Of David.
This psalm is attributed to David, the second king of Israel, who is known for his deep relationship with God and his role in establishing Jerusalem as the political and spiritual center of Israel. David's life was marked by numerous conflicts, both personal and national, which often drove him to seek God's intervention. The historical context of David's reign, including his battles with surrounding nations and internal strife, provides a backdrop for understanding his plea for divine assistance.

Contend with my opponents, O LORD;
The term "contend" suggests a legal or judicial battle, invoking the image of God as a divine advocate or judge. In ancient Israel, legal disputes were often settled at the city gates, where elders would hear cases. David's request for God to contend on his behalf reflects his reliance on divine justice over human judgment. This plea is echoed in other scriptures, such as Isaiah 49:25, where God promises to contend with those who contend with His people, highlighting God's role as a defender of the righteous.

fight against those who fight against me.
This phrase emphasizes the military aspect of David's request, calling upon God to actively engage in battle against his enemies. Throughout the Old Testament, God is depicted as a warrior who fights for Israel, as seen in Exodus 15:3, where He is described as "a man of war." David's appeal for divine intervention in battle reflects the cultural understanding of God as a protector and deliverer. This also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over spiritual enemies, as seen in Revelation 19:11-16, where Jesus is portrayed as a conquering king.

Take up Your shield and buckler;
In ancient warfare, the shield and buckler were essential defensive tools. The shield, often large and used to protect the entire body, symbolizes God's comprehensive protection over His people. The buckler, a smaller shield, represents agility and readiness in defense. This imagery is consistent with Ephesians 6:16, where faith is described as a shield that can extinguish the fiery darts of the evil one. The psalmist's plea for God to take up these defensive weapons underscores a deep trust in God's ability to protect and defend against adversaries. This request reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where God is seen as a divine warrior who fights on behalf of His followers, as seen in Exodus 15:3.

arise and come to my aid.
The call for God to "arise" is a common biblical motif, often used to invoke God's active intervention in human affairs. It suggests a transition from a state of rest to one of action, emphasizing the urgency and desperation of the psalmist's situation. This plea is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 44:26, where the psalmist asks God to rise up and help. The phrase "come to my aid" highlights the personal relationship between the psalmist and God, indicating a reliance on divine assistance in times of trouble. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God as a helper and deliverer, as seen in passages like Psalm 46:1, where God is described as a "very present help in trouble." The psalmist's request is not just for protection but for active intervention, aligning with the belief in God's sovereignty and willingness to engage in the lives of His people.

Draw the spear and javelin against my pursuers;
This phrase reflects a plea for divine intervention and protection. In ancient warfare, the spear and javelin were common weapons used for both defense and attack. The imagery suggests a call for God to actively engage in battle on behalf of the psalmist, symbolizing God's power and readiness to defend His people. This request for God to take up arms can be seen as a metaphor for seeking God's justice against adversaries. The psalmist's enemies are not just personal foes but represent forces of evil and injustice. This aligns with other biblical passages where God is depicted as a warrior, such as in Exodus 15:3, "The LORD is a warrior; the LORD is his name."

say to my soul: “I am your salvation.”
Here, the psalmist seeks reassurance from God, not just in physical terms but at a deeper, spiritual level. The request for God to speak directly to the soul emphasizes the need for inner peace and confidence in God's deliverance. This reflects a personal relationship with God, where the psalmist desires to hear God's voice affirming His role as Savior. The concept of God as salvation is central to the biblical narrative, pointing to ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ. In the New Testament, Jesus is often identified as the fulfillment of God's promise of salvation, as seen in passages like Luke 2:30-32, where Simeon declares Jesus as God's salvation prepared for all people. This phrase underscores the assurance of God's presence and His commitment to save, both in immediate circumstances and in the eternal sense.

May those who seek my life be disgraced and put to shame;
This phrase reflects a plea for divine justice against adversaries. In the historical context, David often faced threats from enemies, including King Saul and foreign nations. The request for disgrace and shame aligns with the biblical principle of divine retribution, where God vindicates the righteous and brings dishonor to the wicked (Psalm 31:17). The cultural context of honor and shame in ancient Israel underscores the severity of this curse, as public disgrace was a significant social penalty. This plea can also be seen as a type of Christ, who, though innocent, faced persecution and prayed for God's justice (John 17:1-5).

may those who plan to harm me be driven back and confounded.
The imagery of being "driven back" suggests a military defeat, common in the psalms where David, a warrior king, often sought God's intervention in battles (2 Samuel 5:19-25). The term "confounded" implies confusion and disarray, a common theme in biblical narratives where God intervenes to protect His people, such as the confusion of languages at Babel (Genesis 11:7) or the panic among enemy armies (Judges 7:22). This reflects the belief in God's sovereignty over human affairs and His ability to thwart the plans of the wicked. Theologically, it points to the ultimate victory of God's justice, as seen in the eschatological defeat of evil (Revelation 20:10).

May they be like chaff in the wind
The imagery of chaff is used throughout the Bible to represent worthlessness and impermanence. In ancient agricultural practices, chaff was the husk separated from the grain during the threshing process. It was light and easily carried away by the wind, symbolizing the fate of the wicked who are without substance or stability. This metaphor is also found in Psalm 1:4, where the wicked are compared to chaff blown away by the wind, emphasizing their lack of foundation and ultimate judgment. The use of chaff highlights the transient nature of those who oppose God's people, suggesting that their plans and efforts will ultimately come to nothing.

as the angel of the LORD drives them away
The "angel of the LORD" is a significant figure in the Old Testament, often seen as a divine messenger or a manifestation of God's presence and power. In some instances, the angel of the LORD is considered a theophany, a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ, as seen in encounters with figures like Hagar (Genesis 16:7-13) and Gideon (Judges 6:11-24). The involvement of the angel of the LORD in driving away the wicked underscores the divine intervention and protection afforded to the righteous. This phrase suggests that the defeat of the wicked is not merely a natural consequence but a direct act of God, ensuring that justice is served. The imagery of being driven away by a divine force reinforces the idea of God's sovereignty and the futility of opposing His will.

May their path be dark and slick
This phrase invokes imagery of danger and uncertainty. In biblical times, paths were often treacherous, especially at night or during adverse weather conditions. Darkness symbolizes confusion and the absence of divine guidance (Proverbs 4:19). A slick path suggests instability and the potential for downfall, reflecting the psalmist's desire for his enemies to face obstacles and challenges. This imagery is consistent with other biblical passages where the wicked are described as walking in darkness (Job 18:5-6).

as the angel of the LORD pursues
The "angel of the LORD" is a significant figure in the Old Testament, often representing God's direct intervention in human affairs. This phrase suggests divine retribution and justice, as the angel of the LORD is seen as an agent of God's will, executing judgment (Exodus 23:20-23). The pursuit implies relentless and unavoidable consequences for the wicked, aligning with the theme of divine justice found throughout the Psalms. The angel of the LORD is sometimes viewed as a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ, emphasizing the seriousness and authority of the pursuit (Genesis 16:7-13).

For without cause they laid their net for me;
This phrase reflects the experience of unjust persecution. In biblical times, nets were commonly used for hunting and fishing, symbolizing entrapment and deceit. The imagery of a net suggests a premeditated plan to ensnare the psalmist. This aligns with the experiences of many biblical figures, such as Joseph, who was sold into slavery by his brothers without just cause (Genesis 37:23-28). The phrase also foreshadows the unjust treatment of Jesus Christ, who was persecuted and crucified despite His innocence (John 15:25). The psalmist's lament can be seen as a type of Christ's own suffering, highlighting the theme of righteous suffering throughout Scripture.

without reason they dug a pit for my soul.
The act of digging a pit is another metaphor for plotting harm, often used in the Psalms to describe the actions of the wicked (Psalm 7:15, Psalm 57:6). In ancient Near Eastern culture, pits were used as traps for animals, and metaphorically, they represent the schemes of evildoers. The phrase "for my soul" indicates a deep, personal attack, targeting the very life and essence of the psalmist. This reflects the spiritual warfare faced by believers, as described in Ephesians 6:12, where the struggle is not against flesh and blood but against spiritual forces. The imagery of a pit also connects to the story of Daniel, who was thrown into the lion's den without cause (Daniel 6:16-24), and ultimately, it points to the deliverance and vindication that God provides to the righteous.

May ruin befall them by surprise;
This phrase reflects a plea for divine justice against adversaries. In the context of ancient Israel, enemies often used surprise attacks as a military strategy. The psalmist's request for ruin to come unexpectedly upon his foes mirrors the sudden and unforeseen nature of such attacks. This aligns with the biblical principle of retributive justice, where the wicked face consequences for their actions. The element of surprise underscores the sovereignty of God, who can bring about justice in ways beyond human anticipation. This theme is echoed in Proverbs 6:15, where calamity comes suddenly upon the wicked.

may the net they hid ensnare them;
The imagery of a net is common in biblical literature, symbolizing traps set by the wicked to capture the innocent. In ancient times, nets were used for hunting and fishing, representing a method of entrapment. The psalmist's prayer for the enemies to be caught in their own net reflects the concept of poetic justice, where evildoers fall victim to their schemes. This idea is paralleled in Proverbs 26:27, which states that those who dig a pit will fall into it. The net also serves as a metaphor for the deceit and cunning of the wicked, contrasting with the righteousness and protection of God.

may they fall into the hazard they created.
This phrase emphasizes the principle of sowing and reaping, where individuals face the consequences of their actions. The "hazard" refers to the dangers and traps set by the enemies, which they intended for others. The psalmist's desire for the wicked to fall into their own hazard highlights the justice of God, who ensures that evil plans backfire. This concept is seen throughout scripture, such as in Esther 7:10, where Haman is hanged on the gallows he prepared for Mordecai. The phrase also points to the ultimate triumph of righteousness over wickedness, a recurring theme in the Psalms.

Then my soul will rejoice in the LORD
This phrase reflects a deep, personal response to God's deliverance and protection. The soul, representing the innermost being, finds joy in the LORD, indicating a relationship that is both intimate and reliant on divine intervention. In the context of Psalm 35, David is seeking deliverance from his enemies, and this rejoicing is a response to anticipated victory. The concept of rejoicing in the LORD is echoed throughout the Psalms (e.g., Psalm 33:21) and is a common theme in the Old Testament, where joy is often linked to God's acts of salvation and faithfulness. This joy is not merely emotional but is rooted in the recognition of God's sovereignty and goodness.

and exult in His salvation.
Exultation here implies a triumphant and exuberant expression of joy. Salvation in the Old Testament context often refers to deliverance from physical danger or enemies, as seen in the life of David. However, it also points to a broader spiritual salvation that is fulfilled in the New Testament through Jesus Christ. The salvation mentioned here can be seen as a type of the ultimate salvation offered through Christ, who delivers believers from sin and eternal separation from God. This phrase connects to other scriptures that speak of God's saving power, such as Isaiah 12:2, and foreshadows the New Testament's emphasis on salvation through faith in Christ (e.g., Ephesians 2:8-9). The exultation in salvation is a theme that resonates with the Christian experience of joy in the assurance of eternal life.

All my bones will exclaim
This phrase emphasizes the depth of the psalmist's gratitude and praise, suggesting that his entire being is involved in worship. In Hebrew poetry, the use of "bones" often signifies the innermost self or the totality of one's being. This expression of total involvement in praise is seen elsewhere in scripture, such as in Psalm 103:1, where the psalmist calls on his soul and all that is within him to bless the Lord. The imagery of bones speaking underscores the intensity and sincerity of the psalmist's response to God's deliverance.

“Who is like You, O LORD
This rhetorical question highlights the uniqueness and incomparability of God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, where polytheism was prevalent, the declaration of God's uniqueness was a profound statement of monotheism. The phrase echoes the song of Moses in Exodus 15:11, "Who among the gods is like you, LORD?" It affirms the belief that the God of Israel is unparalleled in power, holiness, and ability to save. This theme is central to the identity of Israel as a people chosen by a singular, sovereign God.

who delivers the afflicted from the aggressor
The deliverance of the afflicted is a recurring theme in the Psalms and throughout the Old Testament. The term "afflicted" often refers to those who are oppressed or suffering, whether due to external enemies or personal circumstances. The "aggressor" can be understood as any force or person causing harm or injustice. This deliverance is a demonstration of God's justice and compassion, as seen in passages like Psalm 72:4, where the king is called to defend the afflicted and crush the oppressor. It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance brought by Jesus Christ, who came to set the captives free (Luke 4:18).

the poor and needy from the robber?”
The mention of the "poor and needy" reflects God's concern for the marginalized and vulnerable in society. Throughout the Bible, God is portrayed as a defender of those who lack power and resources, as seen in Deuteronomy 10:18, where He executes justice for the orphan and widow. The "robber" symbolizes those who exploit or take advantage of the weak. This deliverance is not only a physical rescue but also a spiritual and moral one, pointing to the broader biblical narrative of God's kingdom, where justice and righteousness prevail. Jesus' ministry often focused on the poor and needy, fulfilling prophecies like Isaiah 61:1, and His teachings in the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3) further emphasize the blessedness of the poor in spirit.

Hostile witnesses come forward;
This phrase reflects a common theme in the Psalms where the psalmist faces false accusations and persecution. In ancient Israel, legal proceedings often involved witnesses who would testify against the accused. The term "hostile witnesses" suggests a deliberate intent to harm or deceive. This can be seen in the story of Naboth's vineyard (1 Kings 21), where false witnesses were used to unjustly accuse Naboth. The concept of false testimony is also addressed in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:16), highlighting its seriousness in biblical law.

they make charges I know nothing about.
The psalmist expresses bewilderment and innocence regarding the accusations. This reflects a situation where the accused is unaware of any wrongdoing, emphasizing the injustice of the charges. This theme of innocence amidst false accusations is echoed in the life of Jesus Christ, who was also falsely accused by hostile witnesses (Mark 14:55-59). The psalmist's experience can be seen as a type of Christ, foreshadowing the ultimate innocent sufferer. The phrase underscores the psalmist's reliance on God for vindication, a common motif in the Psalms where the righteous seek divine justice against false accusations.

They repay me evil for good
This phrase reflects a common theme in the Psalms, where the psalmist experiences betrayal and injustice. The concept of repaying evil for good is seen throughout Scripture, such as in the story of Joseph, whose brothers sold him into slavery despite his good intentions (Genesis 37). This phrase also echoes the teachings of Jesus, who instructed His followers to love their enemies and do good to those who hate them (Luke 6:27). The psalmist's lament can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's own experience, as He was betrayed by Judas despite His acts of kindness and healing. The cultural context of the time emphasized honor and reciprocity, making the betrayal even more grievous.

to the bereavement of my soul
The term "bereavement" suggests a deep sense of loss and mourning, often associated with the death of a loved one. In this context, it indicates the profound emotional and spiritual impact of betrayal on the psalmist. This phrase can be connected to the suffering servant in Isaiah 53, who was "despised and rejected by men, a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief." The psalmist's experience of betrayal and emotional turmoil prefigures the ultimate suffering of Christ, who bore the sins of humanity and experienced separation from the Father on the cross. The depth of the psalmist's anguish highlights the personal and relational nature of sin and betrayal, which disrupts the intended harmony between individuals and God.

Yet when they were ill,
This phrase reflects the psalmist's compassion and empathy towards others, even those who may have been adversaries. In ancient Israel, illness was often seen as a time of vulnerability and need, and the psalmist's response indicates a commitment to intercessory prayer and support. This aligns with the broader biblical principle of loving one's neighbor (Leviticus 19:18) and echoes the teachings of Jesus in the New Testament, where He emphasizes love for enemies (Matthew 5:44).

I put on sackcloth;
Wearing sackcloth was a traditional expression of mourning, repentance, or humility in ancient Near Eastern cultures, including Israel. It was typically made from coarse goat's hair and was uncomfortable to wear, symbolizing the wearer's distress or penitence. This act signifies the psalmist's deep sorrow and earnestness in prayer, a practice seen throughout the Old Testament, such as in the story of Jonah and the repentance of Nineveh (Jonah 3:5-6).

I humbled myself with fasting,
Fasting is a spiritual discipline that involves abstaining from food to focus on prayer and seeking God's will. In the context of the psalm, fasting represents the psalmist's sincere dedication to interceding for those who were ill. This practice is seen throughout Scripture as a means of humbling oneself before God, seeking His intervention, and demonstrating earnestness in prayer (Ezra 8:21, Isaiah 58:6-7).

but my prayers returned unanswered.
The psalmist's experience of unanswered prayer highlights a common biblical theme of waiting on God's timing and sovereignty. This phrase reflects the tension between human expectation and divine will, a theme explored in other parts of Scripture, such as in the lamentations of Jeremiah (Lamentations 3:8) and the cries of Job (Job 30:20). It also points to the mystery of God's purposes, reminding believers of the need for faith and trust, even when immediate answers are not evident.

I paced about as for my friend or brother;
This phrase reflects the deep emotional turmoil and empathy the psalmist feels. In ancient Near Eastern culture, mourning was a communal activity, often involving physical expressions of grief such as pacing or walking in circles. The psalmist's comparison to a "friend or brother" indicates a close, familial bond, emphasizing the depth of his sorrow. This mirrors the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor as oneself (Leviticus 19:18) and the New Testament call to bear one another's burdens (Galatians 6:2). The psalmist's actions can be seen as a type of Christ, who is described as a friend and brother to believers (John 15:15, Hebrews 2:11).

I was bowed down with grief,
The act of being "bowed down" signifies a posture of humility and submission, often associated with intense sorrow or supplication. In biblical times, bowing down was a common expression of mourning, as seen in Job's response to his suffering (Job 1:20). This phrase highlights the psalmist's vulnerability and the weight of his emotional burden. It also foreshadows the suffering servant motif found in Isaiah 53, where the Messiah is described as a man of sorrows, acquainted with grief. This connection underscores the psalmist's experience as a precursor to the suffering of Christ.

like one mourning for his mother.
Mourning for a mother would have been one of the most profound expressions of grief in ancient Israelite society, as the mother-child relationship was deeply cherished. This comparison underscores the intensity of the psalmist's lament. The cultural context of mourning included wearing sackcloth, fasting, and weeping, as seen in the story of David mourning for his son (2 Samuel 12:16-17). This phrase also connects to the New Testament, where Jesus shows compassion for the grieving, such as when He comforts the widow of Nain (Luke 7:13). The psalmist's lament can be seen as a type of Christ's empathy and compassion for humanity's suffering.

But when I stumbled, they assembled in glee;
This phrase reflects the psalmist's experience of betrayal and mockery. The imagery of stumbling suggests a moment of vulnerability or failure. In ancient Israel, public misfortune was often seen as a sign of divine disfavor, which could lead to social ostracism. The assembly in glee indicates a communal joy at the psalmist's distress, reminiscent of Job's friends who misinterpreted his suffering as a result of sin (Job 16:10). This reaction contrasts with the biblical call to support and restore those who fall (Galatians 6:1).

they gathered together against me.
The gathering against the psalmist suggests a coordinated effort to harm or discredit him. This can be seen as a form of social persecution, where individuals unite to oppose someone perceived as an enemy. Historically, such gatherings could occur at city gates or public squares, places of judgment and discourse. This aligns with the experiences of other biblical figures like David, who faced conspiracies and betrayal (1 Samuel 18:8-9). It also foreshadows the gathering of religious leaders against Jesus, culminating in His crucifixion (Matthew 26:3-4).

Assailants I did not know slandered me without ceasing.
The mention of unknown assailants highlights the psalmist's sense of isolation and the unexpected nature of the attacks. Slander, or false accusations, was a serious offense in biblical times, often leading to social and legal repercussions. The continuous nature of the slander suggests relentless persecution, akin to the persistent accusations faced by Jesus (Mark 14:55-59). This phrase underscores the theme of unjust suffering, a common motif in the Psalms and a foreshadowing of Christ's own experiences of betrayal and false testimony.

Like godless jesters at a feast
This phrase paints a vivid picture of mockery and scorn. In ancient Near Eastern culture, feasts were often occasions for celebration and social interaction. However, the presence of "godless jesters" suggests a perversion of this setting, where instead of joy and fellowship, there is ridicule and derision. The term "godless" indicates a lack of reverence for God, aligning these jesters with the wicked. This imagery can be connected to other biblical instances where mockery is used against the righteous, such as in the accounts of Jesus' trial and crucifixion (Matthew 27:27-31). The cultural context of jesters, who were entertainers often allowed to speak freely, underscores the depth of disrespect shown to the psalmist.

they gnashed their teeth at me
Gnashing of teeth is a biblical expression of intense anger or hostility. It is used in various scriptures to depict the fury of the wicked against the righteous (Acts 7:54) and is also associated with the anguish of the damned (Matthew 8:12). In this context, it emphasizes the deep-seated animosity and aggression directed towards the psalmist. Historically, this expression would resonate with an audience familiar with the physical manifestation of rage. Theologically, it can be seen as a foreshadowing of the suffering of Christ, who faced similar hostility and scorn from His adversaries. This phrase highlights the psalmist's experience of being unjustly targeted by those who oppose God's ways.

How long, O Lord, will You look on?
This phrase reflects a common theme in the Psalms where the psalmist expresses a sense of urgency and desperation. The question "How long?" is a plea for God's intervention and is found in other Psalms such as Psalm 13:1 and Psalm 89:46. It indicates a period of suffering or injustice that seems prolonged. The psalmist feels as though God is merely observing rather than acting, which can be a test of faith. This cry for help is rooted in the belief that God is just and will eventually act on behalf of the righteous.

Rescue my soul from their ravages,
The request for rescue highlights the psalmist's dire situation, where his very life is at risk. The term "ravages" suggests violent destruction or severe harm, indicating the intensity of the threat faced. This plea for deliverance is consistent with the biblical theme of God as a deliverer, as seen in Exodus 3:7-8 where God hears the cries of the Israelites and rescues them from Egypt. The psalmist's soul, representing his entire being, is in need of divine intervention.

my precious life from these lions.
The imagery of "lions" is often used in the Bible to symbolize powerful and dangerous enemies. In 1 Peter 5:8, Satan is described as a roaring lion seeking someone to devour, which parallels the threat faced by the psalmist. The term "precious life" underscores the value and vulnerability of the psalmist's existence. This metaphorical language emphasizes the ferocity and relentlessness of the adversaries. The plea for protection from such formidable foes is a call for God's strength and salvation, reminiscent of Daniel's deliverance from the lions' den in Daniel 6.

Then I will give You thanks in the great assembly;
This phrase reflects a public declaration of gratitude, emphasizing the importance of communal worship in ancient Israel. The "great assembly" likely refers to gatherings at the temple in Jerusalem, where Israelites would come together for festivals and sacrifices. Such assemblies were central to Jewish religious life, as seen in passages like Deuteronomy 16:16, which commands the Israelites to appear before the Lord during specific feasts. The act of giving thanks in a public setting underscores the communal nature of faith and the importance of bearing witness to God's deeds before others. This public acknowledgment of God's intervention and blessings is a recurring theme in the Psalms, highlighting the role of testimony in strengthening the faith of the community.

I will praise You among many people.
Praising God "among many people" suggests a setting where the psalmist's personal experience of God's deliverance is shared with a broader audience. This could occur during national festivals or other significant religious gatherings. The act of praising God publicly serves as a form of evangelism, encouraging others to recognize and worship God. This idea is echoed in Psalm 22:22, where the psalmist vows to declare God's name to his brethren. The phrase also points to the universal call to worship God, transcending individual experiences and inviting collective participation. In a prophetic sense, this can be seen as a type of Christ, who, through His life and ministry, drew many to God and whose followers are called to proclaim His name to all nations, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20).

Let not my enemies gloat over me without cause
This phrase reflects a plea for divine justice against unjust persecution. In the biblical context, David often faced adversaries who sought his downfall without legitimate reason. The concept of enemies gloating "without cause" is echoed in other Psalms (e.g., Psalm 69:4) and highlights the theme of innocent suffering. Historically, David's life was marked by such experiences, notably during King Saul's pursuit. Theologically, this plea can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's own unjust suffering, as He was persecuted without cause (John 15:25). The call for God to prevent enemies from gloating underscores a reliance on divine vindication rather than personal vengeance.

nor those who hate me without reason
This phrase emphasizes the baseless nature of the hatred faced by the psalmist. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, personal enmity often arose from jealousy or political rivalry, as seen in David's life. The phrase "without reason" suggests an irrational or unjustified animosity, which is a recurring theme in the Psalms. This mirrors the experience of Jesus, who was hated by many despite His sinless life and ministry (John 15:18-25). The connection to Christ is significant, as it highlights the fulfillment of the righteous sufferer motif in the New Testament.

wink in malice
The act of winking in this context is symbolic of deceit and malicious intent. In ancient Near Eastern culture, non-verbal gestures like winking could convey secretive or conspiratorial communication. This phrase suggests a covert plotting against the psalmist, reflecting a deeper level of treachery. Biblically, such behavior is condemned as it represents a heart that devises wicked schemes (Proverbs 6:12-14). Theologically, this can be seen as a type of the betrayal Jesus faced, where outward appearances masked inner hostility, as exemplified by Judas Iscariot's betrayal (Luke 22:47-48). The plea against such malice underscores the psalmist's desire for God to expose and thwart hidden evil.

For they do not speak peace
This phrase highlights the malicious intent of the adversaries. In biblical context, peace (shalom) is not merely the absence of conflict but encompasses wholeness and well-being. The lack of peace in their speech indicates a heart far from God, as true peace is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22). Historically, Israel often faced enemies who sought their harm, reflecting the ongoing spiritual battle between good and evil. This phrase can be connected to the broader biblical theme of the tongue's power, as seen in James 3:5-10, where the destructive potential of words is emphasized.

but they devise deceitful schemes
The act of devising deceitful schemes suggests premeditated malice. In the ancient Near Eastern context, deceit was a common tactic in warfare and politics. The Hebrew word for "deceit" often implies betrayal and treachery, reminiscent of the serpent's deception in Genesis 3. This phrase can be seen as a type of Christ, who faced deceit and false accusations from His adversaries, ultimately leading to His crucifixion (Matthew 26:59-61). The psalmist's experience foreshadows the suffering of the Messiah, who was also surrounded by deceitful enemies.

against those who live quietly in the land
This phrase describes the victims as peaceful and law-abiding, highlighting the injustice of the attacks against them. In Israel's history, the land was a divine gift, and living quietly in it was a sign of obedience and blessing (Leviticus 26:5-6). The cultural context suggests that these individuals were not seeking conflict, aligning with the biblical ideal of living peaceably with all (Romans 12:18). This unjust persecution of the righteous is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in the lives of figures like Abel, Joseph, and ultimately Jesus, who was persecuted despite His innocence.

They gape at me and say
This phrase captures the image of enemies who are openly mocking and deriding the psalmist. The act of gaping or opening the mouth wide is often associated with scorn and ridicule in biblical literature. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, public shaming was a powerful tool used to discredit and humiliate individuals. This expression of hostility is reminiscent of the treatment Jesus received during His trial and crucifixion, as recorded in the Gospels (e.g., Matthew 27:39-44), where He was mocked and insulted by onlookers. The psalmist's experience foreshadows the suffering of Christ, highlighting the theme of the righteous suffering unjustly.

“Aha, aha!
The repetition of "Aha" is an expression of malicious delight and triumph over the perceived downfall of the psalmist. In the Hebrew language, such repetition emphasizes the intensity of the emotion. This taunt reflects the enemies' belief that they have gained the upper hand. The use of "Aha" is also found in other parts of the Old Testament, such as in Ezekiel 25:3 and 26:2, where it is used by nations rejoicing over Israel's misfortunes. This highlights a recurring theme of adversaries taking pleasure in the suffering of God's people, which is ultimately condemned by God.

Our eyes have seen!
This declaration suggests that the enemies believe they have witnessed the psalmist's failure or downfall. In the biblical context, seeing is often associated with understanding or perceiving truth. However, the enemies' claim here is ironic, as their perception is flawed and based on malice rather than truth. This phrase can be connected to the false witnesses who accused Jesus, as seen in Mark 14:56-59, where they claimed to have seen and heard things that were not true. The psalmist's cry for vindication is a plea for God to reveal the truth and bring justice, a theme that resonates throughout the Psalms and is fulfilled in the ultimate vindication of Christ through His resurrection.

O LORD, You have seen it;
This phrase acknowledges God's omniscience, affirming that nothing escapes His notice. In the context of Psalm 35, David is appealing to God as a witness to the injustices he faces. This reflects the biblical theme that God is aware of human suffering and injustice, as seen in Exodus 3:7, where God tells Moses He has seen the affliction of His people in Egypt. The assurance that God sees all is a comfort to believers, reinforcing the idea that God is a righteous judge who will ultimately address all wrongs.

be not silent.
David's plea for God not to be silent underscores the urgency of his situation. Silence from God can be perceived as inaction or indifference, which is a common concern in the Psalms (e.g., Psalm 28:1). This request for God to speak or act is a call for divine intervention. In biblical history, God's voice often signifies His active presence and power, such as when He spoke creation into existence (Genesis 1) or when He gave the Law at Sinai (Exodus 20). Theologically, this reflects the belief that God's word is powerful and effective.

O Lord, be not far from me.
This plea for God's nearness is a request for His presence and support. In the ancient Near Eastern context, proximity to a deity was associated with favor and protection. The request for God not to be far is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 22:11, where David asks for God's presence in times of trouble. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where God promises to be with them (Deuteronomy 31:6). In the New Testament, this theme is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is called "Immanuel," meaning "God with us" (Matthew 1:23), signifying God's ultimate nearness to humanity.

Awake and rise to my defense
This phrase is a plea for God to take action on behalf of the psalmist. In the context of ancient Israel, the imagery of God "awakening" is a metaphor for divine intervention. The psalmist is calling upon God to be vigilant and active in delivering justice. This reflects a common theme in the Psalms where the writer seeks God's protection against enemies. The idea of God as a defender is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 121:4, which assures that God does not slumber or sleep. The plea for defense also aligns with the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God is seen as the protector of His people.

to my cause
The psalmist is asking God to take up his personal cause, indicating a deep trust in God's righteousness and justice. This reflects the legal language of the time, where a cause would be presented before a judge. The psalmist sees God as the ultimate judge who can vindicate him. This is similar to the role of a kinsman-redeemer in ancient Israel, who would defend and restore the rights of a family member. The appeal to God to take up one's cause is also seen in Psalm 43:1, where the psalmist asks God to vindicate him against an ungodly nation.

my God and my Lord!
This phrase emphasizes a personal relationship with God, acknowledging His sovereignty and authority. The use of "my God" and "my Lord" signifies a deep, personal faith and reliance on God. In the Hebrew context, "Lord" (Adonai) is a title of respect and authority, often used in conjunction with God's covenant name, Yahweh. This dual acknowledgment of God as both personal and sovereign is a recurring theme in the Psalms and throughout the Old Testament. It reflects the belief in God's ultimate control over all circumstances and His intimate involvement in the lives of His people. This personal relationship is a precursor to the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ as both Lord and Savior, who invites believers into a personal relationship with Him.

Vindicate me by Your righteousness
This phrase reflects a plea for divine justice, emphasizing God's perfect and unchanging nature. In biblical context, righteousness is often associated with God's covenant faithfulness (Psalm 89:14). The psalmist seeks vindication not based on personal merit but on God's righteous character. This aligns with the broader biblical theme that true justice and righteousness come from God alone (Isaiah 45:24-25). The request for vindication is a common theme in the Psalms, where the psalmist often appeals to God's justice in the face of false accusations or persecution (Psalm 7:8).

O LORD my God
The use of "LORD" (YHWH) signifies a personal relationship with God, invoking His covenant name given to Moses (Exodus 3:14). This personal address underscores the psalmist's trust and reliance on God as his protector and judge. The phrase "my God" indicates a personal claim to the divine, reflecting a deep, personal faith and commitment. This personal relationship is central to the faith of Israel and is echoed throughout the Old Testament, where God is often referred to as the God of individuals like Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Genesis 28:13).

and do not let them gloat over me
The psalmist requests protection from enemies who seek to triumph over him. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, public shame and gloating by enemies were significant concerns, as they could lead to social disgrace and loss of honor. This plea reflects the psalmist's desire for God to prevent his enemies from achieving victory or satisfaction at his expense. The theme of enemies gloating is also found in other Psalms, such as Psalm 25:2, where the psalmist asks God to prevent his enemies from triumphing over him. This request for divine intervention highlights the belief that God is actively involved in the lives of His people, defending them against their adversaries.

Let them not say in their hearts, “Aha, just what we wanted!”
This phrase reflects a plea for divine intervention against the malicious intentions of David's enemies. The expression "in their hearts" indicates a deep-seated desire for David's downfall, suggesting that the opposition is not merely external but rooted in internal malice. The exclamation "Aha" is a cry of triumph or satisfaction, often used in the Psalms to denote the scorn of the wicked (Psalm 40:15, Psalm 70:3). This reflects a cultural context where verbal expressions of victory were common in ancient Near Eastern conflicts. The phrase "just what we wanted" implies a premeditated plan against David, highlighting the depth of their animosity. This can be connected to the broader biblical theme of God thwarting the plans of the wicked (Proverbs 16:9, Isaiah 8:10).

Let them not say, “We have swallowed him up!”
The imagery of being "swallowed up" suggests complete destruction or defeat, akin to being consumed by a predator. This metaphor is used elsewhere in Scripture to describe overwhelming calamity or judgment (Lamentations 2:16, Jonah 1:17). Historically, this reflects the perilous nature of David's life, often pursued by enemies like Saul and later, his own son Absalom. The plea is for God to prevent his enemies from achieving total victory, which would be seen as a triumph over God's anointed king. This connects to the messianic theme, as David is a type of Christ, who also faced opposition and was thought to be defeated by His enemies, yet ultimately triumphed through the resurrection (Acts 2:24). The phrase underscores the belief in divine justice and the ultimate vindication of the righteous.

May those who gloat in my distress be ashamed and confounded;
This phrase reflects a plea for divine justice against those who take pleasure in the suffering of the righteous. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, public shame was a significant consequence, often more feared than physical punishment. The psalmist's call for his enemies to be "ashamed and confounded" aligns with the biblical principle of divine retribution, where God is seen as the ultimate judge who will vindicate the oppressed. This plea echoes the imprecatory nature of some psalms, where the psalmist seeks God's intervention against adversaries. The concept of being "ashamed" is frequently found in the Psalms (e.g., Psalm 6:10, Psalm 40:14), indicating a reversal of fortune where the wicked are publicly humiliated. The idea of being "confounded" suggests a state of confusion and disarray, a common theme in biblical narratives where God intervenes to disrupt the plans of the wicked (e.g., the Tower of Babel in Genesis 11:7-9).

may those who exalt themselves over me be clothed in shame and reproach.
The imagery of being "clothed in shame and reproach" is a powerful metaphor in biblical literature, suggesting that shame becomes an intrinsic part of the individual's identity, much like clothing is to the body. In the historical context, clothing often symbolized one's status and identity; thus, to be "clothed in shame" implies a complete reversal of honor and status. This phrase can be connected to the broader biblical theme of God humbling the proud and exalting the humble, as seen in passages like Proverbs 16:18 and James 4:6. The psalmist's request for his enemies to be "clothed" in shame also foreshadows the ultimate judgment where the unrighteous will face eternal disgrace. This concept is further illustrated in the New Testament, where Jesus Christ, in His teachings, often warned against pride and self-exaltation, emphasizing humility and servitude as the path to true greatness (e.g., Matthew 23:12). The prophetic undertones in this plea highlight the eventual triumph of God's justice, where the righteous will be vindicated, and the wicked will face the consequences of their actions.

May those who favor my vindication
This phrase reflects a plea for support from those who align with the psalmist's cause. In the context of David's life, this could refer to his supporters during times of persecution, such as when he fled from Saul. The concept of vindication is central to the justice themes in the Psalms, where the righteous seek God's intervention against false accusations or oppression. Biblically, vindication is often associated with divine justice, as seen in Isaiah 54:17, where God promises that no weapon formed against His servants will prosper.

shout for joy and gladness
Expressions of joy and gladness are common in the Psalms, often associated with deliverance or divine intervention. This phrase suggests a communal celebration, reflecting the cultural practice of public rejoicing in Israel. Such celebrations were not only personal but also communal, as seen in the festivals and feasts prescribed in the Law of Moses, where the community gathered to celebrate God's goodness and faithfulness.

may they always say,
The use of "always" indicates a perpetual acknowledgment of God's role in the psalmist's life. This reflects the biblical principle of continual praise and remembrance of God's deeds, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:12, where the Israelites are reminded not to forget the Lord who brought them out of Egypt. It emphasizes the importance of ongoing testimony to God's faithfulness.

“Exalted be the LORD
Exalting the Lord is a recurring theme in Scripture, emphasizing God's sovereignty and majesty. This phrase calls for the recognition of God's supreme authority and His active role in the lives of His people. The act of exalting God is seen throughout the Psalms and is a key aspect of worship, as in Psalm 99:5, which calls believers to exalt the Lord and worship at His footstool.

who delights in His servant’s well-being.”
This phrase highlights God's personal care and concern for His servants. The idea that God delights in the well-being of His people is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 147:11, which states that the Lord takes pleasure in those who fear Him. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where He is not only a distant deity but a personal God who is intimately involved in the lives of His followers. This can also be seen as a type of Christ, who embodies the ultimate servant of God, in whom the Father is well-pleased, as declared in Matthew 3:17.

Then my tongue will proclaim Your righteousness
This phrase emphasizes the psalmist's commitment to vocalize God's righteousness. In biblical context, righteousness refers to God's moral perfection and justice. The psalmist, traditionally understood to be David, often faced adversaries and sought God's intervention. Proclaiming God's righteousness is a response to divine deliverance and justice. This aligns with other scriptures, such as Psalm 71:15-16, where the psalmist declares God's righteousness and salvation. The act of proclaiming is not just personal but serves as a testimony to others, reflecting the cultural importance of oral tradition in ancient Israel.

and Your praises all day long.
The continuous nature of praise "all day long" signifies an unceasing devotion and gratitude towards God. This reflects the biblical principle of constant prayer and worship, as seen in 1 Thessalonians 5:16-18, which encourages believers to rejoice always and pray without ceasing. Historically, the practice of daily worship was integral to Jewish life, with set times for prayer and reflection. This phrase also points to the eschatological hope where God's people will eternally praise Him, as seen in Revelation 7:9-12. The psalmist's commitment to praise is a type of Christ, who perfectly fulfilled a life of worship and obedience to the Father.