Now the Feast of Unleavened Bread
The Feast of Unleavened Bread is a significant Jewish festival that lasts for seven days, beginning on the 15th day of the Hebrew month of Nisan. It commemorates the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, during which they left in haste and did not have time to let their bread rise. This feast is a time of remembrance and celebration of God's deliverance and faithfulness. In the New Testament, leaven often symbolizes sin, and the removal of leaven from homes during this feast can be seen as a call to holiness and purity.

called the Passover
The Passover is a pivotal event in Jewish history, marking the night when God "passed over" the houses of the Israelites in Egypt that were marked with the blood of a lamb, sparing them from the plague of the firstborn. This event is recorded in Exodus 12 and is a profound type of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, whose blood brings salvation and deliverance from sin. The Passover meal, or Seder, includes specific elements that symbolize aspects of the Exodus story, and it is during this meal that Jesus institutes the Lord's Supper, connecting the Old Covenant with the New.

was approaching
The timing of the Passover is crucial in the Gospel narrative, as it sets the stage for the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion. The approaching feast heightens the tension in the narrative, as Jesus' impending sacrifice is foreshadowed by the sacrificial lambs of Passover. This period is marked by increased activity in Jerusalem, with pilgrims arriving from all over to celebrate. The convergence of these events underscores the fulfillment of prophecy and God's sovereign plan for redemption through Jesus Christ.

and the chief priests and scribes
The chief priests and scribes were influential religious leaders in Jewish society. The chief priests included the high priest and those who had previously held the position, while the scribes were experts in the Law of Moses. These groups were part of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. Their involvement in seeking Jesus' death highlights the religious establishment's opposition to Him, as they saw Him as a threat to their authority and traditions. This opposition is consistent with earlier confrontations, such as in Luke 20:19, where they sought to arrest Him.

were looking for a way to put Jesus to death
Their intent to kill Jesus was not a sudden decision but a culmination of growing hostility. This reflects the fulfillment of prophecies such as Isaiah 53:3, which speaks of the Messiah being despised and rejected. The religious leaders' desire to kill Jesus was driven by their perception of Him as a blasphemer and a disruptor of their power. This phrase also foreshadows the eventual crucifixion, a central event in Christian theology, where Jesus' death is seen as the atoning sacrifice for sin.

for they feared the people
The leaders' fear of the people indicates Jesus' popularity among the masses. Many saw Him as a prophet and were drawn to His teachings and miracles. This fear is a recurring theme, as seen in Luke 20:6, where the leaders are cautious in their actions due to the people's support for Jesus. Their fear underscores the tension between maintaining their authority and the risk of public unrest. This dynamic is crucial in understanding the political and social pressures that influenced the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion.

Then Satan entered Judas Iscariot
This phrase indicates a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Gospels. The entry of Satan into Judas signifies a direct influence of evil upon him, suggesting a spiritual battle at play. In biblical context, Satan is often depicted as the adversary of God and His purposes (Job 1:6-12, 1 Peter 5:8). The act of Satan entering Judas highlights the severity of Judas's betrayal, as it is not merely a human decision but one influenced by a malevolent spiritual force. This moment fulfills the prophecy of betrayal found in Psalm 41:9, where David speaks of a close friend who turns against him, a type of Christ's own experience with Judas.

who was one of the Twelve
This phrase underscores the gravity of Judas's betrayal. Being one of the Twelve Apostles, Judas held a position of trust and intimacy with Jesus. The Twelve were chosen by Jesus to be His closest followers and witnesses to His ministry (Mark 3:14-19). Judas's role as one of the Twelve makes his betrayal more poignant, as it comes from within Jesus's inner circle. This internal betrayal is echoed in other scriptures, such as Zechariah 13:6, which speaks of wounds received in the house of friends, further emphasizing the personal nature of Judas's actions. Judas's betrayal is a stark reminder of the potential for sin and deception even among those who are closest to the truth.

And Judas went to discuss
Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve disciples, takes the initiative to approach the religious leaders. This act of going to discuss indicates a premeditated decision, highlighting Judas's role in the fulfillment of prophecy (Psalm 41:9). His actions contrast with the loyalty expected of a disciple, showing the depth of his betrayal.

with the chief priests and temple officers
The chief priests were influential leaders in the Jewish religious hierarchy, responsible for temple rituals and maintaining order. The temple officers were likely members of the temple guard, tasked with maintaining security and order in the temple precincts. This collaboration between Judas and the religious authorities underscores the institutional opposition to Jesus, as these leaders felt threatened by His teachings and growing influence (John 11:47-53).

how he might betray Jesus to them
The term "betray" signifies a deliberate act of treachery. Judas's betrayal was not just a personal failure but a pivotal moment in the divine plan for redemption. This act fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah being betrayed (Zechariah 11:12-13). Judas's actions set in motion the events leading to the crucifixion, which is central to Christian theology as the means of atonement for sin.

They were delighted
This phrase refers to the chief priests and scribes who were plotting against Jesus. Their delight indicates the depth of their animosity towards Him. In the context of the Gospels, these religious leaders felt threatened by Jesus' growing influence and His challenges to their authority. Their delight also reveals their moral corruption, as they found joy in the prospect of betraying an innocent man. This reaction fulfills the prophecy of Psalm 2:1-2, where the rulers conspire against the Lord and His Anointed.

and agreed to give him money.
The agreement to give money to Judas Iscariot highlights the transactional nature of his betrayal. This act is reminiscent of Zechariah 11:12-13, where thirty pieces of silver are mentioned, a prophecy that finds fulfillment in the betrayal of Jesus. The amount, though not specified in this verse, is later revealed to be thirty pieces of silver, the price of a slave (Exodus 21:32), underscoring the contempt with which Jesus was regarded by His betrayers. This transaction also reflects the cultural and historical context of the time, where monetary exchanges were common in agreements and betrayals. Judas' willingness to betray Jesus for money contrasts sharply with the teachings of Jesus on the dangers of greed and the love of money (Matthew 6:24, 1 Timothy 6:10).

Judas consented
Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve disciples, agreed to betray Jesus. This act of consent marks a pivotal moment in the Passion narrative. Judas's decision is often seen as a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of betrayal by a close friend. Theologically, Judas's consent is a demonstration of human free will and the mystery of iniquity, as he chooses to align with the religious leaders against Jesus. This moment also highlights the spiritual battle between good and evil, as Satan enters Judas (Luke 22:3), influencing his decision.

and began to look for an opportunity
Judas actively sought a chance to betray Jesus, indicating premeditation and intent. This search for an opportunity suggests a calculated approach, as Judas needed to find a time when Jesus was away from the protective presence of the crowds. The religious leaders were wary of arresting Jesus publicly due to His popularity and the potential for public unrest (Luke 22:2). Judas's actions reflect the cunning and deceit often associated with betrayal, reminiscent of the serpent's subtlety in Genesis 3.

to betray Jesus to them
The betrayal of Jesus is central to the Passion narrative, leading to His arrest, trial, and crucifixion. Judas's betrayal is a stark contrast to the loyalty expected of a disciple. This act is a fulfillment of Zechariah 11:12-13, where the prophet speaks of thirty pieces of silver, the price for which Judas agreed to betray Jesus (Matthew 26:15). Theologically, Judas's betrayal is part of God's sovereign plan for redemption, as Jesus's death and resurrection are necessary for the salvation of humanity.

in the absence of a crowd
Judas sought to betray Jesus when He was isolated, away from the protective presence of the masses who followed Him. This detail underscores the fear of the religious leaders regarding Jesus's influence and the potential for public disorder. The absence of a crowd ensured a quieter arrest, minimizing the risk of a riot. This setting aligns with the events in the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus is ultimately arrested at night, away from the public eye (Luke 22:47-53). The secrecy of the betrayal highlights the darkness of the act, both literally and metaphorically, as it occurs under the cover of night.

Then came the day of Unleavened Bread
This phrase refers to the beginning of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, a significant Jewish festival that lasts seven days, starting with the Passover. The Feast commemorates the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, during which they left in haste and did not have time to let their bread rise. This day marks the preparation for the Passover meal, emphasizing the removal of leaven from homes, symbolizing the removal of sin and corruption. The timing of this event is crucial, as it sets the stage for the Last Supper, which Jesus shares with His disciples.

on which the Passover lamb was to be sacrificed
The Passover lamb is central to the Passover celebration, symbolizing God's deliverance of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. Each household was to sacrifice a lamb without blemish, foreshadowing Jesus Christ as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). The sacrifice of the lamb is a type of Christ's sacrificial death, highlighting themes of redemption and atonement. The historical context of this practice dates back to Exodus 12, where the blood of the lamb was used to protect the Israelites from the final plague. This connection underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and typology in the person and work of Jesus.

Jesus sent Peter and John
In this passage, Jesus specifically chooses Peter and John, two of His closest disciples, to carry out an important task. This selection highlights their leadership roles among the Twelve Apostles. Peter, often seen as the spokesperson for the group, and John, known for his close relationship with Jesus, are entrusted with significant responsibilities. This act of sending them also reflects the practice of delegating tasks to trusted individuals, a common leadership strategy in both ancient and modern contexts. The choice of these two disciples underscores their importance in the early church, as seen in the Book of Acts where they play pivotal roles in spreading the Gospel.

saying, “Go and make preparations
The directive to "make preparations" indicates the need for careful planning and attention to detail, especially for an event as significant as the Passover. This preparation would involve securing a location, gathering necessary items such as unleavened bread, wine, and bitter herbs, and ensuring everything was in accordance with Jewish law. The act of preparation also symbolizes spiritual readiness, a theme prevalent throughout the Gospels, where Jesus often emphasizes the importance of being prepared for the coming of God's kingdom.

for us to eat the Passover.”
The Passover is a central Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from slavery in Egypt, as described in Exodus 12. It involves a ritual meal known as the Seder, which includes specific foods and recitations. By participating in the Passover, Jesus aligns Himself with Jewish tradition and law, fulfilling His role as the Messiah who came not to abolish the law but to fulfill it (Matthew 5:17). This particular Passover meal, often referred to as the Last Supper, holds additional significance as it becomes the setting for the institution of the Lord's Supper or Communion, a sacrament observed by Christians to remember Jesus' sacrifice. The Passover also serves as a type of Christ, with the sacrificial lamb symbolizing Jesus, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

Where do You want us to prepare it?
This question is asked by the disciples in the context of preparing for the Passover meal, a significant Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. The Passover is a time of remembrance and celebration, deeply rooted in Jewish tradition and law as outlined in Exodus 12. The disciples' inquiry reflects their obedience and readiness to follow Jesus' instructions, highlighting their role as His followers who seek to fulfill His will.

they asked.
The disciples' question indicates their dependence on Jesus for guidance and direction. This moment underscores the relationship between Jesus and His disciples, where they look to Him as their teacher and leader. It also reflects the communal aspect of the Passover, which is traditionally celebrated with family and close community, emphasizing the bond between Jesus and His disciples. This setting foreshadows the Last Supper, where Jesus will institute the New Covenant through the breaking of bread and sharing of the cup, as recorded in the synoptic Gospels.

He answered,
This phrase indicates a response from Jesus, suggesting a direct answer to a question or situation. In the context of Luke 22, Jesus is responding to His disciples' inquiry about where to prepare the Passover meal. This highlights Jesus' foreknowledge and authority, as He provides specific instructions.

“When you enter the city,
The city referred to is Jerusalem, a central location in Jewish religious life and the site of significant events in Jesus' ministry. Jerusalem is where the Passover festival is celebrated, and it is also the city where Jesus will be crucified. This setting underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah's suffering and death.

a man carrying a jug of water will meet you.
In the cultural context of first-century Jerusalem, it was uncommon for men to carry water; this task was typically done by women. Therefore, a man carrying a jug of water would stand out, making him an easily identifiable sign for the disciples. This detail demonstrates Jesus' precise knowledge of events and people, reinforcing His divine insight.

Follow him to the house he enters,
The instruction to follow the man to a specific house suggests a prearranged plan, possibly indicating that Jesus had made prior arrangements for the Passover meal. This reflects the theme of divine providence and preparation. The house likely belonged to a follower of Jesus, providing a safe and private location for the Last Supper, which holds deep theological significance as the institution of the Lord's Supper.

and say to the owner of that house
In the cultural context of first-century Judea, hospitality was a significant social norm. Homeowners often provided lodging and meals for travelers and teachers. Jesus instructs His disciples to approach the homeowner directly, indicating a prearranged understanding or divine orchestration. This reflects the practice of itinerant rabbis who relied on the hospitality of others. The owner’s willingness to provide a space for Jesus and His disciples underscores the respect and recognition Jesus commanded.

‘The Teacher asks:
Referring to Jesus as "The Teacher" highlights His role as a rabbi and spiritual leader. In Jewish tradition, a teacher or rabbi held a position of authority and respect. This title would have been recognized by the homeowner, suggesting that Jesus' reputation preceded Him. It also emphasizes Jesus' authority and the respect He commanded among His followers and others in the community.

Where is the guest room,
The guest room, or "upper room," was a common feature in Jewish homes, often used for hosting guests or special gatherings. This room would have been on the upper floor, providing privacy and space for the Passover meal. The request for a specific room indicates the importance of the occasion and the need for a suitable setting for the Last Supper, a pivotal event in Christian theology.

where I may eat the Passover
The Passover was a central Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. It involved a ritual meal with specific foods symbolizing aspects of the Exodus story. Jesus' desire to eat the Passover with His disciples highlights His adherence to Jewish law and tradition. This meal also foreshadows the institution of the Lord's Supper, where Jesus reinterprets the Passover elements in light of His impending sacrifice.

with My disciples?’
The inclusion of His disciples signifies the communal aspect of the Passover meal and the importance of fellowship in Jesus' ministry. This gathering is not only a traditional observance but also a moment of intimate teaching and revelation. It sets the stage for Jesus to prepare His disciples for His death and the establishment of the New Covenant. The disciples' presence underscores their role as witnesses to Jesus' teachings and the events of His passion.

And he will show you a large upper room
In the context of the Last Supper, the "large upper room" refers to a space in a house that was often used for gatherings or special occasions. Upper rooms were common in Jewish homes, typically located on the second floor, providing privacy and a place for important events. This particular room was large enough to accommodate Jesus and His disciples, indicating the significance of the gathering. The use of an upper room is also seen in Acts 1:13, where the disciples gathered after Jesus' ascension, suggesting a place of fellowship and prayer. The room's size and location highlight the importance of the event that would unfold there, the institution of the Lord's Supper.

already furnished
The room being "already furnished" suggests that it was prepared in advance, possibly indicating divine providence in the arrangements for the Passover meal. This detail underscores the readiness and hospitality of the host, who may have been a follower of Jesus. The furnishings would have included the necessary items for a Passover meal, such as tables, cushions for reclining, and utensils. This preparation aligns with the Jewish custom of ensuring everything was in place for the Passover, a significant feast commemorating Israel's deliverance from Egypt (Exodus 12). The readiness of the room reflects the meticulous planning and fulfillment of God's purposes.

Make preparations there.
Jesus instructs His disciples to "make preparations there," emphasizing the importance of the Passover meal they were about to share. This preparation involved procuring the lamb, unleavened bread, wine, and bitter herbs, all elements of the traditional Passover Seder. The directive to prepare highlights the disciples' role in participating in God's plan and the significance of the meal as a precursor to Jesus' impending sacrifice. The Passover itself is a type of Christ, symbolizing deliverance and redemption, with Jesus as the ultimate Passover Lamb (1 Corinthians 5:7). This preparation sets the stage for the new covenant Jesus would establish through His death and resurrection.

So they went and found it just as Jesus had told them.
This phrase highlights the obedience and faith of the disciples. Jesus had instructed Peter and John to go into the city and follow a man carrying a jar of water to a house where they would prepare the Passover. The fact that they found everything exactly as Jesus had described underscores His divine foreknowledge and authority. This mirrors other instances in the Gospels where Jesus demonstrates His omniscience, such as when He tells Nathanael He saw him under the fig tree (John 1:48) or when He instructs Peter to find a coin in a fish's mouth (Matthew 17:27). The disciples' experience here reinforces the reliability of Jesus' words and the fulfillment of His promises.

And they prepared the Passover.
The preparation of the Passover is significant both historically and theologically. The Passover commemorates the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt, as described in Exodus 12. It involves the sacrifice of a lamb, which is a type of Christ, the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). The preparation would have included securing a lamb, ensuring it was without blemish, and making arrangements for the meal, which included unleavened bread and bitter herbs. This event foreshadows the Last Supper, where Jesus institutes the New Covenant in His blood (Luke 22:20). The Passover meal becomes a profound symbol of Jesus' sacrificial death, aligning with the prophetic imagery of Isaiah 53, where the suffering servant is likened to a lamb led to the slaughter. The disciples' preparation of the Passover thus sets the stage for the pivotal events of Jesus' passion and crucifixion, fulfilling the typology and prophecies of the Old Testament.

When the hour had come
This phrase indicates a specific, divinely appointed time. In the context of the Passover, it refers to the time set for the meal, which was traditionally in the evening. This timing is significant as it aligns with the Jewish understanding of sacred times and events. The "hour" also foreshadows the impending suffering and crucifixion of Jesus, fulfilling the divine plan of salvation. This moment is a culmination of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53, which speak of the suffering servant.

Jesus reclined at the table
Reclining at the table was a customary posture during meals in ancient Near Eastern cultures, especially during significant feasts like Passover. This posture signifies a relaxed and intimate setting, appropriate for the gravity of the Last Supper. It also reflects the freedom and rest that Jesus offers through His sacrifice, contrasting with the bondage of sin. The act of reclining is reminiscent of Psalm 23:5, where a table is prepared in the presence of enemies, symbolizing God's provision and protection.

with His apostles
The apostles, chosen by Jesus, represent the foundation of the early Church. Their presence at this pivotal moment underscores their role as witnesses to Jesus' ministry and His resurrection. This gathering fulfills the typology of the twelve tribes of Israel, with the apostles symbolizing a new covenant community. The inclusion of the apostles highlights the continuity and fulfillment of God's promises to Israel, as seen in passages like Genesis 12:3, where Abraham's descendants are promised to be a blessing to all nations.

And He said to them
This phrase indicates Jesus is speaking directly to His disciples. The setting is the Upper Room in Jerusalem, where Jesus is gathered with His closest followers for the Last Supper. This intimate setting underscores the importance of His message and the relationship He has with His disciples. The Upper Room is traditionally believed to be located on Mount Zion, a place of significant historical and religious importance.

I have eagerly desired
The expression of eagerness highlights the deep emotional and spiritual significance of this moment for Jesus. It reflects His anticipation of fulfilling His mission and the establishment of a new covenant. This desire is rooted in His love for His disciples and His commitment to God's redemptive plan. The Greek word used here, "epithymia," conveys a strong, heartfelt longing.

to eat this Passover with you
The Passover meal commemorates the Israelites' deliverance from slavery in Egypt, as described in Exodus 12. By choosing this moment to share with His disciples, Jesus is connecting His impending sacrifice to the Passover lamb, a type of Christ, symbolizing deliverance from sin. This meal marks the transition from the old covenant to the new covenant, which Jesus will establish through His death and resurrection.

before My suffering
Jesus is foreshadowing His imminent crucifixion, which He refers to as His "suffering." This suffering is central to His mission as the Messiah, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant. His awareness and acceptance of this suffering demonstrate His obedience to the Father's will and His role as the sacrificial Lamb who takes away the sins of the world.

For I tell you
This phrase indicates a solemn declaration by Jesus, emphasizing the importance and certainty of what He is about to say. In the Gospels, Jesus often uses "I tell you" to introduce significant teachings or prophecies, underscoring His authority as the Son of God.

that I will not eat it again
Jesus is referring to the Passover meal, which He is sharing with His disciples. This statement highlights the finality of this particular meal, as it is the last Passover Jesus will partake in before His crucifixion. The Passover meal commemorates Israel's deliverance from Egypt, and Jesus is about to fulfill its ultimate meaning through His sacrificial death.

until it is fulfilled
The fulfillment Jesus speaks of points to the completion of God's redemptive plan. The Passover finds its ultimate fulfillment in Jesus' death and resurrection, which inaugurates the new covenant. This phrase also suggests a future aspect, where the full realization of God's kingdom will be experienced.

in the kingdom of God.
The kingdom of God is a central theme in Jesus' teaching, representing God's sovereign rule and the realization of His divine purposes. This phrase indicates that the next time Jesus partakes in such a meal, it will be in the eschatological fulfillment of God's kingdom. This points to the Messianic banquet, a future event prophesied in Isaiah 25:6-9 and echoed in Revelation 19:9, where believers will celebrate with Christ in His eternal kingdom.

After taking the cup
In the context of the Last Supper, the cup represents the third cup of the Passover meal, known as the "Cup of Redemption." This is significant as it symbolizes the redemption of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, and here, it foreshadows the redemption through Christ's sacrifice. The act of taking the cup is a deliberate action by Jesus, indicating His willingness to fulfill His mission. This moment is a precursor to the institution of the Lord's Supper, which becomes a central sacrament in Christian worship.

He gave thanks
The act of giving thanks, or "eucharisteo" in Greek, is where the term "Eucharist" originates. This thanksgiving is not merely a ritual but a profound expression of gratitude to God, acknowledging His provision and the unfolding of His redemptive plan. It reflects the Jewish tradition of blessing God before partaking in a meal, emphasizing the importance of gratitude in worship and daily life. This moment also highlights Jesus' role as the mediator between God and humanity.

and said, “Take this and divide it among yourselves.”
Jesus instructs His disciples to share the cup, symbolizing the communal aspect of the new covenant. This act of dividing the cup among themselves signifies the unity and fellowship that believers are to have in Christ. It also points to the shared participation in the benefits of His sacrifice. The communal sharing of the cup is a powerful image of the body of Christ, the Church, being one in Him. This phrase connects to the broader biblical theme of covenant community, as seen in passages like 1 Corinthians 10:16-17, where Paul speaks of the cup of blessing as a participation in the blood of Christ.

For I tell you
This phrase indicates a solemn declaration by Jesus, emphasizing the importance and certainty of what He is about to say. In biblical times, such a preface was often used by prophets to convey divine truth. Jesus, as the ultimate prophet, priest, and king, uses this phrase to underscore the significance of His words.

that I will not drink of the fruit of the vine
The "fruit of the vine" refers to wine, a staple in Jewish meals and a symbol of joy and celebration. In the context of the Last Supper, it represents the new covenant in Jesus' blood. By stating He will not drink it again, Jesus signifies the end of His earthly ministry and the impending fulfillment of His sacrificial mission. This abstention also points to the future Messianic banquet, a theme found in Isaiah 25:6 and Revelation 19:9.

from now on
This phrase marks a transition point, indicating a change in Jesus' actions and the unfolding of God's redemptive plan. It highlights the immediacy of the events leading to the crucifixion and the ushering in of a new era through Jesus' death and resurrection.

until the kingdom of God comes
The "kingdom of God" is a central theme in Jesus' teaching, representing God's sovereign rule and the fulfillment of His promises. This phrase anticipates the eschatological hope of God's kingdom being fully realized. It connects to prophecies in Daniel 7:13-14 and the expectation of a future where God's reign is complete. Jesus' statement assures believers of the certainty of this future reality, where they will share in the eternal joy and fellowship with Him.

And He took the bread
In the context of the Last Supper, Jesus takes the bread as part of the Passover meal, a significant Jewish tradition commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. Bread, a staple in the ancient Near Eastern diet, symbolizes sustenance and life. Jesus' action here foreshadows His role as the Bread of Life (John 6:35), providing spiritual nourishment.

gave thanks and broke it
Giving thanks, or "eucharisteo" in Greek, reflects a heart of gratitude and acknowledgment of God's provision. Breaking the bread signifies Jesus' impending sacrifice, as His body would be broken on the cross. This act also mirrors the breaking of bread in fellowship, a practice continued in the early church (Acts 2:42).

and gave it to them
Jesus distributes the bread to His disciples, symbolizing the sharing of His life and sacrifice with His followers. This act of giving highlights the communal aspect of the faith, where believers partake in the benefits of Christ's sacrifice together, fostering unity and fellowship.

saying, “This is My body, given for you;
Jesus identifies the bread with His body, indicating the sacrificial nature of His mission. The phrase "given for you" underscores the substitutionary atonement, where Jesus offers Himself on behalf of humanity. This echoes Isaiah 53:5, where the suffering servant bears the iniquities of others.

do this in remembrance of Me.”
Jesus institutes a memorial practice for His followers, emphasizing the importance of remembering His sacrifice. This command forms the basis for the Christian ordinance of Communion or the Lord's Supper, a regular observance in the church to recall Christ's death and anticipate His return (1 Corinthians 11:26).

In the same way, after supper
This phrase indicates that Jesus is continuing a pattern established earlier in the meal, likely referring to the breaking of bread. The Last Supper is a Passover meal, a significant Jewish tradition commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. The timing after supper suggests a deliberate act, emphasizing the importance of what follows. The Passover meal itself is rich in symbolism, pointing to deliverance and sacrifice, which Jesus is about to fulfill.

He took the cup
The cup is a central element in the Passover meal, traditionally filled with wine. In Jewish tradition, the cup of wine is a symbol of joy and blessing, but it also has deeper meanings in the context of covenant and sacrifice. Jesus taking the cup signifies His role as the mediator of a new covenant, echoing the Old Testament practices where covenants were often ratified with blood sacrifices.

saying, “This cup is the new covenant in My blood
The term "new covenant" is a direct reference to Jeremiah 31:31-34, where God promises a new covenant with His people, distinct from the one made at Sinai. This covenant is characterized by an internal transformation and a personal relationship with God. Jesus identifies His blood as the means by which this new covenant is established, fulfilling the sacrificial system of the Old Testament and pointing to His role as the ultimate Passover Lamb (1 Corinthians 5:7).

which is poured out for you
The imagery of blood being poured out is reminiscent of the sacrificial system in the Old Testament, where the blood of animals was poured out as an atonement for sin (Leviticus 17:11). Jesus' statement highlights the sacrificial nature of His death, emphasizing that it is for the benefit of others. This act of pouring out His blood is a fulfillment of Isaiah 53:12, where the suffering servant "poured out His life unto death" for the transgressors. Jesus' sacrifice is both substitutionary and redemptive, providing the means for reconciliation with God.

Look!
This word serves as an imperative, drawing attention to something significant. In biblical narratives, such calls to attention often precede important revelations or events. It emphasizes the gravity of the moment and the need for the disciples to be aware of what is about to unfold.

The hand of My betrayer
The phrase indicates a close relationship, as sharing a meal was a sign of fellowship and trust in ancient cultures. The betrayal by Judas Iscariot fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of betrayal by a close friend. This act of betrayal is pivotal in the Passion narrative, leading to Jesus' arrest and crucifixion.

is with Mine
This highlights the intimate setting of the Last Supper, where Jesus and His disciples are gathered. The shared meal underscores the treachery of Judas's actions, as he is part of the inner circle. The phrase also reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' foreknowledge and the divine plan, as He is aware of the betrayal yet continues to offer grace and fellowship.

on the table.
The table setting is significant, as it is the Passover meal, a time of remembrance and covenant renewal for the Jewish people. This setting connects to the broader biblical theme of covenant, with Jesus instituting the New Covenant through His impending sacrifice. The table symbolizes both community and the impending division caused by Judas's betrayal.

Indeed, the Son of Man will go as it has been determined
This phrase highlights the divine sovereignty and foreordination of Jesus' path to the cross. The title "Son of Man" is a messianic term rooted in Daniel 7:13-14, emphasizing both Jesus' humanity and His divine authority. The phrase "as it has been determined" underscores the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan, prophesied throughout the Old Testament, such as in Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant. This reflects the theological concept that Jesus' death was not a tragic accident but a divinely orchestrated event for the salvation of humanity.

but woe to that man who betrays Him.
This part of the verse introduces a moral and ethical dimension, highlighting human responsibility and the grave consequences of betrayal. The "woe" is a pronouncement of judgment, often used by prophets in the Old Testament to warn of impending doom (e.g., Isaiah 5:8-23). Judas Iscariot, the disciple who would betray Jesus, is the subject of this warning. His betrayal is a fulfillment of Psalm 41:9, which speaks of a close friend lifting his heel against the psalmist, a type of Christ's betrayal. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the personal accountability each individual holds, even within the framework of divine providence.

Then they began to question among themselves
This phrase indicates a moment of introspection and concern among the disciples. The context is the Last Supper, a significant event where Jesus shares a final meal with His disciples before His crucifixion. The disciples' questioning reflects their uncertainty and fear, as they are unaware of who among them could betray Jesus. This moment highlights the human tendency to doubt and the lack of understanding of Jesus' mission, despite being close to Him. It also sets the stage for the unfolding of the betrayal, a pivotal event in the Passion narrative.

which of them was going to do this.
The "this" refers to the betrayal of Jesus, which He had just predicted. The disciples' questioning shows their lack of awareness of Judas Iscariot's intentions, emphasizing the subtlety of Judas's betrayal. This moment is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of betrayal by a close friend. The act of betrayal is a type of the ultimate rejection of Christ by humanity, yet it is also part of God's sovereign plan for redemption. This phrase underscores the gravity of the situation and the unfolding of divine prophecy, as Jesus willingly goes to the cross for the salvation of mankind.

A dispute also arose among the disciples
This phrase highlights the human tendency towards pride and ambition, even among those closest to Jesus. The disciples, despite their proximity to Christ, were not immune to the desire for status and recognition. This incident occurs during the Last Supper, a time of significant spiritual importance, underscoring the contrast between Jesus' impending sacrifice and the disciples' worldly concerns. The setting in Jerusalem, a city with a rich history of religious significance, adds to the gravity of the moment. This dispute is reminiscent of earlier arguments among the disciples (Mark 9:33-34), showing a recurring theme of misunderstanding Jesus' teachings on servanthood.

as to which of them should be considered the greatest
This phrase reflects the cultural context of honor and status prevalent in the first-century Jewish society. The disciples' concern with greatness is contrary to Jesus' teachings on humility and service (Matthew 20:26-28). Jesus often used children as examples of the humility required to enter the Kingdom of Heaven (Matthew 18:1-4). The disciples' argument reveals their expectation of a political Messiah who would establish an earthly kingdom, where positions of power would be distributed. This misunderstanding is corrected by Jesus, who emphasizes that true greatness in His kingdom is measured by one's willingness to serve others, foreshadowing His own ultimate act of service on the cross.

So Jesus declared
This phrase introduces a direct statement from Jesus, emphasizing His authority and the importance of His teaching. In the context of the Last Supper, Jesus is addressing His disciples, preparing them for His impending crucifixion and the establishment of the Church. His declarations often carry weight as they reveal divine truths and principles for living.

The kings of the Gentiles
Here, "Gentiles" refers to non-Jewish nations, often seen as pagan or outside the covenant community of Israel. The mention of "kings" highlights the political structures common in the Roman Empire and other surrounding nations. These rulers were often seen as oppressive and self-serving, contrasting with the servant leadership Jesus exemplifies. This phrase sets the stage for a critique of worldly power structures.

lord it over them
This phrase describes the authoritarian and domineering style of leadership typical among Gentile rulers. It reflects a system where power is used for personal gain and control rather than service. This contrasts with the biblical ideal of leadership, which is rooted in humility and service, as seen in Jesus' own life and teachings (Matthew 20:25-28).

and those in authority over them
This refers to the hierarchical nature of Gentile governance, where authority is concentrated at the top and often abused. The phrase underscores the disparity between those in power and the common people, highlighting the lack of servant leadership. This is in stark contrast to the biblical model of leadership, which calls for leaders to be shepherds and servants (1 Peter 5:2-3).

call themselves benefactors
The term "benefactors" was a title used by rulers to portray themselves as generous and benevolent, often through public works or gifts. However, this was frequently a facade to maintain power and control. Jesus critiques this self-serving attitude, pointing to the hypocrisy of claiming to serve others while actually seeking personal glory. This critique aligns with His teachings on humility and true greatness (Luke 14:11).

But you shall not be like them.
This phrase emphasizes a call to distinctiveness for Jesus' followers. In the context of Luke 22, Jesus contrasts His disciples with the Gentile rulers who exercise authority over others. The disciples are called to a higher standard, reflecting the values of the Kingdom of God rather than the world. This echoes the call to holiness found throughout Scripture, such as in Leviticus 19:2, where God commands His people to be holy as He is holy. The early church faced similar challenges, as seen in 1 Peter 2:9, where believers are described as a "chosen people" set apart for God's purposes.

Instead, the greatest among you should be like the youngest,
In the cultural context of the first century, the youngest in a family or group often held the least power and status. Jesus subverts societal norms by teaching that true greatness in His Kingdom is marked by humility and a willingness to take the lowest place. This teaching is consistent with Jesus' own example, as He came not to be served but to serve (Mark 10:45). The concept of the "greatest" being the "youngest" also aligns with the prophetic imagery of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53, who humbles Himself for the sake of others.

and the one who leads like the one who serves.
Leadership in the Kingdom of God is characterized by servanthood, contrasting sharply with the authoritarian models prevalent in the Roman Empire and other ancient cultures. Jesus Himself exemplified this principle, notably in John 13, where He washes the disciples' feet, a task typically reserved for the lowest servant. This act foreshadows His ultimate service through His sacrificial death on the cross. The call to servant leadership is further reinforced in Philippians 2:5-7, where believers are encouraged to have the same mindset as Christ, who took on the nature of a servant.

For who is greater, the one who reclines at the table or the one who serves?
In the cultural context of the first century, reclining at the table was a sign of status and honor. Meals were significant social events, and those who reclined were typically the guests of honor or those of higher social standing. This question posed by Jesus challenges the conventional understanding of greatness and authority. In the Greco-Roman world, service was often associated with slaves or those of lower status, making Jesus' question provocative and counter-cultural.

Is it not the one who reclines?
This rhetorical question reflects the common societal belief that those who recline at the table are indeed greater. It acknowledges the prevailing norms of the time, where social hierarchy was clearly defined, and those with power and influence were served by others. This expectation is mirrored in other parts of the Gospels, where the disciples often argue about who among them is the greatest (e.g., Luke 9:46).

But I am among you as one who serves.
Here, Jesus presents Himself as the ultimate example of servant leadership, subverting the traditional views of power and greatness. This statement is a direct reference to His mission and character, as seen throughout His ministry. Jesus' life exemplifies humility and service, culminating in His sacrificial death on the cross. This phrase connects to Philippians 2:7, where Paul describes Jesus as taking the form of a servant. It also fulfills the prophecy of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53, highlighting Jesus as the Messiah who serves humanity through His life and atoning sacrifice.

You are the ones
This phrase acknowledges the specific group of individuals Jesus is addressing—His disciples. It highlights their unique role and relationship with Him. The disciples were chosen by Jesus (Luke 6:13) and were given the responsibility to learn from Him and later spread His teachings. This selection underscores the importance of discipleship and the intimate bond between Jesus and His followers.

who have stood by Me
The phrase emphasizes loyalty and faithfulness. Despite misunderstandings and moments of doubt, the disciples remained with Jesus throughout His ministry. This loyalty is significant in the context of first-century Jewish culture, where allegiance to a rabbi or teacher was a mark of honor and commitment. The disciples' steadfastness is a model for Christian perseverance and faithfulness in the face of trials.

in My trials.
Jesus refers to the various challenges and opposition He faced during His ministry, including rejection by religious leaders, temptation by Satan (Luke 4:1-13), and the growing threat of crucifixion. The term "trials" can also be seen as a foreshadowing of the suffering He would endure during His Passion. This phrase connects to the broader biblical theme of suffering and redemption, as seen in Isaiah 53, which prophesies the suffering servant. The disciples' presence during these trials prefigures their future roles as leaders who would also face persecution for their faith (Acts 5:40-41).

And I bestow on you a kingdom
This phrase signifies the granting of authority and responsibility to the disciples. In the context of the Last Supper, Jesus is preparing His followers for their future roles in the establishment of the Church. The concept of a "kingdom" here is not a political entity but a spiritual reign, reflecting the Kingdom of God. This echoes the promise of authority given to Peter in Matthew 16:19 and the Great Commission in Matthew 28:18-20. The idea of bestowing a kingdom also connects to the Davidic covenant, where God promised an everlasting kingdom through David's lineage, fulfilled in Christ (2 Samuel 7:12-16).

just as My Father has bestowed one on Me
This phrase highlights the divine authority and mission given to Jesus by God the Father. It reflects the intimate relationship between the Father and the Son, as seen in John 5:19-23, where Jesus speaks of doing the works of the Father. The bestowal of the kingdom on Jesus is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah 9:6-7 and Daniel 7:13-14, which speak of the Messiah's eternal reign. This also underscores the Trinitarian relationship and the unity of purpose within the Godhead, as Jesus acts in accordance with the Father's will, a theme prevalent throughout the Gospel of John.

so that you may eat and drink at My table in My kingdom
This phrase signifies the promise of fellowship and communion with Christ in His eternal kingdom. Eating and drinking at a table is a symbol of intimate fellowship and acceptance. In biblical times, sharing a meal was a sign of peace and covenant. This promise is reminiscent of the Messianic banquet prophesied in Isaiah 25:6, where the Lord prepares a feast for all peoples. It also echoes the Last Supper, where Jesus shared bread and wine with His disciples, symbolizing the new covenant in His blood (Luke 22:19-20). The imagery of a table in the kingdom suggests a place of honor and closeness to the King, reflecting the fulfillment of God's promises to His faithful followers.

and sit on thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel
This phrase indicates a role of authority and governance granted to the apostles in the eschatological future. Sitting on thrones is a symbol of ruling and judgment, reflecting the promise of shared authority with Christ. The twelve tribes of Israel represent the entirety of God's people, and this promise connects to the restoration and fulfillment of Israel's destiny. In Matthew 19:28, Jesus similarly promises the apostles that they will sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes. This reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the restoration of Israel and the establishment of God's kingdom. The apostles' role in judgment signifies their foundational place in the church, as seen in Ephesians 2:20, where they are described as the foundation with Christ as the cornerstone. This promise underscores the continuity of God's redemptive plan from Israel to the church.

Simon, Simon
The repetition of Simon's name indicates urgency and personal attention. Simon Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, is being directly addressed. This mirrors other biblical instances where names are repeated for emphasis, such as "Moses, Moses" (Exodus 3:4) and "Samuel, Samuel" (1 Samuel 3:10). It underscores the importance of the message and the personal nature of the warning.

Satan has asked
This phrase reveals the spiritual reality of Satan's active role in seeking to challenge and test believers. The language suggests a courtroom-like scenario where Satan must seek permission, reminiscent of the account in Job 1:6-12, where Satan requests to test Job. It highlights the sovereignty of God, who allows such testing within His divine purposes.

to sift all of you like wheat
The imagery of sifting wheat involves separating the grain from the chaff, a process that is vigorous and thorough. This metaphor indicates a severe trial or testing. The phrase "all of you" suggests that while Peter is addressed directly, the testing is intended for all the disciples. This connects to the broader theme of trials and purification found in passages like James 1:2-4 and 1 Peter 1:6-7, where faith is refined through testing. The agricultural metaphor would have been familiar to the disciples, who lived in a society where such processes were common.

But I have prayed for you, Simon
This phrase highlights Jesus' role as an intercessor, a theme seen throughout the New Testament. Jesus' prayer for Simon Peter underscores His foreknowledge of Peter's impending denial and His deep concern for Peter's spiritual well-being. The use of "Simon" instead of "Peter" may indicate a personal and intimate address, reminding Peter of his human frailty. This intercession is reminiscent of Jesus' high priestly role, as seen in Hebrews 7:25, where He is described as always living to intercede for believers.

that your faith will not fail
Here, Jesus acknowledges the coming trial of Peter's faith, yet He prays for its endurance. This reflects the biblical theme of faith being tested and refined, as seen in James 1:2-4. The Greek word for "fail" suggests a complete eclipse or cessation, indicating that while Peter's faith may falter, it will not be extinguished. This assurance is a testament to the sustaining power of Christ's intercession and the perseverance of the saints, a doctrine emphasized in passages like Philippians 1:6.

And when you have turned back
This phrase implies a future restoration for Peter after his denial of Christ. The concept of "turning back" is akin to repentance, a central theme in both the Old and New Testaments. It suggests a return to a previous state of faithfulness and commitment. The prophetic nature of this statement is fulfilled in John 21:15-19, where Jesus reinstates Peter, demonstrating the grace and forgiveness available through Christ.

strengthen your brothers.
Jesus commissions Peter to use his experience to support and encourage the other disciples. This directive highlights the communal aspect of faith, where believers are called to edify one another, as seen in 1 Thessalonians 5:11. Peter's leadership role is affirmed here, foreshadowing his prominent position in the early church, as recorded in Acts. This call to strengthen others is a reminder of the responsibility of those who have been restored to aid in the spiritual growth of their community.

“Lord,” said Peter,
Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, often acts as the spokesperson for the group. His use of "Lord" signifies respect and acknowledgment of Jesus' authority. This title reflects Peter's recognition of Jesus' divine role, aligning with the confession he made in Matthew 16:16, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God."

“I am ready to go with You”
Peter's declaration of readiness shows his loyalty and commitment to Jesus. This statement is made during the Last Supper, a time of heightened emotion and significance. It reflects Peter's impulsive nature and his genuine desire to support Jesus, though it foreshadows his later denial. This moment is reminiscent of Peter's earlier willingness to step out of the boat and walk on water towards Jesus (Matthew 14:28-29).

“even to prison”
The mention of prison indicates Peter's understanding of the potential consequences of following Jesus. In the Roman world, imprisonment was a common fate for those who opposed the authorities or were seen as threats. This reflects the growing tension between Jesus' ministry and the religious and political powers of the time. The early church would later face similar persecutions, as seen in Acts 12:4 when Peter himself is imprisoned.

“and to death.”
Peter's willingness to face death highlights the ultimate sacrifice he is prepared to make for Jesus. This echoes Jesus' earlier teachings on the cost of discipleship, such as in Luke 9:23, where He calls His followers to take up their cross. Peter's statement is prophetic, as he would eventually be martyred for his faith, fulfilling Jesus' prediction in John 21:18-19 about the manner of his death. This phrase also connects to the theme of martyrdom seen throughout the New Testament, exemplified by Stephen in Acts 7.

But Jesus replied
This phrase indicates a response from Jesus, suggesting a continuation of a conversation. In the context of Luke 22, Jesus is speaking to His disciples during the Last Supper. This setting is significant as it is the night before His crucifixion, a time filled with profound teachings and revelations. Jesus' reply is part of a larger discourse where He prepares His disciples for the events to come.

I tell you, Peter
Jesus addresses Peter directly, using his given name, which emphasizes the personal nature of the message. Peter, also known as Simon, is one of Jesus' closest disciples and part of the inner circle. This direct address highlights Peter's prominent role among the disciples and foreshadows his future leadership in the early church. The use of "I tell you" underscores the authority of Jesus' words.

the rooster will not crow today
The mention of the rooster crowing is a reference to the early morning hours, a common time marker in the ancient world. Roosters were known to crow at dawn, marking the transition from night to day. This detail situates the prophecy within a specific timeframe, emphasizing the immediacy of the events Jesus is predicting. It also reflects the cultural context of the time, where such natural occurrences were used to denote time.

until you have denied three times
The prediction of Peter's denial is significant as it highlights human weakness and the fulfillment of Jesus' foreknowledge. The number three is often symbolic in the Bible, representing completeness or emphasis. Peter's threefold denial contrasts with his earlier bold declarations of loyalty, illustrating the struggle between human intentions and actions. This serves as a lesson on humility and reliance on divine strength.

that you know Me
The denial of knowing Jesus is particularly poignant given Peter's close relationship with Him. This phrase underscores the gravity of Peter's forthcoming actions, as it involves a public disassociation from Jesus. It reflects the fear and pressure faced by the disciples in the face of persecution. This denial is later redeemed by Peter's restoration and reaffirmation of love for Jesus, as recorded in John 21:15-17, demonstrating themes of forgiveness and restoration.

Then Jesus asked them
This phrase indicates a direct address from Jesus to His disciples, highlighting a moment of teaching and reflection. Jesus often used questions to provoke thought and self-examination among His followers. This method is consistent with rabbinic teaching styles of the time, which encouraged disciples to engage deeply with the lessons being imparted.

“When I sent you out
Refers to the earlier mission of the Twelve Apostles, as recorded in Luke 9:1-6. During this mission, Jesus empowered them to preach the Kingdom of God and heal the sick. This sending out was a practical exercise in faith and reliance on God's provision, as they were instructed to take nothing for their journey.

without purse or bag or sandals,
The purse, bag, and sandals symbolize material provisions and personal security. By sending them without these items, Jesus was teaching the disciples to depend entirely on God's provision and the hospitality of those they would encounter. This instruction is reminiscent of the Israelites' reliance on God during their wilderness journey, where they were sustained without the usual means of provision.

did you lack anything?”
This rhetorical question is designed to remind the disciples of God's faithfulness and provision during their mission. It underscores the principle that when God sends, He also provides. This is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, as seen in the provision of manna in the wilderness (Exodus 16) and Elijah's sustenance by the ravens (1 Kings 17:4-6).

“Nothing,” they answered.
The disciples' response confirms the sufficiency of God's provision. Their experience serves as a testimony to the reliability of God's promises and care. This acknowledgment of divine provision is echoed in other biblical narratives, such as the feeding of the 5,000 (Luke 9:10-17), where Jesus multiplies limited resources to meet the needs of the people.

Now, however,
This phrase indicates a shift in circumstances or instructions. Previously, Jesus had sent His disciples out without provisions (Luke 9:3), relying on the hospitality of others. The "however" suggests a change in the situation, likely due to the impending challenges and hostility they would face.

He told them,
Jesus is directly addressing His disciples, emphasizing the importance of His instructions. This personal communication underscores the gravity of the moment as He prepares them for His imminent arrest and crucifixion.

the one with a purse should take it,
A purse, or money bag, was used to carry coins. Jesus is advising His disciples to prepare for self-sufficiency, as they would no longer be able to rely on the support of others. This reflects a practical approach to the upcoming trials.

and likewise a bag;
The bag, often used for carrying provisions, suggests the need for readiness and resourcefulness. This instruction highlights the necessity for the disciples to be prepared for a journey or mission without external support.

and the one without a sword
The sword symbolizes protection and defense. In the cultural and historical context, a sword was a common tool for personal safety. Jesus' mention of a sword may be metaphorical, emphasizing the need for spiritual vigilance and preparedness.

should sell his cloak and buy one.
The cloak was an essential garment, often used for warmth and as a blanket. Selling it to buy a sword indicates the urgency and importance of being prepared for the coming trials. This phrase can be seen as a call to prioritize spiritual readiness over physical comfort, reflecting the serious nature of the spiritual battle ahead.

For I tell you that this Scripture must be fulfilled in Me:
This phrase indicates Jesus' awareness of His role in fulfilling Old Testament prophecies. The use of "must" underscores the divine necessity and inevitability of these events, as part of God's sovereign plan. Jesus often referenced the fulfillment of Scripture to validate His mission and identity as the Messiah. This reflects the continuity between the Old and New Testaments, showing that Jesus' life and work were the culmination of God's redemptive history.

‘And He was numbered with the transgressors.’
This is a direct quotation from Isaiah 53:12, a passage from the "Suffering Servant" section, which is widely recognized as a messianic prophecy. The phrase signifies Jesus' identification with sinners, despite His sinlessness. By being "numbered with the transgressors," Jesus took on the role of a substitute, bearing the sins of humanity. This act of substitution is central to the doctrine of atonement, where Jesus' death on the cross is seen as the means by which humanity is reconciled to God.

For what is written about Me is reaching its fulfillment.”
Here, Jesus emphasizes the culmination of prophetic writings concerning His life, death, and resurrection. The phrase "reaching its fulfillment" suggests that the events of Jesus' passion were not random but were the fulfillment of God's predetermined plan. This fulfillment theme is prevalent throughout the Gospels, where Jesus' actions and experiences are consistently linked to Old Testament prophecies. It highlights the reliability of Scripture and God's faithfulness in bringing His promises to fruition.

So they said, “Look, Lord, here are two swords.”
In this passage, the disciples respond to Jesus' earlier instruction to buy a sword if they do not have one. The mention of "two swords" indicates a literal understanding of Jesus' words, which may have been intended metaphorically to prepare them for the spiritual battles ahead. The disciples' readiness to show the swords reflects their misunderstanding of Jesus' mission, which was not to establish an earthly kingdom through violence. The presence of swords among the disciples also highlights the tension and danger of the times, as they were in Jerusalem during the Passover, a period of heightened political and religious activity. The swords symbolize the disciples' attempt to rely on human means for protection, contrasting with Jesus' teaching on reliance on God.

“That is enough,” He answered.
Jesus' response, "That is enough," can be interpreted as a rebuke or a dismissal of the disciples' literal interpretation. It suggests that Jesus was not advocating for armed resistance but was instead emphasizing the sufficiency of spiritual preparedness. This phrase may also indicate Jesus' awareness of the impending events, where physical weapons would be of no use. The statement aligns with Jesus' teachings on peace and non-violence, as seen in His earlier instructions to turn the other cheek and love one's enemies. Additionally, this response foreshadows the events in the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus rebukes Peter for using a sword to defend Him, further underscoring the message that His kingdom is not of this world.

Jesus went out as usual to the Mount of Olives
This phrase indicates a habitual action, suggesting that Jesus often visited the Mount of Olives, a location significant in His ministry. The Mount of Olives is a ridge east of Jerusalem, offering a panoramic view of the city. It is a place of prayer and reflection for Jesus, as seen in other Gospel accounts (Matthew 21:1, Mark 11:1). The Mount of Olives is also prophetically significant, as it is mentioned in Zechariah 14:4 as the place where the Lord will stand in the end times. This habitual visit underscores Jesus' commitment to prayer and solitude with the Father, a model for believers to seek regular communion with God.

and the disciples followed Him
The disciples' following of Jesus here is both literal and symbolic. Literally, they accompany Him to the Mount of Olives, showing their loyalty and desire to be near Him. Symbolically, this act of following represents discipleship, a theme prevalent throughout the Gospels. Following Jesus involves obedience, learning, and emulating His life and teachings. This moment foreshadows the challenges they will face in their commitment to Him, especially as the events of His arrest and crucifixion unfold. The disciples' presence also fulfills Jesus' earlier teachings about the cost of discipleship (Luke 9:23), emphasizing the importance of steadfastness in faith.

When He came to the place
This phrase refers to Jesus arriving at the Mount of Olives, specifically the Garden of Gethsemane. This location is significant in biblical history as a place of prayer and reflection. The Mount of Olives is situated east of Jerusalem and has been a site of many important biblical events. It is also prophesied in Zechariah 14:4 as the place where the Messiah will stand in the end times. The garden setting symbolizes a place of solitude and communion with God, reminiscent of the Garden of Eden, where humanity first fell into temptation.

He told them
Jesus is addressing His disciples, emphasizing His role as a teacher and leader. This moment highlights the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers, as He prepares them for the trials ahead. The directive nature of His words underscores the importance of obedience and attentiveness to His teachings, which is a recurring theme throughout the Gospels.

Pray that you will not enter into temptation
This instruction underscores the power and necessity of prayer in the life of a believer. Jesus is aware of the impending challenges and spiritual warfare that His disciples will face. The call to prayer is a preventive measure against falling into sin, echoing the Lord's Prayer in Matthew 6:13, "And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil." This moment foreshadows the spiritual battle Jesus Himself is about to endure and serves as a reminder of the human vulnerability to sin without divine assistance. The concept of temptation here is not just about moral failings but encompasses the broader trials and tests of faith that believers encounter.

And He withdrew about a stone’s throw beyond them
This phrase indicates Jesus' desire for solitude in prayer, a common practice in His ministry (Mark 1:35). The distance of "a stone's throw" suggests a short but significant separation, emphasizing His need for personal communion with the Father. This moment occurs in the Garden of Gethsemane, a place on the Mount of Olives, known for its olive trees and symbolic of peace and anointing. The garden setting recalls the Garden of Eden, where the first Adam fell, contrasting with Jesus, the second Adam, who would remain obedient (Romans 5:19).

where He knelt down
Kneeling is a posture of humility and submission, reflecting Jesus' reverence and earnestness in prayer. In Jewish culture, standing was the usual posture for prayer, making Jesus' kneeling significant and indicative of His deep emotional state. This act fulfills the prophecy of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53, who humbles Himself before God. It also prefigures Philippians 2:10, where every knee will bow to Jesus, highlighting His ultimate authority and submission to the Father's will.

and prayed
Prayer is central to Jesus' life and ministry, demonstrating His dependence on the Father (John 5:19). This particular prayer in Gethsemane is one of the most intense, as He faces the impending crucifixion. It reflects His human nature, experiencing anguish and seeking strength, while also affirming His divine mission to fulfill God's redemptive plan. This moment connects to Hebrews 5:7, which describes Jesus' fervent prayers and supplications, underscoring His role as the perfect High Priest who empathizes with human weakness.

Father,
This term reflects the intimate relationship between Jesus and God, emphasizing His divine sonship. In Jewish culture, addressing God as "Father" was not common, highlighting Jesus' unique position. This relationship is central to understanding the Trinity and the nature of Jesus' mission.

if You are willing,
This phrase acknowledges God's sovereignty and Jesus' submission to His divine plan. It reflects the tension between Jesus' human desire to avoid suffering and His commitment to fulfill God's will. This submission is a model for believers, illustrating the importance of aligning personal desires with God's purposes.

take this cup from Me.
The "cup" symbolizes the impending suffering and crucifixion Jesus is about to endure. In the Old Testament, the cup often represents God's wrath and judgment (e.g., Psalm 75:8, Isaiah 51:17). Jesus' request to have the cup removed underscores His awareness of the physical and spiritual agony He is about to face, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 53.

Yet not My will,
This phrase highlights the dual nature of Christ, fully human and fully divine. Jesus expresses a natural human desire to avoid pain, yet He prioritizes divine will over personal preference. This submission is a key aspect of His role as the obedient Son, contrasting with Adam's disobedience in the Garden of Eden.

but Yours be done.
This ultimate submission to God's will is central to the Christian understanding of obedience and sacrifice. It reflects Jesus' role as the perfect servant, fulfilling prophecies like Isaiah 42:1. This act of surrender is pivotal in the narrative of salvation, demonstrating the path of true discipleship and trust in God's plan.

Then an angel from heaven
In the biblical narrative, angels are often depicted as messengers or servants of God, sent to deliver messages or provide assistance. The appearance of an angel here underscores the divine nature of the events unfolding. Angels appearing from heaven signifies divine intervention and support, emphasizing the heavenly realm's involvement in earthly matters. This aligns with other biblical instances where angels minister to individuals, such as in Genesis 28:12 with Jacob's ladder and in Matthew 4:11 when angels minister to Jesus after His temptation in the wilderness.

appeared to Him
The appearance of the angel to Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane highlights the intense spiritual and emotional struggle Jesus was experiencing. This moment is pivotal, as it occurs just before His arrest and crucifixion. The angel's appearance serves as a divine affirmation of Jesus' mission and the Father's presence with Him during His time of need. This moment is unique to Luke's Gospel, emphasizing the humanity of Jesus and His need for divine support.

and strengthened Him.
The strengthening of Jesus by the angel indicates the physical and spiritual fortification necessary for Him to endure the upcoming trials. This act of strengthening is not merely physical but also spiritual, preparing Jesus to face the immense suffering of the crucifixion. It reflects the fulfillment of prophecy and the typology of Jesus as the suffering servant, as seen in Isaiah 53. The strengthening also parallels the support given to other biblical figures, such as Elijah in 1 Kings 19:5-8, where divine intervention provides sustenance and strength for the journey ahead.

And in His anguish
This phrase highlights the intense emotional and spiritual distress Jesus experienced in the Garden of Gethsemane. The Greek word for "anguish" here conveys a deep sense of agony and struggle. This moment reflects the weight of the impending crucifixion and the burden of bearing the sins of humanity. It connects to Isaiah 53:3, which describes the Messiah as "a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief."

He prayed more earnestly
Jesus' response to His anguish was to pray with increased intensity. This demonstrates His reliance on the Father and sets an example of turning to God in times of deep distress. The earnestness of His prayer is a model for believers, showing the importance of fervent prayer in seeking God's will. This moment is also a fulfillment of the prophecy in Psalm 22, which depicts the suffering and prayer of the Messiah.

and His sweat became like drops of blood
This phrase may refer to a rare medical condition known as hematidrosis, where extreme stress causes capillaries to burst, mixing blood with sweat. It underscores the physical manifestation of Jesus' inner turmoil. The imagery of blood is significant, foreshadowing the shedding of His blood for the atonement of sins. This connects to Leviticus 17:11, which emphasizes the life-giving power of blood in atonement.

falling to the ground
The detail of the sweat falling to the ground emphasizes the physical reality of Jesus' suffering. It also symbolizes the gravity of the moment, as the ground itself receives the first signs of the sacrifice to come. This imagery can be linked to Genesis 3:17-19, where the ground is cursed due to sin, and now it receives the sweat of the One who will redeem humanity from that curse.

When Jesus rose from prayer
This phrase highlights Jesus' commitment to prayer, especially during times of great distress. The setting is the Garden of Gethsemane, a place Jesus often visited for solitude and prayer (John 18:2). This moment is significant as it follows His intense prayer where He asked for the cup of suffering to pass from Him, yet submitted to the Father's will (Luke 22:42). This act of rising from prayer signifies His readiness to face the impending crucifixion, demonstrating His obedience and resolve.

and returned to the disciples,
Jesus' return to the disciples shows His concern for them even in His own time of need. The disciples were His closest followers, and He had previously instructed them to pray so they would not fall into temptation (Luke 22:40). This return is a reminder of His role as a teacher and shepherd, guiding and caring for His flock. It also reflects the communal aspect of faith, emphasizing the importance of supporting one another in spiritual vigilance.

He found them asleep,
The disciples' sleep contrasts sharply with Jesus' vigilance in prayer. This sleep is not merely physical but symbolizes spiritual unpreparedness. Despite Jesus' earlier warnings about the coming trials (Luke 22:31-34), the disciples succumb to their human frailty. This moment foreshadows their later abandonment of Jesus during His arrest and trial, highlighting the weakness of the flesh even when the spirit is willing (Matthew 26:41).

exhausted from sorrow.
The disciples' exhaustion is attributed to sorrow, indicating the emotional toll of the events unfolding around them. They were likely overwhelmed by Jesus' predictions of His suffering and death (Luke 22:37). This sorrow reflects a deep, human response to impending loss and confusion about the future. It also connects to the broader biblical theme of sorrow preceding joy, as their grief would later turn to joy with the resurrection (John 16:20-22).

“Why are you sleeping?”
In this moment, Jesus addresses His disciples in the Garden of Gethsemane. The setting is significant as Gethsemane, located at the foot of the Mount of Olives, was a place Jesus often visited with His disciples (John 18:2). The question highlights the disciples' failure to remain vigilant during a critical time. Sleep here symbolizes spiritual lethargy and unpreparedness, contrasting with Jesus' own state of prayerful alertness. This echoes the call for spiritual watchfulness found in other scriptures, such as 1 Thessalonians 5:6, which urges believers to be awake and sober.

He asked.
Jesus' inquiry is not merely rhetorical but serves as a gentle rebuke and a call to awareness. It reflects His role as a teacher and shepherd, guiding His followers even in moments of personal anguish. This interaction underscores the relational aspect of Jesus' ministry, where He continually seeks to instruct and correct His disciples.

“Get up and pray”
The command to "get up" signifies an urgent call to action, emphasizing the need for immediate spiritual readiness. Prayer is presented as the primary means of preparation and defense against spiritual challenges. This directive aligns with Jesus' teachings on the importance of prayer, as seen in Matthew 6:9-13, where He provides a model for prayer. The act of praying is a demonstration of dependence on God, a theme prevalent throughout Jesus' ministry.

so that you will not enter into temptation.”
This phrase highlights the protective power of prayer against temptation. The disciples are on the brink of a significant trial, as Jesus' arrest and crucifixion are imminent. The concept of temptation here is not limited to moral failings but includes the broader challenge of remaining faithful under pressure. This warning is consistent with Jesus' earlier teachings, such as in Matthew 26:41, where He advises vigilance and prayer to avoid falling into temptation. The phrase also foreshadows Peter's upcoming denial, illustrating the human tendency to falter without divine assistance.

While He was still speaking
This phrase indicates the immediacy of the events following Jesus' discourse with His disciples. It highlights the urgency and tension of the moment. Jesus had been preparing His disciples for His impending arrest and crucifixion, emphasizing the fulfillment of prophecy and the necessity of His sacrifice. The timing underscores the divine orchestration of events, as Jesus' words are interrupted by the arrival of those who would arrest Him.

a crowd arrived
The crowd likely consisted of Roman soldiers, temple guards, and officials from the chief priests and Pharisees. This diverse group reflects the collaboration between Jewish religious leaders and Roman authorities in the arrest of Jesus. The presence of a crowd also signifies the public nature of Jesus' arrest, setting the stage for the subsequent trials and crucifixion. The crowd's arrival fulfills the prophecy of Psalm 2:1-2, where the nations conspire against the Lord and His Anointed.

led by the man called Judas
Judas Iscariot, one of Jesus' twelve disciples, is identified as the leader of the group. His role as the betrayer fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 41:9, where a close friend turns against the Messiah. Judas' leadership in this moment highlights the gravity of his betrayal, as he guides the authorities to Jesus, whom he had followed and learned from for three years.

one of the Twelve
This phrase emphasizes the intimacy of Judas' betrayal. As one of the Twelve, Judas was part of Jesus' inner circle, entrusted with responsibilities and privy to Jesus' teachings and miracles. His betrayal is particularly poignant because it comes from within Jesus' closest group of followers, illustrating the theme of betrayal and the fulfillment of Zechariah 11:12-13, which speaks of the thirty pieces of silver and the potter's field.

He approached Jesus to kiss Him
The kiss was a customary greeting in Jewish culture, symbolizing respect and affection. Judas' use of a kiss as a signal for Jesus' arrest is a profound act of treachery, turning a gesture of friendship into one of betrayal. This act fulfills the prophecy of Psalm 55:12-14, where betrayal comes from a close companion. The kiss also serves as a type of the false peace offered by the world, contrasting with the true peace that Jesus provides.

But Jesus asked him
In this moment, Jesus directly addresses Judas, highlighting the personal nature of the betrayal. This interaction occurs in the Garden of Gethsemane, a place Jesus often visited with His disciples. The question posed by Jesus is not for His own understanding, as He is fully aware of Judas's intentions, but rather to confront Judas with the gravity of his actions. This reflects Jesus' omniscience and His role as a teacher, even in moments of personal betrayal.

Judas
Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve disciples, is the one who betrays Jesus. His name has become synonymous with betrayal. Historically, Judas was the treasurer for the disciples, and his motivations for betrayal are often linked to greed, as he was paid thirty pieces of silver by the chief priests. Judas's actions fulfill the prophecy found in Psalm 41:9, which speaks of a close friend lifting his heel against the psalmist, a foreshadowing of the betrayal of Jesus.

are you betraying
The act of betrayal is significant in biblical terms, as it involves a breach of trust and loyalty. Judas's betrayal is particularly heinous because it is against Jesus, who had shown him love and trust. This act sets in motion the events leading to the crucifixion, which is central to the Christian understanding of salvation. The betrayal is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Zechariah 11:12-13, which speaks of the thirty pieces of silver.

the Son of Man
The title "Son of Man" is one Jesus frequently uses for Himself, emphasizing both His humanity and His divine authority. It is a messianic title rooted in Daniel 7:13-14, where the Son of Man is given dominion and glory. By using this title, Jesus underscores His identity and mission, even in the face of betrayal. This title also connects to the suffering servant motif found in Isaiah, highlighting Jesus' role in God's redemptive plan.

with a kiss?
A kiss, in the cultural context of the time, was a common greeting among friends and a sign of respect and affection. Judas's use of a kiss to betray Jesus is particularly poignant and ironic, as it turns a symbol of love into one of treachery. This act of betrayal with a kiss is a stark contrast to the love and loyalty expected among Jesus' followers. It serves as a powerful reminder of the deceitfulness of sin and the depth of human betrayal.

Those around Jesus saw what was about to happen
This phrase refers to the disciples who were with Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane. The context is the night of Jesus' arrest, following the Last Supper. The disciples, having been warned by Jesus of His impending betrayal and arrest, are now witnessing the arrival of the crowd led by Judas. This moment fulfills Jesus' earlier predictions about His suffering (Luke 9:22, 18:31-33). The garden setting is significant, as Gethsemane, located on the Mount of Olives, was a place Jesus often visited with His disciples (John 18:2). The disciples' awareness of the situation reflects their growing understanding of the gravity of the events unfolding, though they still lack full comprehension of Jesus' mission.

and said, “Lord, should we strike with our swords?”
The disciples' question reveals their instinct to defend Jesus using physical force. This reflects a common misunderstanding of the nature of Jesus' kingdom, which is not of this world (John 18:36). The mention of swords connects to an earlier conversation where Jesus instructed them to buy swords (Luke 22:36-38), which was likely metaphorical, emphasizing preparedness for spiritual challenges rather than physical combat. The disciples' readiness to fight contrasts with Jesus' mission of peace and submission to God's will. This moment also highlights the tension between human impulses and divine purposes, as Jesus' path to the cross involves non-violence and sacrificial love, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 53:7, where the Messiah is described as a lamb led to slaughter without resistance.

And one of them
This phrase refers to one of Jesus' disciples. In the parallel accounts in the Gospels, it is identified as Peter (John 18:10). Peter's impulsive nature is often highlighted in the Gospels, showing his zeal and sometimes rash actions. This moment reflects his desire to protect Jesus, even though Jesus had previously spoken of His need to suffer and die (Matthew 16:21-23).

struck the servant of the high priest
The servant is identified as Malchus in the Gospel of John (John 18:10). The high priest at the time was Caiaphas, who played a significant role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus. The high priest's servant would have been part of the group sent to arrest Jesus, indicating the official nature of the arrest. This act of violence contrasts with Jesus' teachings on peace and non-retaliation (Matthew 5:39).

cutting off his right ear
The detail of the "right ear" is significant, as it shows the precision of the Gospel accounts. In the cultural context, the right side was often considered the side of favor or strength. The act of cutting off the ear could symbolize the severing of one's ability to hear, which is metaphorically significant given the religious leaders' refusal to hear Jesus' message. Jesus' subsequent healing of Malchus' ear (Luke 22:51) demonstrates His compassion and power, even in the face of betrayal and arrest, fulfilling His role as the Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:6).

But Jesus answered, “No more of this!”
In this moment, Jesus is responding to the violence that erupted when one of His disciples, identified in John 18:10 as Peter, struck the servant of the high priest, cutting off his ear. This command from Jesus emphasizes His commitment to non-violence and His mission of peace, even in the face of betrayal and arrest. It reflects His teachings in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:39) about turning the other cheek and underscores His role as the Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:6). This phrase also highlights Jesus' authority and control over the situation, as He intervenes to stop further violence.

And He touched the man’s ear and healed him.
This miraculous healing is significant as it demonstrates Jesus' compassion and divine power even towards those who came to arrest Him. The act of healing Malchus, the servant of the high priest, is unique to Luke's Gospel, which often emphasizes Jesus' concern for individuals and His healing ministry. This miracle serves as a final public act of healing before His crucifixion, symbolizing His mission to restore and reconcile. It also fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:5, which speaks of the Messiah's wounds bringing healing. The healing of the ear can be seen as a type of spiritual restoration, pointing to the greater healing Jesus offers through His sacrifice.

Then Jesus said to the chief priests, temple officers, and elders who had come for Him
This phrase highlights the group that came to arrest Jesus, consisting of religious leaders and temple guards. The chief priests were influential leaders in the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The temple officers were likely Levites responsible for maintaining order in the temple, and the elders were respected leaders within the community. This assembly represents the religious authority of the time, emphasizing the gravity of the situation. Their involvement fulfills Jesus' earlier predictions of His betrayal and arrest by the religious leaders (Luke 9:22).

“Have you come out with swords and clubs
The mention of swords and clubs indicates the violent intent and preparedness of the arresting party. Swords were typically used by Roman soldiers, while clubs were more common among Jewish temple guards. This imagery contrasts with Jesus' peaceful ministry and highlights the irony of treating Him as a violent criminal. The use of such weapons underscores the fear and misunderstanding of Jesus' mission by the authorities.

as you would against an outlaw?
By comparing Himself to an outlaw, Jesus points out the absurdity of their approach. An outlaw, or bandit, was someone who posed a threat to society, often through violence or rebellion. Jesus, however, had consistently preached peace and love. This rhetorical question exposes the injustice of the situation and fulfills the prophecy of being "numbered with the transgressors" (Isaiah 53:12). It also reflects the fulfillment of the suffering servant motif, where the Messiah is unjustly treated as a criminal.

Every day I was with you in the temple courts,
This phrase highlights Jesus' consistent presence in the temple, a central place of worship and teaching in Jerusalem. The temple courts were a public area where rabbis often taught, and Jesus used this space to reach a wide audience. His daily presence there underscores His openness and transparency in ministry, contrasting with the secretive actions of His arresters. This setting also fulfills prophecies about the Messiah teaching in the temple (Malachi 3:1). The temple, as the heart of Jewish religious life, symbolizes the place where God meets His people, and Jesus' teaching there signifies His role as the ultimate revelation of God.

and you did not lay a hand on Me.
Despite the religious leaders' growing hostility, they refrained from arresting Jesus in the temple due to His popularity with the people (Luke 19:47-48). This restraint was also part of God's sovereign plan, as Jesus' time had not yet come. The phrase indicates the leaders' fear of public backlash and their recognition of Jesus' authority, even if they did not accept it. This restraint aligns with the divine timing of events leading to the crucifixion, showing that Jesus' life was not taken from Him but given willingly (John 10:18).

But this hour belongs to you
The "hour" refers to the appointed time for Jesus' arrest and subsequent crucifixion. It signifies a divinely ordained moment when God allows the forces of evil to act, fulfilling the redemptive plan. This phrase acknowledges the temporary authority given to Jesus' enemies, aligning with the concept of God's permissive will. It also reflects the fulfillment of prophecies about the suffering Messiah (Isaiah 53). The use of "hour" is significant in the Gospel of John, where it often denotes pivotal moments in Jesus' mission (John 12:23).

and to the power of darkness.”
This phrase identifies the spiritual forces at work behind the physical events of Jesus' arrest. "Darkness" symbolizes evil, sin, and separation from God, contrasting with Jesus as the "light of the world" (John 8:12). The power of darkness refers to Satan's influence and the spiritual battle between good and evil. This moment is a culmination of the conflict between Jesus and the forces of evil, as foretold in Genesis 3:15, where the serpent's head would be crushed. Despite the apparent victory of darkness, it ultimately leads to Jesus' triumph over sin and death through His resurrection.

Then they seized Jesus
This phrase marks the beginning of Jesus' physical suffering and the fulfillment of His prediction that He would be betrayed and handed over to sinners. The act of seizing Jesus was carried out by a group that included Roman soldiers and temple guards, indicating the collaboration between Jewish and Roman authorities. This moment fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 53:7, where the Messiah is described as being led like a lamb to the slaughter.

led Him away
Jesus is taken from the Garden of Gethsemane, where He had been praying, to face the authorities. This movement signifies the transition from His ministry of teaching and healing to His role as the sacrificial Lamb. The act of being led away also fulfills the imagery of the Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53, who is oppressed and afflicted.

and took Him into the house of the high priest
The high priest at the time was Caiaphas, and his house served as the setting for the initial phase of Jesus' trial. This location is significant because it represents the religious authority of the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Archaeological findings suggest that the high priest's house was a large, affluent residence, indicating the power and influence of the religious elite. This setting underscores the irony of the religious leaders' rejection of the true High Priest, Jesus Christ.

And Peter followed at a distance
Peter's following at a distance highlights his internal conflict and fear. Despite his earlier bold declarations of loyalty, Peter's actions reveal his struggle with fear and self-preservation. This moment sets the stage for Peter's impending denial of Jesus, fulfilling Jesus' prophecy in Luke 22:34. Peter's distance can also be seen as a metaphor for spiritual distance, a warning to believers about the dangers of fear and lack of faith.

When those present had kindled a fire in the middle of the courtyard
In the ancient world, courtyards were common in the architecture of homes and public buildings, often serving as gathering places. The courtyard mentioned here is likely part of the high priest's residence, where Jesus was taken after His arrest. Fires were kindled for warmth, especially during the cool nights of early spring in Jerusalem. This setting provides a stark contrast between the warmth of the fire and the coldness of the events unfolding, as Jesus faces trial and Peter faces his own test of faith.

and sat down together
The act of sitting together around a fire suggests a communal atmosphere, yet it is also a setting of tension and uncertainty. Those gathered include servants and officers of the high priest, as well as others curious about the proceedings. This scene sets the stage for Peter's denial, highlighting the pressure of being in a hostile environment. The communal sitting contrasts with Peter's internal struggle, as he is physically present but spiritually conflicted.

Peter sat down among them
Peter's decision to sit among those in the courtyard is significant. It reflects his desire to remain close to Jesus, yet it also places him in a precarious position. This moment fulfills Jesus' earlier prophecy that Peter would deny Him three times before the rooster crows (Luke 22:34). Peter's presence among the group symbolizes the tension between his loyalty to Jesus and his fear of association with Him. This act of sitting among them foreshadows his impending denial, illustrating the human struggle between faithfulness and fear.

A servant girl saw him seated in the firelight
In the context of first-century Judea, servant girls often performed menial tasks and were present in various social settings, including courtyards where people gathered. The firelight suggests a nighttime setting, likely in the courtyard of the high priest where Jesus was being tried. The fire would have been a source of warmth and light, drawing people together. This setting is significant as it highlights Peter's vulnerability and the intimacy of the moment. The firelight also serves as a metaphor for exposure, as Peter's identity and allegiance are about to be revealed.

and looked intently at him.
The act of looking intently indicates scrutiny and recognition. In a culture where social hierarchies were pronounced, a servant girl addressing a man directly would have been unusual, suggesting the intensity of her conviction. This moment of recognition is pivotal, as it sets the stage for Peter's denial. The intense gaze can be seen as a moment of confrontation, where Peter's internal struggle between fear and faith is brought to the forefront.

“This man also was with Him,” she said.
The servant girl's statement is an accusation that identifies Peter as a follower of Jesus. This reflects the growing tension and danger for Jesus' disciples following His arrest. Her words are simple yet profound, as they challenge Peter's loyalty and force him to confront his association with Jesus. This moment fulfills Jesus' earlier prophecy that Peter would deny Him three times before the rooster crowed (Luke 22:34). Theologically, this highlights human frailty and the struggle to remain faithful under pressure. It also serves as a reminder of the cost of discipleship and the courage required to stand with Christ in times of trial.

But Peter denied it.
Peter's denial is a significant moment in the Gospels, highlighting human weakness and the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy that Peter would deny Him three times before the rooster crowed (Luke 22:34). This denial occurs during Jesus' trial, a time of intense fear and confusion for the disciples. Peter, who had earlier vowed to follow Jesus even to death (Luke 22:33), succumbs to fear and self-preservation. This moment underscores the theme of human frailty and the need for divine grace. It also serves as a reminder of the spiritual battle believers face, as Peter's denial contrasts with his earlier boldness and loyalty.

“Woman, I do not know Him,” he said.
Peter's response to the accusation of being a follower of Jesus is direct and emphatic. The use of "Woman" is a common form of address in the culture of the time, not intended to be disrespectful. His denial is a fulfillment of Jesus' earlier prediction and reflects the pressure and fear of being associated with a condemned man. This moment is pivotal, as it shows Peter's internal struggle and the reality of persecution for early Christians. The denial also connects to the broader narrative of redemption, as Peter's later repentance and restoration by Jesus (John 21:15-19) illustrate the possibility of forgiveness and renewal. This phrase highlights the tension between human weakness and the call to faithfulness, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture.

A short time later
This phrase indicates the immediacy of the events following Peter's first denial of Jesus. The setting is the courtyard of the high priest, where Jesus is being tried. The rapid succession of events highlights the pressure and fear Peter is experiencing. This timeframe is significant as it fulfills Jesus' prophecy that Peter would deny Him three times before the rooster crows (Luke 22:34).

someone else saw him and said,
The presence of multiple witnesses in the courtyard suggests a crowded and tense environment. This person, like the servant girl before, recognizes Peter as a follower of Jesus. The repeated recognition by different individuals emphasizes Peter's association with Jesus, which he is now trying to deny. This reflects the social dynamics and the danger of being associated with a condemned man.

“You also are one of them.”
The accusation is direct and places Peter among the disciples of Jesus. The term "one of them" indicates a clear distinction between Jesus' followers and others present. This separation underscores the growing hostility towards Jesus and His followers. The phrase also connects to the broader theme of discipleship and the cost of following Christ, as seen in earlier teachings of Jesus (Luke 9:23).

But Peter said,
Peter's response is immediate and defensive. His denial is a stark contrast to his earlier bold declarations of loyalty to Jesus (Luke 22:33). This moment reveals Peter's human frailty and fear, serving as a reminder of the spiritual battle believers face. It also sets the stage for Peter's eventual repentance and restoration.

“Man, I am not.”
Peter's denial is emphatic and personal. The use of "Man" is a colloquial address, indicating his attempt to distance himself from the accusation. This denial fulfills Jesus' prophecy and highlights Peter's internal conflict. It serves as a poignant reminder of human weakness and the need for divine grace. Peter's denial is later contrasted with his powerful witness after the resurrection and Pentecost (Acts 2:14-41), demonstrating the transformative power of the Holy Spirit.

About an hour later
This phrase indicates the passage of time during the events of Peter's denial of Jesus. The setting is the courtyard of the high priest, where Jesus is being tried. The time reference suggests a period of waiting and tension, as Peter remains in the courtyard, likely filled with anxiety and fear. This hour is significant as it fulfills Jesus' prophecy that Peter would deny Him three times before the rooster crows (Luke 22:34).

another man insisted
The use of "another man" highlights the repeated accusations Peter faces. This is the third and final denial, showing the increasing pressure and scrutiny Peter is under. The insistence of the man reflects the growing certainty among the bystanders that Peter is indeed associated with Jesus. This insistence can be seen as a test of Peter's faith and loyalty, which he ultimately fails in this moment.

Certainly this man was with Him
The certainty expressed by the accuser underscores the recognition of Peter as a follower of Jesus. This recognition could be due to Peter's previous public association with Jesus during His ministry. The statement also reflects the danger of being identified with Jesus at this time, as He is being tried and condemned. The certainty contrasts with Peter's denials, highlighting his fear and the weakness of his resolve.

for he too is a Galilean
Galilee was a region in northern Israel, and its inhabitants were often recognized by their distinct accent and mannerisms. The identification of Peter as a Galilean links him to Jesus, who was also from Galilee. This geographical connection is significant, as it fulfills the prophecy that Jesus would be a light to the Gentiles, beginning His ministry in Galilee (Isaiah 9:1-2). The mention of Galilee also emphasizes the humble origins of Jesus and His disciples, contrasting with the religious elite in Jerusalem.

“Man, I do not know what you are talking about,”
This phrase is part of Peter's third denial of Jesus, fulfilling Jesus' prophecy that Peter would deny Him three times before the rooster crowed (Luke 22:34). The use of "Man" indicates a casual address, reflecting Peter's attempt to distance himself from the accusation. This denial occurs in the courtyard of the high priest's house, a setting that underscores the tension and fear Peter felt. The denial is significant as it highlights human weakness and fear, even among the most devoted followers. It also serves as a reminder of the spiritual battle believers face, as Peter's fear of association with Jesus in a hostile environment led to his denial.

Peter replied.
Peter's response is a direct contradiction to his earlier vow of unwavering loyalty to Jesus (Luke 22:33). This moment is pivotal in Peter's life, marking a profound failure that would later lead to his repentance and restoration. The narrative emphasizes the personal nature of Peter's denial, as it is his own words that betray his fear and confusion. This moment is a turning point, illustrating the theme of human frailty and the need for divine grace.

And immediately, while he was still speaking,
The immediacy of the rooster's crowing underscores the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy with precision. This timing highlights the sovereignty and foreknowledge of Christ, as well as the inevitability of God's word coming to pass. The phrase "while he was still speaking" indicates that Peter's denial was not only verbal but also deeply rooted in his immediate fear and panic. This serves as a reminder of the suddenness with which temptation and failure can overtake even the most committed believers.

the rooster crowed.
The crowing of the rooster is a significant auditory symbol in this narrative. It serves as a divine alarm clock, awakening Peter to the reality of his actions and the truth of Jesus' words. In the cultural context, the rooster's crow was associated with the early morning hours, a time of transition from darkness to light, symbolizing the potential for repentance and new beginnings. This moment is a fulfillment of prophecy and a catalyst for Peter's eventual repentance and restoration, as seen in John 21:15-19, where Jesus reinstates Peter, demonstrating forgiveness and the possibility of redemption after failure.

And the Lord turned and looked at Peter.
This moment occurs during Jesus' trial before the Sanhedrin, a pivotal event in the Passion narrative. The look from Jesus is significant, as it is not one of condemnation but of profound understanding and compassion. This glance serves as a reminder of Jesus' earlier prophecy about Peter's denial, highlighting Jesus' omniscience. The setting is likely the courtyard of the high priest's house, a place of tension and fear for the disciples. The look signifies a personal connection between Jesus and Peter, emphasizing the relational aspect of Jesus' ministry. It also reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' earlier prediction, underscoring His role as a prophet.

Then Peter remembered the word that the Lord had spoken to him:
Peter's remembrance is a moment of deep personal conviction and realization. It signifies the Holy Spirit's work in bringing Jesus' words to Peter's mind, illustrating the Spirit's role in guiding believers to truth. This remembrance is crucial for Peter's later repentance and restoration. It also serves as a narrative device to show the fulfillment of prophecy and Jesus' foreknowledge. The cultural context of memory in Jewish tradition often involves a call to action or repentance, which is evident in Peter's subsequent behavior.

“Before the rooster crows today, you will deny Me three times.”
This prophecy, spoken by Jesus during the Last Supper, is a specific prediction that underscores Jesus' divine knowledge. The rooster crowing is a time marker, indicating the early morning hours, a common time for such events in the ancient Near East. The threefold denial is significant, as the number three often symbolizes completeness or emphasis in biblical literature. This denial contrasts with Peter's earlier bold declarations of loyalty, highlighting human weakness and the need for divine grace. The fulfillment of this prophecy serves as a testament to Jesus' authority and the reliability of His words. It also foreshadows Peter's eventual restoration and leadership in the early church, demonstrating the transformative power of forgiveness and grace.

And he went outside
This phrase occurs after Peter's denial of Jesus, which fulfills Jesus' prophecy that Peter would deny Him three times before the rooster crowed. The act of going outside signifies Peter's separation from the immediate environment where he denied Christ, symbolizing a physical and emotional departure from his failure. In biblical times, going outside often represented a change in state or condition, as seen in other scriptures where individuals leave a place of sin or judgment to seek repentance or solitude (e.g., Genesis 19:17, where Lot is instructed to flee Sodom).

and wept bitterly
Peter's weeping is a profound expression of remorse and repentance. The term "bitterly" indicates the depth of his sorrow, suggesting a heartfelt recognition of his sin and a desire for forgiveness. In Jewish culture, weeping was a common expression of grief and repentance, often associated with mourning or deep regret (e.g., Jeremiah 31:9, where weeping is linked to repentance and return to God). This moment is pivotal for Peter, as it marks the beginning of his restoration, paralleling the biblical theme of repentance leading to redemption. His tears can be seen as a precursor to the grace and forgiveness he will later receive, reflecting the transformative power of Christ's love and mercy.

The men who were holding Jesus
This refers to the temple guards or soldiers who had arrested Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane. These men were likely Jewish temple guards rather than Roman soldiers, as Jesus was first taken to the high priest's house. The arrest and custody of Jesus fulfilled the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53, who would be "oppressed and afflicted." The act of being held by these men signifies the beginning of Jesus' physical suffering and the fulfillment of His role as the sacrificial Lamb.

began to mock Him
Mocking was a common form of humiliation and was used to demean and belittle those who were considered powerless or defeated. In the cultural context of the time, mocking was a way to assert dominance and control. This act of mockery fulfills the prophecy in Psalm 22:7, where it is foretold that the Messiah would be scorned and mocked. The mockery also highlights the spiritual blindness of those who did not recognize Jesus as the Messiah, despite His teachings and miracles.

and beat Him.
The physical beating of Jesus was a precursor to the more severe suffering He would endure during His crucifixion. This act of violence fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 50:6, where the suffering servant is described as giving His back to those who strike Him. The beating is a type of the sacrificial system, where the innocent lamb is slaughtered for the sins of the people. Jesus' willingness to endure such suffering demonstrates His obedience to the Father's will and His love for humanity, as He takes upon Himself the punishment for sin.

They blindfolded Him
This act of blindfolding Jesus was a form of mockery and humiliation. In the cultural context of the time, blindfolding a person was a way to strip them of dignity and control. It symbolizes the spiritual blindness of those who could not see Jesus as the Messiah. This act fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 53:3, where the suffering servant is described as being despised and rejected. The blindfolding also highlights the irony that those who were spiritually blind were attempting to blindfold the one who is the Light of the World (John 8:12).

and kept demanding,
The continuous nature of their demands indicates persistent and aggressive mockery. This reflects the hostility and unbelief of the religious leaders and guards who were intent on discrediting Jesus. It also shows the fulfillment of Psalm 22:7-8, where the psalmist speaks of being mocked and ridiculed. The repetition of their demands underscores the intensity of the situation and the depth of their scorn.

“Prophesy!
The demand for Jesus to prophesy was a taunt, challenging His identity as a prophet and the Messiah. In Jewish tradition, prophets were revered for their ability to speak God's truth and foretell future events. By demanding a prophecy, they were sarcastically questioning His divine authority and role. This mockery is a stark contrast to the true prophecies Jesus had already given, such as predicting Peter's denial (Luke 22:34) and His own death and resurrection (Luke 9:22).

Who hit You?”
This question was part of the cruel game they played, mocking Jesus' prophetic abilities. It reflects the fulfillment of Isaiah 50:6, where the servant of the Lord is struck and insulted. The act of striking someone while blindfolded was a common form of mockery and torture in ancient times, intended to degrade and dehumanize. This moment foreshadows the suffering and sacrifice Jesus would endure on the cross, where He would ultimately fulfill His role as the suffering servant who takes on the sins of the world (Isaiah 53:5).

And they said:
This phrase indicates the continuation of verbal abuse directed at Jesus. The context is the trial before the Sanhedrin, where Jesus is being mocked and ridiculed. The use of "they" refers to the religious leaders and guards who were present, highlighting the collective nature of the opposition against Jesus.

many other blasphemous things:
The term "blasphemous" is significant, as it denotes speech that is irreverent or disrespectful towards God. In Jewish law, blasphemy was a serious offense, punishable by death (Leviticus 24:16). Ironically, the accusers themselves are committing blasphemy by mocking the Son of God. This reflects the deep spiritual blindness and hardness of heart among those who should have recognized the Messiah. The phrase "many other" suggests that the verbal abuse was extensive and relentless.

against Him:
The focus of the blasphemy is Jesus, who is the central figure of the Gospel narrative. This opposition fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:3, which describes the Messiah as "despised and rejected by men." The hostility Jesus faced is a testament to His role as the suffering servant, a theme that runs throughout the Old Testament and finds its fulfillment in the New Testament. The phrase underscores the personal nature of the attacks, as they are directed specifically at Jesus, who is both fully God and fully man.

At daybreak
This phrase indicates the early morning timing of the event, which aligns with Jewish legal practices that required trials to be held during daylight. It underscores the urgency and determination of the religious leaders to proceed with their plans against Jesus. The timing also fulfills Jesus' prophecy about His suffering and death.

the council of the elders of the people
This refers to the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish court and governing body in Jerusalem. It was composed of elders, who were respected leaders and representatives of the people. The Sanhedrin held significant religious and political authority, and their involvement highlights the gravity of the situation.

both the chief priests and scribes
The chief priests were primarily Sadducees, responsible for temple rituals and sacrifices, while the scribes were experts in the Law, often Pharisees. Their collaboration in this council shows a rare unity between these groups, typically divided by theological differences, united by their opposition to Jesus.

met together
This gathering signifies a formal assembly, emphasizing the official nature of the proceedings. It reflects the leaders' intent to present a united front in their judgment against Jesus, despite their usual internal conflicts.

They led Jesus into their Sanhedrin
The act of leading Jesus into the Sanhedrin indicates His submission to their authority, fulfilling His role as the suffering servant prophesied in Isaiah 53. The Sanhedrin's involvement also fulfills the legal requirement for a trial before the Jewish council.

and said
This introduction to their questioning sets the stage for the interrogation that follows. It highlights the leaders' role as accusers, fulfilling the prophecy of Psalm 2:2, where rulers take counsel against the Lord and His Anointed.

If You are the Christ, tell us.
This question is posed by the religious leaders during Jesus' trial. The term "Christ" is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew "Messiah," meaning "Anointed One." The Jewish expectation of the Messiah was a deliverer who would restore Israel's kingdom. The leaders' demand for Jesus to declare Himself as the Christ is a test, as they seek grounds to accuse Him of blasphemy or sedition against Roman authority. This moment fulfills the prophecy of Psalm 2:2, where rulers gather against the Lord's Anointed. The setting is the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, which held significant religious and political power in Jerusalem.

Jesus answered, “If I tell you, you will not believe.
Jesus' response highlights the hardness of the leaders' hearts. Despite witnessing His miracles and hearing His teachings, they remain spiritually blind. This echoes Isaiah 6:9-10, where the prophet speaks of a people who hear but do not understand. Jesus often used parables and indirect answers to reveal the truth to those open to it while concealing it from those who were not. His statement also reflects the broader theme of unbelief found throughout the Gospels, where many, despite clear evidence, refuse to accept Jesus as the Messiah. This moment foreshadows the rejection and suffering He will endure, fulfilling the suffering servant prophecy in Isaiah 53.

And if I ask you a question
In this passage, Jesus is addressing the religious leaders during His trial. This phrase highlights the tension between Jesus and the authorities. Throughout the Gospels, Jesus often used questions to teach and reveal truth, as seen in His interactions with the Pharisees and Sadducees (e.g., Matthew 22:41-46). His questions were designed to provoke thought and expose the hearts of His listeners. Here, Jesus implies that the leaders are not open to genuine dialogue or truth, reflecting their hardened hearts and predetermined agenda against Him.

you will not answer
This statement underscores the obstinacy and spiritual blindness of the religious leaders. Despite witnessing Jesus' miracles and hearing His teachings, they refuse to acknowledge His authority and identity. This refusal to answer is consistent with their previous interactions with Jesus, where they often avoided direct answers to His questions (e.g., Luke 20:1-8). It also fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 6:9-10, where the people would hear but not understand, and see but not perceive. This rejection is part of the larger narrative of Jesus' path to the cross, where He is the suffering servant who is despised and rejected by men (Isaiah 53:3).

But from now on
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of Jesus' life. It signifies a transition from His earthly ministry to His exaltation and glorification. The context is Jesus speaking during His trial before the Sanhedrin, indicating a shift in His role and mission. This moment is a fulfillment of His prophetic mission and a turning point in salvation history.

the Son of Man
This title, used frequently by Jesus, emphasizes His humanity and His role as the representative of humankind. It is rooted in Daniel 7:13-14, where the "Son of Man" is a messianic figure given authority and an everlasting kingdom. Jesus' use of this title connects Him to Old Testament prophecy and highlights His divine authority and mission.

will be seated
The act of being seated implies a position of rest, authority, and completion. In ancient times, being seated at a ruler's right hand was a position of honor and power. This phrase indicates Jesus' completed work of redemption and His ongoing reign and intercession for believers.

at the right hand
The right hand is traditionally a place of honor and power. In biblical terms, it signifies a position of authority and favor. This imagery is consistent with Psalm 110:1, where the Messiah is invited to sit at God's right hand, symbolizing His divine authority and kingship.

of the power of God.
This phrase underscores the divine authority and omnipotence of God. Jesus' position at God's right hand signifies His participation in God's sovereign rule over the universe. It affirms His divinity and His role in executing God's will and judgment. This is a fulfillment of the messianic expectation and a declaration of Jesus' divine nature and authority.

So they all asked, “Are You then the Son of God?”
This question is posed by the members of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, during the trial of Jesus. The title "Son of God" is significant in Jewish theology, as it implies a unique relationship with God, often associated with the Messiah. The Sanhedrin's question is a direct challenge to Jesus' identity and mission. In the context of first-century Judaism, claiming to be the Son of God was considered blasphemous unless it was true, as it implied equality with God. This moment is pivotal, as it sets the stage for the charge of blasphemy that leads to Jesus' crucifixion. The question also reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 2:7, which speaks of the Messiah as God's Son.

He replied, “You say that I am.”
Jesus' response is both affirming and enigmatic. By saying, "You say that I am," He acknowledges their statement without directly claiming the title in a way that could be used against Him legally. This response is consistent with Jesus' teaching style, often using parables and indirect answers to reveal truth to those who are open to it while concealing it from those who are not. The phrase "I am" also echoes the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, suggesting a deeper affirmation of His divine identity. This response aligns with Jesus' earlier declarations of His identity, such as in John 10:30, where He states, "I and the Father are one." Theologically, this moment underscores the mystery of the Incarnation, where Jesus is both fully God and fully man.

“Why do we need any more testimony?”
This phrase is spoken by the members of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, during the trial of Jesus. The Sanhedrin was composed of chief priests, scribes, and elders, who were responsible for religious and legal matters. This rhetorical question indicates their belief that they have sufficient evidence to convict Jesus. The context is the trial where Jesus is accused of blasphemy, a serious charge under Jewish law, which could warrant the death penalty. The question reflects their determination to find Jesus guilty, regardless of the fairness of the trial. This moment fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:7, where the Messiah is described as being oppressed and afflicted, yet not opening His mouth in defense.

“they declared.”
The use of "they declared" shows a collective decision by the Sanhedrin, emphasizing their unity in the decision to condemn Jesus. This reflects the cultural and religious authority they held over the Jewish people. The Sanhedrin's declaration is significant because it marks the transition from a religious trial to a political one, as they would soon bring Jesus before Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, to seek a death sentence. This collective declaration also highlights the fulfillment of Psalm 2:2, where the rulers take counsel together against the Lord and His Anointed.

“We have heard it for ourselves”
This phrase underscores the directness of the evidence they believe they have obtained. In Jewish law, the testimony of two or three witnesses was required to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). Here, the Sanhedrin claims to have heard Jesus' supposed blasphemy directly, thus considering their requirement for witnesses fulfilled. This reflects the cultural and legal practices of the time, where oral testimony was crucial in legal proceedings. The phrase also highlights the irony of their spiritual blindness, as they fail to recognize Jesus as the Messiah despite hearing His words.

“from His own lips.”
The emphasis on hearing from Jesus' own lips points to the gravity of His confession in their eyes. Jesus had affirmed His identity as the Son of God, which they interpreted as blasphemy. This moment is pivotal in the Passion narrative, as it directly leads to His crucifixion. Theologically, this phrase underscores the fulfillment of Jesus' mission, as He willingly affirms His identity, knowing it would lead to His death. It also connects to John 10:30, where Jesus states, "I and the Father are one," further affirming His divine nature. This declaration from Jesus' own lips is a testament to His role as the sacrificial Lamb, fulfilling the typology of the Passover lamb in Exodus 12.