When morning came
This phrase indicates the time of day when the events are taking place. In Jewish tradition, the day begins at sunset, so "morning" here refers to the early hours after dawn. This timing is significant as it follows the illegal nighttime trial of Jesus, which was held by the Sanhedrin. According to Jewish law, trials involving capital punishment were not to be conducted at night, highlighting the irregularity and urgency with which the religious leaders acted.

all the chief priests and elders of the people
The "chief priests" were the leading priests in the temple, including the high priest and those who had previously held the position. The "elders" were respected leaders and members of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. This group represented the highest religious authority in Judaism at the time. Their involvement underscores the official and collective decision-making process against Jesus, reflecting the widespread rejection of His messianic claims by the Jewish leadership.

conspired against Jesus
The term "conspired" indicates a deliberate and secretive plan. This conspiracy was not just a spontaneous decision but a premeditated effort to eliminate Jesus, whom they saw as a threat to their authority and the stability of their relationship with the Roman occupiers. This aligns with earlier Gospel accounts where the religious leaders plotted to kill Jesus (e.g., John 11:53).

to put Him to death
The ultimate goal of the conspiracy was Jesus' execution. This reflects the severity of the charges they intended to bring against Him, which included blasphemy and claims of kingship that could be interpreted as treason against Rome. This phrase also fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the suffering and death of the Messiah, such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant who would be "cut off from the land of the living" for the transgressions of the people.

They bound Him
This phrase indicates the physical restraint of Jesus, symbolizing His submission to the will of God and the fulfillment of prophecy. Binding was a common practice for prisoners, signifying control and authority over the individual. In the context of Jesus, it reflects Isaiah 53:7, where the suffering servant is described as being led like a lamb to the slaughter. The act of binding also highlights the irony of the situation, as the one who came to set captives free (Luke 4:18) is Himself bound.

led Him away
This phrase suggests a transition from the Jewish authorities to the Roman authorities, marking a shift in the legal proceedings. The leading away of Jesus fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:8, which speaks of the servant being taken away by oppression and judgment. It also reflects the cultural and legal practices of the time, where a prisoner would be escorted by guards to ensure compliance and prevent escape. This movement from one place to another signifies the progression of Jesus' path to the crucifixion.

and handed Him over to Pilate the governor
Pontius Pilate was the Roman governor of Judea from AD 26 to 36. His involvement in the trial of Jesus is significant, as it fulfills the prophecy of Psalm 2:2, where the rulers take counsel together against the Lord and His Anointed. Pilate's role as governor meant he had the authority to execute capital punishment, which the Jewish leaders lacked under Roman rule. This handing over to Pilate also underscores the fulfillment of Jesus' prediction in Matthew 20:19, where He foretold that He would be delivered to the Gentiles to be mocked, flogged, and crucified. The involvement of a Roman official highlights the universal scope of Jesus' mission, as His death would not only be a Jewish affair but one that involved the entire world.

When Judas, who had betrayed Him
Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve disciples, is infamous for betraying Jesus. His betrayal was prophesied in the Old Testament, notably in Psalm 41:9, which speaks of a close friend lifting his heel against the psalmist. Judas's role fulfills this prophecy, highlighting the foreknowledge of God and the fulfillment of Scripture. His betrayal is a pivotal moment in the Passion narrative, setting in motion the events leading to the crucifixion.

saw that Jesus was condemned
Judas's realization that Jesus was condemned marks a turning point in his story. The condemnation of Jesus by the religious leaders was a fulfillment of the prophecies concerning the suffering Messiah, such as Isaiah 53. Judas's actions contributed to this outcome, and his witnessing of the condemnation may have brought the gravity of his betrayal into sharp focus. The Sanhedrin's decision to condemn Jesus was influenced by their fear of losing power and control, as Jesus's teachings challenged their authority.

he was filled with remorse
Judas's remorse indicates a deep sense of guilt and regret for his actions. However, this remorse does not equate to true repentance, which involves a turning away from sin and seeking forgiveness. Judas's regret is contrasted with Peter's repentance after denying Jesus, showing different responses to sin. The Greek word used here for remorse suggests an emotional response rather than a change of heart, highlighting the tragic nature of Judas's end.

and returned the thirty pieces of silver
The thirty pieces of silver were the price Judas agreed upon with the chief priests to betray Jesus, as recorded in Matthew 26:15. This amount fulfills the prophecy in Zechariah 11:12-13, which speaks of the thirty pieces of silver as the price set for the shepherd. Judas's return of the money signifies his attempt to undo his betrayal, but it is ultimately futile. The silver coins, a symbol of his treachery, become a testimony to the fulfillment of prophecy and the unfolding of God's redemptive plan.

to the chief priests and elders
The chief priests and elders were the religious leaders responsible for maintaining the temple and upholding Jewish law. Their involvement in Jesus's condemnation reflects the religious establishment's rejection of Jesus as the Messiah. By returning the silver to them, Judas acknowledges their role in the conspiracy against Jesus. This act also underscores the religious leaders' complicity in the events leading to the crucifixion, as they prioritized their authority over recognizing the truth of Jesus's identity.

I have sinned by betraying innocent blood,
This phrase is spoken by Judas Iscariot, who acknowledges his wrongdoing in betraying Jesus. The concept of "innocent blood" is significant in Jewish law, which emphasizes the sanctity of life and the prohibition against shedding innocent blood (Deuteronomy 19:10). Judas's admission of sin highlights the gravity of his actions and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies regarding the betrayal of the Messiah (Psalm 41:9, Zechariah 11:12-13). The term "innocent" underscores Jesus's sinlessness, aligning with the New Testament portrayal of Christ as the spotless Lamb (1 Peter 1:19).

he said.
Judas's confession is verbal, indicating a moment of realization and remorse. This moment is crucial in the narrative, as it shows Judas's internal conflict and recognition of his betrayal's moral implications. His statement is a rare instance of direct speech from Judas, providing insight into his character and the weight of his actions.

What is that to us?
The response from the chief priests and elders reveals their indifference to Judas's remorse and the moral implications of their actions. This rhetorical question indicates their focus on legalistic and political concerns rather than justice or righteousness. Their lack of empathy and responsibility contrasts with the teachings of the law, which emphasize justice and mercy (Micah 6:8).

they replied.
The religious leaders' reply is dismissive, highlighting their role in the conspiracy against Jesus. Their response fulfills the prophecy of the leaders' rejection of the Messiah (Isaiah 53:3). This interaction underscores the theme of spiritual blindness and the failure of the religious establishment to recognize Jesus as the promised Savior.

You bear the responsibility.
The leaders place the burden of guilt solely on Judas, absolving themselves of any wrongdoing. This statement reflects the theme of personal responsibility and the consequences of sin. It also foreshadows the ultimate responsibility that Jesus will bear on the cross for the sins of humanity (Isaiah 53:4-6). The leaders' refusal to accept their part in the betrayal contrasts with the Christian understanding of collective sin and the need for repentance.

So Judas threw the silver into the temple and left.
Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve disciples, had betrayed Jesus for thirty pieces of silver, fulfilling the prophecy in Zechariah 11:12-13. The act of throwing the silver into the temple signifies Judas's remorse and rejection of the blood money. The temple, specifically the area where the priests operated, was a sacred place, and Judas's action indicates a desperate attempt to rid himself of the guilt associated with his betrayal. The silver coins, likely Tyrian shekels, were used for temple offerings, adding irony to the situation as they were now tainted by betrayal. This act also reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the gravity of Judas's actions.

Then he went away and hanged himself.
Judas's suicide is a tragic end to his story, highlighting the severe consequences of his betrayal. In the cultural context of the time, hanging was a method of suicide that indicated deep shame and despair. This act of self-destruction contrasts with Peter's repentance after denying Jesus, showing different responses to sin and guilt. Judas's death is also mentioned in Acts 1:18, where it describes his body falling and bursting open, which some scholars reconcile as a result of the hanging. Judas's demise serves as a somber reminder of the spiritual and moral consequences of rejecting Christ and the importance of seeking forgiveness and redemption.

The chief priests picked up the pieces of silver
The chief priests, part of the Jewish religious leadership, were responsible for maintaining the temple and its practices. Their involvement in the betrayal of Jesus highlights their role in the fulfillment of prophecy, as seen in Zechariah 11:12-13, where thirty pieces of silver are mentioned. The act of picking up the silver signifies their acknowledgment of the transaction's completion, yet also their awareness of its moral implications.

and said, “It is unlawful to put this into the treasury,
The treasury, or "Corban," was a place in the temple where offerings were stored. According to Jewish law, money associated with sin or wrongdoing was considered tainted and could not be used for sacred purposes. This reflects the Pharisaic emphasis on ritual purity and legalism, as seen in Matthew 23:23-24, where Jesus criticizes their focus on minor laws while neglecting justice and mercy.

since it is blood money.”
The term "blood money" refers to the payment given to Judas Iscariot for betraying Jesus, leading to His arrest and crucifixion. This acknowledgment by the chief priests underscores the gravity of their actions and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies regarding the Messiah's suffering and betrayal, such as Isaiah 53:3-7. The irony lies in their concern for legal purity while being complicit in the unjust condemnation of an innocent man, highlighting the tension between outward religious observance and true righteousness.

After conferring together
This phrase indicates a deliberative process among the chief priests and elders. It reflects the Jewish leadership's attempt to resolve the issue of what to do with the thirty pieces of silver returned by Judas. The act of conferring suggests a formal decision-making process, which was typical of the Sanhedrin, the ruling council in Jerusalem. This decision-making process highlights the leaders' concern for maintaining ritual purity, as the money was considered blood money and could not be placed in the temple treasury.

they used the money
The money in question is the thirty pieces of silver that Judas Iscariot received for betraying Jesus. This sum was significant, equivalent to the price of a slave, as noted in Exodus 21:32. The use of this money for a specific purpose underscores the leaders' desire to distance themselves from the guilt associated with Jesus' death, while also fulfilling their legal and religious obligations.

to buy the potter’s field
The potter's field was likely a piece of land used by potters to extract clay for their work. Such fields were often left barren and considered of little value once the clay was exhausted. The purchase of this field with the blood money fulfills the prophecy found in Zechariah 11:12-13, which speaks of thirty pieces of silver being cast to the potter. This act also foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, who transforms what is considered worthless into something of eternal value.

as a burial place for foreigners
The designation of the field as a burial place for foreigners, or "strangers," reflects the Jewish customs of the time, which required separate burial grounds for non-Jews. This practice ensured that the land remained ritually pure for Jewish use. The choice to use the field in this way demonstrates a practical solution to a religious problem, while also symbolizing the inclusive nature of Christ's sacrifice, which extends beyond the Jewish people to all nations, as seen in passages like Isaiah 56:6-8.

That is why it has been called the Field of Blood
The phrase "Field of Blood" refers to the potter's field purchased with the thirty pieces of silver returned by Judas Iscariot after he betrayed Jesus. This field was used as a burial place for foreigners. The name "Field of Blood" signifies the blood money used to buy it, highlighting the gravity of Judas's betrayal and the innocent blood of Jesus. This term also connects to the prophecy in Zechariah 11:12-13, where the thirty pieces of silver are mentioned, and to Jeremiah 19:1-13, which speaks of a potter's field and the shedding of innocent blood.

to this day
The phrase "to this day" indicates that the name "Field of Blood" was still in use at the time the Gospel of Matthew was written, suggesting the lasting impact of the events surrounding Jesus's crucifixion. This phrase also serves to authenticate the historical reliability of the account, as it implies that the field was a known location to the original audience. The continued use of the name underscores the enduring significance of Jesus's sacrifice and the fulfillment of prophecy, as well as the consequences of Judas's actions.

Then what was spoken through Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled:
This phrase indicates the fulfillment of prophecy, a common theme in the Gospel of Matthew, which often highlights how Jesus' life and actions fulfill Old Testament prophecies. Although the prophecy is attributed to Jeremiah, the specific wording aligns more closely with Zechariah 11:12-13. This discrepancy may be due to the Jewish tradition of attributing a collection of prophetic writings to a major prophet like Jeremiah. The emphasis here is on the divine orchestration of events, showing that Jesus' betrayal was part of God's redemptive plan.

“They took the thirty pieces of silver,
The thirty pieces of silver refer to the amount Judas Iscariot received for betraying Jesus, as recorded in Matthew 26:15. This sum is significant because it was the price of a slave according to Exodus 21:32, highlighting the contempt and undervaluation of Jesus by those who rejected Him. The use of silver, a common currency for transactions, underscores the materialistic motivations behind Judas' betrayal.

the price set on Him by the people of Israel,
This phrase indicates that the betrayal and valuation of Jesus were not just the actions of Judas but were representative of the broader rejection by the people of Israel. The religious leaders, representing the nation, conspired to hand Jesus over to the Romans. This reflects the tragic fulfillment of the rejection of the Messiah by His own people, as prophesied in Isaiah 53:3. The phrase also emphasizes the collective responsibility and the fulfillment of God's sovereign plan through human actions.

and they gave them for the potter’s field
This phrase refers to the purchase of a field with the thirty pieces of silver returned by Judas Iscariot after betraying Jesus. The "potter's field" was likely a piece of land used by potters to extract clay, rendering it unsuitable for agriculture. It was bought to serve as a burial place for foreigners, highlighting the theme of redemption and the use of something tainted for a purpose of mercy. This act fulfills the prophecy found in Zechariah 11:12-13, where the thirty pieces of silver are cast to the potter in the house of the Lord. The field's purchase with blood money underscores the gravity of Judas's betrayal and the religious leaders' complicity.

as the Lord had commanded me.
This phrase indicates divine orchestration and fulfillment of prophecy. The reference to the Lord's command can be seen as a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, specifically in Zechariah, where the prophet is instructed by God regarding the thirty pieces of silver. This connection emphasizes the sovereignty of God in the events leading to Jesus's crucifixion, showing that even acts of betrayal and injustice are woven into God's redemptive plan. The phrase also reflects the obedience to divine will, a theme central to the narrative of Jesus's life and mission.

Meanwhile Jesus stood before the governor
This scene takes place during the trial of Jesus before Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea. Pilate's role as governor included maintaining law and order and overseeing legal proceedings. The Jewish leaders had brought Jesus to Pilate because they lacked the authority to execute Him, seeking a Roman sentence of death. This moment fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:7, where the Messiah is described as being oppressed and afflicted, yet not opening His mouth in defense.

who questioned Him: “Are You the King of the Jews?”
Pilate's question addresses the charge of treason against Jesus, as claiming to be a king could be seen as a threat to Roman authority. The title "King of the Jews" is significant because it acknowledges Jesus' messianic role, which was expected by the Jewish people. This question also highlights the political tension between Roman rule and Jewish expectations of a Messiah who would liberate them.

“You have said so,” Jesus replied.
Jesus' response is both an affirmation and a subtle deflection. By saying "You have said so," He acknowledges the truth of the statement without directly claiming the title in a way that could be misconstrued as a political threat. This response is consistent with Jesus' earlier teachings about His kingdom not being of this world (John 18:36). It also reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah's humble and non-confrontational approach, such as in Zechariah 9:9, where the King comes gentle and riding on a donkey.

And when He was accused by the chief priests and elders
The chief priests and elders were the religious leaders of the Jewish community, representing the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish council. Their role was significant in maintaining religious order and interpreting the Law of Moses. Historically, these leaders felt threatened by Jesus' teachings and growing influence, which challenged their authority and exposed their hypocrisy. This accusation took place in Jerusalem, a city central to Jewish religious life and the location of the Temple. The accusations were part of a larger plot to eliminate Jesus, whom they saw as a blasphemer and a threat to their power. This moment fulfills the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53:7, who was oppressed and afflicted yet did not open his mouth.

He gave no answer
Jesus' silence in the face of accusations is significant and reflects His fulfillment of prophecy and His submission to the Father's will. This silence is reminiscent of Isaiah 53:7, where the suffering servant is described as being like a lamb led to the slaughter, not opening His mouth. Jesus' choice not to defend Himself can be seen as an act of obedience and trust in God's plan for redemption. His silence also contrasts with the typical human response to defend oneself, highlighting His divine nature and purpose. This moment is a type of Christ's role as the sacrificial Lamb, willingly accepting the path to crucifixion for the salvation of humanity.

Then Pilate asked Him
Pontius Pilate was the Roman governor of Judea, serving under Emperor Tiberius. His role was to maintain order and enforce Roman law. Pilate's involvement in Jesus' trial highlights the intersection of Roman authority and Jewish leadership. Pilate's questioning of Jesus is significant as it demonstrates the legal proceedings of the time, where the accused would be given an opportunity to respond to charges. This moment also fulfills the prophecy of Jesus being delivered to the Gentiles (Matthew 20:19).

“Do You not hear
This phrase underscores the tension in the trial. Pilate is surprised by Jesus' silence in the face of serious accusations. In Roman trials, the accused typically defended themselves vigorously. Jesus' silence fulfills Isaiah 53:7, which prophesies the Messiah would be oppressed and afflicted, yet not open His mouth. This silence is a testament to His submission to God's will and His role as the sacrificial Lamb.

how many charges they are bringing against You?”
The Jewish leaders accused Jesus of blasphemy, claiming He threatened to destroy the temple and claimed to be the King of the Jews, which they presented as a political threat to Roman authority. The multitude of charges reflects the leaders' desperation to ensure Jesus' condemnation. This moment is pivotal as it shows the fulfillment of Psalm 2:2, where the rulers take counsel against the Lord and His Anointed. Jesus' calm demeanor in the face of numerous accusations highlights His divine nature and mission.

But Jesus gave no answer
In this moment, Jesus' silence fulfills the prophecy found in Isaiah 53:7, which describes the suffering servant as being oppressed and afflicted, yet not opening His mouth. His silence can be seen as a demonstration of His submission to God's will and His role as the sacrificial Lamb. This silence also contrasts with the typical behavior of defendants in Roman trials, who would vigorously defend themselves. Jesus' choice to remain silent highlights His divine authority and the fulfillment of His mission.

not even to a single charge
The charges against Jesus were serious, including claims of blasphemy and insurrection. By not responding to any of these accusations, Jesus demonstrates His innocence and the baselessness of the charges. This silence can also be seen as a fulfillment of Psalm 38:13-14, where the psalmist speaks of being like a deaf man who does not hear and a mute man who does not open his mouth. Jesus' refusal to defend Himself underscores His trust in God's justice rather than human judgment.

much to the governor’s amazement
Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, was accustomed to dealing with defendants who would plead for their lives. Jesus' calm and composed demeanor, coupled with His silence, was unexpected and left Pilate astonished. This amazement can be seen as a recognition of Jesus' unique character and authority. Pilate's reaction also highlights the tension between Roman authority and the divine authority of Jesus. The governor's amazement may also reflect the broader theme of the Gospel, where Jesus' actions and teachings often left people in awe and wonder.

Now it was the governor’s custom
The practice of releasing a prisoner during a festival was a Roman custom, reflecting the Roman authority's attempt to maintain peace and goodwill among the subjugated populations. This custom is not documented outside the Gospels, but it aligns with Roman practices of clemency and public appeasement. The governor here refers to Pontius Pilate, the Roman prefect of Judea, who held the power to grant such pardons.

at the feast
The feast mentioned is the Passover, a significant Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' liberation from Egyptian slavery. This time of year drew large crowds to Jerusalem, increasing the potential for unrest, which Roman authorities were keen to manage. The Passover's themes of liberation and deliverance provide a poignant backdrop for the events of Jesus' trial and crucifixion.

to release to the crowd
The act of releasing a prisoner to the crowd underscores the political dynamics at play. Pilate's decision to involve the crowd in the choice of prisoner reflects his attempt to placate the Jewish populace and avoid inciting a riot. This interaction highlights the tension between Roman authority and Jewish expectations.

a prisoner of their choosing
The choice given to the crowd introduces the concept of substitution, a key theme in Christian theology. The crowd's choice between Jesus and Barabbas (a known insurrectionist) symbolizes the broader spiritual choice between sin and salvation. This moment foreshadows the substitutionary atonement of Christ, where Jesus takes the place of sinners. The decision also reflects the fickle nature of public opinion and the influence of religious leaders in swaying the crowd's choice.

At that time
This phrase situates the events within the timeline of Jesus' trial and crucifixion. It was during the Passover festival, a significant Jewish feast commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. The timing is crucial as it fulfills the prophetic symbolism of Jesus as the Passover Lamb (1 Corinthians 5:7).

they were holding
The Roman authorities had custody of prisoners, reflecting the Roman occupation of Judea. This control over prisoners highlights the political tension between the Jewish leaders and the Roman government. The Jewish leaders needed Roman permission to execute capital punishment, which is why Jesus was brought before Pilate.

a notorious prisoner
The term "notorious" indicates that Barabbas was well-known, likely for insurrection or rebellion against Roman rule. This notoriety contrasts with Jesus, who was innocent of any crime. The choice between Barabbas and Jesus symbolizes the rejection of the true Messiah in favor of a political revolutionary.

named Barabbas
Barabbas' name is significant; it means "son of the father" (Bar-Abba). This ironic detail contrasts with Jesus, the true Son of the Father. The choice presented to the crowd between Jesus and Barabbas serves as a profound theological statement about the nature of Jesus' kingdom, which is spiritual rather than political.

So when the crowd had assembled
The gathering of the crowd is significant as it reflects the Jewish custom of releasing a prisoner during the Passover festival, a time when Jerusalem was filled with pilgrims. This assembly represents the collective voice of the people, which plays a crucial role in the unfolding events. The crowd's presence also fulfills the prophetic nature of Jesus' trial and crucifixion, as foretold in Isaiah 53:3, where the Messiah is described as being despised and rejected by men.

Pilate asked them
Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, is a key figure in the trial of Jesus. His role highlights the political tension between Roman authority and Jewish leadership. Pilate's questioning indicates his attempt to placate the crowd and maintain order, while also revealing his own uncertainty about condemning an innocent man. This moment underscores the fulfillment of Jesus' prediction in Matthew 20:18-19, where He foretold His delivery to the Gentiles for crucifixion.

“Which one do you want me to release to you: Barabbas, or Jesus who is called Christ?”
The choice between Barabbas and Jesus is laden with symbolic meaning. Barabbas, a known insurrectionist and murderer, represents the sinful nature of humanity and the desire for a political messiah who would overthrow Roman rule. In contrast, Jesus, referred to as "Christ," signifies the true Messiah, the anointed one who brings spiritual salvation. This moment is a profound illustration of substitutionary atonement, where the innocent Jesus is condemned in place of the guilty Barabbas, reflecting the core of the Gospel message as seen in 2 Corinthians 5:21. The title "Christ" emphasizes Jesus' divine mission and fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah, such as those found in Isaiah 9:6-7 and Daniel 9:25-26.

For he knew
This phrase refers to Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, who was presiding over the trial of Jesus. Pilate's awareness suggests a level of discernment and political acumen. In the Roman judicial system, governors like Pilate were expected to maintain order and justice, often requiring them to assess the motives behind accusations. Pilate's knowledge indicates he was not easily swayed by the religious leaders' outward claims.

it was out of envy
The religious leaders' envy of Jesus is a recurring theme in the Gospels. Jesus' popularity, authority, and ability to perform miracles threatened their power and influence over the people. Envy, a destructive emotion, is condemned in various parts of Scripture (e.g., Proverbs 14:30, James 3:16). This envy led to irrational and unjust actions, fulfilling the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53, who was despised and rejected by men.

that they had handed Jesus over to him
The religious leaders, unable to execute capital punishment under Roman rule, handed Jesus over to Pilate. This act of handing over is significant, as it fulfills Jesus' own predictions about His death (e.g., Matthew 20:18-19). The term "handed over" is also used in the context of betrayal, linking Judas Iscariot's actions to the broader rejection by the Jewish leaders. This transfer of Jesus to Roman authority highlights the collaboration between Jewish and Roman powers in the crucifixion, a pivotal event in salvation history.

While Pilate was sitting on the judgment seat
The judgment seat, or "bema," was a raised platform where Roman officials would sit to make legal decisions. This setting underscores the legal and political authority Pilate held as the Roman governor of Judea. The act of sitting on the judgment seat signifies a formal judicial proceeding, highlighting the gravity of the situation. Pilate's role here fulfills the prophecy of Jesus being judged by Gentiles (Matthew 20:19).

his wife sent him this message
Pilate's wife is not named in the Bible, but her intervention is significant. In Roman culture, women typically did not have a public voice, especially in legal matters. Her sending a message indicates the urgency and seriousness of her concern. This moment is unique in the Gospels, showing divine intervention through a dream, which was a common way God communicated in biblical times (Genesis 20:3, Matthew 1:20).

Have nothing to do with that innocent man
The declaration of Jesus as "innocent" by Pilate's wife adds to the narrative of Jesus' sinlessness and unjust suffering. This aligns with the theme of Jesus as the spotless Lamb of God (1 Peter 1:19). Her statement contrasts with the accusations from the Jewish leaders, emphasizing the injustice of the trial.

for I have suffered terribly in a dream today because of Him
Dreams were often seen as divine messages in ancient cultures, including Roman and Jewish traditions. The suffering she experienced indicates the intensity and divine origin of the dream. This dream serves as a warning to Pilate, paralleling other biblical instances where God used dreams to guide or warn individuals (Genesis 41:1-7, Daniel 2:1). The timing of the dream, occurring on the day of Jesus' trial, underscores its significance and divine orchestration.

But the chief priests and elders
The chief priests and elders were influential leaders within the Jewish religious hierarchy. The chief priests included the high priest and those who had previously held the position, while the elders were respected leaders within the community. Their authority was significant in Jewish society, and they played a crucial role in maintaining religious and social order. This group was often resistant to Jesus' teachings, which challenged their authority and interpretations of the Law. Their involvement in the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion highlights the tension between Jesus and the established religious order.

persuaded the crowds
The act of persuasion indicates a deliberate effort by the religious leaders to sway public opinion. This reflects the leaders' fear of losing control and their determination to eliminate Jesus, whom they saw as a threat. The crowd, likely composed of pilgrims in Jerusalem for Passover, may have been easily influenced due to the leaders' authority and the charged atmosphere. This manipulation of the crowd contrasts with Jesus' earlier popularity among the people, as seen in His triumphal entry into Jerusalem.

to ask for Barabbas
Barabbas was a notorious prisoner, known for insurrection and murder. The choice between Jesus and Barabbas presented a stark contrast: Jesus, the peaceful teacher and healer, versus Barabbas, a violent rebel. The crowd's choice of Barabbas over Jesus symbolizes the rejection of the true Messiah in favor of a worldly figure who represented rebellion against Roman rule. This decision fulfilled the prophecy of the suffering servant, as Jesus was rejected by His own people.

and to have Jesus put to death
The demand for Jesus' death was the culmination of the religious leaders' plot against Him. This phrase underscores the gravity of the situation and the leaders' success in turning the crowd against Jesus. The call for crucifixion, a Roman method of execution reserved for the worst criminals, highlights the depth of the rejection Jesus faced. This event fulfills numerous Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah's suffering and death, such as Isaiah 53, and serves as a pivotal moment in the narrative of redemption, where Jesus willingly submits to the Father's will for the salvation of humanity.

Which of the two do you want me to release to you?
This question is posed by Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, during the trial of Jesus. Pilate's role as governor included maintaining order and administering justice, often involving difficult decisions to appease both Roman authorities and local populations. The choice presented to the crowd reflects a custom during the Passover festival where a prisoner could be released, symbolizing mercy and freedom. This practice is not detailed in Jewish law but is understood as a Roman concession to the Jewish people. The choice between Jesus and Barabbas is significant, as it highlights the stark contrast between the two figures: Jesus, the innocent and righteous one, and Barabbas, a known criminal. This moment underscores the theme of substitutionary atonement, where the innocent suffers in place of the guilty.

asked the governor.
Pontius Pilate, as the Roman governor, held significant authority over the region. His involvement in the trial of Jesus is crucial, as it fulfills the prophecy of Jesus being handed over to the Gentiles (Matthew 20:19). Pilate's questioning reflects his attempt to navigate the political tensions between maintaining Roman authority and placating the Jewish leaders and populace. His role in the trial is marked by indecision and attempts to absolve himself of responsibility, as seen in his symbolic washing of hands (Matthew 27:24).

“Barabbas,” they replied.
Barabbas, whose name means "son of the father," is described in the Gospels as a notorious prisoner involved in insurrection and murder (Mark 15:7, Luke 23:19). The crowd's choice of Barabbas over Jesus is a profound moment of irony and tragedy, as they choose a violent revolutionary over the Prince of Peace. This decision reflects the spiritual blindness and rejection of Jesus as the Messiah by the people, fulfilling the prophecy of Isaiah 53:3, where the suffering servant is despised and rejected. The release of Barabbas instead of Jesus serves as a powerful illustration of the gospel message: the guilty are set free while the innocent takes their place, pointing to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus on the cross for the sins of humanity.

“What then should I do with Jesus who is called Christ?”
This question posed by Pilate highlights the dilemma faced by the Roman governor. Pilate's role was to maintain order and justice, yet he found himself pressured by the Jewish leaders and the crowd. The title "Christ" signifies the anointed one, the Messiah, which indicates that Jesus was recognized by some as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies (e.g., Isaiah 53, Daniel 9:25-26). Pilate's question reflects his uncertainty and the political tension of the moment, as he was aware of Jesus' innocence (Matthew 27:18) but also wary of the potential for unrest.

Pilate asked.
Pontius Pilate was the Roman prefect of Judea from AD 26-36. His governance was marked by a complex relationship with the Jewish population, often characterized by tension and conflict. Pilate's questioning of the crowd reveals his attempt to absolve himself of responsibility for Jesus' fate. Historically, Pilate is known for his pragmatic approach to governance, often prioritizing political stability over justice. His interaction with Jesus is a pivotal moment, illustrating the clash between earthly authority and divine purpose.

They all answered, “Crucify Him!”
The crowd's unanimous demand for crucifixion underscores the influence of the chief priests and elders who had persuaded them (Matthew 27:20). Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution reserved for the most serious offenders, symbolizing extreme humiliation and suffering. This response fulfills the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53, who was "despised and rejected by men." The call for crucifixion also highlights the rejection of Jesus as the Messiah by the Jewish leaders, contrasting with the recognition of His identity by His followers and later by the Roman centurion (Matthew 27:54).

“Why?” asked Pilate.
Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, is depicted as a figure caught between his own judgment and the demands of the crowd. His question reflects a legal inquiry, as Roman law required a valid charge for execution. Pilate's role is significant in fulfilling the prophecy of Jesus' death by crucifixion, a Roman method, as foretold in Psalm 22:16. Pilate's questioning also highlights his internal conflict and the political pressure he faced from the Jewish leaders and the crowd.

“What evil has He done?”
This question underscores Jesus' innocence, a theme consistent throughout the Gospels. Pilate's acknowledgment of Jesus' lack of wrongdoing aligns with the testimonies of others, such as Judas' remorse in Matthew 27:4 and the centurion's declaration in Matthew 27:54. The question also reflects the fulfillment of Isaiah 53:9, which prophesies the suffering servant's innocence. Pilate's inquiry serves to emphasize the unjust nature of the trial and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan through an innocent sacrifice.

But they shouted all the louder,
The crowd's increasing fervor illustrates the influence of the chief priests and elders, who had persuaded them to demand Jesus' crucifixion (Matthew 27:20). This moment reflects the cultural and religious tensions of the time, as the Jewish leaders saw Jesus as a threat to their authority and the status quo. The crowd's reaction also fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:3, where the Messiah is despised and rejected by men.

“Crucify Him!”
The demand for crucifixion, a brutal Roman execution method reserved for the worst criminals, highlights the severity of the crowd's rejection of Jesus. This cry fulfills the prophecy of Jesus' death by crucifixion, as seen in Psalm 22 and Zechariah 12:10. Theologically, this moment represents the culmination of humanity's sin and the necessity of Jesus' sacrificial death for atonement. The call for crucifixion also prefigures the redemptive power of the cross, central to Christian faith, as articulated in 1 Corinthians 1:18.

When Pilate saw that he was accomplishing nothing
Pilate, the Roman governor, was attempting to placate the Jewish leaders and the crowd, but his efforts were futile. This reflects the political tension between Roman authority and Jewish leadership. Pilate's role was to maintain order, yet he found himself unable to control the situation. This moment highlights the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy about His suffering and rejection (Matthew 20:18-19).

but that instead a riot was breaking out
The potential for a riot underscores the volatile atmosphere in Jerusalem during Passover, a time when the city was filled with pilgrims. The Jewish leaders had incited the crowd, demonstrating their influence and the deep-seated animosity towards Jesus. This situation reflects the fulfillment of Psalm 2:1-2, where the nations rage against the Lord's Anointed.

he took water and washed his hands before the crowd
This act of washing hands was a symbolic gesture of innocence, rooted in Jewish tradition (Deuteronomy 21:6-7). Pilate's action was an attempt to absolve himself of responsibility for Jesus' death, yet it also highlights his moral weakness and inability to stand for justice. This moment contrasts with Jesus' own washing of the disciples' feet, symbolizing service and sacrifice (John 13:5).

“I am innocent of this man’s blood,” he said
Pilate's declaration of innocence is ironic, as he held the authority to release Jesus but chose political expediency over justice. This statement echoes the theme of innocence found in Isaiah 53:9, where the suffering servant is described as having done no violence. Pilate's words also foreshadow the later acknowledgment of Jesus' innocence by the centurion at the crucifixion (Matthew 27:54).

“You bear the responsibility.”
By placing the responsibility on the crowd, Pilate attempts to shift the moral burden. This reflects the Jewish leaders' earlier statement in Matthew 27:25, where they accept the responsibility for Jesus' death. This moment fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:3, where the Messiah is despised and rejected by men. It also highlights the collective responsibility of humanity in the rejection of Christ, a theme echoed throughout the New Testament.

All the people answered
This phrase indicates a collective response from the crowd present at Jesus' trial before Pilate. The crowd likely consisted of various groups, including religious leaders and common citizens of Jerusalem. This collective response highlights the influence of the chief priests and elders who persuaded the crowd to ask for Barabbas' release and Jesus' crucifixion (Matthew 27:20). The phrase underscores the communal aspect of the decision, reflecting the societal and religious dynamics of the time.

“His blood be on us
This part of the verse signifies the crowd's acceptance of responsibility for Jesus' death. In biblical terms, "blood" often symbolizes life and guilt (Genesis 4:10, Leviticus 17:11). The crowd's declaration can be seen as an ironic fulfillment of the sacrificial system, where blood was required for atonement (Hebrews 9:22). Theologically, this statement foreshadows the redemptive power of Jesus' blood, which Christians believe brings forgiveness and reconciliation with God (Ephesians 1:7).

and on our children!”
This phrase extends the responsibility to future generations, reflecting the Jewish understanding of corporate identity and generational consequences (Exodus 20:5). Historically, this statement has been misused to justify anti-Semitic attitudes, which contradicts the broader biblical narrative of God's love and redemption for all people (Romans 11:1-2). Theologically, it emphasizes the gravity of rejecting Jesus as the Messiah, while also pointing to the hope of salvation available to all through faith in Him (Acts 2:38-39).

So Pilate released Barabbas to them.
Pilate, the Roman governor, faced a choice between releasing Jesus or Barabbas, a known criminal. The crowd, influenced by the chief priests and elders, chose Barabbas. This decision highlights the rejection of Jesus by His own people, fulfilling the prophecy in Isaiah 53:3, which speaks of the Messiah being despised and rejected. Barabbas, whose name means "son of the father," ironically contrasts with Jesus, the true Son of the Father. This event underscores the substitutionary aspect of Jesus' sacrifice, as the innocent is condemned while the guilty is set free, prefiguring the atonement.

But he had Jesus flogged,
Flogging, or scourging, was a brutal Roman punishment involving a whip with multiple leather thongs, often embedded with metal or bone. This punishment was intended to weaken the victim before crucifixion. The severity of the flogging fulfilled Isaiah 53:5, which states, "by His stripes we are healed," emphasizing the physical suffering Jesus endured for humanity's sins. The flogging also reflects the fulfillment of Psalm 129:3, "The plowers plowed upon my back; they made long their furrows."

and handed Him over to be crucified.
Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution reserved for the worst criminals and slaves, symbolizing the curse of the law as described in Deuteronomy 21:23, "cursed is everyone who is hanged on a tree." By being handed over for crucifixion, Jesus took upon Himself the curse of sin, as explained in Galatians 3:13. This act of handing over signifies the fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions about His death (Matthew 20:19) and aligns with the sacrificial system of the Old Testament, where the lamb was handed over for slaughter, pointing to Jesus as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

Then the governor’s soldiers
The soldiers mentioned here are Roman soldiers under the authority of the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate. Roman soldiers were known for their discipline and brutality, often used to maintain order in occupied territories. Their involvement highlights the Roman authority over Judea and the political tension of the time.

took Jesus into the Praetorium
The Praetorium was the official residence of the Roman governor in Jerusalem, likely located in the Antonia Fortress adjacent to the Temple Mount. This setting underscores the Roman judicial process and the political nature of Jesus' trial. It also fulfills the prophecy of Jesus being handed over to the Gentiles (Matthew 20:19).

and gathered the whole company around Him.
A Roman cohort, or company, could consist of several hundred soldiers. The gathering of such a large group emphasizes the mockery and humiliation Jesus faced. This scene foreshadows the fulfillment of Isaiah 53:3, where the Messiah is described as "despised and rejected by men." The soldiers' actions also reflect the spiritual blindness and hardness of heart prevalent among those who rejected Jesus as the Messiah.

They stripped Him
This act of stripping Jesus was a form of humiliation and degradation, common in Roman crucifixion practices. It symbolized the removal of dignity and was intended to shame the victim publicly. In biblical context, this act can be seen as a fulfillment of the suffering servant prophecy in Isaiah 53:3, where the Messiah is described as "despised and rejected by men." The stripping also prefigures the spiritual stripping of sin that Jesus would accomplish through His sacrifice.

and put a scarlet robe on Him
The scarlet robe was likely a military cloak, used here to mock Jesus' claim to kingship. Scarlet, a color associated with royalty and power, was used ironically to ridicule His title as "King of the Jews." This act of mockery fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 50:6, where the servant of the Lord is subjected to insults and spitting. The robe also connects to the imagery of sin in Isaiah 1:18, where sins are described as scarlet, highlighting the burden of sin Jesus bore. The mock coronation with the robe, along with the crown of thorns and reed scepter, underscores the theme of Jesus as the suffering King, a type of Christ who reigns through sacrifice and humility.

And they twisted together a crown of thorns
The crown of thorns symbolizes mockery of Jesus' claim to kingship, contrasting with the royal crowns of earthly kings. Thorns, a result of the curse from Genesis 3:18, signify sin and suffering. This act fulfills the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53, who bears the iniquities of humanity.

and set it on His head.
Placing the crown on Jesus' head was a deliberate act of humiliation, intended to ridicule His authority. This act parallels the anointing of kings in the Old Testament, but in a perverse manner. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ, who will wear many crowns as described in Revelation 19:12.

They put a staff in His right hand,
The staff, or reed, symbolizes a scepter, a traditional emblem of royal authority. However, in this context, it is used to mock rather than honor. The right hand is often associated with power and authority in biblical texts, such as in Psalm 110:1, where the Messiah is invited to sit at the right hand of God.

knelt down before Him,
Kneeling is a gesture of respect and submission, yet here it is done in derision. This mock homage highlights the irony of the situation, as Jesus is indeed the King of Kings, deserving of genuine worship, as seen in Philippians 2:10-11, where every knee will bow to Him.

and mocked Him,
Mockery was a common form of Roman punishment to demean those considered threats to the empire. This fulfills the prophecy in Psalm 22:7, where the suffering servant is scorned and despised. It underscores the depth of Jesus' humiliation and His willingness to endure it for humanity's redemption.

saying, “Hail, King of the Jews!”
This sarcastic greeting mimics the Roman salute to Caesar, "Ave Caesar." It highlights the political charge against Jesus, accused of claiming to be a king in opposition to Roman rule. Ironically, this title is true, as Jesus is the prophesied King of the Jews, fulfilling Zechariah 9:9, and ultimately the King of all nations.

Then they spit on Him
Spitting was a sign of utmost contempt and humiliation in ancient cultures, including Jewish and Roman societies. This act fulfilled the prophecy in Isaiah 50:6, which speaks of the suffering servant who would be mocked and spat upon. It highlights the depth of Jesus' humiliation and the rejection He faced from those He came to save.

and took the staff
The staff, or reed, was initially given to Jesus as a mock scepter, symbolizing a king's authority. This act of mockery was part of the Roman soldiers' cruel game, as they sarcastically hailed Him as "King of the Jews." The staff, a symbol of authority, being used against Him, underscores the irony of the situation—Jesus, the true King, was being mocked with symbols of His own kingship.

and struck Him on the head repeatedly
The act of striking Jesus on the head with the staff was not only a physical assault but also a symbolic act of rejecting His authority and kingship. This brutal treatment fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:3, which describes the Messiah as "despised and rejected by men." The repeated blows emphasize the intensity of the suffering Jesus endured, aligning with the theme of the suffering servant who bears the sins of many.

After they had mocked Him
This phrase refers to the Roman soldiers' actions after Jesus was sentenced to crucifixion. Mocking was a common practice to humiliate those condemned to death, especially in the case of someone claiming to be a king. The soldiers' mockery included dressing Jesus in a scarlet robe, placing a crown of thorns on His head, and giving Him a reed as a scepter, parodying the regalia of a king. This act fulfilled the prophecy in Isaiah 53:3, which speaks of the Messiah being despised and rejected by men.

they removed the robe
The removal of the robe signifies the end of the mock coronation. The robe, likely a soldier's cloak, was used to ridicule Jesus' claim to kingship. This act of stripping Him of the robe also symbolizes the stripping away of dignity and humanity, a common practice in Roman executions to shame the condemned.

and put His own clothes back on Him
Restoring Jesus' own clothes was a practical step before leading Him to crucifixion, as Roman law required the condemned to be crucified in their own garments. This act also highlights the transition from mockery to the grim reality of execution. It underscores the humanity of Jesus, who, despite being the Son of God, endured the same treatment as any other criminal.

Then they led Him away to crucify Him
This phrase marks the beginning of the final journey to Golgotha, the place of crucifixion. The act of leading Jesus away is significant, as it fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 53:7, which describes the Messiah being led like a lamb to the slaughter. The crucifixion was a Roman method of execution reserved for the most serious offenders, emphasizing the severity of the punishment Jesus endured. This event is central to Christian theology, as it represents the atoning sacrifice of Jesus for the sins of humanity, fulfilling Old Testament types and prophecies, such as the Passover lamb in Exodus 12 and the suffering servant in Isaiah 53.

Along the way
This phrase indicates the journey from the place of Jesus' trial to the site of crucifixion, Golgotha. The path, known as the Via Dolorosa, is traditionally believed to be the route Jesus took. This journey is significant as it fulfills the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53, who would bear the sins of many.

they found a man from Cyrene
Cyrene was a city in North Africa, in present-day Libya. This detail highlights the diverse backgrounds of those present in Jerusalem during Passover, as Cyrene had a significant Jewish population. The mention of Cyrene connects to Acts 2:10, where Jews from Cyrene were present at Pentecost, indicating the widespread reach of the Jewish diaspora.

named Simon
Simon is a common Jewish name, suggesting he was likely a Jew visiting Jerusalem for Passover. His involvement in this event is significant, as it shows the unexpected ways individuals are drawn into the narrative of Jesus' passion. Simon's role is a reminder of the call to discipleship, where one may be asked to bear burdens unexpectedly.

and they forced him
The Roman soldiers had the authority to compel individuals to perform tasks, a practice known as impressment. This reflects the oppressive nature of Roman rule and the humiliation Jesus faced. The act of forcing Simon underscores the involuntary nature of his participation, yet it becomes a profound moment of sharing in Christ's suffering.

to carry the cross of Jesus
Carrying the cross was a part of the Roman execution process, symbolizing the condemned's submission to Roman authority. Jesus, weakened from scourging, was unable to carry it alone. Simon's act of carrying the cross prefigures the call to Christians to take up their cross and follow Jesus, as stated in Matthew 16:24. This moment also fulfills the typology of the suffering servant, bearing the weight of sin on behalf of others.

And when they came to a place called Golgotha
Golgotha is the Aramaic name for the site where Jesus was crucified. The term "Golgotha" translates to "skull," and it is traditionally believed to be a hill resembling a skull's shape. This location is outside the walls of Jerusalem, aligning with Jewish customs of executing criminals outside the city (Hebrews 13:12). The site is significant in Christian tradition as the place of Jesus' crucifixion, fulfilling the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53. The exact location of Golgotha is debated, with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and Gordon's Calvary being the primary contenders.

which means The Place of the Skull
The phrase "The Place of the Skull" is a direct translation of "Golgotha." This name could derive from the hill's appearance or from its association with death and execution. In Roman times, crucifixion was a common method of execution for criminals, and such sites were often located near major roads to serve as a public deterrent. Theologically, the location underscores the gravity of Jesus' sacrifice, as He was crucified in a place associated with death, yet through His resurrection, He conquered death itself (1 Corinthians 15:55-57). The imagery of the skull also connects to the prophecy in Genesis 3:15, where the seed of the woman would crush the serpent's head, symbolizing Jesus' victory over sin and death.

they offered Him wine to drink
This act occurred during the crucifixion of Jesus, a common Roman practice intended to dull the pain of those being executed. The offering of wine was a gesture that might seem merciful, but it also served to prolong the suffering by keeping the victim conscious longer. This moment fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 69:21, which speaks of giving gall and vinegar to drink.

mixed with gall
Gall refers to a bitter substance, possibly myrrh or a similar bitter herb, which was mixed with the wine. This mixture was intended to act as a narcotic to ease the pain of crucifixion. The bitterness of gall symbolizes the bitterness of sin and suffering that Jesus bore on behalf of humanity. The use of gall also connects to the Old Testament, where bitterness often symbolizes suffering and judgment.

but after tasting it, He refused to drink it
Jesus' refusal to drink the wine mixed with gall demonstrates His willingness to fully experience the suffering of the crucifixion with a clear mind. This act signifies His complete submission to the Father's will and His determination to endure the full extent of human suffering without alleviation. It highlights His role as the Suffering Servant prophesied in Isaiah 53, who bears the sins of many. Jesus' refusal also contrasts with the Passover wine, which symbolizes joy and deliverance, underscoring the gravity of His sacrifice.

When they had crucified Him
The act of crucifixion was a Roman method of execution reserved for the most serious offenders, such as rebels and slaves. It was designed to be a public spectacle, serving as a deterrent to others. Jesus' crucifixion fulfilled the prophecy in Psalm 22:16, "They pierced my hands and my feet." This method of execution was not only physically excruciating but also a form of public humiliation. The crucifixion took place at Golgotha, meaning "Place of the Skull," located outside the city walls of Jerusalem, aligning with the requirement in Jewish law that executions occur outside the camp (Leviticus 24:14).

they divided up His garments
The division of Jesus' garments among the soldiers was a customary practice, as the executioners were entitled to the possessions of the condemned. This act fulfilled the prophecy found in Psalm 22:18, "They divide my garments among them." The seamless tunic of Jesus, which was not torn, symbolizes His role as the High Priest, as the high priest's robe was also seamless (Exodus 28:32). This act of dividing His garments highlights the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and the humiliation Jesus endured.

by casting lots
Casting lots was an ancient practice used to make decisions or determine fate, similar to drawing straws or rolling dice. This method was employed by the Roman soldiers to decide who would receive Jesus' clothing, further fulfilling the prophecy in Psalm 22:18. The use of lots in this context underscores the fulfillment of Scripture and the sovereignty of God, even in the details of Jesus' crucifixion. The act of casting lots for His garments also serves as a stark contrast to the spiritual significance of Jesus' sacrifice, as the soldiers were oblivious to the monumental event unfolding before them.

And sitting down,
This phrase indicates the Roman soldiers' posture, suggesting a sense of authority and control. Sitting was a common position for guards who were tasked with overseeing prisoners or important events. It reflects their role in maintaining order and ensuring that the crucifixion proceeded without interruption. In the Roman military, sitting was also a position of readiness, indicating that they were prepared to respond to any disturbances.

they kept watch over Him
The soldiers were tasked with guarding Jesus to prevent any attempts at rescue or interference. This was a standard procedure during Roman executions to ensure that the sentence was carried out without any disruptions. The act of keeping watch also fulfills the prophecy in Psalm 22:17, where it is written, "They look and stare at me." This vigilance underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah's suffering and the meticulous attention to detail in the crucifixion narrative.

there.
The location of "there" refers to Golgotha, the place of the Skull, where Jesus was crucified. This site, outside the city walls of Jerusalem, was a known execution site, chosen for its visibility to passersby as a deterrent against crime. The geographical setting is significant as it aligns with the Jewish custom of executing criminals outside the city, as seen in Leviticus 24:14. The location also holds typological significance, as it parallels the scapegoat ritual in Leviticus 16, where the sins of the people were symbolically placed on a goat and sent outside the camp, prefiguring Christ bearing the sins of humanity outside the city.

Above His head
The placement of the charge above Jesus' head is significant as it was customary for the crime of a crucified person to be displayed publicly. This was intended to serve as a deterrent to others. The location above His head also signifies the authority and kingship of Jesus, as a crown would be placed above a king's head.

they posted the written charge against Him:
The written charge was a common practice in Roman executions, where the crime was inscribed on a placard and displayed. This was known as the "titulus." The charge against Jesus was written in three languages: Hebrew, Latin, and Greek (John 19:20), ensuring that all who passed by could read it. This reflects the universal nature of Jesus' kingship and the widespread impact of His crucifixion.

THIS IS JESUS,
The use of Jesus' name here is significant. "Jesus" means "The Lord saves," which is fitting given the salvific nature of His death. The inscription identifies Him personally, emphasizing His humanity and the personal nature of His sacrifice.

THE KING OF THE JEWS.
This title is both a declaration and an accusation. It fulfills Old Testament prophecies regarding the Messiah as a king from the line of David (2 Samuel 7:12-16, Isaiah 9:6-7). The title was meant to mock Jesus, as the Jewish leaders rejected His claim to kingship. However, it ironically affirms His true identity as the King of Kings (Revelation 19:16). The title also highlights the tension between Jesus' spiritual kingdom and the political expectations of a messianic deliverer.

Two robbers were crucified with Him
The term "robbers" here refers to individuals who were likely involved in insurrection or rebellion against Roman authority, as crucifixion was a punishment reserved for serious crimes. This fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 53:12, which states that the Messiah would be "numbered with the transgressors." The presence of these criminals highlights the injustice of Jesus' crucifixion, as He was innocent of any crime. This scene underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the nature of Jesus' mission to save sinners.

one on His right and the other on His left
The positioning of the robbers, one on each side of Jesus, emphasizes His central role in the crucifixion narrative. This arrangement can be seen as a representation of the choices humanity faces regarding Jesus: acceptance or rejection. The Gospel of Luke provides further insight into this scene, where one of the criminals mocks Jesus, while the other acknowledges His innocence and asks to be remembered in His kingdom (Luke 23:39-43). This interaction illustrates the differing responses to Jesus' offer of salvation. Theologically, this moment reflects the division between those who accept Christ and those who do not, a theme prevalent throughout the New Testament.

And those who passed by
This phrase indicates the presence of a public road or path near the crucifixion site, likely near the city of Jerusalem. Crucifixions were often held in visible locations to serve as a deterrent to others. The people passing by would have been a mix of locals and pilgrims in Jerusalem for Passover, highlighting the public nature of Jesus' execution. This fulfills the prophecy in Psalm 22:7, which speaks of being scorned by those who see Him.

heaped abuse on Him
The act of heaping abuse reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah being despised and rejected (Isaiah 53:3). This abuse was verbal and likely included mocking His claim to be the King of the Jews and the Son of God. The cultural context of honor and shame in the ancient Near East meant that public ridicule was a severe form of humiliation. This moment underscores the depth of Jesus' suffering and the rejection He faced from His own people.

shaking their heads
Shaking the head was a gesture of scorn and derision in ancient Jewish culture, as seen in Psalm 22:7 and Lamentations 2:15. This physical act of mockery signifies disbelief and contempt, emphasizing the rejection of Jesus' messianic claims. It also serves as a type of the suffering servant, a theme prevalent in the prophetic literature, where the righteous suffer unjustly at the hands of the wicked.

and saying,
This phrase introduces the mockery directed at Jesus by those who passed by during His crucifixion. It reflects the fulfillment of Psalm 22:7, which speaks of the scorn and derision faced by the suffering servant. The use of "saying" indicates a continuous action, suggesting that this was not a one-time taunt but a repeated insult.

“You who are going to destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days,
This statement refers to Jesus' earlier words in John 2:19, where He spoke metaphorically of His body as the temple. The misunderstanding of His statement highlights the spiritual blindness of His accusers. The temple in Jerusalem was a central place of worship and a symbol of God's presence among His people. Jesus' claim was a prophecy of His death and resurrection, indicating that He Himself was the new temple, the dwelling place of God.

save Yourself!
This taunt challenges Jesus to demonstrate His power by saving Himself from the cross. It echoes the temptation of Satan in Matthew 4:3, where Jesus was tempted to use His divine power for personal gain. The irony is that by not saving Himself, Jesus was fulfilling His mission to save humanity. This phrase underscores the misunderstanding of Jesus' mission by those who mocked Him.

If You are the Son of God,
This conditional statement questions Jesus' divine identity, similar to the devil's challenge in the wilderness (Matthew 4:3, 6). It reflects a common theme in the Gospels where Jesus' identity as the Son of God is both affirmed and challenged. The title "Son of God" signifies Jesus' unique relationship with the Father and His divine authority.

come down from the cross!”
The demand for Jesus to come down from the cross is a test of His divine power and authority. It reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of His kingship and mission. Jesus' refusal to come down is a fulfillment of His role as the suffering servant prophesied in Isaiah 53, who would bear the sins of many. The cross is central to the Christian faith as the means of atonement and redemption, and Jesus' endurance on the cross is a testament to His obedience to the Father's will.

In the same way
This phrase indicates that the actions of the chief priests, scribes, and elders were similar to those of others who mocked Jesus. Earlier in the chapter, Roman soldiers and passersby also mocked Him. This highlights the widespread rejection and scorn Jesus faced from various groups, fulfilling the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53:3, who was "despised and rejected by men."

the chief priests, scribes, and elders
These groups represented the religious leadership of Israel. The chief priests were responsible for temple rituals and sacrifices, the scribes were experts in the Law, and the elders were leaders within the Jewish community. Their involvement in mocking Jesus underscores the complete rejection by the Jewish religious establishment. This is significant because these leaders were expected to recognize and uphold the truth, yet they failed to see Jesus as the Messiah, as prophesied in passages like Psalm 118:22, where the stone the builders rejected becomes the cornerstone.

mocked Him
Mocking was a form of verbal abuse intended to belittle and humiliate. In the cultural context of the time, honor and shame were significant social values, and mocking was a way to publicly shame someone. This act of mockery fulfilled the prophecy in Psalm 22:7, where it is written, "All who see me mock me; they hurl insults, shaking their heads." It also reflects the spiritual blindness and hardness of heart of the religious leaders, who failed to recognize Jesus' true identity.

saying
The words spoken by the religious leaders were not just casual insults but were loaded with theological implications. Their mockery was a direct challenge to Jesus' claims of divinity and messianic identity. This reflects a deeper spiritual conflict, as Jesus' mission was to confront and overcome the powers of sin and darkness, as seen in John 1:5, where the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it.

He saved others, but He cannot save Himself.
This phrase is a taunt from the chief priests, scribes, and elders as they mock Jesus during His crucifixion. The irony is profound; Jesus' mission was to save others through His sacrifice, not to save Himself from death. The statement acknowledges His miraculous works, such as healing the sick and raising the dead (e.g., Lazarus in John 11:43-44), yet it misunderstands the purpose of His mission. Theologically, this reflects the concept of substitutionary atonement, where Jesus chooses not to save Himself in order to fulfill His role as the Savior of humanity (Isaiah 53:4-5).

He is the King of Israel!
This title, used mockingly by the religious leaders, actually affirms Jesus' true identity. The title "King of Israel" connects to Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah, such as those found in 2 Samuel 7:12-16 and Zechariah 9:9. Jesus' kingship is spiritual and eternal, contrasting with the political expectations of a messianic king who would liberate Israel from Roman rule. This misunderstanding of His kingship is a recurring theme in the Gospels (John 18:36).

Let Him come down now from the cross,
The demand for Jesus to come down from the cross is a challenge to His divine power and authority. It echoes the temptation in the wilderness where Satan challenges Jesus to prove His divinity (Matthew 4:3-6). The cross is central to Jesus' mission, and coming down would negate the purpose of His incarnation. This moment highlights the tension between human expectations of power and the divine plan of redemption through suffering.

and we will believe in Him.
This statement reveals the conditional faith of the religious leaders, who demand a sign to believe. It contrasts with the faith of those who believe without seeing (John 20:29). The demand for a miraculous sign is a recurring theme in Jesus' ministry, often met with rebuke (Matthew 12:38-39). True faith, according to the New Testament, is based on trust in God's promises and the fulfillment of prophecy, not on witnessing miracles (Hebrews 11:1).

He trusts in God.
This phrase highlights the mockery of Jesus' faith in God by those who witnessed His crucifixion. It reflects Psalm 22:8, a messianic psalm that foreshadows the suffering of Christ. The religious leaders and onlookers challenge Jesus' trust, echoing the taunts of the psalm, which underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy in the events of the crucifixion. This trust in God is central to Jesus' mission and identity, as He consistently demonstrated reliance on the Father throughout His ministry.

Let God deliver Him now if He wants Him.
This statement is a direct challenge to the divine relationship between Jesus and God the Father. It reflects a misunderstanding of Jesus' mission, which was not to avoid suffering but to fulfill the redemptive plan through His death. The demand for deliverance mirrors the temptation Jesus faced in the wilderness (Matthew 4:3-6), where Satan also challenged Him to prove His divine sonship. The mockers' words reveal their lack of faith and understanding of God's plan for salvation through the cross.

For He said, ‘I am the Son of God.’”
This phrase refers to Jesus' claim of divine sonship, a central tenet of His identity and a key reason for the religious leaders' opposition to Him. Throughout the Gospels, Jesus affirms His unique relationship with the Father (e.g., John 10:36), which was considered blasphemous by the Jewish authorities. The title "Son of God" signifies His divine nature and messianic role, fulfilling prophecies such as those in Isaiah 9:6 and Psalm 2:7. The mockery of this claim at the crucifixion highlights the irony that, in their derision, the onlookers were unwittingly affirming the truth of Jesus' identity.

In the same way
This phrase indicates that the robbers' actions were similar to those of others present at the crucifixion, such as the chief priests, scribes, and elders who mocked Jesus. It highlights the widespread nature of the scorn directed at Jesus, fulfilling the prophecy of being despised and rejected (Isaiah 53:3).

even the robbers
The term "robbers" refers to criminals who were likely insurrectionists or bandits, as crucifixion was a punishment reserved for serious offenses. This detail underscores the humiliation Jesus faced, being executed alongside common criminals, which aligns with the prophecy in Isaiah 53:12 that He would be "numbered with the transgressors."

who were crucified with Him
This phrase emphasizes the physical proximity of the robbers to Jesus, sharing in the same method of execution. Crucifixion was a Roman practice designed to be a public spectacle and deterrent, often carried out in prominent locations like Golgotha, just outside Jerusalem. The shared experience of crucifixion with Jesus highlights the depth of His humiliation and suffering.

berated Him
The act of berating Jesus by the robbers adds to the mockery and rejection He faced. This reflects the cultural and historical context where those suffering the same fate might seek to deflect their own shame by joining in the ridicule of another. However, one of these robbers later repents, as recorded in Luke 23:39-43, showing a transformation and recognition of Jesus' innocence and kingship, which is a powerful testament to the grace and mercy available even in the final moments of life.

From the sixth hour until the ninth hour
This time frame corresponds to noon until 3 PM in Jewish timekeeping. The sixth hour begins at midday, a time when the sun is typically at its peak. The significance of this period is heightened by the unusual occurrence of darkness, which is not typical for this time of day. This timeframe is crucial as it marks the final hours of Jesus' crucifixion, aligning with the time of the daily afternoon sacrifice in the Temple, symbolizing Jesus as the ultimate sacrifice. The darkness during these hours also fulfills the prophecy of Amos 8:9, which speaks of the sun going down at noon as a sign of judgment.

darkness came over all the land
The darkness that enveloped the land is a supernatural event, indicating divine intervention. This darkness is often interpreted as a sign of God's judgment or mourning. In the Old Testament, darkness is associated with God's presence and judgment, as seen in Exodus 10:21-23 during the plagues of Egypt. The darkness at Jesus' crucifixion signifies the weight of sin being placed upon Him, as He bears the sins of the world. It also echoes the prophecy in Joel 2:31 about the sun turning to darkness before the great and terrible day of the Lord. This event underscores the cosmic significance of Jesus' death, affecting not just the immediate vicinity but symbolically the entire creation.

About the ninth hour
The ninth hour corresponds to approximately 3 PM in Jewish timekeeping, which began at sunrise. This was the time of the evening sacrifice in the temple, highlighting the sacrificial nature of Jesus' death. It was also a time of prayer, drawing a parallel to the devout practices of the Jewish people.

Jesus cried out in a loud voice
The loud cry signifies the intensity of Jesus' suffering and the depth of His anguish. It also fulfills the prophecy in Psalm 22, which is a messianic psalm depicting the suffering of the Messiah. This cry demonstrates both His humanity and His divine mission.

“Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?”
This Aramaic phrase, meaning "My God, My God, why have You forsaken Me?" is a direct quotation from Psalm 22:1. Jesus' use of Aramaic, the common language of the Jews at the time, underscores His connection to the people He came to save. It also reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, as Psalm 22 is a vivid depiction of the suffering servant.

which means, “My God, My God, why have You forsaken Me?”
This expression of abandonment highlights the weight of sin that Jesus bore on behalf of humanity. It signifies the momentary separation from the Father as He took on the sins of the world, fulfilling the role of the ultimate sacrificial lamb. This cry is not one of despair but a profound expression of the cost of redemption. It also connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's plan for salvation, as seen in Isaiah 53, which describes the suffering servant who bears the iniquities of many.

When some of those standing there heard this
This phrase refers to the bystanders present at the crucifixion of Jesus. The scene is set at Golgotha, where Jesus is being crucified. The crowd includes Roman soldiers, Jewish leaders, and passersby. The crucifixion was a public event, and many would have gathered to witness it. The phrase "heard this" refers to Jesus' cry from the cross, "Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?" which means "My God, My God, why have You forsaken Me?" This cry is a direct quotation from Psalm 22:1, a messianic psalm that foreshadows the suffering of the Messiah.

they said, “He is calling Elijah.”
The misunderstanding of Jesus' words is significant. The name "Eli" in Aramaic sounds similar to "Elijah," leading some bystanders to think Jesus was calling for the prophet Elijah. In Jewish tradition, Elijah was expected to return before the coming of the Messiah, as prophesied in Malachi 4:5. This expectation is reflected in the cultural context of the time, where Elijah was seen as a forerunner to the messianic age. The mention of Elijah also connects to the broader theme of prophetic fulfillment in the life and ministry of Jesus. The misunderstanding highlights the spiritual blindness of the people, who fail to recognize Jesus as the Messiah and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.

One of them quickly ran and brought a sponge.
This phrase highlights the urgency and immediacy of the action. The person who ran is traditionally understood to be one of the Roman soldiers or bystanders present at the crucifixion. The use of a sponge was common in the Roman world for various purposes, including cleaning and applying liquids. The quick response may indicate a desire to alleviate Jesus' suffering, albeit in a limited way, or to mock Him further, as some interpretations suggest.

He filled it with sour wine,
Sour wine, or vinegar, was a cheap, common drink for soldiers and laborers in the Roman Empire. It was known as "posca" and was a diluted wine vinegar. This act fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 69:21, "They gave me vinegar for my thirst." The offering of sour wine to Jesus is significant as it connects to the Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah's suffering.

put it on a reed,
The reed, likely a hyssop stalk, was used to extend the sponge to Jesus' mouth. Hyssop has symbolic significance in the Bible, being used in the Old Testament for purification rituals (Exodus 12:22, Leviticus 14:4). This act can be seen as a type of purification, even in the midst of Jesus' suffering, symbolizing the cleansing power of His sacrifice.

and held it up for Jesus to drink.
This gesture, whether intended as an act of mercy or mockery, allowed Jesus to fulfill His statement, "I thirst" (John 19:28), which was another fulfillment of Scripture. The act of giving Jesus something to drink during His crucifixion underscores His humanity and the physical suffering He endured. It also serves as a poignant reminder of His willingness to endure suffering for the sake of humanity's redemption.

But the others said,
This phrase indicates a group of bystanders or onlookers at the crucifixion scene. The "others" likely refers to those who were not directly involved in the crucifixion but were present to witness the event. This reflects the public nature of Roman executions, which were intended to serve as a deterrent and were often attended by various groups, including curious onlookers and those who mocked the condemned.

“Leave Him alone.
This command suggests a moment of hesitation or curiosity among the crowd. It implies that some individuals were interested in seeing what might happen next, rather than immediately dismissing Jesus' cries. This reflects the tension between mockery and genuine curiosity about Jesus' identity and the claims surrounding Him.

Let us see if Elijah comes to save Him.”
The reference to Elijah is significant in Jewish eschatological expectations. Elijah was a revered prophet who, according to 2 Kings 2:11, was taken up to heaven without dying. Jewish tradition held that Elijah would return before the coming of the Messiah (Malachi 4:5-6). The crowd's statement is both mocking and rooted in a misunderstanding of Jesus' earlier cry, "Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?" (Matthew 27:46), which they misheard as a call for Elijah. This reflects a common theme in the Gospels where Jesus' true identity and mission are misunderstood by those around Him. The mention of Elijah also connects to the broader theme of prophetic fulfillment and the expectation of divine intervention, which is a recurring motif in the narrative of Jesus' life and ministry.

When Jesus had cried out again in a loud voice
This phrase indicates the intensity and significance of Jesus' final moments on the cross. The loud cry signifies both physical agony and a profound spiritual declaration. In the context of the crucifixion, this cry is a fulfillment of Psalm 22:1, which begins with "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" This psalm is a prophetic depiction of the suffering Messiah. The loud voice also demonstrates Jesus' control over His own life and death, as He chooses the moment to release His spirit. Historically, crucifixion was designed to be a slow, torturous death, often resulting in victims dying from asphyxiation. Jesus' ability to cry out loudly at this point indicates His strength and the voluntary nature of His sacrifice.

He yielded up His spirit
This phrase emphasizes the voluntary nature of Jesus' death. Unlike other victims of crucifixion, Jesus actively surrenders His life, fulfilling His own words in John 10:18, "No one takes it from me, but I lay it down of my own accord." The term "yielded" suggests a willing submission to the Father's will, completing His earthly mission. This act is the culmination of His obedience, as prophesied in Isaiah 53:12, where the suffering servant "poured out his life unto death." Theologically, this moment signifies the completion of the atonement, as Jesus' death pays the penalty for sin, reconciling humanity with God. The yielding of His spirit also marks the transition from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant, as symbolized by the tearing of the temple veil immediately following His death (Matthew 27:51), granting believers direct access to God.

At that moment
This phrase indicates a specific point in time, directly following Jesus' death on the cross. It emphasizes the immediacy and significance of the events that transpire as a result of His crucifixion. The timing underscores the divine orchestration of these events, marking a pivotal moment in salvation history.

the veil of the temple was torn in two
The veil in the temple separated the Holy of Holies, where God's presence was believed to dwell, from the rest of the temple. Its tearing symbolizes the removal of the barrier between God and humanity, granting believers direct access to God through Jesus Christ. This act fulfills the prophecy of a new covenant (Jeremiah 31:31-34) and signifies the end of the old sacrificial system. The tearing from top to bottom suggests divine intervention, as it would be impossible for humans to tear it in such a manner.

from top to bottom
This detail highlights that the tearing was an act of God, not man. The veil was approximately 60 feet high and several inches thick, making it humanly impossible to tear from top to bottom. This divine act signifies that the way to God is now open through Jesus' sacrifice, aligning with Hebrews 10:19-20, which speaks of Jesus' body as the new and living way into the Holy of Holies.

The earth quaked
Earthquakes in biblical times were often seen as manifestations of God's power and presence (Exodus 19:18, Psalm 68:8). This earthquake serves as a divine confirmation of the significance of Jesus' death, echoing the Old Testament theophanies where God's presence was accompanied by natural phenomena. It also foreshadows the eschatological shaking of the heavens and the earth (Haggai 2:6-7, Hebrews 12:26-27).

and the rocks were split
The splitting of rocks further emphasizes the supernatural nature of the events surrounding Jesus' death. It symbolizes the breaking of the old order and the establishment of a new covenant. This act can also be seen as a precursor to the resurrection, where the power of God breaks through the natural order, as seen in the resurrection of the saints mentioned later in Matthew 27:52-53.

The tombs broke open
This phrase signifies a supernatural event occurring at the moment of Jesus' death. The breaking open of tombs is symbolic of the power of Christ's sacrifice, which conquers death and the grave. In Jewish burial customs, tombs were often hewn out of rock, indicating that this was a significant and miraculous event. The opening of the tombs prefigures the resurrection of Jesus and the ultimate resurrection of believers, as described in 1 Corinthians 15:20-22.

and the bodies of many saints
The term "saints" refers to those who were faithful to God under the Old Covenant. These individuals were likely revered figures in Jewish history, possibly including prophets and other righteous people. The mention of "many" suggests a significant number, emphasizing the magnitude of this miraculous event. This occurrence foreshadows the future resurrection of all believers, as promised in passages like Daniel 12:2 and 1 Thessalonians 4:16.

who had fallen asleep
The phrase "fallen asleep" is a euphemism for death, commonly used in both the Old and New Testaments (e.g., John 11:11-14, 1 Thessalonians 4:13-15). This terminology reflects the Christian belief in the temporary nature of physical death, with the hope of resurrection and eternal life. It underscores the idea that death is not the end for those who are in Christ.

were raised
This miraculous raising of the saints' bodies serves as a testament to the power of Jesus' death and resurrection. It is a foretaste of the general resurrection at the end of the age, as described in Revelation 20:12-13. This event also fulfills Old Testament prophecies about the resurrection, such as Isaiah 26:19, and demonstrates Jesus' authority over life and death, affirming His identity as the Messiah.

After Jesus’ resurrection
This phrase indicates the timing of the event, emphasizing that it occurred after Jesus rose from the dead. The resurrection of Jesus is central to Christian faith, signifying victory over sin and death. This event fulfills Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:10-12, which speak of the Messiah's triumph over death. The resurrection is also a cornerstone of apostolic preaching, as seen in Acts 2:24 and 1 Corinthians 15:4.

when they had come out of the tombs
This refers to the saints who were raised to life at the moment of Jesus' death, as described earlier in Matthew 27:52. The opening of the tombs signifies the power of Jesus' death and resurrection, which breaks the bonds of death. This event prefigures the general resurrection of the dead, as promised in Daniel 12:2 and 1 Thessalonians 4:16. The tombs opening also symbolizes the new covenant, where death no longer holds dominion over believers.

they entered the holy city
The "holy city" refers to Jerusalem, a central location in biblical history and prophecy. Jerusalem is significant as the site of the temple, the center of Jewish worship, and the city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected. The entry of the resurrected saints into Jerusalem symbolizes the fulfillment of God's promises and the inauguration of a new era. It also foreshadows the New Jerusalem described in Revelation 21:2, where God's presence will dwell with His people eternally.

and appeared to many people
The appearance of the resurrected saints to many people serves as a powerful testimony to the reality of Jesus' resurrection and the truth of His claims. This public manifestation provides additional evidence to the early Christian community and beyond, affirming the transformative power of Christ's resurrection. It echoes the post-resurrection appearances of Jesus Himself, as recorded in 1 Corinthians 15:5-8, where He appeared to many witnesses, providing undeniable proof of His victory over death.

When the centurion and those with him who were guarding Jesus
The centurion was a Roman officer in charge of a hundred soldiers, indicating the presence of Roman authority at the crucifixion. Roman soldiers were tasked with maintaining order and ensuring the execution was carried out. The presence of the centurion and his men highlights the Roman involvement in Jesus' death, fulfilling the prophecy of the Messiah being "pierced" (Zechariah 12:10). The centurion's role underscores the historical reality of Roman occupation in Judea during this period.

saw the earthquake and all that had happened
The earthquake is a significant event, symbolizing divine intervention and the cosmic impact of Jesus' death. Earthquakes in biblical times often signified God's presence or judgment (Exodus 19:18, 1 Kings 19:11). The events surrounding the crucifixion, including darkness and the tearing of the temple veil (Matthew 27:51), indicate the profound spiritual significance of Jesus' sacrifice. These occurrences fulfill Old Testament prophecies and typologies, such as the suffering servant in Isaiah 53.

they were terrified
The fear experienced by the centurion and his men reflects a recognition of the supernatural nature of the events. In the ancient world, fear was a common response to divine manifestations. This reaction suggests an acknowledgment of a power greater than Rome, challenging their understanding of authority and divinity. The terror also aligns with the biblical theme of the fear of the Lord as the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10).

and said, “Truly this was the Son of God.”
This declaration is profound, as it comes from a Roman centurion, a Gentile, acknowledging Jesus' divine identity. The title "Son of God" is central to Christian theology, affirming Jesus' unique relationship with the Father and His divine nature. This confession echoes Peter's earlier declaration (Matthew 16:16) and fulfills the messianic expectation of a divine savior. The centurion's statement signifies the breaking of barriers between Jew and Gentile, foreshadowing the spread of the Gospel to all nations (Matthew 28:19).

And many women were there,
This phrase highlights the presence of women at the crucifixion, which is significant given the cultural context of the time. Women were often marginalized in ancient Jewish society, yet they played a crucial role in Jesus' ministry. Their presence at such a critical moment underscores their faithfulness and courage. This also contrasts with the absence of most of the male disciples, who had fled.

watching from a distance.
The women observed from afar, possibly due to the danger and fear associated with being too close to the crucifixion site. This distance could also reflect the Roman practice of keeping onlookers at bay during executions. Despite the physical distance, their emotional and spiritual proximity to Jesus is evident, showcasing their unwavering support.

They had followed Jesus from Galilee
This indicates the long-term commitment and dedication of these women to Jesus' ministry. Galilee was the region where Jesus began His public ministry, and these women had been with Him since then, suggesting they were eyewitnesses to His teachings and miracles. Their journey from Galilee to Jerusalem reflects their loyalty and the significant role they played in supporting Jesus.

to minister to Him.
The term "minister" implies service and care, which these women provided throughout Jesus' ministry. This service could have included financial support, preparing meals, and other acts of hospitality. Their ministry to Jesus fulfills the biblical principle of serving others, as seen in passages like Matthew 20:28, where Jesus speaks of serving rather than being served. Their actions exemplify true discipleship and devotion.

Among them were Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene is a prominent figure in the New Testament, often identified as a devoted follower of Jesus. Her name suggests she was from Magdala, a town on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. She is mentioned in all four Gospels as a witness to Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection, highlighting her importance in the early Christian community. Her presence at the crucifixion underscores her loyalty and courage, as many of Jesus' male disciples had fled. Mary Magdalene's role as the first to witness the resurrected Christ (John 20:11-18) emphasizes her significance in the narrative of the resurrection.

Mary the mother of James and Joseph
This Mary is often identified as Mary, the wife of Clopas, mentioned in John 19:25. She is the mother of James the Less and Joseph (also called Joses), who were among the early followers of Jesus. James the Less is sometimes equated with James, son of Alphaeus, one of the Twelve Apostles. This Mary is distinct from Mary, the mother of Jesus, and her presence at the crucifixion indicates her dedication to Jesus and His ministry. Her inclusion in this passage highlights the role of women in supporting Jesus and His mission, even in the face of danger and despair.

and the mother of Zebedee’s sons
The mother of Zebedee's sons is identified as Salome in Mark 15:40. She is the mother of James and John, two of Jesus' closest disciples, who were part of His inner circle. Salome's presence at the crucifixion, along with her sons' prominence among the disciples, suggests her active involvement in Jesus' ministry. In Matthew 20:20-21, she is depicted as asking Jesus for her sons to sit at His right and left in His kingdom, indicating her belief in Jesus' messianic role. Her presence at the crucifixion reflects her continued support and faith in Jesus, even during His suffering and death.

When it was evening
This phrase indicates the time of day when the events are taking place. In Jewish culture, evening begins at sunset, marking the end of the Sabbath and the beginning of a new day. This timing is significant as it follows the crucifixion of Jesus, which occurred earlier in the day. The evening is a time of transition, symbolizing the shift from the sorrow of the crucifixion to the hope of the resurrection.

there came a rich man from Arimathea
Joseph of Arimathea is introduced as a wealthy individual. His wealth is significant because it fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 53:9, which states that the Messiah would be buried with the rich. Arimathea is believed to be a town in Judea, though its exact location is not definitively known. Joseph's wealth and status would have given him the influence necessary to approach Pilate and request Jesus' body.

named Joseph
Joseph is a common Jewish name, but this Joseph is distinguished by his association with Arimathea and his role in the burial of Jesus. His actions demonstrate courage and devotion, as he risks his reputation and standing by associating with Jesus, who had been condemned as a criminal.

who himself was a disciple of Jesus
Joseph is described as a disciple, indicating that he was a follower and believer in Jesus. This is significant because it shows that even among the Jewish leaders, there were those who recognized Jesus as the Messiah. Joseph's discipleship is characterized by his actions rather than public declarations, reflecting a faith that is expressed through deeds. His involvement in Jesus' burial is a testament to his commitment and belief in Jesus' teachings and mission.

He went to Pilate
Joseph of Arimathea, a wealthy member of the Sanhedrin, is the one who approaches Pilate. This act required courage, as he was a secret disciple of Jesus (John 19:38) and risked his reputation and standing. Pilate, the Roman governor, had the authority over executions and the disposal of bodies, making it necessary for Joseph to seek his permission.

to ask for the body of Jesus
In Roman practice, the bodies of crucified criminals were often left unburied as a warning. However, Jewish law required burial before sunset, especially before the Sabbath (Deuteronomy 21:22-23). Joseph's request fulfills this law and shows his devotion to Jesus. This act also fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 53:9, which states that the Messiah would be with a rich man in his death.

and Pilate ordered that it be given to him
Pilate's compliance may indicate his lingering unease about the execution, as he had found no fault in Jesus (Luke 23:4). It also reflects the Roman practice of allowing family or friends to claim the body, provided there was no threat of further unrest. This decision sets the stage for Jesus' burial in a new tomb, which is significant for the resurrection narrative.

So Joseph took the body
Joseph of Arimathea, a wealthy member of the Sanhedrin and a secret disciple of Jesus, courageously requests Jesus' body from Pilate. This act fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 53:9, which states that the Messiah would be with the rich in His death. Joseph's actions demonstrate his devotion and respect for Jesus, as handling a dead body would render him ceremonially unclean, especially significant during Passover.

wrapped it in a clean linen cloth
The use of a clean linen cloth signifies respect and honor for Jesus in His burial, contrasting with the shame of crucifixion. Linen was a material often used for burials, indicating care and reverence. This act also aligns with Jewish burial customs of the time, which involved wrapping the body in linen. The clean linen cloth can be seen as a type of Christ's purity and righteousness, symbolizing the sinless nature of Jesus even in death.

and placed it in his own new tomb
Joseph of Arimathea, a wealthy member of the Sanhedrin, provided his own tomb for Jesus' burial. This act fulfilled the prophecy in Isaiah 53:9, which states that the Messiah would be with a rich man in His death. The new tomb signifies purity and the honor given to Jesus, as it had not been used before, aligning with Jewish customs of the time that valued cleanliness and respect for the dead.

that he had cut into the rock
Tombs hewn from rock were typical for the wealthy in first-century Judea, indicating Joseph's status. This type of tomb provided security and permanence, reflecting the belief in the resurrection. The rock-cut tombs in the region often had a small entrance and a larger interior chamber, which aligns with the Gospel accounts of the resurrection morning when the women and disciples entered the tomb.

Then he rolled a great stone across the entrance to the tomb
The rolling of a large stone was a common practice to seal tombs, preventing animals and grave robbers from entering. The stone's size and weight underscore the miraculous nature of the resurrection, as it would have been difficult to move without several people. This detail also sets the stage for the angelic intervention described in Matthew 28:2.

and went away
Joseph's departure signifies the completion of his task and the beginning of the Sabbath, during which no work could be done. This act of leaving also highlights the temporary nature of Jesus' burial, as the narrative anticipates the resurrection. The departure of Joseph and the sealing of the tomb emphasize the finality of death, which is soon to be overcome by Christ's victory over the grave.

Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene is a prominent figure in the Gospels, known for her devotion to Jesus. She was delivered from seven demons by Jesus (Luke 8:2) and became one of His most faithful followers. Her presence at the crucifixion and burial of Jesus highlights her loyalty and love for Him. Her role as a witness to these events is significant, as she later becomes the first to see the resurrected Christ (John 20:14-18).

and the other Mary
The "other Mary" is identified in Matthew 27:56 as the mother of James and Joseph. She is also referred to as the wife of Clopas in John 19:25. Her presence alongside Mary Magdalene underscores the role of women in the early Christian community, who were often the first to witness and testify to key events in Jesus' life and ministry.

were sitting there
The act of sitting indicates a prolonged presence and watchfulness. This suggests their deep sorrow and mourning, as well as their commitment to Jesus even after His death. It also reflects the cultural practice of mourning, where sitting was a common posture for those grieving.

opposite the tomb
The tomb, likely a rock-hewn cave, was a new tomb belonging to Joseph of Arimathea (Matthew 27:60). The location of the tomb is significant, as it fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:9, which states that the Messiah would be buried with the rich. The women's position opposite the tomb indicates their intention to return after the Sabbath to anoint Jesus' body, showing their dedication and care for Him even in death.

The next day
This phrase refers to the day following the crucifixion of Jesus, which was the Sabbath. In Jewish tradition, the Sabbath is a day of rest and worship, beginning at sunset on Friday and ending at sunset on Saturday. This timing is significant as it highlights the urgency and concern of the religious leaders to address the situation with Jesus' tomb despite the Sabbath restrictions.

the one after Preparation Day
Preparation Day is the day before the Sabbath, traditionally used by Jews to prepare for the day of rest. This would have been Friday, the day Jesus was crucified. The mention of Preparation Day underscores the immediacy of the events following Jesus' death and burial, as the religious leaders were concerned about the implications of Jesus' prophecy regarding His resurrection.

the chief priests and Pharisees
The chief priests were part of the Jewish religious leadership, primarily from the Sadducees, who were responsible for temple rituals and sacrifices. The Pharisees were a separate group known for their strict adherence to the Law and traditions. Despite their usual opposition to each other, they united in their efforts against Jesus, highlighting the threat they perceived in His teachings and following.

assembled before Pilate
Pontius Pilate was the Roman governor of Judea, responsible for maintaining order and overseeing legal matters. The assembly of the Jewish leaders before Pilate indicates their need for Roman authority to secure the tomb, as they lacked the power to enforce such measures themselves. This collaboration with Pilate also reflects the political dynamics of the time, where Jewish leaders had to navigate their authority under Roman rule.

“Sir,” they said,
The term "Sir" here is a respectful address, likely directed towards Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor. This reflects the political and social hierarchy of the time, where Roman officials held significant authority over the Jewish leaders. The Jewish leaders, despite their own authority within the Jewish community, had to appeal to Pilate for matters concerning Roman law and order.

“we remember that while He was alive”
This phrase indicates the awareness and concern of the Jewish leaders regarding Jesus' previous statements. It shows that Jesus' teachings and predictions were well-known, even among those who opposed Him. This acknowledgment of His words highlights the impact of His ministry and the threat they perceived it posed to their authority and beliefs.

that deceiver said,
Referring to Jesus as "that deceiver" reveals the Jewish leaders' rejection of His claims and their view of Him as a false prophet. This term underscores the tension between Jesus and the religious authorities, who saw His teachings as a challenge to their interpretation of the Law and their control over the people. It also fulfills the prophecy of the suffering servant being despised and rejected (Isaiah 53:3).

‘After three days I will rise again.’”
This statement refers to Jesus' prediction of His resurrection, which He mentioned multiple times during His ministry (e.g., Matthew 16:21, 17:23, 20:19). The phrase "after three days" is significant in Jewish understanding, as it was a common expression for a period of time that could include parts of three days. The resurrection is a cornerstone of Christian faith, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies such as Psalm 16:10 and foreshadowing the ultimate victory over sin and death. The Jewish leaders' concern about this prediction indicates their fear of its potential fulfillment and the implications it would have for their authority and the validation of Jesus' claims.

So give the order that the tomb be secured until the third day.
The request to secure the tomb highlights the concern of the Jewish leaders about Jesus' prophecy of His resurrection on the third day (Matthew 16:21). The "third day" is significant in Jewish tradition, often associated with divine intervention and fulfillment of promises (Hosea 6:2). The act of securing the tomb reflects the political and religious tension of the time, as the Jewish leaders sought to prevent any claim of resurrection that could incite unrest or challenge their authority.

Otherwise, His disciples may come and steal Him away
This phrase indicates the fear of the Jewish leaders that the disciples might attempt to fabricate a resurrection by stealing Jesus' body. It reflects their awareness of Jesus' prediction of His resurrection and their desire to prevent any possibility of such claims. Historically, grave robbery was a concern, and the leaders wanted to ensure that no such incident could be used to support Jesus' messianic claims.

and tell the people He has risen from the dead.
The concern about the disciples spreading a resurrection story underscores the leaders' fear of Jesus' influence even after His death. The resurrection is central to Christian faith, as it validates Jesus' divinity and His victory over sin and death (1 Corinthians 15:14). The leaders' anxiety about this message spreading shows their understanding of its potential impact on the people and their own authority.

And this last deception would be worse than the first.”
The "first" deception likely refers to Jesus' claim to be the Messiah, which the Jewish leaders rejected. They considered His teachings and miracles as misleading the people. The "last deception," the claim of resurrection, would be more dangerous as it could solidify Jesus' messianic status and inspire a larger following. This reflects the leaders' fear of losing control and the potential for a significant shift in religious and social dynamics.

You have a guard
This phrase indicates that Pilate, the Roman governor, is granting the Jewish leaders' request for a guard to secure Jesus' tomb. The guard likely consisted of Roman soldiers, known for their discipline and effectiveness. This action underscores the tension between the Jewish authorities and the followers of Jesus, as the leaders were concerned about the possibility of Jesus' disciples stealing His body to claim resurrection. The presence of Roman guards also highlights the political and religious stakes involved in Jesus' death and burial.

Pilate said
Pilate's involvement in the burial process reflects his role in the crucifixion and the political dynamics of the time. As the Roman governor, Pilate had the authority to grant or deny requests from the Jewish leaders. His decision to provide a guard shows his attempt to maintain order and prevent any potential uprising. Pilate's actions throughout the trial and crucifixion of Jesus are marked by a struggle between his own judgment and the pressure from the Jewish authorities, as seen in earlier passages.

Go, make the tomb as secure as you know how
This directive from Pilate gives the Jewish leaders the responsibility to ensure the security of the tomb. The phrase implies a sense of urgency and thoroughness, as the leaders are instructed to use their best efforts to prevent any tampering with Jesus' body. The emphasis on security highlights the significance of the resurrection claim and the lengths to which the authorities went to prevent it. This also sets the stage for the miraculous nature of the resurrection, as the measures taken to secure the tomb were humanly insurmountable. The phrase connects to the fulfillment of prophecy and the divine power of God, as no human effort could thwart His plan.

So they went
This phrase indicates the immediate response of the chief priests and Pharisees after their meeting with Pilate. It reflects their urgency and determination to ensure that Jesus' body remained in the tomb. This action was taken on the Sabbath, highlighting their prioritization of securing the tomb over strict Sabbath observance.

and secured the tomb
The securing of the tomb was a measure taken to prevent any tampering with Jesus' body. This was in response to Jesus' prophecy that He would rise on the third day (Matthew 16:21). The religious leaders feared that His disciples might steal the body and claim He had risen, thus they took steps to prevent this.

by sealing the stone
Sealing the stone involved placing a seal on the stone that covered the entrance of the tomb. This seal was likely a cord stretched across the stone and fastened with clay or wax, bearing an official mark. Breaking the seal would be a serious offense, indicating tampering. This act was meant to provide both a physical and legal barrier to any interference.

and posting the guard
A guard was stationed at the tomb to ensure that no one could steal the body. This guard was likely composed of Roman soldiers, given the involvement of Pilate, and their presence added an additional layer of security. The presence of Roman guards underscores the seriousness with which the authorities took the threat of Jesus' predicted resurrection. This also sets the stage for the miraculous events of the resurrection, as the presence of guards would make any human intervention highly unlikely.