Berean Strong's Lexicon kata: according to, down, against, throughout, by Original Word: κατά Word Origin: A primary particle Corresponding Greek / Hebrew Entries: The Hebrew preposition "כְּ" (ke) often serves a similar function to "κατά" in expressing comparison or conformity, though direct one-to-one correspondence is not always possible due to linguistic differences. Usage: The Greek preposition "κατά" (kata) is versatile and can be translated in various ways depending on the context. It often denotes a sense of direction, distribution, or conformity. It can mean "according to" when indicating conformity or agreement with something, "down" when suggesting direction or movement, "against" when implying opposition, and "throughout" or "by" when used in distributive or locative senses. Cultural and Historical Background: In ancient Greek literature and the New Testament, "κατά" is frequently used to express relationships between concepts, actions, or entities. Its usage reflects the Greek language's ability to convey complex ideas through prepositions, which often carry nuanced meanings. Understanding "κατά" in its various contexts is crucial for interpreting Greek texts accurately, especially in theological discussions where precision is essential. HELPS Word-studies 2596 katá (a preposition, governing two grammatical cases) – properly, "down from, i.e. from a higher to a lower plane, with special reference to the terminus (end-point)" (J. Thayer). [2596 (katá) is written 'kat' or 'kath' before a vowel. So too, kata loses the final a before an initial diphthong (cf. BDF § 17; MH 61-62; R 206-208). 2596 /katá ("bring down exactly, complete") is "opposite" to 303 /aná ("bring up to completion").] NAS Exhaustive Concordance Word Originpreposition of uncertain origin Definition down, against, according to NASB Translation about (5), accord (1), accordance (12), according (140), accordingly (1), after (8), after another (1), against (52), along (1), along the coast (2), among (3), another (2), around (1), basis (1), because (2), before (1), beyond* (1), case* (2), certain (1), circumstances* (2), conforming (1), contrary (1), daily* (10), down (4), each (2), effect (1), every (10), every* (1), exactly* (1), excessively* (1), godly* (1), how* (1), inasmuch* (2), individually* (1), just (2), like (4), more (1), motives (1), natural* (1), off (2), one* (2), outwardly* (1), over (3), private* (1), privately* (7), reference (1), rightly* (1), standpoint (2), terms (2), through (1), throughout (6), together* (1), various (4), way (4), within (2). Thayer's Greek Lexicon STRONGS NT 2596: κατάκατά (on its neglect of elision before a vowel see Tdf, Proleg., p. 95; cf. Winers Grammar, § 5, 1 a.; a. 10; WH's Appendix, p. 146a), a preposition denoting motion or diffusion or direction from the higher to the lower; as in classical Greek, joined with the genitive and the accusative. I. With the genitive (Winer's Grammar, § 47, k., p. 381 (357); (B, § 147, 20)); 1. properly, a. down from, down: κατά τοῦ κρημνοῦ, Matthew 8:32; Mark 5:13; Luke 8:33; κατεχην κατά τῆς κεφαλῆς (so that it flowed down from his head (cf. Winer's Grammar, 381 (357) note); but it is more correct here to omit κατά with L T Tr WH; see καταχέω), Mark 14:3; hence κατά κεφαλῆς (a veil hanging down from his entry) ἔχων, 1 Corinthians 11:4 ((A. V. having his head covered) cf. καταπέτασμα (or rather κάλυμμα (which see), but see ἔχω, I. 1 b.)). b. down upon (down into) anything: Acts 27:14 (Winers Grammar, 381 (357) note{1}; cf. B. D. American edition, under the word c. used of motion or extension through a space from top to bottom; hence through, throughout: in the N. T. (and in Luke's writings; Buttmann, § 147, 20) everywhere with the adjective ὅλος, as καθ' ὅλης τῆς περιχώρου τῆς Ἰουδαίας, τῆς Ἰόππης, Luke 4:14; Luke 23:5; Acts 9:31; Acts 10:37 (διεσπάρησαν κατά τῆς νήσου, Polybius 3, 19, 7; ἐσκεδάσμενοι κατά τῆς χώρας, 1, 17, 10; 3, 76, 10; μή παραβαίνειν τάς ἁμαροτροχιας, ἀλλά κατ' αὐτῶν ἰέναι, Aelian v. h. 2, 27). 2. metaphorically, a. after verbs of swearing, adjuring (the hand being, as it were, placed down upon the thing sworn by (cf. Bernhardy (1829), p. 238; Kühner, § 433 at the end)), by: Matthew 26:63; Hebrews 6:13, 16 (Isaiah 45:23; 2 Chronicles 36:13; Judith 1:12; Demosthenes 553, 17; 554, 23). b. against (properly, down upon (Winer's Grammar, 382 (358)); Hebrew עַל): opposed to ὑπέρ, Mark 9:40; 2 Corinthians 13:8; Romans 8:31; opposed to μετά, Matthew 12:30; Luke 11:23; after ἐπιθυμεῖν, Galatians 5:17; εἰπεῖν πονηρόν (ῤῆμα), Matthew 5:11; λαλεῖν, Acts 6:13; Jude 1:15; μαρτυρία, Mark 14:55; Matthew 26:59; μαρτυρεῖν, 1 Corinthians 15:15 (here many take κατά equivalent to with regard to, of; cf. DeWette at the passage; Lob. ad Phryn., p. 272); ψευδομαρτύρειν, Mark 14:56f; γογγύζειν, Matthew 20:11 (Exodus 15:24 Alex.); διδάσκειν, Acts 21:28; ψεύδεσθαι, James 3:14 (Xenophon, Apology 13); συμβούλιον λαβεῖν or ποιεῖν, Matthew 27:1; Mark 3:6; αἰτεῖσθαι τί, Acts 25:3, 15; after verbs of accusing, etc.: ἔχειν τί, Matthew 5:23; Mark 11:25; Revelation 2:4, 14, 20; κατηγορεῖν, Luke 23:14; κατηγορία, John 18:29 (Tdf. omits κατά); ἐγκάλειν, Romans 8:33; ἐντυγχάνειν τίνι, Romans 11:2; add, Acts 24:1; Acts 25:2; James 5:9; τό χειρόγραφον, Colossians 2:14; κρίσιν ποιεῖν, Jude 1:15; after verbs of rebelling, fighting, prevailing: Matthew 10:35; Matthew 12:25; Acts 14:2; 1 Corinthians 4:6; 2 Corinthians 10:5; 1 Peter 2:11; (Revelation 12:7 Rec.); ἰσχύειν, Acts 19:16; ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν, John 19:11. II. With the accusative; cf. Winers Grammar, § 49 d.; Bernhardy (1829), p. 239ff 1. of place; a. of the place through which anything is done or is extended (properly, down through; opposed to ἀνά, up through): καθ' ὅλην τήν πόλιν κηρύσσειν, Luke 8:39; ἐκφέρειν κατά τάς πλατείας, Acts 5:15 (R G); add, Luke 9:6; Luke 13:22; Luke 15:14; Acts 8:1; Acts 11:1; Acts 15:23; Acts 21:21; Acts 24:5, 12; Acts 27:2; τούς κατά τά ἔθνη (throughout Gentile lands) πάντας Ἰουδαίους, Acts 21:21, cf. Grimm on 2 Macc. 1:1; κατά τήν ὁδόν, along the way i. e. on the journey (Winer's Grammar, 400 (374) note{1}), Luke 10:4; Acts 8:36; Acts 25:3; Acts 26:13; along (Latinsecundum orpraeter (R. V. off)), πέλαγος τό κατά τήν Κιλικίαν, Acts 27:5. b. of the place to which one is brought (down): γενόμενος (Tr WH omit γ.) κατά τόν τόπον (ἐλθών etc.), Luke 10:32 (cf. Field, Otium Norv. Pars iii at the passage); ἐλθόντες κατά τήν Μυσίαν, Acts 16:7; κατά τήν Κνίδον, Acts 27:7; κατ' αὐτόν (came) to him, i. e. to the place where he was lying, Luke 10:33. c. of direction; toward: Λιβύη ἡ κατά Κυρήνην, that Libya which lay toward Cyrene, i. e. Libya of Cyrene (i. e. the chief city of which was Cyrene), Acts 2:10; βλέπειν, to look, lie toward (see βλέπω, 3), Acts 27:12; πορεύεσθαι κατά μεσημβρίαν, Acts 8:26; κατά σκοπόν, toward the goal, my eye on the goal, Philippians 3:14. against (Latinadversus with the accusative); over against, opposite: κατά πρόσωπον, to the face, Galatians 2:11 (see πρόσωπον, 1 a.); equivalent to present, Acts 25:16 (A. V. face to face); 2 Corinthians 10:1; with the genitive of person added, before the face of, in the presence of, one: Luke 2:31; Acts 3:13; τά κατά πρόσωπον, the things that are open to view, known to all, 2 Corinthians 10:7; κατ' ὀφθαλμούς, before the eyes, Galatians 3:1; here, too, according to some (cf. Winer's Grammar, 400 (374) note{3}) belongs κατά Θεόν, Romans 8:27, but it is more correctly referred to 3 c. α. below. d. of the place where: κατ' οἶκον (opposed to ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ), at home, privately (Winer's Grammar, 400 (374) note{1}), Acts 2:46; Acts 5:42. e. of that which so joins itself to one thing as to separate itself from another; our for, by: κατ' ἰδίαν, apart, see ἴδιος, 2; καθ' ἑαυτόν, alone (by himself), Acts 28:16; James 2:17 (R. V. in itself) (2 Macc. 13:13; οἱ καθ' αὑτούς Ἕλληνες, Thucydides 1, 138; οἱ Βοιωτοι καθ' αὑτούς, Diodorus 13, 72; other examples are given by Alberti, Observations, etc., p. 293; Loesner, Observations, e Philone, p. 460f); ἔχειν τί καθ' ἑαυτόν, to have a thing by and to oneself, i. e. to keep it hidden in one's mind, Romans 14:22 (Josephus, Antiquities 2, 11, 1; Heliodorus 7, 16; (cf. Winer's Grammar, 401 (375) note{1})); hence, of that which belongs to some person or thing: κατά τήν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν, belonging to (A. V. in) the church that was there, Acts 13:1; ἡ ἐκκλησία κατ' οἶκον τίνος, belonging to one's household (see ἐκκλησία, 4 b. aa.); hence it forms a periphrasis — now for the genitive, as τά κατά Ἰουδαίους ἔθη (equivalent to τῶν Ἰουδαίων), Acts 26:3; now for the possessive pronoun, οἱ καθ' ὑμᾶς ποιηταί, your own poets, Acts 17:28 (here WH marginal reading καθ' ἡμᾶς, see their Introductory § 404); νόμου τοῦ καθ' ὑμᾶς (a law of your own), Acts 18:15; τό κατ' ἐμέ πρόθυμον, my inclination, Romans 1:15 (see πρόθυμος); ἡ καθ' ὑμᾶς πίστις, Ephesians 1:15 (ἡ κατά τόν τύραννον ὠματης τέ καί δύναμις, Diodorus 14, 12; μέχρι τῶν καθ' ἡμᾶς χρόνων, Dionysius Halicarnassus, Antiquities 2, 1; cf. Grimm on 2 Macc. 4:21, p. 88; a throng of examples from Polybius may be seen in Schweighaeuser, Lex. Polybius, p. 323f; (cf. Winers Grammar, 154 (146); 400 (374) note{2}; especially Buttmann, § 132, 2)). 2. of Time (cf. Winers Grammar, 401 (374)); during, about; Latintempore: κατ' ἐκεῖνον, or τοῦτον τόν καιρόν, Acts 12:1; Acts 19:23; Romans 9:9; Hebrews 9:9 (R G); κατά τό αὐτό, at the same time, together, Acts 14:1 (see αὐτός, III. 1); κατά τό μεσονύκτιον, Acts 16:25; κατά μέσον τῆς νυκτός, Acts 27:27; (possibly also κατά μεσημβρίαν, at noon, Acts 8:26 (see μεσημβρία, b.)); κατά καιρόν, see καιρός, 2 a.; κατ' ἀρχάς (Herodotus 3, 153), in the beginning (of things), Hebrews 1:10; κατά τήν ἡμέραν τοῦ πειρασμοῦ, Hebrews 3:8 (as the Sept. in this passage have rendered the preposition כְּ in the context by ὡς (ἐν τῷ παραπικρασμῷ, Psalm 94:8 3. it denotes reference, relation, proportion, of various sorts; a. distributively, indicating a succession of things following one another (Winers Grammar, 401 (374); Buttmann, § 147, 20); α, in reference to place: κατά πόλιν, in every city (city by city, from city to city), Luke 8:1, 4; Acts 15:21; Acts 20:23; Titus 1:5 (Thucydides 1, 122); κατ' ἐκκλησίαν, in every church, Acts 14:23; with the plural, κατά πόλεις, Luke 13:22; κατά τάς κώμας, Luke 9:6 (Herodotus 1, 96); κατά τόπους, Matthew 24:7; Mark 13:8; Luke 21:11; κατά τάς συναγωγάς, in every synagogue, Acts 22:19; (cf. κατά τούς οἴκους εἰσπορευόμενος, Acts 8:3). β. in reference to time: κατ' ἔτος, yearly, year by year, Luke 2:41; also κατ' ἐνιαυτόν (see ἐνιαυτός); καθ' ἡμέραν etc., see ἡμέρα, 2, p. 278{a}; κατά μίαν σαββάτου (R G σαββάτων), on the first day of every week, 1 Corinthians 16:2; κατά ἑορτήν, at any and every feast, Matthew 27:15; Mark 15:6; Luke 23:17 (Rec.; cf. Buttmann, § 133, 26. Others understand the phrase in these passages (contextually) "at or during (see 2 above) the feast," viz. the Passover; cf. Winer's Grammar, 401 (374)). γ. universally: καθ' ἕνα πάντες, all one by one, successively, 1 Corinthians 14:31, see more fully in εἷς, 4 c.; κατά δύο, by two, 1 Corinthians 14:27; κατά ἑκατόν καί κατά πεντήκοντα, by hundreds and by fifties, Mark 6:40 L T Tr WH; κατά μέρος, severally, singly, part by part, Hebrews 9:5 (Herodotus 9, 25; Xenophon, anab. 3, 4, 22); κατ' ὄνομα, by name, i. e. each by its own name (Vulg.nominatim (orper nomen)): John 10:3; 3 John 1:15 (14); cf. Herm. ad Vig., p. 858f. b. equivalent to the Latinratione habita alicuius rei vel personae; as respects; with regard to; in reference to; so far as relates to; as concerning; (Winer's Grammar, 401 (375)): κατά σάρκα or κατά τήν σάρκα, as to the flesh (see σάρξ (especially 2b.)), Romans 1:3; Romans 9:3, 5; 1 Corinthians 1:26; 1 Corinthians 10:18; 2 Corinthians 11:18; οἱ κύριοι κατά σάρκα (Luther well,die leiblichen Herren), in earthly relations, according to the arrangements of society, Ephesians 6:5; κατά τό εὐαγγέλιον, κατά τήν ἐκλογήν, Romans 11:28; add, Romans 1:4; Romans 7:22; Philippians 3:5; Hebrews 9:9; τά κατά τινα, one's affairs, one's case, Acts 24:22; Acts 25:14; Ephesians 6:21; Philippians 1:12; Colossians 4:7 (and very often in classical Greek); κατά πάντα τρόπον, in every way, in every respect, Romans 3:2; the opposite κατά μηδένα τρόπον, in no wise, 2 Thessalonians 2:3; κατά πάντα, in all respects, in all things, Acts 17:22; Colossians 3:20, 22; Hebrews 2:17; Hebrews 4:15 (Thucydides 4, 81). c. according to, agreeably to; in reference to agreement or conformity to a standard, in various ways (Winer's Grammar, 401 (375)); α. according to anything as a standard, agreeably to: περιπατεῖν κατά τί, Mark 7:5; Romans 8:1 (Rec.), d. of the end aimed at; the goal to which anything tends; (Latinad (Winer's Grammar, 402f (376))): κατ' ἐπαγγελίαν ζωῆς, to proclaim life, 2 Timothy 1:1 (but see ἐπαγγελία, 1); κατ' εὐσέβειαν, tending to godliness (1 Timothy 6:3; Titus 1:1) (see εὐσέβεια; (yet others refer these examples and that which follows, to the use set forth above, in c.)); κατά πίστιν, to awaken, produce faith, Titus 1:1 (examples of this use of κατά from Homer, Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, may be seen in Passow, under the word II. 3, p. 1598{b}; (Liddell and Scott, under the word B. III. 1); cf. Herm. ad Vig., p. 632; Kühner, ii., p. 412); many refer to this head also κατ' ἀτιμίαν (to my dishonor (Winer's Grammar, 402f (376))) λέγω, 2 Corinthians 11:21 (κατ' τήν τιμήν τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦτο ποιῶν, to the honor of God, Josephus, Antiquities 3, 11, 4); but see ἀτιμία. III. In Composition κατά denotes, 1. from, down from, from a higher to a lower place: with special reference to the terminus from which, as καταβαίνω, καταβιβάζω, etc. (cf. Winer's Grammar, 431 (401f)); with more prominent reference to the lower terminus (down), as καταβάλλω, καταπατέω, etc. (cf. Winer's Grammar, as above); also of the situation or local position, as κατάκειμαι, καθεύδω, κατατίθημι, καθίζω, etc. from top to bottom, metaphorically, of things done with care, thoroughly, as καταμανθάνω, καθοράω, etc. 2. in succession, in course: καθξης; one part after another, καταρτίζω, κατευθύνω, etc. 3. under, underneath: καταχθόνιος; the idea of putting under resides in verbs denoting victory, rule, etc., over others, as katadunasteuoo], κατακυριεύω, κατεξουσιάζω, καταδουλόω; likewise in verbs naming that with which anything is covered, concealed, overwhelmed etc., as κατακαλύπτω, καταλιθάζω, κατασφραγίζω, κατασκιάζω, καταισχύνω (where the German uses the prefixüber (English over), asüberschatten, überdecken, or the syllablebe, asbeschatten, besiegeln); also in adjj. denoting an abundance of that with which a thing is filled up or as it were covered up; see below in κατείδωλος. 4. like the German ver-,zer-, it denotes separation, dissolution, in verbs of wasting, dissolving, etc., as κατακόπτω, κατάγνυμι, κατακαίω, κατακλάω, καταλύω, κατακλύζω, καταναλίσκω, καταφθείρω, etc. 5. equivalent to after, behind: καταδιώκω, καταλείπω, κατακολουθέω, etc. 6. used of proportion and distribution, as κατακληροδοτέω, κατακληρονομέω, etc. 7. of hostility, against etc.: καταδικάζω, κατακρίνω, καταλαλέω, καταγινώσκω, etc. Cf. Herm. ad Vig., p. 637ff (On the construction of verbs compounded with κατά, see Winers Grammar, as above; cf. Buttmann, 165 (143f).) A primary particle; (prepositionally) down (in place or time), in varied relations (according to the case (genitive, dative or accusative) with which it is joined) -- about, according as (to), after, against, (when they were) X alone, among, and, X apart, (even, like) as (concerning, pertaining to touching), X aside, at, before, beyond, by, to the charge of, (charita-)bly, concerning, + covered, (dai-)ly, down, every, (+ far more) exceeding, X more excellent, for, from... To, godly, in(-asmuch, divers, every, -to, respect of),... By, after the manner of, + by any means, beyond (out of) measure, X mightily, more, X natural, of (up-)on (X part), out (of every), over against, (+ your) X own, + particularly, so, through(-oughout, -oughout every), thus, (un-)to(-gether, -ward), X uttermost, where(-by), with. In composition it retains many of these applications, and frequently denotes opposition, distribution, or intensity. Englishman's Concordance Matthew 1:20 PrepGRK: ἄγγελος Κυρίου κατ' ὄναρ ἐφάνη KJV: appeared unto him in a dream, saying, INT: an angel of [the] Lord in a dream appeared Matthew 2:12 Prep Matthew 2:13 Prep Matthew 2:16 Prep Matthew 2:19 Prep Matthew 2:22 Prep Matthew 5:11 Prep Matthew 5:23 Prep Matthew 8:32 Prep Matthew 9:29 Prep Matthew 10:35 Prep Matthew 10:35 Prep Matthew 10:35 Prep Matthew 12:14 Prep Matthew 12:25 Prep Matthew 12:25 Prep Matthew 12:30 Prep Matthew 12:32 Prep Matthew 12:32 Prep Matthew 14:13 Prep Matthew 14:23 Prep Matthew 16:27 Prep Matthew 17:1 Prep Matthew 17:19 Prep Matthew 19:3 Prep Strong's Greek 2596 |
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