Luke, parables are a key teaching method used by Jesus to convey spiritual truths. Parables are simple stories used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson. Jesus often used them to reveal truths to those who were open to understanding while concealing them from those who were not receptive. This particular parable is unique to Luke's Gospel, emphasizing the importance of prayer and perseverance.

about their need to pray at all times
Prayer is a central theme in the teachings of Jesus, and this phrase underscores the necessity of constant communication with God. The idea of praying "at all times" suggests a lifestyle of prayer, not limited to specific times or places. This aligns with Paul's exhortation in 1 Thessalonians 5:17 to "pray without ceasing." The cultural context of the time included set times for prayer, but Jesus is advocating for a more continuous and personal relationship with God.

and not lose heart:
The phrase "not lose heart" addresses the human tendency to become discouraged, especially when prayers seem unanswered. In the historical context, the Jewish people were under Roman occupation, and many were longing for deliverance. Jesus encourages persistence in prayer, reflecting the belief that God is faithful and will respond in His timing. This teaching is echoed in other scriptures, such as Galatians 6:9, which encourages believers not to grow weary in doing good. The call to perseverance in prayer is a reminder of the hope and trust believers should have in God's promises.

In a certain town
This phrase sets the scene for a parable, a common teaching method used by Jesus. Parables often use everyday settings to convey deeper spiritual truths. The unspecified town suggests a universal application, indicating that the lesson is relevant to all listeners, regardless of their specific location or situation.

there was a judge
Judges in biblical times were responsible for maintaining justice and order. They were expected to uphold the law and act with integrity. The role of a judge was significant in Jewish society, as seen in the Old Testament with figures like Deborah and Samuel. This judge, however, is depicted negatively, contrasting with the ideal of a just and righteous judge.

who neither feared God
Fear of God is a central theme in the Bible, often associated with wisdom and righteousness (Proverbs 9:10). This judge's lack of fear indicates a disregard for divine authority and moral accountability. It highlights his secular mindset, contrasting with the biblical expectation that leaders should be God-fearing.

nor respected men
Respect for others is a fundamental biblical principle, rooted in the command to love one's neighbor (Leviticus 19:18, Matthew 22:39). The judge's lack of respect for people suggests a self-centered and unjust character. This detail emphasizes his moral deficiency and sets the stage for the parable's message about persistence and justice.

And there was a widow in that town
In biblical times, widows were often among the most vulnerable members of society. Without a husband to provide for them, they frequently faced economic hardship and social marginalization. The Old Testament law provided specific protections for widows (Exodus 22:22-24; Deuteronomy 10:18), emphasizing God's concern for their welfare. The mention of a widow in this parable highlights her vulnerability and the expectation that justice should be extended to her. The setting of "that town" suggests a local context, possibly a small community where everyone knew each other, which would make her plight more visible yet still unresolved.

who kept appealing to him
The persistence of the widow is a central theme in this parable. Her continual appeals indicate her desperation and determination. In the cultural context, a woman repeatedly approaching a judge would have been seen as bold, as women typically had limited legal standing. This persistence is a model of faith and perseverance, echoing other biblical teachings on persistent prayer (Luke 11:5-8). Her actions demonstrate a relentless pursuit of justice, which is a key aspect of the parable's message.

‘Give me justice against my adversary.’
The widow's plea for justice underscores the biblical theme of righteousness and justice, which are foundational to God's character (Psalm 89:14). Her adversary is not named, which universalizes her plight, making it applicable to any situation where injustice occurs. The demand for justice reflects the biblical call for God's people to seek justice and defend the oppressed (Isaiah 1:17). This plea also foreshadows the ultimate justice that will be realized in God's kingdom, where wrongs are righted and the oppressed are vindicated. The widow's cry for justice can be seen as a type of the believer's appeal to God, the righteous judge, for deliverance and vindication.

For a while he refused
This phrase indicates a period of resistance or delay. In the context of the parable of the persistent widow, the judge's initial refusal highlights the theme of perseverance in prayer. The judge's reluctance can be seen as a test of the widow's determination, mirroring the trials believers may face in their spiritual lives. This delay also serves to contrast the character of the unjust judge with the nature of God, who is just and attentive to the cries of His people. The concept of waiting is a recurring theme in Scripture, as seen in Psalm 27:14, which encourages believers to wait on the Lord.

but later he said to himself
This internal dialogue reveals a moment of self-reflection or reasoning. The judge's change of heart is not due to external pressure but rather an internal decision. This can be compared to the process of conviction or realization that leads to a change in behavior. In biblical narratives, self-reflection often precedes a significant decision or action, as seen in the story of the prodigal son in Luke 15:17, where he comes to his senses and decides to return to his father.

‘Though I neither fear God
The judge's admission of not fearing God underscores his lack of piety and moral compass. In the cultural and historical context of the time, fear of God was a fundamental aspect of Jewish faith and justice. The fear of God is often associated with wisdom and righteousness, as seen in Proverbs 9:10. The judge's lack of fear contrasts with the biblical ideal of a just ruler, who is expected to uphold God's laws and principles.

nor respect men
This phrase highlights the judge's disregard for human dignity and justice. In the cultural context, respect for others was a key component of social and legal systems. The judge's attitude reflects a self-centered and corrupt character, which is antithetical to the biblical call to love one's neighbor and act justly, as emphasized in Micah 6:8. This lack of respect further contrasts with the character of God, who is portrayed as compassionate and just throughout Scripture.

yet because this widow keeps pestering me
In the context of Luke 18, Jesus shares the parable of the persistent widow to teach about the importance of persistent prayer and faith. The widow represents those who are vulnerable and marginalized in society, often without a male advocate in a patriarchal culture. Her persistence is a model of faith and determination, reflecting the believer's need to continually seek God. The judge, though unjust, is moved by her persistence, illustrating that even those who are indifferent can be swayed by perseverance. This phrase highlights the power of relentless faith and prayer, encouraging believers to persist in their petitions to God.

I will give her justice
The judge's decision to grant justice, despite his initial reluctance, underscores the theme of divine justice. In the broader biblical narrative, God is portrayed as a just judge who hears the cries of His people (Psalm 9:7-10). This phrase reassures believers that God, unlike the unjust judge, is inherently just and will respond to the persistent prayers of His people. It also reflects the biblical principle that God defends the cause of the widow and the oppressed (Deuteronomy 10:18). The assurance of justice is a recurring theme in Scripture, pointing to God's ultimate plan to right all wrongs.

Otherwise, she will wear me out with her perpetual requests.’”
The phrase "wear me out" can be understood as a metaphor for the judge's concern about being overwhelmed by the widow's persistence. In the original Greek, the term used implies being beaten down or exhausted. This reflects the cultural context where persistence was often necessary to achieve justice, especially for those without power or influence. The widow's relentless pursuit of justice serves as a metaphor for the believer's need to persist in prayer. This persistence is echoed in other parts of Scripture, such as the exhortation to pray without ceasing (1 Thessalonians 5:17). The parable encourages believers to remain steadfast in their faith, trusting that God will respond in His perfect timing.

And the Lord said
This phrase indicates that Jesus is speaking, emphasizing His authority and the importance of His teaching. In the context of Luke 18, Jesus is addressing His disciples and others who are listening to His parables. The title "Lord" signifies His divine authority and role as a teacher. This introduction sets the stage for a lesson on justice and persistence in prayer.

Listen to the words
Jesus often uses the imperative "listen" to draw attention to a significant teaching. This command suggests that what follows is crucial for understanding the nature of God's justice compared to human justice. It is a call to pay close attention, indicating that there is a deeper meaning or lesson to be learned from the forthcoming statement.

of the unjust judge
The "unjust judge" is a central figure in the preceding parable (Luke 18:1-5). This judge is described as one who neither fears God nor respects people, highlighting his moral deficiency. In the cultural context of the time, judges were expected to uphold justice and protect the vulnerable, such as widows. The judge's unjust nature contrasts with God's perfect justice, serving as a foil to illustrate the reliability and righteousness of God's character. This comparison underscores the assurance that God will respond to the persistent prayers of His people, unlike the reluctant response of the unjust judge.

Will not God bring about justice for His elect
This phrase emphasizes God's commitment to justice for His chosen people, often referred to as "the elect." In biblical context, the elect are those whom God has chosen for salvation and to fulfill His purposes. This concept is rooted in the Old Testament, where God chose Israel as His people (Deuteronomy 7:6). In the New Testament, the elect are those who have faith in Christ (Romans 8:33). The assurance of divine justice reflects God's righteous character and His promise to vindicate His people, as seen in passages like Isaiah 30:18 and Revelation 6:10.

who cry out to Him day and night?
This phrase highlights the persistent prayer and dependence on God by the elect. The imagery of crying out day and night suggests a continuous and fervent appeal to God, reminiscent of the widow's persistence in the parable of the unjust judge (Luke 18:1-8). This persistence in prayer is encouraged throughout Scripture, as seen in 1 Thessalonians 5:17, where believers are urged to "pray without ceasing." The cultural context of the time valued perseverance, and this teaching aligns with the Jewish tradition of persistent prayer.

Will He delay in helping them?
This rhetorical question underscores God's faithfulness and timely intervention. While human perception may interpret delays, God's timing is perfect and purposeful. The question reassures believers of God's imminent response, echoing the sentiment found in 2 Peter 3:9, where it is stated that God is not slow in keeping His promise. Historically, the early church faced persecution, and this assurance would have been a source of hope. Theologically, it reflects the eschatological promise of Christ's return and the ultimate establishment of justice.

I tell you,
This phrase indicates a direct and authoritative statement from Jesus, emphasizing the certainty and importance of what follows. It is a common introduction in Jesus' teachings, underscoring His role as a teacher and prophet.

He will promptly carry out justice on their behalf.
This refers to God's assurance of justice for His chosen ones, echoing themes from the Old Testament where God is depicted as a righteous judge (Psalm 9:8, Isaiah 30:18). The context of the parable of the persistent widow (Luke 18:1-7) highlights God's responsiveness to persistent prayer and His commitment to justice, contrasting with the unjust judge in the parable.

Nevertheless,
This word introduces a contrast or a shift in focus. It suggests that despite the assurance of divine justice, there is an underlying concern or question that needs to be addressed.

when the Son of Man comes,
The title "Son of Man" is a messianic term used by Jesus, rooted in Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a figure with authority and dominion. This phrase points to the second coming of Christ, a future event anticipated in Christian eschatology, where Jesus will return to establish His kingdom and execute final judgment.

will He find faith on earth?”
This rhetorical question highlights a concern about the state of faith among believers at the time of Christ's return. It implies a potential scarcity of genuine faith, urging self-examination and perseverance in faith. This connects to other scriptural warnings about apostasy and the need for vigilance (Matthew 24:12-13, 2 Timothy 3:1-5). It serves as a call to maintain faithfulness and readiness for the return of Christ.

The Pharisee and the Tax Collector

To some who trusted in their own righteousness
This phrase addresses individuals who believed their moral standing and adherence to the law made them righteous before God. In the Jewish context, this often referred to the Pharisees, who were known for their strict observance of the law and traditions. The concept of self-righteousness is contrasted with the biblical teaching that righteousness comes from God (Isaiah 64:6, Romans 3:10-12). This self-reliance on personal righteousness is a recurring theme in Jesus' teachings, highlighting the need for humility and recognition of one's own sinfulness (Matthew 5:20).

and viewed others with contempt
The attitude of contempt towards others is a reflection of pride and a lack of love, which is contrary to the greatest commandments to love God and love one's neighbor (Matthew 22:37-39). This disdain for others often manifested in the Pharisees' interactions with those they deemed sinners or unclean, such as tax collectors and Gentiles. The cultural context of first-century Judaism placed a high value on ritual purity and social status, which often led to exclusion and judgment of those who did not conform.

He also told this parable:
Jesus frequently used parables as a teaching tool to convey spiritual truths through simple stories. Parables were a common method of instruction in Jewish culture, allowing listeners to engage with the narrative and uncover deeper meanings. This particular parable, like many others, is designed to challenge the listener's understanding and provoke self-reflection. The use of parables also fulfilled prophecy, as seen in Psalm 78:2, which speaks of teaching in parables. Jesus' parables often revealed the nature of God's kingdom and the attitudes required to enter it, emphasizing themes of humility, repentance, and faith.

Two men went up to the temple to pray.
In the context of first-century Judaism, the temple in Jerusalem was the central place of worship and prayer. It was customary for Jews to go to the temple for prayer, especially during the designated times of sacrifice. The act of going "up" to the temple reflects Jerusalem's elevated position geographically and its spiritual significance. The temple was a place where God's presence was believed to dwell, making it a focal point for religious life. This setting underscores the importance of the narrative, as it takes place in the most sacred location for the Jewish people.

One was a Pharisee
The Pharisees were a prominent religious group known for their strict adherence to the Law of Moses and the oral traditions. They were respected by many for their piety and dedication to the law, often seen as the religious elite. However, Jesus frequently criticized them for their hypocrisy and self-righteousness (Matthew 23). The Pharisee in this parable represents those who trust in their own righteousness and look down on others, a common theme in Jesus' teachings. This character sets the stage for a contrast between outward religious observance and genuine humility before God.

and the other a tax collector.
Tax collectors were generally despised in Jewish society because they worked for the Roman authorities and were often associated with corruption and greed. They were considered sinners and traitors by their fellow Jews. The inclusion of a tax collector in this parable highlights the radical nature of Jesus' message, which often turned societal expectations upside down. The tax collector represents those who are aware of their sinfulness and approach God with humility and repentance. This contrast with the Pharisee emphasizes the theme of God's grace and mercy towards the humble and repentant, as seen in other scriptures like Luke 15:1-7 and Matthew 9:10-13.

The Pharisee stood by himself and prayed
The Pharisee's position of standing by himself indicates a sense of self-righteousness and separation from others, reflecting the Pharisaic emphasis on ritual purity and adherence to the law. In the cultural context of first-century Judaism, Pharisees were respected religious leaders known for their strict observance of the Torah. This posture of standing apart can symbolize both physical and spiritual separation, highlighting the Pharisee's belief in his own righteousness. The act of praying in public was common, but the Pharisee's prayer is more self-congratulatory than supplicatory, contrasting with the humility expected in prayer as seen in other scriptures like Matthew 6:5-6.

‘God, I thank You that I am not like other men—
The Pharisee begins his prayer with thanksgiving, which is a common Jewish practice. However, his gratitude is not directed towards God's grace or mercy but rather towards his own perceived moral superiority. This reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of true righteousness, which is not based on comparison with others but on one's relationship with God. The Pharisee's attitude is reminiscent of the self-righteousness condemned by Jesus in Matthew 23:27-28, where outward appearances are criticized when they do not reflect inner purity.

swindlers, evildoers, adulterers—
The Pharisee lists specific sins, which were commonly condemned in Jewish law and society. Swindlers, evildoers, and adulterers represent those who violate both social and divine laws. By listing these sins, the Pharisee attempts to elevate his own status by comparison. This reflects a legalistic mindset that focuses on external actions rather than internal transformation, contrasting with the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized the importance of the heart's condition (Matthew 5:27-28).

or even like this tax collector.
Tax collectors were despised in Jewish society for their collaboration with the Roman occupiers and their reputation for extortion. By comparing himself to the tax collector, the Pharisee underscores his perceived moral superiority. This comparison highlights the social and religious divide between the Pharisees and those considered sinners. However, Jesus often used tax collectors as examples of repentance and humility, as seen in the story of Zacchaeus (Luke 19:1-10), challenging the prevailing social norms and emphasizing God's grace and forgiveness.

I fast twice a week
Fasting was a common religious practice among the Jews, often associated with repentance and seeking God's favor. The Pharisees, a religious group known for their strict adherence to the Law, would fast twice a week, typically on Mondays and Thursdays. This practice was not commanded in the Mosaic Law but was a tradition that developed over time. The Pharisees' fasting was often done publicly to display their piety, contrasting with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 6:16-18, where He emphasizes fasting in secret to avoid hypocrisy.

and pay tithes of all that I acquire.
Tithing, or giving a tenth of one's income or produce, was a requirement under the Mosaic Law (Leviticus 27:30-32). The Pharisees extended this practice to include even the smallest herbs, as seen in Matthew 23:23, where Jesus criticizes them for focusing on minor details while neglecting justice, mercy, and faithfulness. The phrase "of all that I acquire" suggests a meticulous and comprehensive approach to tithing, reflecting the Pharisees' emphasis on outward religious observance. This contrasts with the heart of the Law, which is love and justice, as highlighted in Micah 6:8.

But the tax collector stood at a distance
Tax collectors in Jesus' time were often despised by the Jewish community because they collected taxes for the Roman occupiers and were known for extortion. The tax collector's choice to stand at a distance reflects his awareness of his social and spiritual status, acknowledging his unworthiness to approach God closely. This act of standing apart symbolizes humility and repentance, contrasting with the Pharisee's self-righteousness earlier in the passage.

unwilling even to lift up his eyes to heaven
In Jewish culture, lifting one's eyes to heaven was a common posture of prayer, signifying a direct appeal to God. The tax collector's reluctance to do so indicates profound shame and contrition. This posture is reminiscent of other biblical figures who express deep humility and repentance, such as Ezra (Ezra 9:6) and the psalmist (Psalm 123:1-2).

Instead, he beat his breast
Beating one's breast was a gesture of extreme sorrow and penitence in ancient Jewish culture. It is a physical manifestation of inner turmoil and regret, often associated with mourning or deep repentance. This action underscores the tax collector's sincere acknowledgment of his sinfulness and his desire for forgiveness.

and said, ‘God, have mercy on me, a sinner!’
The plea for mercy is central to the tax collector's prayer, highlighting his recognition of his need for God's grace. The term "mercy" here is linked to the concept of atonement and forgiveness, echoing the sacrificial system of the Old Testament where mercy was sought through offerings. The acknowledgment of being "a sinner" aligns with the biblical understanding that all have sinned (Romans 3:23) and need redemption. This prayer is a model of genuine repentance and faith, contrasting with the self-justification of the Pharisee.

I tell you
This phrase indicates the authority of Jesus as He speaks. It emphasizes the importance and truth of the statement that follows. In the Gospels, Jesus often uses "I tell you" to introduce teachings that challenge conventional wisdom or religious norms.

this man, rather than the Pharisee,
The "man" refers to the tax collector in the parable, who is contrasted with the Pharisee. Tax collectors were despised in Jewish society for collaborating with the Romans and often being corrupt. Pharisees, on the other hand, were respected religious leaders known for their strict adherence to the Law. This contrast highlights the unexpected nature of God's grace, which values genuine repentance over outward religiosity.

went home justified.
Justification is a key theological concept, meaning to be declared righteous before God. The tax collector's humble repentance leads to his justification, illustrating that God values a contrite heart over self-righteousness. This echoes Old Testament themes, such as in Psalm 51:17, where a broken spirit is valued by God. It also prefigures the New Testament teaching on justification by faith, as seen in Romans 3:28.

For everyone who exalts himself will be humbled,
This principle is a recurring theme in Jesus' teachings, emphasizing the reversal of worldly values in the Kingdom of God. It reflects the wisdom literature of the Old Testament, such as Proverbs 16:18, which warns against pride. The humbling of the proud is a divine action, underscoring God's sovereignty and justice.

but the one who humbles himself will be exalted.”
Humility is presented as a virtue that leads to exaltation by God. This teaching is consistent with the Beatitudes in Matthew 5, where the meek are promised inheritance of the earth. It also foreshadows the ultimate exaltation of Jesus Himself, who humbled Himself to the point of death and was exalted by God, as described in Philippians 2:8-9. This principle encourages believers to adopt a posture of humility, trusting in God's timing and justice for exaltation.

Jesus Blesses the Children

Now people were even bringing their babies to Jesus
In the cultural context of first-century Judea, children were often seen as less significant in societal hierarchy. However, the act of bringing babies to Jesus indicates the recognition of His authority and the belief in His blessing. This reflects a deep trust in Jesus' power and compassion, as well as a desire for divine favor upon their children. The act of bringing children to a rabbi or religious figure for blessing was not uncommon, but the emphasis here is on the faith of the parents in Jesus' unique role.

for Him to place His hands on them.
The laying on of hands is a significant biblical gesture symbolizing blessing, healing, and the impartation of spiritual favor. In the Old Testament, this act was often associated with the transfer of blessing or authority (e.g., Genesis 48:14, where Jacob blesses Ephraim and Manasseh). In the New Testament, Jesus frequently uses touch to heal and bless, demonstrating His compassion and divine power. This act signifies Jesus' willingness to engage personally and lovingly with the least and the most vulnerable.

And when the disciples saw this,
The disciples, often acting as gatekeepers to Jesus, were likely concerned with managing the crowds and maintaining order. Their reaction may also reflect societal norms that undervalued children, viewing them as a distraction from more important matters. The disciples' response highlights a recurring theme in the Gospels where Jesus' followers misunderstand His mission and priorities.

they rebuked those who brought them.
The rebuke from the disciples suggests a misunderstanding of Jesus' ministry, which consistently emphasized inclusivity and the value of all individuals, regardless of social status. This moment serves as a teaching opportunity for Jesus to correct their perspective. The rebuke contrasts with Jesus' later response, which underscores His welcoming nature and the importance of childlike faith. This incident parallels other Gospel accounts where Jesus challenges societal norms and elevates the lowly, aligning with His teachings on humility and the kingdom of God.

But Jesus called the children to Him
In the cultural context of first-century Judea, children were often seen as insignificant and without status. Jesus' action of calling the children to Himself demonstrates His counter-cultural approach, valuing those whom society might overlook. This act reflects the inclusive nature of Jesus' ministry, emphasizing that the kingdom of God is open to all, regardless of social standing. It also highlights Jesus' compassion and His role as a shepherd who gathers His flock, reminiscent of prophecies about the Messiah who would care for His people (Isaiah 40:11).

and said, “Let the little children come to Me,
Jesus' invitation to the children signifies the openness and accessibility of His message. In a broader theological sense, this phrase underscores the necessity of approaching God with childlike faith and humility. The act of coming to Jesus is symbolic of seeking salvation and entering into a relationship with Him. This invitation is echoed in other parts of the Gospels where Jesus calls individuals to follow Him (Matthew 11:28-30).

and do not hinder them!
This command not to hinder the children can be seen as a rebuke to the disciples who were trying to prevent them from approaching Jesus. It serves as a reminder that no barriers should be placed between individuals and Christ. Theologically, it underscores the importance of removing obstacles that prevent people from experiencing the grace and love of God. This aligns with the broader biblical theme of God desiring all to come to repentance and knowledge of the truth (1 Timothy 2:4).

For the kingdom of God belongs to such as these.
This statement highlights the qualities of children—such as trust, dependence, and humility—that are essential for entering the kingdom of God. It suggests that the kingdom is not about power or status but about a heart posture that is open and receptive to God's rule. This teaching is consistent with Jesus' earlier statements about the need to become like children to enter the kingdom (Matthew 18:3). It also reflects the prophetic vision of a kingdom where the meek and humble are exalted (Isaiah 11:6-9).

Truly I tell you,
This phrase is a solemn declaration by Jesus, emphasizing the importance and truth of what He is about to say. It is a common introduction in the Gospels when Jesus wants to highlight a significant teaching. The use of "truly" (Greek: "amen") underscores the certainty and authority of His words, reflecting His divine insight and the weight of His message.

anyone who does not receive the kingdom of God
The "kingdom of God" refers to God's sovereign rule and reign, both in the present spiritual sense and the future physical manifestation. Receiving the kingdom implies accepting God's authority and entering into a relationship with Him. This concept is central to Jesus' teaching and is a recurring theme throughout the Gospels. It contrasts with the Jewish expectation of a political kingdom, emphasizing instead a spiritual transformation and submission to God's will.

like a little child
Children in the ancient world were seen as dependent, humble, and without status. Jesus uses the example of a child to illustrate the qualities necessary to enter the kingdom: humility, trust, and a sense of dependence on God. This teaching challenges the cultural norms of the time, where status and self-reliance were often valued. It also connects to other teachings of Jesus, such as the Beatitudes, where the "poor in spirit" are blessed.

will never enter it.”
This phrase underscores the necessity of childlike faith and humility for entry into the kingdom of God. It is an absolute statement, indicating that without these qualities, one cannot be part of God's kingdom. This teaching is consistent with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes faith and humility as prerequisites for a relationship with God. It also serves as a warning against pride and self-sufficiency, which are barriers to experiencing God's rule in one's life.

The Rich Young Ruler

Then a certain ruler asked Him
The term "ruler" likely refers to a leader within the Jewish community, possibly a synagogue official or a member of the Sanhedrin. This indicates a person of influence and authority, suggesting that the message of Jesus was reaching all levels of society. The approach of this ruler to Jesus shows a recognition of Jesus' authority and wisdom, despite the ruler's own status. This encounter is paralleled in Matthew 19:16-22 and Mark 10:17-22, where the ruler is described as a young man, emphasizing his potential for long-term influence and the weight of his decision.

“Good Teacher”
Addressing Jesus as "Good Teacher" reflects a recognition of His moral and spiritual authority. In Jewish culture, the term "good" was reserved for God alone, as seen in Psalm 25:8 and Psalm 34:8, which extol God's goodness. This salutation sets the stage for Jesus' response, which challenges the ruler's understanding of goodness and points to the divine nature of true goodness. The ruler's use of this title may indicate a deeper spiritual curiosity or a misunderstanding of Jesus' identity.

what must I do
The ruler's question reveals a common Jewish belief in works-based righteousness, rooted in the Mosaic Law. This reflects the cultural and religious context of first-century Judaism, where adherence to the Law was seen as the path to righteousness. The question also highlights a universal human concern with salvation and the afterlife, echoing the inquiries of others in Scripture, such as the Philippian jailer in Acts 16:30. The ruler's focus on personal action underscores a misunderstanding of the grace-based nature of salvation that Jesus would later clarify.

to inherit eternal life?”
The concept of "inheriting eternal life" is deeply rooted in Jewish eschatology, which anticipated a future resurrection and life in the world to come. This phrase suggests an understanding of eternal life as a gift or inheritance, aligning with the biblical theme of God's promises to His people, as seen in Genesis 15:7 and Hebrews 9:15. The ruler's question reflects a desire for assurance of salvation, a theme that resonates throughout the New Testament, particularly in the teachings of Jesus about the Kingdom of God, as seen in John 3:16 and Romans 6:23.

“Why do you call Me good?”
In this phrase, Jesus addresses the rich young ruler who approached Him, calling Him "Good Teacher." This question challenges the ruler's understanding of goodness and prompts reflection on the nature of Jesus' identity. In Jewish culture, the term "good" was often reserved for God, indicating moral perfection. By questioning the ruler, Jesus is not denying His own goodness but is instead leading the ruler to consider the divine nature of true goodness. This moment invites the audience to reflect on the identity of Jesus as more than a mere teacher, hinting at His divine nature.

Jesus replied.
This indicates a direct response from Jesus, emphasizing His role as a teacher and authority. In the Gospels, Jesus often uses questions and responses to provoke deeper thought and self-examination among His listeners. His reply here is a teaching moment, encouraging the ruler and the audience to think critically about their assumptions and beliefs. This method of teaching is consistent with rabbinic traditions of the time, where dialogue and questioning were key components of learning.

“No one is good except God alone.”
Here, Jesus affirms the Jewish understanding that ultimate goodness is an attribute of God alone. This statement underscores the concept of God's holiness and moral perfection, which is a central theme throughout the Bible. It also serves to highlight human sinfulness and the need for divine grace. By making this declaration, Jesus is subtly pointing to His own divine nature, as He embodies the goodness of God. This phrase connects to other scriptures that emphasize God's unique holiness, such as Isaiah 6:3 and Psalm 145:9. It also aligns with the broader biblical narrative that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23), reinforcing the need for a Savior.

You know the commandments:
This phrase indicates that Jesus is speaking to someone familiar with the Jewish Law, specifically the Ten Commandments given to Moses on Mount Sinai (Exodus 20:1-17). It underscores the importance of the Law in Jewish life and its role as a moral guide. Jesus often referenced the commandments to highlight their enduring significance and to point out deeper spiritual truths.

‘Do not commit adultery:
This commandment, found in Exodus 20:14, emphasizes the sanctity of marriage and the importance of faithfulness. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, adultery was not only a personal sin but also a social offense that could disrupt family and community stability. Jesus later expands on this commandment in Matthew 5:27-28, teaching that even lustful thoughts violate this law, thus deepening its moral implications.

do not murder:
This commandment, from Exodus 20:13, prohibits the unlawful taking of human life, reflecting the value God places on life. In the historical context, murder was seen as a grave sin against both God and society. Jesus further expounds on this in Matthew 5:21-22, equating anger with murder, thereby addressing the heart's intent and not just the physical act.

do not steal:
Exodus 20:15 commands against taking what does not belong to you, highlighting the importance of respecting others' property. In the ancient world, theft could lead to severe consequences, disrupting social order. This commandment is echoed throughout scripture, emphasizing integrity and trustworthiness (Ephesians 4:28).

do not bear false witness:
This commandment, found in Exodus 20:16, prohibits lying, especially in legal settings. In ancient Israel, truthful testimony was crucial for justice. Bearing false witness could lead to wrongful punishment and societal discord. Jesus emphasizes truthfulness in all communication (Matthew 5:37), reflecting God's nature as truth.

honor your father and mother:
Exodus 20:12 commands respect and obedience to parents, promising long life as a reward. This reflects the family structure's importance in Israelite society, where honoring parents was foundational to social stability. Paul reiterates this commandment in Ephesians 6:1-3, emphasizing its continued relevance for Christian families.

All these I have kept from my youth,
This phrase is spoken by a wealthy ruler who approaches Jesus, seeking to understand what he must do to inherit eternal life. The ruler's claim reflects a common Jewish understanding of righteousness based on adherence to the Mosaic Law. From a young age, Jewish boys were taught the commandments, and this ruler asserts his lifelong commitment to them. His statement indicates a belief in works-based righteousness, a prevalent view in first-century Judaism. This claim of keeping the commandments from youth suggests a life of religious observance and moral integrity, yet it also reveals a potential misunderstanding of the deeper spiritual demands of the Law, which Jesus often highlighted.

he said.
The ruler's response is direct and confident, indicating his self-assuredness in his religious life. This interaction occurs in the context of Jesus' ministry, where He often challenges individuals to look beyond mere external compliance to the heart's condition. The ruler's statement sets the stage for Jesus to reveal the inadequacy of human efforts alone to achieve righteousness and the necessity of a transformed heart. This moment is pivotal, as it leads to Jesus' teaching on the difficulty for the rich to enter the kingdom of God, emphasizing the need for divine grace over human achievement.

On hearing this, Jesus told him,
This phrase indicates a direct response from Jesus to the rich young ruler, who had just expressed his adherence to the commandments. Jesus' response is personal and discerning, addressing the heart of the man's spiritual condition. It reflects Jesus' ability to perceive the true needs and intentions of individuals, as seen in other encounters such as with the Samaritan woman (John 4:7-26).

“You still lack one thing:
Despite the young man's outward obedience, Jesus identifies a deficiency in his spiritual life. This highlights the biblical principle that salvation is not achieved through works alone but requires a heart fully surrendered to God. It echoes the teaching in James 2:10 that failing in one point of the law makes one guilty of all.

Sell everything you own and give to the poor,
Jesus challenges the man to relinquish his material wealth, which had become an idol in his life. This command underscores the biblical theme of detachment from earthly possessions, as seen in Matthew 6:19-21, where believers are instructed to store up treasures in heaven. The call to give to the poor aligns with the Old Testament emphasis on justice and care for the needy (Proverbs 19:17).

and you will have treasure in heaven.
This promise of heavenly treasure contrasts with earthly wealth, emphasizing the eternal value of spiritual riches. It reflects the kingdom principle that true wealth is found in a relationship with God and in living according to His will. This is consistent with Jesus' teachings in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7).

Then come, follow Me.”
The invitation to follow Jesus is central to discipleship, requiring a complete commitment to His lordship. This call to follow is a recurring theme in the Gospels, as seen in Jesus' invitation to His first disciples (Matthew 4:19). It signifies a life of obedience, sacrifice, and transformation, aligning with the call to take up one's cross (Luke 9:23).

But when the ruler heard this
The ruler in this passage is often identified as a rich young ruler, a person of significant social standing and influence. In the context of first-century Judea, rulers were often part of the local aristocracy or held positions of authority within the synagogue. This encounter follows Jesus' teaching on entering the Kingdom of God, emphasizing the challenge of wealth in spiritual commitment. The ruler's response is pivotal, as it reflects the tension between earthly possessions and spiritual devotion.

he became very sad
The ruler's sadness indicates a deep internal conflict. His reaction is not just disappointment but a profound sorrow, suggesting that he understood the gravity of Jesus' challenge. This emotional response highlights the ruler's attachment to his wealth and the difficulty of prioritizing spiritual over material wealth. The sadness also underscores the personal cost of discipleship, a recurring theme in Jesus' teachings.

because he was extremely wealthy
Wealth in the ancient world was often seen as a sign of God's favor, yet Jesus challenges this notion by suggesting that wealth can be a hindrance to spiritual growth. The ruler's extreme wealth implies not just financial resources but also the social and cultural power that comes with it. This wealth creates a barrier to fully following Jesus, as it requires a radical reorientation of values. The difficulty of the wealthy entering the Kingdom of God is further illustrated in the subsequent verses, where Jesus uses the metaphor of a camel passing through the eye of a needle. This phrase also connects to other scriptural teachings on the dangers of wealth, such as in 1 Timothy 6:10, which warns that the love of money is the root of all kinds of evil.

Seeing the man’s sadness
Jesus observes the emotional state of the rich young ruler, who has just turned away sorrowfully after being challenged to sell all he has and follow Christ. This moment highlights Jesus' compassion and understanding of human emotions. It also underscores the personal nature of Jesus' ministry, as He engages with individuals on a deep, personal level. The sadness of the man reflects the internal conflict between his desire for eternal life and his attachment to worldly possessions.

Jesus said
This phrase emphasizes the authority of Jesus' words. In the Gospels, when Jesus speaks, it is with divine authority and wisdom. His teachings often challenge societal norms and personal beliefs, calling individuals to a higher standard of living and understanding. The words of Jesus are central to Christian doctrine and are seen as the ultimate guide for faith and practice.

How hard it is for the rich
This statement addresses the spiritual challenge that wealth can pose. In the cultural context of first-century Judea, wealth was often seen as a sign of God's favor. However, Jesus turns this notion on its head, suggesting that wealth can be a hindrance to spiritual growth and entry into God's kingdom. This teaching is consistent with other biblical passages that warn against the dangers of riches, such as 1 Timothy 6:9-10, which speaks of the love of money as a root of all kinds of evil.

to enter the kingdom of God!
The "kingdom of God" is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing both a present reality and a future hope. It signifies God's reign and rule, both in the hearts of believers and ultimately in the world. Entering the kingdom requires a transformation of heart and priorities, often involving a relinquishment of earthly attachments. This phrase challenges believers to evaluate what they value most and to prioritize their relationship with God above all else. The difficulty for the rich to enter the kingdom is not due to wealth itself, but the potential for wealth to become an idol, distracting from wholehearted devotion to God.

Indeed, it is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle
This phrase uses hyperbolic language to illustrate the difficulty of a rich person entering the kingdom of God. The camel, the largest animal in the region, and the eye of a needle, one of the smallest openings, create a vivid image of impossibility. Some interpretations suggest a literal needle, while others propose a narrow gate in Jerusalem called the "Needle's Eye," though evidence for this gate is scant. The hyperbole emphasizes the spiritual challenge wealth poses, as it can lead to self-reliance rather than dependence on God. This imagery is consistent with Jewish wisdom literature, which often uses exaggerated comparisons to convey moral truths.

than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.
In the cultural context of first-century Judea, wealth was often seen as a sign of God's favor, making this statement counterintuitive to Jesus' audience. The kingdom of God refers to the reign and rule of God, both in the present spiritual sense and the future eschatological fulfillment. Jesus challenges the notion that material wealth equates to spiritual blessing, highlighting the potential for riches to become an idol that hinders one's relationship with God. This teaching aligns with other biblical passages, such as Matthew 6:24, where Jesus states that one cannot serve both God and money. The call is for a heart fully devoted to God, free from the entanglements of wealth.

Those who heard this asked
This phrase refers to the audience present during Jesus' teaching, which included His disciples and possibly other followers or onlookers. In the context of Luke 18, Jesus had just spoken to a rich ruler about the difficulty for the wealthy to enter the kingdom of God. The audience's reaction indicates their surprise and concern, reflecting the cultural belief that wealth was a sign of God's favor. This moment highlights the radical nature of Jesus' teachings, which often challenged societal norms and expectations.

“Who then can be saved?”
This question reveals the underlying anxiety and confusion among the listeners regarding salvation. In Jewish culture, wealth was often seen as a blessing from God, and the rich were considered more likely to be righteous. The disciples' question underscores the revolutionary nature of Jesus' message that salvation is not based on earthly status or wealth but on God's grace. This echoes other scriptural themes, such as in Ephesians 2:8-9, where salvation is described as a gift from God, not a result of works. The question also points to the universal need for salvation, emphasizing that it is not limited to any particular group but is available to all who believe.

But Jesus said,
This phrase introduces the speaker, Jesus Christ, who is central to the New Testament narrative. His teachings often challenge human understanding and reveal divine truths. In the context of Luke 18, Jesus is responding to a question about salvation, emphasizing His authority and insight into spiritual matters.

“What is impossible with man
This part of the verse highlights human limitations. In the context of the rich young ruler's question about inheriting eternal life, it underscores the inability of human effort or wealth to secure salvation. This reflects the broader biblical theme of human insufficiency, as seen in passages like Romans 3:23, which states that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.

is possible with God.”
Here, the focus shifts to God's omnipotence. This statement affirms that what humans cannot achieve through their own means, God can accomplish. It aligns with the biblical narrative of God's power to do the miraculous, such as the parting of the Red Sea (Exodus 14) and the resurrection of Jesus (Matthew 28). This phrase also connects to the theme of faith, as seen in Hebrews 11:6, which emphasizes that faith in God's power is essential for pleasing Him.

"Look," said Peter,
Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, often acts as the spokesperson for the group. His use of "Look" indicates a desire for Jesus to pay attention to what he is about to say, suggesting the importance of his statement. This reflects Peter's bold and impulsive nature, seen throughout the Gospels, such as when he walks on water (Matthew 14:28-29) or declares Jesus as the Messiah (Matthew 16:16).

"we have left all we had"
Peter refers to the significant sacrifices made by the disciples to follow Jesus. This includes leaving their livelihoods, such as fishing (Matthew 4:18-22), and their families, which was a radical commitment in a culture that valued family ties and economic stability. This echoes the call of discipleship, where Jesus asks for total commitment (Luke 14:33).

"to follow You."
Following Jesus implies a life of discipleship, characterized by learning from Him and emulating His life and teachings. This phrase highlights the personal relationship between Jesus and His disciples, emphasizing trust and obedience. It also connects to the broader theme of discipleship in the Gospels, where following Jesus often means taking up one's cross and prioritizing the Kingdom of God over worldly concerns (Matthew 16:24-25).

Truly I tell you,
This phrase is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of His statement. It is a common introductory phrase in the Gospels, indicating that what follows is a significant teaching or revelation. It underscores the authority of Jesus as a teacher and prophet, echoing the Old Testament prophets who often prefaced their messages with "Thus says the Lord."

Jesus replied,
This indicates that Jesus is responding to a question or situation. In the context of Luke 18, Jesus is addressing Peter's statement about the disciples having left everything to follow Him. This response is part of a larger discourse on the cost of discipleship and the rewards of following Christ.

no one who has left home or wife or brothers or parents or children
This phrase highlights the sacrifices that may be required of those who choose to follow Jesus. In the cultural and historical context of first-century Judaism, family ties were of utmost importance, and leaving one's family would have been a significant and challenging decision. This reflects the radical nature of discipleship, where allegiance to Jesus takes precedence over even the closest familial relationships. It also echoes the call of the prophets, like Elisha, who left his family to follow Elijah (1 Kings 19:19-21).

for the sake of the kingdom of God
The "kingdom of God" is a central theme in Jesus' teaching, referring to God's sovereign rule and the realization of His will on earth as it is in heaven. This phrase indicates that the sacrifices made by disciples are not for personal gain but for the advancement of God's kingdom. It connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's redemptive plan, as seen in prophecies like Daniel 2:44, which speaks of God's everlasting kingdom. The kingdom of God is both a present reality and a future hope, fulfilled in the person and work of Jesus Christ, who embodies the kingdom's values and mission.

will fail to receive many times more in this age—
This phrase emphasizes the promise of abundant blessings in the present life for those who sacrifice for the sake of the Kingdom of God. The context of this passage is Jesus' response to Peter, who noted that the disciples had left everything to follow Him. The promise of "many times more" suggests a principle of divine recompense, where God rewards those who prioritize His kingdom over worldly possessions. This echoes the principle found in Matthew 6:33, where seeking first the kingdom of God results in all necessary things being added to one's life. Historically, the early church experienced this through the communal sharing of resources, as seen in Acts 2:44-45. Theologically, this reflects the concept of God's providence and generosity, ensuring that His followers are cared for in this life.

and in the age to come, eternal life.”
This phrase shifts the focus from temporal blessings to the ultimate reward of eternal life. The "age to come" refers to the eschatological future, the time after the final judgment when God's kingdom is fully realized. Eternal life is a central theme in the New Testament, representing not just unending existence but a quality of life in perfect fellowship with God. This promise is consistent with Jesus' teachings in John 3:16 and John 10:28, where belief in Him leads to eternal life. Theologically, this underscores the hope of resurrection and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan. It also connects to Old Testament prophecies, such as Daniel 12:2, which speaks of everlasting life for the righteous. The assurance of eternal life serves as a motivation for believers to endure present trials, knowing that their ultimate reward is secure in Christ.

The Third Prediction of the Passion

Then Jesus took the Twelve aside
Jesus often took His disciples aside to teach them privately, emphasizing the importance of personal instruction and preparation for their future roles. The Twelve refers to the twelve apostles, His closest followers, who were chosen to be witnesses of His ministry and resurrection. This moment highlights the intimate relationship between Jesus and His disciples, as well as the importance of preparing them for the events to come.

and said to them,
Jesus frequently used direct communication to convey important truths to His disciples. This phrase indicates a moment of teaching and revelation, where Jesus is about to share significant information. It underscores His role as a teacher and leader, guiding His followers with wisdom and foresight.

“Look, we are going up to Jerusalem,
Jerusalem is the central city of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. It holds significant historical and religious importance as the city of David and the place where many key events in Israel's history occurred. Jesus' journey to Jerusalem is pivotal, as it sets the stage for His crucifixion and resurrection. The phrase "going up" reflects the geographical ascent to Jerusalem, which is situated on a hill, and also signifies the spiritual significance of the journey.

and everything the prophets have written
This phrase connects Jesus' mission to the Old Testament prophecies, affirming the continuity of God's plan throughout Scripture. Prophets like Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Daniel foretold the coming of the Messiah and His suffering. Jesus' reference to these writings underscores the fulfillment of God's promises and the divine orchestration of salvation history.

about the Son of Man
The title "Son of Man" is a messianic term that Jesus frequently used for Himself. It originates from Daniel 7:13-14, where the Son of Man is depicted as a heavenly figure with authority and dominion. This title emphasizes both Jesus' humanity and His divine authority, highlighting His role as the prophesied Messiah who bridges heaven and earth.

will be fulfilled.
The fulfillment of prophecy is a central theme in the Gospels, demonstrating that Jesus' life and mission were in accordance with God's predetermined plan. This phrase assures the disciples that the events to come, including Jesus' suffering, death, and resurrection, are not random but are the culmination of God's redemptive work as foretold by the prophets. It reinforces the reliability of Scripture and the sovereignty of God in bringing His purposes to pass.

He will be delivered over to the Gentiles
This phrase refers to Jesus being handed over to non-Jewish authorities, specifically the Roman officials. In the context of first-century Judea, the Jewish leaders did not have the authority to execute capital punishment, which is why they needed to involve the Roman government. This fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 53:3, where the Messiah is described as being despised and rejected by men. The act of being delivered to the Gentiles also signifies the rejection of Jesus by His own people, as seen in John 1:11, where it states, "He came to His own, and His own did not receive Him."

and will be mocked
Mocking was a common form of humiliation used by the Romans to demean those they considered inferior or rebellious. This act of mockery fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 22:7, which describes the suffering servant being ridiculed. The mockery of Jesus is further detailed in the Gospels, where Roman soldiers dress Him in a purple robe and place a crown of thorns on His head, sarcastically hailing Him as "King of the Jews" (Mark 15:17-20). This mockery underscores the misunderstanding and rejection of Jesus' true kingship.

and insulted
Insulting Jesus was part of the broader pattern of abuse He endured during His trial and crucifixion. The cultural context of the time saw verbal abuse as a way to strip a person of dignity and honor. This aligns with the prophecy in Isaiah 50:6, where the servant of the Lord is described as offering His back to those who beat Him and His cheeks to those who pull out His beard, not hiding His face from mocking and spitting. The insults hurled at Jesus highlight the depth of human sin and the extent of His suffering for humanity's redemption.

and spit upon
Spitting was considered one of the most degrading acts of contempt in ancient cultures, symbolizing utter disdain and rejection. This act fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 50:6, where the suffering servant does not hide His face from disgrace and spitting. The act of spitting on Jesus is recorded in the Gospels during His trial before the Sanhedrin and later by the Roman soldiers (Matthew 26:67, Mark 14:65). This ultimate act of humiliation emphasizes the extent of Jesus' suffering and His willingness to endure shame for the sake of fulfilling His redemptive mission.

They will flog Him and kill Him
This phrase refers to the suffering and death of Jesus Christ, which is central to the Christian faith. Flogging, or scourging, was a brutal Roman punishment often preceding crucifixion, highlighting the severity of Jesus' suffering. This act fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 53:5, which speaks of the Messiah being "wounded for our transgressions." The mention of "they" indicates the involvement of both Jewish leaders and Roman authorities, as seen in the trials before the Sanhedrin and Pontius Pilate (Matthew 27:1-2, John 19:1). The crucifixion itself is a fulfillment of Psalm 22, which describes the suffering of the righteous one. Historically, crucifixion was a common Roman execution method for criminals, emphasizing the humiliation and rejection Jesus faced.

and on the third day He will rise again.
This phrase proclaims the resurrection of Jesus, a cornerstone of Christian belief. The "third day" is significant, as it aligns with Jewish understanding of time and prophecy, such as Jonah's three days in the belly of the fish (Jonah 1:17), which Jesus Himself references as a sign (Matthew 12:40). The resurrection is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, including Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not allowing His Holy One to see decay. The resurrection is also a type of new creation, paralleling the creation narrative where God completed His work and rested on the seventh day, with Jesus rising to inaugurate a new covenant. This event is pivotal, as it confirms Jesus' divinity, His victory over sin and death, and the promise of eternal life for believers (1 Corinthians 15:20-22).

But the disciples did not understand any of these things.
The disciples' lack of understanding is a recurring theme in the Gospels. Despite being with Jesus and witnessing His miracles and teachings, they often struggled to grasp the full significance of His words and actions. This reflects the spiritual blindness that can affect even those closest to divine truth. In the context of Luke 18, Jesus had just predicted His suffering, death, and resurrection, which was contrary to the disciples' expectations of a triumphant Messiah. This misunderstanding highlights the human tendency to interpret divine plans through personal biases and cultural expectations. The disciples' confusion is also a fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy about people hearing but not understanding (Isaiah 6:9-10).

The meaning was hidden from them,
This phrase suggests a divine purpose in their lack of understanding. It implies that God, in His sovereignty, had not yet revealed the full meaning of Jesus' mission to them. This hiddenness can be seen as a protective measure, as the disciples were not yet ready to bear the full weight of the knowledge of Jesus' impending suffering and death. It also points to the mystery of God's plan, which unfolds in His timing. This concept of hiddenness is echoed in other scriptures, such as Daniel 12:9, where certain truths are sealed until the appointed time.

and they did not comprehend what He was saying.
The disciples' inability to comprehend is not just intellectual but spiritual. It underscores the necessity of divine revelation for true understanding. This lack of comprehension is a reminder of the limitations of human wisdom and the need for the Holy Spirit to illuminate the truths of God. After Jesus' resurrection, the Holy Spirit would open their minds to understand the Scriptures (Luke 24:45), showing that comprehension of divine truths is ultimately a gift from God. This moment foreshadows the transformation that would occur at Pentecost, when the disciples would be empowered to understand and proclaim the Gospel boldly.

Jesus Heals a Blind Beggar

As Jesus drew near to Jericho
Jericho is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, located in the Jordan Valley. It holds significant biblical history, being the first city conquered by the Israelites under Joshua (Joshua 6). The mention of Jericho here connects Jesus' journey to the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel. Jericho was also known for its palm trees and was a prosperous city during Jesus' time. This setting highlights the contrast between the wealth of the city and the poverty of the blind man.

a blind man was sitting beside the road, begging
Blindness in biblical times was often seen as a sign of sin or divine punishment, though Jesus refutes this notion elsewhere (John 9:1-3). The blind man's position beside the road indicates his marginalization and dependence on others for survival. Begging was a common occupation for those with disabilities, as there were no social services to support them. This scene sets the stage for a demonstration of Jesus' compassion and power, as He often reached out to those marginalized by society. The blind man's faith and persistence will soon become evident, serving as a model for spiritual insight and dependence on Christ.

When he heard the crowd going by
This phrase occurs as Jesus is approaching Jericho, a significant city with a rich biblical history, known as the first city conquered by the Israelites under Joshua. The mention of a "crowd" indicates Jesus' growing popularity and the anticipation surrounding His ministry. Crowds often followed Jesus, seeking healing, teaching, and miracles. This reflects the fulfillment of prophecies about the Messiah drawing people to Himself (Isaiah 42:1-4).

he asked what was happening
The man asking is identified in the context as a blind beggar, highlighting the social and economic challenges faced by individuals with disabilities in ancient times. Beggars often relied on almsgiving, a common practice in Jewish culture, as a means of survival. His inquiry shows his awareness and desire to understand the commotion, indicating hope and faith that something significant was occurring. This moment foreshadows the revelation of Jesus' identity and mission, as the blind man will soon recognize Jesus as the "Son of David," a messianic title affirming Jesus' royal lineage and fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies (2 Samuel 7:12-16).

Jesus of Nazareth
This title identifies Jesus with His hometown, Nazareth, a small village in Galilee. Nazareth was often looked down upon (John 1:46), yet it fulfills the prophecy that the Messiah would be called a Nazarene (Matthew 2:23). The use of "Jesus of Nazareth" highlights His humble origins and humanity, contrasting with His divine mission.

is passing by
The phrase indicates the immediacy and urgency of the moment. Jesus was on His way to Jerusalem, where He would fulfill His mission through His death and resurrection (Luke 18:31-33). This moment signifies a divine appointment, as Jesus often passed through towns and villages, performing miracles and teaching. The transient nature of His passing underscores the need for immediate faith and action, as seen in the blind man's response in the following verses.

they told him
The crowd informs the blind man, showing the communal aspect of Jesus' ministry. The people around Jesus often played a role in bringing others to Him, whether through direct interaction or by spreading news of His presence. This reflects the broader theme of witness and testimony found throughout the Gospels, where individuals and groups are called to share the message of Christ with others.

So he called out
The phrase "he called out" indicates a desperate plea, reflecting the urgency and intensity of the blind man's situation. In the cultural context of the time, a blind beggar would have been marginalized and often ignored by society. His calling out signifies both his recognition of Jesus' authority and his hope for healing. This act of calling out is a demonstration of faith, as he believes Jesus can change his circumstances.

“Jesus, Son of David”
The title "Son of David" is a messianic title, acknowledging Jesus as the promised descendant of King David, who would establish an everlasting kingdom (2 Samuel 7:12-16). This title is significant because it shows the blind man's recognition of Jesus as the Messiah, a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy. The use of this title also connects to the Jewish expectation of a deliverer who would restore Israel. By addressing Jesus in this way, the blind man is expressing his belief in Jesus' divine authority and messianic role.

have mercy on me!”
The plea for mercy is a common theme in the Psalms and throughout Scripture, where individuals seek God's compassion and forgiveness (Psalm 51:1). In this context, the blind man is asking for Jesus' compassion and healing power. Mercy here implies not only a physical healing but also a spiritual acknowledgment of Jesus' power to transform lives. This request for mercy highlights the man's humility and recognition of his own need, as well as his faith in Jesus' ability to provide what he cannot achieve on his own.

Those who led the way admonished him to be silent
In the context of Jesus' journey to Jerusalem, those leading the way likely included His disciples and others who were part of the crowd following Him. The admonishment to be silent reflects a cultural norm where individuals of lower social status, such as beggars or the disabled, were often marginalized and expected to remain unobtrusive. This moment highlights the societal barriers that existed, where the voices of the needy were frequently suppressed. The leaders' attempt to silence the blind man underscores a recurring theme in the Gospels: the tension between societal expectations and the radical inclusivity of Jesus' ministry. This phrase also connects to other instances in the Gospels where individuals are rebuked for seeking Jesus' attention, such as the disciples rebuking those bringing children to Jesus (Mark 10:13-16).

but he cried out all the louder
The blind man's persistence in crying out demonstrates his desperation and faith. Despite being rebuked, his determination to reach Jesus is unwavering. This act of crying out louder can be seen as a demonstration of faith, similar to the persistent widow earlier in Luke 18:1-8, who continually sought justice. The blind man's actions reflect a deep belief in Jesus' ability to heal and a refusal to be deterred by societal pressures. This persistence is a model of faith that overcomes obstacles, echoing the biblical principle that faith often requires boldness and perseverance.

“Son of David, have mercy on me!”
The title "Son of David" is a messianic term, acknowledging Jesus as the promised descendant of David who would establish God's kingdom (2 Samuel 7:12-16). By using this title, the blind man is expressing his belief in Jesus as the Messiah. This acknowledgment is significant, as it shows an understanding of Jesus' true identity, which many others, including religious leaders, failed to recognize. The plea for mercy is a common biblical theme, reflecting a recognition of one's need for divine grace and compassion. This cry for mercy is reminiscent of the Psalms, where the psalmists often appeal to God's mercy in times of distress (Psalm 51:1). The blind man's request is both a personal plea for healing and a profound theological statement about Jesus' identity and mission.

Jesus stopped
This phrase highlights Jesus' attentiveness and compassion. Despite being surrounded by a crowd, He pauses, demonstrating His willingness to address individual needs. This act reflects His nature as the Good Shepherd who cares for each of His sheep (John 10:11-14). It also fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 42:3, where the Messiah is described as one who will not ignore the cries of the needy.

and directed that the man be brought to Him.
Jesus' directive to bring the man to Him shows His authority and intentionality. In the cultural context, a blind beggar would have been marginalized, yet Jesus elevates his status by calling him forward. This act parallels the invitation in Matthew 11:28, where Jesus calls all who are weary to come to Him. It also prefigures the inclusivity of the Gospel, as seen in Acts 10:34-35, where God shows no favoritism.

When he had come near,
The movement of the blind man towards Jesus signifies faith and obedience. In biblical terms, drawing near to God is often associated with seeking His presence and favor (James 4:8). This approach is symbolic of the spiritual journey of coming to Christ, as seen in the parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:20), where the son returns to the father.

Jesus asked him,
Jesus' question is not due to ignorance but serves to engage the man personally and to elicit a confession of faith. This method of questioning is consistent with God's interactions throughout Scripture, such as when God asked Adam, "Where are you?" (Genesis 3:9). It invites reflection and a declaration of need, setting the stage for a miraculous encounter.

“What do you want Me to do for you?”
This question from Jesus highlights His willingness to engage personally with those in need. It reflects His compassion and readiness to respond to faith. In the context of Luke 18, Jesus is on His way to Jerusalem, where He will face crucifixion. Despite the weight of His mission, He takes time to address individual needs, demonstrating His accessibility and care. This question also invites the blind man to express his faith and desire, similar to how God invites believers to present their requests in prayer (Philippians 4:6). It echoes the personal nature of Jesus' ministry, where He often asked individuals to articulate their needs, as seen in His interactions with others seeking healing (Mark 10:51).

“Lord,” he said,
The blind man’s use of “Lord” signifies recognition of Jesus’ authority and divinity. In the cultural and historical context, addressing someone as "Lord" could denote respect or acknowledgment of a higher status. However, in the Gospels, it often indicates a deeper recognition of Jesus' messianic role. This title aligns with the messianic prophecies in the Old Testament, where the coming Messiah is depicted as a figure of divine authority (Isaiah 9:6). The blind man's address reflects his faith in Jesus' power to heal and his acknowledgment of Jesus as more than just a teacher or prophet.

“let me see again.”
This request reveals the man's faith and hope in Jesus' ability to restore his sight. The phrase "see again" indicates that he once had sight, suggesting a longing for restoration and a return to wholeness. In biblical symbolism, sight often represents understanding and spiritual insight. Jesus' miracles of giving sight to the blind are not only acts of compassion but also serve as signs of His messianic identity, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 35:5, which speaks of the eyes of the blind being opened. This miracle prefigures the spiritual enlightenment that Jesus brings, as He is the "light of the world" (John 8:12), offering both physical and spiritual sight to those who believe.

Receive your sight!
This phrase is a direct command from Jesus, demonstrating His authority and power over physical ailments. In the context of Luke 18, Jesus is on His way to Jerusalem and encounters a blind beggar near Jericho. The act of restoring sight is symbolic of spiritual enlightenment and salvation, as blindness often represents spiritual ignorance or unbelief in biblical literature. This miracle fulfills prophecies such as Isaiah 35:5, which speaks of the eyes of the blind being opened in the Messianic age. Jesus' miracles often serve as signs pointing to His divine nature and the inauguration of God's kingdom.

Jesus replied.
The personal interaction between Jesus and the blind man highlights the compassionate nature of Christ. Jesus' response is not just a demonstration of power but also an expression of His willingness to engage with individuals in their suffering. This personal attention is consistent with Jesus' ministry, where He often stops to address the needs of those who call out to Him, as seen in other gospel accounts like Mark 10:46-52.

Your faith has healed you.
This statement underscores the importance of faith in the process of healing and salvation. The Greek word for "healed" can also be translated as "saved," indicating a dual meaning of physical healing and spiritual salvation. The emphasis on faith aligns with other biblical teachings, such as Hebrews 11:6, which states that without faith, it is impossible to please God. This phrase also connects to other instances where Jesus attributes healing to faith, such as in the healing of the woman with the issue of blood (Mark 5:34). It highlights the principle that faith is the means by which individuals receive God's grace and power.

Immediately he received his sight
This phrase highlights the instantaneous nature of the miracle, emphasizing Jesus' divine power and authority. In biblical context, blindness often symbolizes spiritual ignorance or lack of understanding, and receiving sight can represent enlightenment or salvation. The immediacy of the healing underscores the completeness and effectiveness of Jesus' miracles, reflecting prophecies such as Isaiah 35:5, which speaks of the eyes of the blind being opened in the Messianic age.

and followed Jesus
The act of following Jesus signifies discipleship and a commitment to a new way of life. In the cultural context of the time, following a rabbi or teacher was a sign of allegiance and a desire to learn from them. This man's decision to follow Jesus after being healed indicates a transformation not just physically but spiritually, aligning with the call to discipleship seen throughout the Gospels (e.g., Matthew 4:19).

glorifying God
Glorifying God is a response of worship and gratitude, acknowledging God's power and mercy. This reflects the biblical principle that miracles and blessings should lead to worship and recognition of God's sovereignty. The healed man's response is consistent with the purpose of Jesus' miracles, which were to reveal God's glory and lead people to faith (John 11:4).

And all the people, when they saw it, gave praise to God
The public nature of the miracle and the collective response of the people highlight the communal aspect of faith and worship. Witnessing the miracle led the crowd to praise God, showing that Jesus' works were not only for the benefit of individuals but also served to strengthen the faith of the community. This mirrors other instances in the Gospels where Jesus' miracles lead to public acknowledgment of God's power (e.g., Luke 7:16). The reaction of the people fulfills the purpose of miracles as signs pointing to the divine nature of Jesus and the coming of God's kingdom.

This is a draft of the Berean Study Bible. Please send all comments and recommendations to bereanstudybible@aol.com.



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Luke 17
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