On the first day of the week
This phrase indicates the timing of the event, which is significant in the context of Jewish customs. The first day of the week is Sunday, following the Jewish Sabbath, which is Saturday. This marks the beginning of a new week and is significant as it is the day of Jesus' resurrection, symbolizing a new creation and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan. The early church began to gather on this day to commemorate the resurrection, which is why Sunday became the primary day of Christian worship.

very early in the morning
The timing here underscores the devotion and urgency of the women. In the Jewish context, the day begins at sunset, so "very early in the morning" would be just after dawn. This detail highlights the women's eagerness to perform their duties despite the potential dangers and uncertainties following Jesus' crucifixion. It also reflects the cultural practice of visiting tombs early in the day to avoid the heat and to ensure the body was properly cared for.

the women came to the tomb
The women mentioned here include Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and others, as noted in other Gospel accounts. Their presence is significant as women were the first witnesses to the resurrection, which is notable given the cultural context where women's testimonies were often undervalued. This emphasizes the inclusivity of the Gospel message and the important role women played in Jesus' ministry and the early church.

bringing the spices they had prepared
The spices were intended for anointing Jesus' body, a customary practice in Jewish burial traditions to honor the deceased and mitigate the odor of decay. This act of bringing spices shows the women's love and respect for Jesus, as well as their expectation that His body would still be in the tomb. The preparation of spices also indicates their adherence to Jewish customs, as they had to wait until after the Sabbath to perform this act. This detail sets the stage for the discovery of the empty tomb, highlighting the unexpected nature of the resurrection.

They found the stone
The discovery of the stone being moved is significant. In Jewish burial customs, a large stone was typically rolled in front of the entrance to a tomb to protect the body from animals and grave robbers. This stone was likely very heavy, requiring several men to move it. The fact that the women found the stone already rolled away suggests divine intervention, as it would have been impossible for them to move it alone. This aligns with the angelic involvement described in other Gospel accounts (Matthew 28:2).

rolled away
The rolling away of the stone symbolizes the removal of barriers between humanity and God. It signifies the opening of the way to eternal life through Jesus Christ's resurrection. This act fulfills Jesus' prophecy about His resurrection (Mark 8:31) and demonstrates His victory over death. The stone being rolled away is not to let Jesus out, but to let witnesses in, confirming the empty tomb.

from the tomb,
The tomb, likely a rock-hewn cave, was a common burial practice for the wealthy in first-century Judea. Joseph of Arimathea, a wealthy man and a member of the Sanhedrin, provided his own new tomb for Jesus' burial (Matthew 27:57-60). The empty tomb is a central piece of evidence for the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith. The resurrection fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not allowing His Holy One to see decay. The empty tomb is a testament to the power of God and the truth of Jesus' promise of resurrection.

but when they entered
This phrase refers to the women who came to the tomb early on the first day of the week. The entrance into the tomb signifies an act of faith and devotion, as they intended to anoint Jesus' body with spices. The tomb was likely a rock-cut tomb, common in the region, and entering it would have required courage, especially given the Roman guard and the sealed stone that had been placed there (Matthew 27:66).

they did not find
The absence of Jesus' body is a pivotal moment in the resurrection narrative. This unexpected discovery sets the stage for the revelation of the resurrection. The empty tomb is a significant apologetic point for the early church, as it counters claims that Jesus' body was stolen or that He did not rise from the dead. The empty tomb is also a fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions about His resurrection (Mark 8:31).

the body of the Lord Jesus
The use of the title "Lord" emphasizes the divine authority and identity of Jesus. The physical body of Jesus is central to the Christian doctrine of the resurrection, which asserts that Jesus rose bodily from the dead, not merely in spirit. This affirms the belief in the bodily resurrection of believers as well. The absence of Jesus' body fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God's Holy One not seeing decay. The resurrection is a cornerstone of Christian faith, demonstrating Jesus' victory over sin and death, and confirming His identity as the Messiah.

While they were puzzling over this
The women at the tomb were perplexed because they found it empty. This moment of confusion highlights the unexpected nature of the resurrection, despite Jesus having foretold it (Luke 9:22, 18:33). Their puzzlement reflects a common human reaction to divine mysteries and the fulfillment of prophecy, as seen in Isaiah 55:8-9, where God's ways are higher than human understanding.

suddenly two men in radiant apparel
The sudden appearance of these men emphasizes the divine intervention at this pivotal moment. The description of "radiant apparel" suggests their heavenly origin, aligning with other biblical accounts of angelic appearances, such as in Daniel 10:5-6 and Matthew 28:3. The radiance signifies purity and the glory of God, often associated with divine messengers.

stood beside them
The positioning of the angels beside the women indicates their role as messengers and witnesses to the resurrection. This aligns with the biblical pattern of angels providing guidance and revelation, as seen in Genesis 18:2 and Acts 1:10. Their presence serves to affirm the truth of the resurrection and to provide comfort and clarity to the bewildered women.

As the women bowed their faces to the ground in terror
This phrase captures the reaction of the women who came to Jesus' tomb and encountered the two men, understood to be angels. Bowing their faces to the ground is a common biblical response to divine or angelic presence, indicating reverence and fear (Genesis 18:2, Joshua 5:14). The women’s terror reflects the awe and fear often associated with angelic appearances (Daniel 10:9-10, Revelation 1:17). This moment underscores the holiness of the event and the divine nature of the message they are about to receive.

the two men asked them
The "two men" are identified as angels in other Gospel accounts (Matthew 28:5, John 20:12). Angels often appear in pairs in Scripture, serving as messengers of God (Genesis 19:1, Acts 1:10). Their presence at the tomb signifies the importance of the resurrection event and the divine authority behind the message they deliver. The angels' role is to provide clarity and understanding to the women, who are witnesses to the resurrection.

“Why do you look for the living among the dead?
This rhetorical question challenges the women’s expectations and understanding. It highlights the contrast between life and death, emphasizing that Jesus, who was crucified, is now alive. The question points to the fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions about His resurrection (Luke 9:22, Luke 18:33). It also serves as a theological statement about the nature of Jesus as the Living One, who has conquered death (Revelation 1:18). This moment marks a pivotal shift from mourning to the realization of the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith.

He is not here;
This phrase is spoken by the angels at the empty tomb, indicating that Jesus is no longer in the place of the dead. The empty tomb is a central piece of evidence for the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith. The absence of Jesus' body challenges the expectations of the women who came to anoint Him, highlighting the miraculous nature of the resurrection.

He has risen!
The resurrection is the fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions and Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:10-12. It signifies Jesus' victory over death and sin, affirming His divine nature and the truth of His teachings. This event is pivotal in Christian theology, as it confirms the hope of eternal life for believers.

Remember how He told you
This phrase calls the disciples to recall Jesus' prior teachings about His death and resurrection. It emphasizes the importance of Jesus' words and the fulfillment of His prophecies. The reminder serves to strengthen the faith of the disciples, showing that Jesus' suffering and resurrection were part of God's redemptive plan.

while He was still in Galilee:
Galilee is significant as the region where Jesus began His ministry and performed many miracles. It is a place of revelation and teaching, where Jesus first called His disciples. The mention of Galilee connects the resurrection to the broader narrative of Jesus' life and ministry, reminding the disciples of His consistent message and the continuity of His mission.

The Son of Man
This title, "Son of Man," is a messianic term that Jesus frequently used to refer to Himself. It originates from Daniel 7:13-14, where the "Son of Man" is depicted as a heavenly figure given authority and an everlasting kingdom. This title emphasizes both Jesus' humanity and His divine authority. It connects Jesus to the prophetic vision of a savior who would establish God's kingdom.

must be delivered
The necessity of Jesus being "delivered" indicates divine purpose and fulfillment of prophecy. This was not a random event but part of God's sovereign plan for redemption. Isaiah 53:6-7 speaks of the suffering servant who is led like a lamb to the slaughter, highlighting the predetermined nature of Jesus' sacrifice.

into the hands of sinful men
This phrase underscores the moral state of those who would arrest and condemn Jesus. It reflects the fallen nature of humanity and the irony that the sinless Son of God would be judged by sinful men. This is reminiscent of Psalm 22, which describes the suffering of the righteous at the hands of the wicked.

and be crucified
Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution reserved for the most heinous criminals. It was a death marked by extreme suffering and public humiliation. The Old Testament foreshadows this in Deuteronomy 21:23, which states that anyone hung on a tree is under God's curse. Galatians 3:13 later explains that Christ redeemed us from the curse by becoming a curse for us.

and on the third day rise again
The resurrection on the third day is a fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions (e.g., Matthew 12:40) and aligns with the typology of Jonah, who spent three days in the belly of the fish. The third day resurrection is also a testament to Jesus' victory over death and sin, affirming His divine nature and the truth of His teachings. This event is central to Christian faith, as Paul emphasizes in 1 Corinthians 15:3-4, where he states that Christ's death and resurrection are of first importance.

Then
This word indicates a specific moment in time, suggesting a turning point or realization. In the context of Luke 24, this occurs after the women discover the empty tomb and encounter angels. The timing is significant as it marks the transition from confusion to understanding, a common theme in the resurrection narratives.

they remembered
The act of remembering is crucial in biblical narratives, often associated with divine revelation or fulfillment of prophecy. In this context, it signifies the women's realization and understanding of Jesus' previous teachings about His death and resurrection. This moment of remembrance is a fulfillment of Jesus' predictions, as seen in passages like Luke 9:22 and Luke 18:31-33, where He foretold His suffering, death, and resurrection.

His words
The words of Jesus are central to His ministry and the foundation of Christian faith. Here, "His words" refer to the predictions Jesus made about His death and resurrection. The emphasis on remembering His words highlights the importance of Jesus' teachings and prophecies. This moment connects to the broader biblical theme of the reliability and truth of God's word, as seen in Isaiah 55:11, which speaks of God's word accomplishing its purpose. The fulfillment of Jesus' words in His resurrection serves as a testament to His divine authority and the truth of His message.

And when they returned from the tomb
The women who visited the tomb were Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and others (Luke 24:10). They had gone to the tomb early in the morning to anoint Jesus' body with spices, a customary burial practice in Jewish culture. The tomb was located outside Jerusalem, likely in a garden setting, as was common for wealthy individuals' burial sites. The empty tomb is a pivotal moment in the resurrection narrative, fulfilling Jesus' prophecy about His resurrection (Luke 9:22).

they reported all these things
The women were the first to witness the empty tomb and the angelic message of Jesus' resurrection. Their role as the first messengers is significant, as women were not considered reliable witnesses in first-century Jewish society. This highlights the counter-cultural nature of the Gospel accounts. The "things" they reported included the stone rolled away, the absence of Jesus' body, and the angelic proclamation that He had risen (Luke 24:5-7).

to the Eleven
The Eleven refers to the remaining apostles, excluding Judas Iscariot, who had betrayed Jesus and subsequently died. The apostles were the primary leaders of the early church and were chosen by Jesus to be His witnesses (Acts 1:8). Their initial skepticism about the women's report (Luke 24:11) underscores the unexpected nature of the resurrection, even among Jesus' closest followers.

and to all the others
This phrase indicates that there were more disciples present than just the Eleven. The early Christian community included a broader group of followers who had been with Jesus throughout His ministry. This group likely included both men and women who were devoted to Jesus' teachings and mission. The inclusion of "all the others" emphasizes the communal aspect of the early church and the widespread impact of the resurrection message.

It was Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene is a prominent figure in the Gospels, known for her devotion to Jesus. She was delivered from seven demons by Jesus (Luke 8:2) and became one of His most faithful followers. Her presence at the resurrection highlights her role as a key witness to the pivotal event of Christianity. Her inclusion here underscores the transformative power of Jesus' ministry, as she went from being demon-possessed to a herald of the resurrection.

Joanna
Joanna is mentioned in Luke 8:3 as the wife of Chuza, Herod's steward. Her presence among the women who followed Jesus indicates the diverse backgrounds of His followers, including those from influential social standings. Joanna's involvement in Jesus' ministry and her witness to the resurrection demonstrate the reach of Jesus' message across different societal levels.

Mary the mother of James
This Mary is often identified as the mother of James the Less, one of the twelve apostles. Her mention here, alongside other women, highlights the important role women played in Jesus' ministry and the early church. The identification of her son connects her to the apostolic circle, emphasizing the familial and communal nature of the early Christian movement.

and the other women with them
The phrase acknowledges the presence of additional women who were part of Jesus' followers. This group of women, who supported Jesus' ministry (Luke 8:1-3), were the first to witness the empty tomb, signifying their crucial role in the resurrection narrative. Their inclusion challenges cultural norms of the time, where women's testimonies were often undervalued.

who told this to the apostles
The women were the first to proclaim the resurrection to the apostles, a significant detail given the cultural context where women were not considered reliable witnesses. This underscores the authenticity of the Gospel accounts, as such a detail would be counterproductive if fabricated. The apostles' initial skepticism (Luke 24:11) further highlights the unexpected nature of the resurrection and the radical shift it brought to their understanding of Jesus' mission.

But their words seemed like nonsense to them
The disciples' initial reaction to the women's report of the resurrection reflects a common skepticism of the time. In the first-century Jewish context, women were not considered reliable witnesses in legal matters, which may have contributed to the disciples' disbelief. This skepticism is also indicative of the broader human tendency to doubt miraculous events, as seen throughout Scripture. The Greek word translated as "nonsense" can also mean "idle talk" or "delirium," suggesting that the disciples thought the women were speaking irrationally. This reaction underscores the unexpected nature of the resurrection, despite Jesus' prior predictions (Luke 9:22, 18:33).

and they did not believe the women
The disbelief of the disciples highlights the cultural and historical context of the time, where women's testimonies were often undervalued. This moment also serves to emphasize the authenticity of the Gospel accounts; if the resurrection story were fabricated, it would be unlikely to feature women as the first witnesses. The disbelief contrasts with the faith of the women, who, despite societal norms, were the first to encounter the risen Christ. This theme of initial disbelief followed by eventual understanding and belief is a recurring motif in the Gospels, as seen in Thomas's doubt in John 20:24-29. The disciples' eventual acceptance of the resurrection is a testament to the transformative power of encountering the risen Jesus.

Peter, however, got up and ran to the tomb.
This phrase highlights Peter's immediate response to the women's report of the empty tomb. Peter's action reflects his impulsive and passionate nature, often depicted in the Gospels. The urgency in his response underscores the significance of the resurrection event. The act of running indicates the importance and urgency of verifying the women's testimony. In the cultural context, it was unusual for a man of Peter's age and status to run, suggesting the deep emotional impact of the news. This moment is also a fulfillment of Jesus' earlier prediction that Peter would be a foundational leader in the early church (Matthew 16:18).

And after bending down and seeing only the linen cloths,
The act of bending down suggests the low entrance of the tomb, typical of first-century Jewish burial sites. The linen cloths are significant as they indicate that Jesus' body was not stolen; grave robbers would not have left the valuable linen behind. This detail aligns with the account in John 20:6-7, where the cloths are described as lying separately, suggesting an orderly departure rather than a hasty removal. The presence of the linen cloths also fulfills the prophecy of Psalm 16:10, which speaks of the Holy One not seeing decay, implying resurrection rather than corruption.

he went away,
Peter's departure from the tomb signifies a moment of contemplation and confusion. Unlike the women who encountered angels, Peter's experience is more subdued, leaving him in a state of wonder. This reflects the initial struggle to comprehend the resurrection, a theme present in all Gospel accounts. Peter's leaving the tomb without immediate understanding highlights the gradual revelation of the resurrection's significance to the disciples.

wondering to himself what had happened.
This phrase captures Peter's internal conflict and amazement. The Greek term used for "wondering" implies a deep pondering or marveling, indicating that Peter is processing the implications of the empty tomb. This moment of reflection is crucial as it sets the stage for Peter's later encounters with the risen Christ, which will transform his understanding and faith. The resurrection was a fulfillment of Jesus' predictions (Mark 8:31), yet it was so unprecedented that even those closest to Him struggled to grasp it initially. This internal wonderment is a precursor to the fuller revelation and understanding that will come with the appearances of the risen Jesus and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost.

That same day
This phrase refers to the day of Jesus' resurrection, the first day of the week, which is Sunday. It highlights the immediacy of the events following the discovery of the empty tomb. The resurrection is a pivotal event in Christian theology, fulfilling prophecies such as Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:10-12, and marking the beginning of a new creation.

two of them
The "two of them" refers to two of Jesus' followers, not part of the original twelve apostles. One is later identified as Cleopas (Luke 24:18). This indicates that Jesus' followers were a larger group than just the twelve, and His resurrection appearances were witnessed by many, as noted in 1 Corinthians 15:5-6.

were going to a village called Emmaus
Emmaus is a village whose exact location is debated, but it is traditionally identified with a site northwest of Jerusalem. The journey to Emmaus symbolizes a spiritual journey from despair to understanding, as the disciples move from confusion about Jesus' death to recognition of His resurrection.

about seven miles from Jerusalem
The distance of about seven miles (or sixty stadia) from Jerusalem places Emmaus within a reasonable walking distance, suggesting the disciples were returning home or to a place of refuge. Jerusalem is central to the events of Jesus' death and resurrection, and the journey away from it can symbolize a movement away from the epicenter of these events, only to return with renewed faith and understanding.

They were talking with each other
This phrase indicates a conversation between two individuals, likely Cleopas and another disciple, as they journeyed to Emmaus. The act of discussing events is a common human response to processing significant occurrences. In the context of first-century Jewish culture, oral tradition was a primary means of sharing and preserving information. This conversation reflects the communal nature of Jewish society, where discussing religious and social events was integral to daily life. The disciples' dialogue also highlights the importance of fellowship and community in the early Christian movement, as believers sought to understand and interpret the events surrounding Jesus' death and resurrection.

about everything that had happened
The phrase "everything that had happened" refers to the recent events in Jerusalem, including Jesus' crucifixion, burial, and the reports of His resurrection. This period was a time of great turmoil and confusion for Jesus' followers, as they grappled with the apparent defeat of their Messiah. The events fulfilled numerous Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant, and Psalm 22, which describes the crucifixion in detail. The disciples' discussion likely included their hopes and expectations for Jesus as the promised Messiah, as well as their disappointment and uncertainty following His death. This conversation underscores the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan through Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets.

And as they talked and deliberated
This phrase occurs after the resurrection of Jesus, as two of His followers are traveling to the village of Emmaus. The context is one of confusion and reflection, as they discuss the recent events surrounding Jesus' crucifixion and the reports of His resurrection. The Greek words used here suggest a deep, engaged conversation, indicating their struggle to understand the significance of what has happened. This reflects a common human experience of grappling with unexpected events and seeking meaning, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture.

Jesus Himself came up
This emphasizes the personal nature of Jesus' appearance. It is not an angel or a vision, but Jesus Himself who joins them. This highlights the reality of the resurrection, affirming that Jesus is alive in bodily form. Theologically, this underscores the Christian belief in the physical resurrection of Jesus, a cornerstone of Christian faith. It also fulfills Jesus' promise that He would rise again, as foretold in passages like Matthew 16:21 and John 2:19-22.

and walked along with them
The act of walking with them signifies companionship and guidance. In the cultural context of the time, walking together was a common way to travel and converse, symbolizing fellowship and shared journey. This mirrors the biblical theme of God walking with His people, as seen in Genesis 5:24 with Enoch and Genesis 6:9 with Noah. It also prefigures the Christian life as a walk with Jesus, as seen in passages like Colossians 2:6. This act of Jesus walking with them serves as a metaphor for His presence with believers throughout their lives.

But their eyes were kept
This phrase suggests a divine intervention in the perception of the disciples. Throughout Scripture, God often controls human perception to fulfill His purposes. In Exodus 4:11, God reminds Moses that He is the one who gives sight. Similarly, in Isaiah 6:9-10, God tells Isaiah that the people's hearts will be hardened and their eyes closed. This divine action serves a greater purpose in God's redemptive plan, often to reveal deeper truths at the appointed time.

from recognizing Him
The inability of the disciples to recognize Jesus after His resurrection is significant. It highlights the transformed nature of Jesus' resurrected body, which, while physical, is also glorified and different from before (1 Corinthians 15:42-44). This moment also fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:3, where the Messiah is described as being unrecognized and despised. Theologically, this lack of recognition can symbolize spiritual blindness, a theme prevalent in the Gospels (John 9:39-41). It underscores the necessity of divine revelation for true understanding, as seen when Jesus later opens their eyes to recognize Him (Luke 24:31). This event foreshadows the spiritual awakening that occurs when believers come to faith in Christ, recognizing Him as Lord and Savior.

He asked them,
This phrase highlights Jesus' approachability and His interest in the concerns of His followers. It reflects His role as a teacher and a shepherd who engages with His disciples. In the context of the resurrection, it underscores His desire to reveal truth and provide comfort. This interaction is reminiscent of God's inquiries in the Old Testament, such as when God asked Adam, "Where are you?" (Genesis 3:9), inviting reflection and dialogue.

“What are you discussing so intently as you walk along?”
This question serves to draw out the disciples' thoughts and emotions, allowing them to express their confusion and grief. It is a teaching moment, as Jesus often used questions to lead His followers to deeper understanding. The disciples' journey to Emmaus symbolizes the journey of faith, where believers grapple with understanding God's plan. The intensity of their discussion indicates the profound impact of recent events, namely Jesus' crucifixion and the reports of His resurrection. This moment parallels other scriptural instances where God engages with His people during pivotal moments, such as the road to Damascus (Acts 9:3-6).

They stood still,
Their pause signifies a moment of reflection and the weight of their emotions. It indicates the gravity of the situation and their struggle to comprehend the events that have transpired. This stillness can be seen as a metaphor for the pause in understanding that often accompanies moments of crisis or revelation in the believer's life.

with sadness on their faces.
The disciples' sadness reflects their lack of understanding of the resurrection and the fulfillment of prophecy. It highlights the human tendency to focus on immediate circumstances rather than the broader divine plan. This moment of sorrow is contrasted with the joy that comes from recognizing the risen Christ, as seen later in the chapter. Their sadness also fulfills the prophecy of the suffering Messiah, as foretold in Isaiah 53, and sets the stage for the revelation of Jesus' victory over death.

One of them, named Cleopas,
Cleopas is one of the two disciples traveling to Emmaus. His name is of Greek origin, suggesting Hellenistic influence among Jews. Some traditions identify him as a relative of Jesus, possibly the brother of Joseph, Jesus' earthly father. This connection highlights the familial and communal nature of early Christian witness.

asked Him,
The act of asking indicates a dialogue, a common teaching method in Jewish culture. It reflects the disciples' confusion and desire for understanding, a theme prevalent in the Gospels where Jesus often clarifies misunderstandings about His mission and identity.

“Are You the only visitor to Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the center of Jewish worship and the site of the Temple, was bustling during Passover. The term "visitor" implies someone unfamiliar with recent events, highlighting the irony since Jesus, the subject of these events, is the one being questioned. This phrase underscores the disciples' lack of recognition and understanding of Jesus' resurrection.

who does not know the things
The "things" refer to Jesus' crucifixion and the reports of His resurrection. This phrase captures the widespread discussion and significance of these events among the Jewish people. It also reflects the disciples' limited perspective, not yet grasping the full scope of God's redemptive plan.

that have happened there in recent days?”
The "recent days" point to the immediate aftermath of Jesus' death and resurrection, a pivotal moment in salvation history. This timeframe emphasizes the urgency and importance of the resurrection narrative. The events fulfill Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53, and are central to the Christian faith, marking the transition from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant through Jesus Christ.

“What things?” He asked.
This phrase is spoken by Jesus, who is engaging with two disciples on the road to Emmaus. His question is a rhetorical device, inviting the disciples to express their understanding and feelings about recent events. It reflects Jesus' teaching style, often using questions to provoke thought and reflection. This approach is consistent with His method throughout the Gospels, where He frequently uses questions to lead others to deeper insights (e.g., Matthew 16:13-15).

“The events involving Jesus of Nazareth,” they answered.
The disciples refer to Jesus as "Jesus of Nazareth," highlighting His earthly origins and human identity. Nazareth was a small town in Galilee, often regarded with low esteem (John 1:46). This identification emphasizes Jesus' humble beginnings and fulfills the prophecy that the Messiah would be called a Nazarene (Matthew 2:23). The mention of "events" indicates the recent crucifixion and the surrounding occurrences, which were well-known in Jerusalem at the time.

“This man was a prophet, powerful in speech and action before God and all the people.
The disciples describe Jesus as a "prophet," acknowledging His role as a messenger of God. This title connects Jesus to the Old Testament tradition of prophets who spoke God's word and performed miracles, such as Moses and Elijah. His power "in speech and action" refers to His authoritative teaching and miraculous works, which demonstrated His divine authority (Matthew 7:28-29, John 14:10-11). The phrase "before God and all the people" underscores His public ministry and the widespread recognition of His works, aligning with the prophecy in Deuteronomy 18:18-19 about a prophet like Moses who would speak God's words to the people.

Our chief priests and rulers
This phrase highlights the religious and political leaders of the Jewish community at the time of Jesus. The chief priests were part of the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish council, responsible for religious decisions and maintaining order. The rulers included both Jewish leaders and Roman authorities, indicating a collaboration between religious and political powers. This reflects the tension between Jesus and the established religious order, as He challenged their interpretations and practices. The involvement of these leaders fulfills prophecies such as Psalm 2:2, where rulers conspire against the Lord's Anointed.

delivered Him up
The act of delivering Jesus to the authorities signifies betrayal and rejection by His own people, as prophesied in Isaiah 53:3. This delivery was not just a legal handover but a spiritual rejection of the Messiah. It also reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions about His suffering and death (Mark 10:33-34). The term "delivered" is significant in the New Testament, often used to describe the handing over of Jesus to His fate, emphasizing the divine plan and human responsibility.

to the sentence of death
The sentence of death was a result of the trial before the Sanhedrin and later before Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor. The Jewish leaders accused Jesus of blasphemy, while the Roman authorities charged Him with claiming to be a king, a political threat. This dual accusation highlights the intersection of religious and political motives in Jesus' condemnation. The death sentence fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53:8, which speaks of the suffering servant being "cut off from the land of the living."

and they crucified Him
Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution reserved for the most serious offenders, particularly those guilty of treason or insurrection. It was a brutal and public form of punishment, intended to serve as a deterrent. The crucifixion of Jesus is central to Christian theology, symbolizing the atonement for sin and the fulfillment of prophecies like Psalm 22 and Zechariah 12:10. The act of crucifixion also typifies Jesus as the Passover Lamb, whose sacrifice brings salvation to humanity, as seen in 1 Corinthians 5:7.

But we were hoping He was the One who would redeem Israel.
This phrase reflects the messianic expectations of the Jewish people during the time of Jesus. Many Jews anticipated a political and military Messiah who would liberate them from Roman oppression and restore the kingdom of Israel to its former glory. This hope is rooted in Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah 9:6-7 and Jeremiah 23:5-6, which speak of a coming ruler from the line of David. The disciples' disappointment indicates their misunderstanding of the nature of Jesus' mission, which was spiritual redemption rather than political liberation. This expectation of redemption is also seen in the actions of figures like Simeon in Luke 2:25-32, who awaited the "consolation of Israel."

And besides all this,
This phrase suggests a culmination of events and emotions. The disciples are recounting the recent happenings that have dashed their hopes. It indicates a sense of finality and resignation, as if to say that all their expectations have been proven wrong. This reflects the deep despair and confusion among Jesus' followers after His crucifixion, as they struggled to reconcile their hopes with the reality of His death.

it is the third day since these things took place.
The mention of the "third day" is significant in the context of Jesus' resurrection. Jesus had foretold His resurrection on the third day in passages such as Matthew 16:21 and Luke 9:22. The third day is also symbolic in Jewish tradition, often associated with divine intervention and new beginnings, as seen in Hosea 6:2. The disciples' reference to the third day highlights their awareness of Jesus' predictions, yet their lack of understanding or belief in the resurrection. This sets the stage for the revelation of the risen Christ, emphasizing the fulfillment of prophecy and the transformative power of the resurrection.

Furthermore, some of our women astounded us.
This phrase highlights the role of women as the first witnesses to the resurrection of Jesus, which is significant given the cultural context of the time. In first-century Jewish society, women were not considered reliable witnesses in legal matters. However, the Gospels consistently record women as the first to discover the empty tomb, underscoring the authenticity of the resurrection accounts. This also reflects the inclusive nature of Jesus' ministry, where women played crucial roles. The term "astounded" indicates the unexpected and shocking nature of the news they brought, which was beyond the disciples' understanding and expectations.

They were at the tomb early this morning,
The mention of the women being at the tomb "early this morning" emphasizes their devotion and eagerness to care for Jesus' body, as they intended to anoint it with spices. This detail aligns with Jewish burial customs, where bodies were anointed to honor the deceased and mitigate the odor of decay. The timing also fulfills the prophecy of Jesus rising on the third day, as He had foretold (Luke 9:22). The early morning visit signifies the dawn of a new era, symbolizing the light of the resurrection dispelling the darkness of death. The location of the tomb, traditionally identified as the Garden Tomb or the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, remains a significant site for Christian pilgrimage, reflecting the historical and spiritual importance of the resurrection event.

but they did not find His body.
This phrase highlights the empty tomb, a central element of the resurrection narrative. The absence of Jesus' body is significant as it fulfills His prophecy of rising on the third day (Luke 9:22). The empty tomb is a cornerstone of Christian faith, affirming the belief in Jesus' victory over death. Historically, the tomb was located outside Jerusalem, and its emptiness was confirmed by multiple witnesses, adding credibility to the resurrection account.

They came and told us
This refers to the women who first visited the tomb, as described earlier in Luke 24. In the cultural context of the time, women were not considered reliable witnesses, yet the Gospel accounts consistently highlight their role in discovering the empty tomb. This detail underscores the authenticity of the narrative, as it would be unlikely to invent a story with women as primary witnesses if it were fabricated.

they had seen a vision of angels,
The appearance of angels is a common biblical motif, often signifying divine intervention or revelation. In this context, the angels serve as messengers confirming Jesus' resurrection. The presence of angels at the tomb connects to other significant biblical events where angels appear, such as the annunciation to Mary (Luke 1:26-38) and the announcement of Jesus' birth to the shepherds (Luke 2:8-14).

who said that Jesus was alive.
This declaration is the crux of the Christian message: Jesus' resurrection. It fulfills Old Testament prophecies, such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not allowing His Holy One to see decay. The resurrection is also a type of Christ's victory over sin and death, prefigured in events like Jonah's three days in the belly of the fish (Matthew 12:40). The affirmation that Jesus is alive is foundational for the hope of eternal life promised to believers.

Then some of our companions went to the tomb
This phrase refers to the disciples who went to verify the women's report of the empty tomb. In the Gospel of John, Peter and John are specifically mentioned as the ones who ran to the tomb (John 20:3-4). This reflects the urgency and importance of confirming the resurrection, a pivotal event in Christian faith. The tomb, likely a rock-cut tomb typical of the period, was located outside Jerusalem, aligning with Jewish burial customs.

and found it just as the women had described.
The women, including Mary Magdalene, Joanna, and Mary the mother of James, were the first to discover the empty tomb (Luke 24:10). Their testimony, though initially met with skepticism due to cultural biases against women's testimonies, was crucial. The empty tomb is a central piece of evidence for the resurrection, fulfilling Jesus' prophecy about His rising on the third day (Luke 9:22).

But Him they did not see.
This highlights the initial confusion and lack of understanding among the disciples regarding the resurrection. Despite the empty tomb, Jesus' body was not there, which was perplexing to them. This absence underscores the miraculous nature of the resurrection, as Jesus later appears to His disciples in various forms, emphasizing His victory over death. This aligns with prophecies such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not allowing His Holy One to see decay.

Then Jesus said to them
This phrase occurs during the post-resurrection appearance of Jesus on the road to Emmaus. The context is crucial as it highlights the transition from despair to understanding for the disciples. Jesus, though initially unrecognized, engages with the two disciples, emphasizing His role as a teacher and guide. This encounter underscores the importance of Jesus' presence and His ability to reveal truth.

O foolish ones
The term "foolish" here is not an insult but a rebuke for their lack of understanding. In biblical terms, foolishness often refers to a spiritual blindness or lack of insight into God's plans. This echoes the wisdom literature, such as Proverbs, where wisdom is equated with understanding God's ways. Jesus is gently correcting their misunderstanding of the Scriptures.

and slow of heart to believe
This phrase addresses the disciples' hesitance to fully trust in the prophetic words concerning the Messiah. The "heart" in biblical terms often represents the center of belief and conviction. Their slowness indicates a struggle with faith, a common theme in the Gospels where Jesus frequently addresses the disciples' doubts and encourages deeper faith.

all that the prophets have spoken!
Here, Jesus refers to the entirety of the Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah. This includes prophecies from Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Psalms, among others, which foretold the suffering, death, and resurrection of the Messiah. Jesus is emphasizing that the Scriptures have consistently pointed to these events, and understanding them is key to recognizing Him as the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan. This connection to prophecy highlights the continuity of God's plan throughout the Bible and the centrality of Jesus in that plan.

Was it not necessary for the Christ to suffer these things
This phrase highlights the necessity of Christ's suffering as part of God's redemptive plan. The concept of a suffering Messiah is rooted in Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53, which describes the "Suffering Servant" who bears the sins of many. The necessity of suffering is also seen in Psalm 22, which vividly portrays the anguish of the Messiah. The idea of a suffering Messiah was not widely accepted in Jewish thought at the time, as many expected a conquering king. However, Jesus' suffering was essential to fulfill the prophecies and to accomplish the atonement for humanity's sins.

and then to enter His glory?
This phrase refers to the resurrection and ascension of Jesus, marking His entry into glory. The resurrection is a pivotal event in Christian theology, signifying Jesus' victory over sin and death. It fulfills the promise of eternal life for believers and confirms Jesus' divine nature. The ascension, as described in Acts 1:9-11, further emphasizes His glorification and return to the Father. This transition from suffering to glory is a pattern seen in the lives of believers, as they are called to share in Christ's sufferings and ultimately in His glory, as noted in Romans 8:17. The phrase also connects to Philippians 2:5-11, where Jesus' humility and obedience lead to His exaltation by God.

And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets
This phrase indicates that Jesus started His explanation with the writings attributed to Moses, which include the first five books of the Old Testament, known as the Torah or Pentateuch. These books lay the foundation for the Jewish faith and contain the Law, which is central to understanding the covenant relationship between God and His people. The mention of "all the Prophets" refers to the subsequent books of the Old Testament, which include both the Major and Minor Prophets. These texts contain numerous prophecies and teachings that point to the coming of the Messiah. Jesus' use of these scriptures underscores the continuity and fulfillment of the Old Testament in His life and mission.

He explained to them
The act of explaining suggests that Jesus provided a detailed interpretation or exposition of the Scriptures. This implies that the disciples needed guidance to understand the deeper meanings and connections within the texts. The Greek word used here for "explained" can also mean "interpreted," indicating that Jesus was revealing the true significance of the Scriptures in light of His life, death, and resurrection. This moment is crucial as it highlights the necessity of divine revelation and understanding to fully grasp the message of the Bible.

what was written in all the Scriptures
This phrase emphasizes the comprehensive nature of Jesus' teaching. "All the Scriptures" suggests that the entire Old Testament bears witness to Him, not just isolated passages. This holistic approach to the Scriptures reveals that the message of Christ is woven throughout the biblical narrative, from Genesis to Malachi. It underscores the unity and coherence of the Bible as a testimony to God's redemptive plan through Jesus Christ.

about Himself
The focus of Jesus' explanation is on how the Scriptures testify about Him. This indicates that the central theme of the Bible is the revelation of Jesus as the Messiah. The Old Testament contains numerous types, shadows, and prophecies that point to Christ. For example, the sacrificial system, the Passover lamb, and the suffering servant in Isaiah all prefigure aspects of Jesus' life and work. By interpreting these texts, Jesus reveals that He is the fulfillment of God's promises and the culmination of the biblical story.

As they approached the village
This phrase refers to the two disciples on the road to Emmaus, a village located about seven miles from Jerusalem. The journey to Emmaus occurs on the same day as Jesus' resurrection, highlighting the immediate aftermath of the pivotal event. The village's proximity to Jerusalem is significant, as it underscores the centrality of Jerusalem in the unfolding of the resurrection narrative. The disciples' journey symbolizes a transition from despair to revelation, as they move from the place of Jesus' crucifixion to a place of understanding and recognition.

where they were headed
The destination of Emmaus is significant in that it represents a place of retreat and reflection for the disciples. Historically, Emmaus is not prominently mentioned elsewhere in the Bible, which suggests that its importance lies more in the narrative of the resurrection than in its geographical or historical significance. The disciples' intention to reach Emmaus indicates their desire to process the recent events in Jerusalem, including the crucifixion and reports of the resurrection. This journey reflects the human tendency to seek understanding and solace in times of confusion and grief.

He seemed to be going farther
This phrase indicates that Jesus, who has been walking with the disciples, gives the impression of continuing beyond their destination. This action can be seen as a test of the disciples' hospitality and desire for further revelation. In the cultural context of the time, hospitality was a valued virtue, and travelers were often invited to stay as a sign of friendship and respect. Jesus' seeming intention to go farther invites the disciples to extend an invitation, which they do, leading to the eventual revelation of His identity. This moment foreshadows the disciples' growing understanding and recognition of Jesus, paralleling other scriptural instances where Jesus tests the faith and understanding of His followers.

But they pleaded with Him
The disciples on the road to Emmaus were deeply moved by their conversation with Jesus, though they did not yet recognize Him. Their plea reflects the ancient Near Eastern custom of hospitality, where travelers were often invited to stay for the night. This act of inviting a stranger in was a common practice, emphasizing the importance of community and care for others. The disciples' request also shows their desire for further understanding and fellowship, as they were intrigued by the insights Jesus shared about the Scriptures.

“Stay with us
This invitation highlights the disciples' longing for companionship and further teaching. In the context of the resurrection, it symbolizes the desire for the presence of Christ in the believer's life. The request for Jesus to stay is a metaphor for the Christian's desire for a deeper relationship with God. It also reflects the biblical theme of God dwelling with His people, as seen in the tabernacle and temple in the Old Testament and fulfilled in the person of Jesus Christ.

for it is nearly evening and the day is almost over.”
The mention of evening and the end of the day underscores the urgency and necessity of their request. In biblical times, travel at night was dangerous due to the lack of lighting and the presence of robbers. This practical concern adds a layer of immediacy to their plea. Symbolically, the setting sun can represent the closing of an era or the end of an old covenant, with the resurrection of Jesus marking the dawn of a new covenant and a new creation.

So He went in to stay with them.
Jesus' acceptance of their invitation demonstrates His willingness to reveal Himself to those who seek Him. This act of staying with the disciples prefigures the intimate fellowship believers can have with Christ. It also fulfills the promise of God's presence with His people, as seen in the Emmanuel prophecy (Isaiah 7:14) and Jesus' assurance in Matthew 28:20, "I am with you always." This moment foreshadows the breaking of bread that follows, where Jesus is fully revealed to them, symbolizing the Eucharist and the spiritual nourishment found in Christ.

While He was reclining at the table with them
In the ancient Near Eastern culture, reclining at the table was a common practice during meals, especially for significant gatherings or feasts. This posture indicates a relaxed and intimate setting, suggesting fellowship and acceptance. The act of reclining also reflects the customs of the Passover meal, which Jesus had recently celebrated with His disciples. This setting emphasizes the hospitality and communion shared between Jesus and the two disciples on the road to Emmaus.

He took bread
Bread is a staple food in the biblical world and holds significant symbolic meaning throughout Scripture. It represents sustenance and life, as seen in the Lord's Prayer ("Give us this day our daily bread") and in Jesus' declaration, "I am the bread of life" (John 6:35). The act of taking bread here recalls the Last Supper, where Jesus instituted the Lord's Supper, symbolizing His body given for humanity.

spoke a blessing
In Jewish tradition, it was customary to offer a blessing before breaking bread, acknowledging God's provision. This blessing would typically be a prayer of thanksgiving, recognizing God as the source of all sustenance. Jesus' act of blessing the bread highlights His role as the mediator between God and humanity, and it echoes the blessings He gave during the feeding of the 5,000 (Matthew 14:19).

and broke it
Breaking bread is a significant act that symbolizes sharing and community. In the context of the Last Supper, it represents Jesus' body broken for the salvation of mankind. This act of breaking bread with the disciples on the road to Emmaus serves as a reminder of Jesus' sacrifice and the new covenant established through His death and resurrection.

and gave it to them
The giving of bread signifies Jesus' role as the provider and sustainer. It also reflects the hospitality and generosity expected in the Kingdom of God. This act of giving is reminiscent of Jesus' earlier miracles, such as the feeding of the multitudes, where He provided abundantly for those in need. In this moment, the disciples' eyes are opened, and they recognize Jesus, illustrating the revelation and understanding that comes through fellowship with Christ.

Then their eyes were opened
This phrase signifies a moment of divine revelation. In biblical context, the opening of eyes often symbolizes spiritual enlightenment or understanding granted by God. This echoes Genesis 3:7, where Adam and Eve's eyes were opened to their sin. Here, however, it is a positive revelation, akin to the spiritual insight given to the disciples in Luke 24:45, where Jesus opens their minds to understand the Scriptures. This moment is a fulfillment of Jesus' promise that the Holy Spirit would guide them into all truth (John 16:13).

and they recognized Jesus
Recognition of Jesus is a central theme in the Gospels, often linked to faith and revelation. The disciples' inability to recognize Jesus earlier in the narrative (Luke 24:16) highlights the supernatural aspect of this recognition. It parallels the experience of Mary Magdalene in John 20:14-16, where she recognizes Jesus only when He calls her by name. This recognition is not merely physical but spiritual, acknowledging Jesus as the risen Lord, fulfilling prophecies such as Isaiah 53, which speaks of the suffering servant who would be exalted.

and He disappeared from their sight
The sudden disappearance of Jesus underscores His resurrected, glorified state, which transcends physical limitations. This event is reminiscent of other post-resurrection appearances where Jesus appears and vanishes (John 20:19, 26). It emphasizes the mystery and majesty of the resurrection body, as described in 1 Corinthians 15:42-44. Theologically, it signifies that Jesus' presence is no longer confined to physical sight but is now accessible through faith and the Holy Spirit, aligning with His promise in Matthew 28:20 to be with His followers always.

They asked each other
This phrase indicates a moment of reflection and realization between the two disciples. It suggests a communal experience of revelation, emphasizing the importance of fellowship in understanding spiritual truths. In the context of the early Christian community, such discussions were vital for the growth and strengthening of faith.

“Were not our hearts burning within us
The imagery of hearts burning signifies a deep emotional and spiritual awakening. This phrase reflects the transformative power of Jesus' words, reminiscent of the fire of the Holy Spirit described in Acts 2:3. It also echoes the passion and conviction that believers experience when encountering divine truth.

as He spoke with us on the road
The road to Emmaus is a significant setting, symbolizing the journey of faith and the process of moving from doubt to belief. This encounter occurs after the resurrection, highlighting the continued presence and guidance of Jesus even when He is not immediately recognized. The road represents life's journey, where Jesus meets believers in their everyday experiences.

and opened the Scriptures to us?”
This phrase underscores the role of Jesus as the ultimate teacher and interpreter of Scripture. By opening the Scriptures, Jesus reveals the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah, such as those found in Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22. This act of revelation is crucial for understanding the continuity between the Old and New Testaments and recognizing Jesus as the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

And they got up that very hour
This phrase indicates the urgency and immediacy of the disciples' response after encountering the risen Christ on the road to Emmaus. The phrase "that very hour" suggests a sense of urgency and excitement, reflecting the transformative impact of their encounter with Jesus. This immediate action underscores the importance of the resurrection message and the disciples' eagerness to share it.

and returned to Jerusalem.
Jerusalem holds significant importance as the center of Jewish worship and the location of Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. The return to Jerusalem symbolizes a return to the heart of the early Christian community and the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecies concerning His death and resurrection. This journey back to Jerusalem, approximately seven miles from Emmaus, also highlights the disciples' commitment and determination to be with the other followers of Christ.

There they found the Eleven
The "Eleven" refers to the remaining apostles, excluding Judas Iscariot, who had betrayed Jesus and subsequently died. This gathering of the Eleven is significant as it represents the core group of Jesus' closest followers, who would become the foundational leaders of the early Church. The presence of the Eleven underscores the continuity and unity of the apostolic witness to the resurrection.

and those with them,
This phrase indicates that the Eleven were not alone; they were accompanied by other disciples and followers of Jesus. This larger group likely included both men and women who had been part of Jesus' ministry. The mention of "those with them" highlights the communal nature of the early Christian movement and the shared experience of witnessing the risen Christ.

gathered together
The act of gathering together emphasizes the communal and supportive environment of the early believers. This assembly reflects the early Church's practice of meeting for fellowship, prayer, and mutual encouragement. The gathering also serves as a fulfillment of Jesus' promise that where two or three are gathered in His name, He is present among them (Matthew 18:20). This communal gathering becomes a setting for the sharing of the resurrection news and the strengthening of faith among the believers.

and saying,
This phrase indicates a declaration or proclamation. In the context of Luke 24, this is part of the narrative where the disciples are sharing the news of Jesus' resurrection. The act of "saying" here is significant as it reflects the oral tradition of passing down important events and teachings in the early Christian community.

“The Lord has indeed risen
This statement is central to Christian faith, affirming the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The resurrection is a fulfillment of Jesus' own predictions (e.g., Luke 9:22) and Old Testament prophecies (e.g., Psalm 16:10). It serves as the cornerstone of Christian doctrine, signifying victory over sin and death. The use of "indeed" emphasizes the certainty and truth of the event, countering any doubts or disbelief.

and has appeared to Simon!”
Simon refers to Simon Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples. The appearance to Peter is significant as it highlights Peter's restoration after his denial of Jesus (Luke 22:54-62). This personal encounter underscores Peter's role as a leader in the early church (Matthew 16:18). The mention of Peter specifically also aligns with 1 Corinthians 15:5, where Paul notes that Jesus appeared to Cephas (Peter) first, indicating the importance of this witness in the early Christian testimony.

Then the two told what had happened on the road
This phrase refers to the two disciples who encountered Jesus on the road to Emmaus. The road to Emmaus is significant as it represents a journey of revelation and understanding. The disciples' experience on this road is a fulfillment of Jesus' promise that He would rise again and appear to His followers. The act of sharing their experience highlights the importance of testimony in the early Christian community. This event occurs after the resurrection, emphasizing the reality of Jesus' victory over death. The road itself symbolizes the journey of faith and the unfolding of divine truth.

and how they had recognized Jesus
Recognition of Jesus is a central theme in the resurrection narratives. Initially, the disciples did not recognize Him, which can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual blindness or lack of understanding. The moment of recognition is significant as it marks a turning point in their faith journey. This recognition is not just physical but spiritual, as their eyes are opened to the truth of Jesus' identity and mission. This echoes other biblical instances where God opens the eyes of individuals to see spiritual realities, such as Elisha's servant in 2 Kings 6:17.

in the breaking of the bread
The breaking of the bread is a profound moment that recalls the Last Supper, where Jesus instituted the Eucharist. This act is not merely a meal but a sacramental moment that reveals Jesus' presence. In Jewish culture, breaking bread was a common practice, but here it takes on a deeper meaning as a sign of fellowship and divine revelation. This moment prefigures the Christian practice of Communion, where believers recognize Jesus' presence in the breaking of the bread. It also connects to the feeding of the 5,000, where Jesus broke bread and revealed His divine provision. The act of breaking bread becomes a type of Christ's body, broken for humanity's salvation.

While they were describing these events
The disciples were recounting the events of the resurrection, specifically the appearance of Jesus to the two disciples on the road to Emmaus. This context highlights the confusion and disbelief among the disciples, as they struggled to comprehend the reality of Jesus' resurrection. The sharing of these events underscores the importance of testimony and witness in the early Christian community, as they sought to understand and spread the news of Jesus' victory over death.

Jesus Himself stood among them
This phrase emphasizes the physical presence of Jesus, affirming the bodily resurrection. It counters any notion that Jesus was merely a spirit or vision. The sudden appearance of Jesus among the disciples, despite locked doors (as noted in John 20:19), demonstrates His divine nature and the transformed state of His resurrected body. This moment fulfills Jesus' promise that He would rise again and be with His followers (Matthew 28:20).

and said, “Peace be with you.”
"Peace be with you" is a traditional Jewish greeting, "Shalom," which carries deep significance. It conveys not only a wish for tranquility but also a blessing of wholeness and well-being. In the context of Jesus' resurrection, this greeting takes on a profound meaning, as Jesus offers peace that comes from reconciliation with God through His sacrifice. This peace fulfills prophecies such as Isaiah 9:6, where the Messiah is called the "Prince of Peace." Jesus' greeting reassures the disciples, calming their fears and affirming His identity as the risen Lord.

But they were startled and frightened
The disciples' reaction of being startled and frightened is understandable given the context. They had just experienced the traumatic events of Jesus' crucifixion and were still processing reports of His resurrection. In Jewish culture, the concept of resurrection was not fully understood, and the sudden appearance of Jesus in their midst would have been shocking. This reaction is consistent with other biblical accounts where divine or supernatural encounters initially provoke fear, such as the shepherds' reaction to the angels in Luke 2:9.

thinking they had seen a spirit
The disciples' assumption that they had seen a spirit reflects common first-century Jewish beliefs about the afterlife and spirits. At that time, there was a prevalent belief in ghosts or spirits of the dead, which is evident in other biblical passages like Matthew 14:26, where the disciples thought Jesus walking on water was a ghost. This misunderstanding highlights their struggle to comprehend the physical resurrection of Jesus, a cornerstone of Christian faith. The resurrection was not merely spiritual but physical, fulfilling prophecies such as Psalm 16:10 and Isaiah 53:10-12, which speak of the Messiah's victory over death. Jesus' bodily resurrection is a type of the future resurrection of believers, as described in 1 Corinthians 15:20-23.

Why are you troubled,
In this phrase, Jesus addresses the emotional state of His disciples. The context is post-resurrection, where the disciples are grappling with the reality of Jesus' resurrection. The term "troubled" reflects a deep emotional disturbance, which is understandable given the recent traumatic events of Jesus' crucifixion. This question echoes Jesus' earlier teachings about peace and trust in God (John 14:1), reminding the disciples of His promises and the fulfillment of prophecy.

Jesus asked,
This highlights Jesus' personal engagement with His disciples. Despite His glorified state, He remains relational and concerned with their well-being. The use of questions by Jesus is a common teaching method in the Gospels, encouraging reflection and deeper understanding. It also demonstrates His patience and willingness to guide them through their confusion and fear.

and why do doubts arise in your hearts?
Here, Jesus addresses the internal struggle of belief versus doubt. The heart, in biblical terms, often represents the center of thought and emotion. The disciples' doubts are significant because they had witnessed Jesus' miracles and teachings firsthand. This moment is a call to faith, urging them to trust in the resurrection as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies (Isaiah 53, Psalm 16:10). It also foreshadows the coming of the Holy Spirit, who will empower them to overcome doubt and spread the Gospel (Acts 1:8).

Look at My hands and My feet.
This phrase emphasizes the physical evidence of Jesus' crucifixion, pointing to the nail marks as proof of His identity and the reality of His resurrection. In the cultural context of the time, physical evidence was crucial for establishing truth. The hands and feet were pierced during the crucifixion, fulfilling the prophecy in Psalm 22:16, "They pierced my hands and my feet." This act of showing His wounds is a direct response to the doubts of His disciples, who were struggling to comprehend the resurrection. The geographical context of Jerusalem, where the crucifixion and resurrection took place, is significant as it was the center of Jewish religious life and prophecy fulfillment.

It is I Myself.
This declaration asserts Jesus' personal identity and continuity before and after the resurrection. The phrase underscores the doctrine of the bodily resurrection, affirming that Jesus is not a different entity or a mere spirit, but the same person who lived, died, and rose again. This statement is crucial in countering early heresies that denied the physical resurrection of Jesus. Theologically, it connects to the "I AM" statements in the Gospel of John, where Jesus identifies Himself with God, reinforcing His divine nature and mission.

Touch Me and see—
Here, Jesus invites His disciples to verify His physical presence through touch, a tangible proof of His resurrection. This invitation is significant in a historical context where eyewitness testimony was paramount. The act of touching is reminiscent of Thomas' encounter with Jesus in John 20:27, where Jesus invites Thomas to touch His wounds to overcome doubt. This physical interaction highlights the reality of the resurrection, distinguishing it from ghostly apparitions or spiritual visions common in ancient cultures.

for a spirit does not have flesh and bones,
This phrase distinguishes between a physical body and a spirit, emphasizing the corporeal nature of Jesus' resurrected body. In Jewish thought, spirits were considered non-corporeal, and Jesus' statement clarifies that His resurrection was not merely spiritual but involved a transformed physical body. This distinction is important for understanding the nature of the resurrection body, as discussed in 1 Corinthians 15:42-44, where Paul describes the resurrection body as imperishable and glorified, yet physical.

as you see I have.”
The emphasis on "as you see" appeals to the disciples' sensory experience, reinforcing the reality of the resurrection through sight. This visual confirmation is crucial in a historical context where seeing was believing. The phrase also connects to the broader biblical theme of witnessing, as the disciples are called to be witnesses of Jesus' resurrection (Acts 1:8). This witnessing is foundational for the spread of the Gospel, as the disciples' testimony is based on their firsthand experience of the risen Christ.

And when He had said this
This phrase follows Jesus' post-resurrection appearance to His disciples. The context is crucial as it occurs after His crucifixion and resurrection, a pivotal moment in Christian theology. Jesus had just reassured His disciples, who were startled and frightened, thinking they saw a spirit. His words are meant to calm and affirm His physical resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith.

He showed them His hands and feet
By showing His hands and feet, Jesus provides tangible proof of His bodily resurrection. The marks from the crucifixion nails serve as evidence that He is the same Jesus who was crucified. This act fulfills the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53, who was "pierced for our transgressions." It also connects to Psalm 22:16, which speaks of hands and feet being pierced. The physical demonstration counters any notion that Jesus was merely a spirit, affirming the doctrine of the bodily resurrection. This moment also prefigures the glorified bodies believers are promised in 1 Corinthians 15.

While they were still in disbelief because of their joy and amazement
This phrase captures the disciples' complex emotional state upon encountering the risen Christ. Their disbelief is not rooted in skepticism but in the overwhelming joy and astonishment at seeing Jesus alive. This reflects the human tendency to struggle with accepting miraculous events, even when they fulfill divine promises. The disciples' reaction is consistent with human nature, as seen in other biblical accounts where individuals are initially incredulous when confronted with divine intervention (e.g., Sarah's laughter in Genesis 18:12). The joy and amazement also highlight the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecies about His resurrection (Luke 9:22, 18:33), underscoring the reality of His victory over death.

He asked them, “Do you have anything here to eat?”
Jesus' request for food serves multiple purposes. It provides tangible proof of His physical resurrection, countering any notion that He was merely a spirit or apparition. In Jewish culture, eating together was a sign of fellowship and acceptance, reinforcing the restored relationship between Jesus and His disciples. This act also connects to other post-resurrection appearances where Jesus eats with His followers (e.g., John 21:9-14), emphasizing His real, bodily resurrection. Additionally, this moment echoes the Last Supper, reminding the disciples of Jesus' teachings and the new covenant established through His sacrifice. The request for food can also be seen as a fulfillment of the prophecy in Isaiah 53:11, where the suffering servant sees the light of life and is satisfied, symbolizing the completion of His redemptive work.

So they gave Him
This phrase occurs after Jesus' resurrection, when He appears to His disciples. The act of giving signifies hospitality and recognition of Jesus' physical presence. In Jewish culture, sharing a meal was a sign of fellowship and acceptance. This moment underscores the reality of Jesus' bodily resurrection, countering any notion that He was merely a spirit or apparition. The disciples' act of giving also reflects their initial disbelief and need for tangible proof of His resurrection.

a piece of
The specific mention of "a piece" highlights the simplicity and ordinariness of the offering. It emphasizes the humble circumstances of the disciples, who were not wealthy and likely had limited resources. This detail also serves to illustrate the authenticity of the Gospel accounts, as such specific and mundane details are characteristic of eyewitness testimony.

broiled fish
Fish was a common food in the region, especially around the Sea of Galilee, where many of the disciples were fishermen. Broiling was a typical method of cooking fish, indicating the everyday nature of the meal. This detail connects to other scriptural instances where Jesus is associated with fish, such as the feeding of the 5,000 and the miraculous catch of fish. The consumption of fish by the resurrected Jesus further affirms His physical resurrection, as spirits do not eat. This act also fulfills Jesus' earlier promise that He would eat and drink again with His disciples in the kingdom of God, symbolizing the inauguration of the new covenant.

and He took it
This phrase refers to Jesus taking food, specifically a piece of broiled fish, as mentioned in the preceding verse. This act is significant in demonstrating His physical resurrection. In Jewish culture, sharing a meal was a sign of fellowship and acceptance. By taking the food, Jesus is affirming His real, physical presence among the disciples, countering any notion that He was merely a spirit or apparition. This act fulfills His earlier promise that He would rise bodily from the dead (Luke 24:39).

and ate it
Eating the fish serves as a tangible proof of Jesus' bodily resurrection. In the ancient Near Eastern context, spirits or ghosts were believed not to eat physical food. By eating, Jesus provides undeniable evidence to His disciples that He is alive in a physical body. This act also connects to the broader biblical theme of God providing sustenance and fellowship, as seen in the feeding miracles (e.g., feeding of the 5,000 in Luke 9:10-17).

in front of them
This phrase emphasizes the public and verifiable nature of Jesus' actions. The disciples are witnesses to His resurrection, which is a foundational truth for the Christian faith. The public nature of this act is crucial for the credibility of the resurrection accounts. It aligns with the requirement for multiple witnesses in Jewish law to establish the truth of an event (Deuteronomy 19:15). This public demonstration also prefigures the Great Commission, where the disciples are to be witnesses to all nations (Acts 1:8).

Jesus said to them
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus to His disciples. It is significant as it occurs after His resurrection, emphasizing the importance of His teachings and the fulfillment of His mission. The setting is likely in Jerusalem, where Jesus appeared to His disciples, providing them with reassurance and instruction.

These are the words I spoke to you while I was still with you
Here, Jesus refers to His previous teachings during His earthly ministry. This underscores the continuity and consistency of His message. It highlights the importance of His words and the necessity for the disciples to remember and understand them. This also serves as a reminder of the prophetic nature of His mission, which He had explained to them before His crucifixion.

Everything must be fulfilled
This phrase emphasizes the necessity and inevitability of the fulfillment of prophecy. It reflects the divine plan and purpose that Jesus came to accomplish. The use of "must" indicates that these events were predetermined and essential for the salvation narrative. It reassures the disciples that everything that happened was according to God's sovereign will.

that is written about Me
Jesus points to the Scriptures as the authoritative source that foretold His life, death, and resurrection. This phrase affirms the messianic prophecies and their fulfillment in Jesus. It also serves as a validation of His identity as the Messiah, the one whom the Scriptures anticipated.

in the Law of Moses, the Prophets, and the Psalms
This phrase categorizes the Hebrew Scriptures into three main sections: the Law (Torah), the Prophets (Nevi'im), and the Writings (Ketuvim), with Psalms being a prominent book within the Writings. This tripartite division was a common way to refer to the entire Old Testament. Jesus is asserting that the entirety of the Scriptures bear witness to Him. The Law of Moses includes types and shadows of Christ, such as the Passover lamb. The Prophets contain direct messianic prophecies, like Isaiah 53. The Psalms include both direct and typological references to the Messiah, such as Psalm 22. This comprehensive reference underscores the unity and coherence of the biblical narrative centered on Christ.

Then He opened their minds
This phrase indicates a divine action by Jesus, suggesting that understanding spiritual truths requires divine intervention. In the context of Luke 24, Jesus is speaking to His disciples after His resurrection. The opening of their minds signifies a supernatural enlightenment, allowing them to comprehend what was previously hidden. This act is reminiscent of the Old Testament instances where God grants wisdom and understanding, such as in Daniel 2:21, where God gives wisdom to the wise and knowledge to those who have understanding.

to understand the Scriptures
The Scriptures here refer to the Hebrew Bible, what Christians call the Old Testament. Jesus is helping the disciples see how the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings all point to Him as the Messiah. This understanding is crucial for the early church's teaching and preaching, as it forms the basis for the apostolic message found in Acts and the Epistles. The fulfillment of prophecies, such as those in Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22, becomes clear through this divine revelation. This moment is pivotal, as it transitions the disciples from confusion to clarity, enabling them to carry out the Great Commission with a full understanding of Jesus' mission and the kingdom of God.

And He told them
This phrase indicates Jesus is speaking directly to His disciples. It is a post-resurrection appearance, emphasizing the importance of His message. Jesus often used direct communication to ensure His teachings were clearly understood by His followers. This setting is intimate and instructional, highlighting the role of Jesus as a teacher and leader.

This is what is written
Jesus refers to the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. The phrase underscores the continuity between the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, affirming that His life and mission were foretold. Scriptures such as Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22 are often cited as prophetic texts that speak of the Messiah's suffering and triumph.

The Christ will suffer
The suffering of the Messiah was a concept that many Jews of the time struggled to accept, as they expected a conquering king. However, passages like Isaiah 53:3-5 describe a suffering servant, which Jesus fulfills. This suffering was necessary for the atonement of sin, aligning with the sacrificial system established in the Old Testament.

and rise from the dead
The resurrection is central to Christian faith, validating Jesus' divinity and His victory over sin and death. It fulfills prophecies such as Psalm 16:10, which speaks of God not allowing His Holy One to see decay. The resurrection is also a cornerstone for the hope of eternal life for believers, as seen in 1 Corinthians 15:20-22.

on the third day
The mention of the third day is significant, as it aligns with Jesus' own predictions (e.g., Matthew 12:40) and typological events in the Old Testament, such as Jonah's three days in the belly of the fish. The third day signifies completeness and divine intervention, marking the transition from death to life.

and in His name
The phrase "in His name" signifies the authority and power of Jesus Christ. In biblical times, a name represented the essence and authority of a person. This phrase emphasizes that the message of repentance and forgiveness is proclaimed under the authority of Jesus, who has been given all authority in heaven and on earth (Matthew 28:18). It also reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah, who would bring salvation (Isaiah 9:6-7).

repentance and forgiveness of sins
Repentance involves a sincere turning away from sin and turning towards God. It is a central theme in the teachings of both John the Baptist (Matthew 3:2) and Jesus (Mark 1:15). Forgiveness of sins is a core aspect of the New Covenant, promised in Jeremiah 31:34, where God declares He will forgive iniquity and remember sin no more. This dual message of repentance and forgiveness is foundational to the Gospel, highlighting the need for a change of heart and the gracious provision of God's mercy through Christ's atoning sacrifice.

will be proclaimed
The proclamation of this message is a divine mandate, echoing the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20). The use of "will be" indicates a future certainty, underscoring the unstoppable spread of the Gospel. This proclamation is not just a suggestion but a command, reflecting the urgency and importance of sharing the message of salvation with the world.

to all nations
The inclusion of "all nations" signifies the universal scope of the Gospel. This fulfills the Abrahamic promise that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3). It also reflects the breaking down of ethnic and cultural barriers, as seen in the early church's mission to the Gentiles (Acts 10:34-35). The global mission is a testament to God's love for all humanity and His desire for all to come to repentance (2 Peter 3:9).

beginning in Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds significant historical and theological importance as the city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected. It is the birthplace of the church, where the Holy Spirit descended at Pentecost (Acts 2). The choice of Jerusalem as the starting point fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 2:3, where the word of the Lord is said to go forth from Jerusalem. This starting point also underscores the continuity of God's redemptive plan, beginning with the Jews and extending to the Gentiles (Romans 1:16).

You are witnesses
The term "witnesses" in this context refers to those who have firsthand experience of the events surrounding Jesus' life, death, and resurrection. In the Jewish legal system, a witness was crucial for establishing the truth of a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). The disciples are called to testify to what they have seen and heard, much like witnesses in a court of law. This role is foundational for the early church, as the apostles' testimony forms the basis of the New Testament writings. The Greek word for "witness" is "martys," which later came to be associated with those who suffered or died for their testimony about Christ, highlighting the seriousness and potential cost of this calling.

of these things
"These things" refers to the events of Jesus' ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection. The phrase encompasses the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah, such as those found in Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22, which speak of the suffering servant and the righteous sufferer. The disciples' understanding of "these things" is deepened by Jesus' post-resurrection teachings, where He explains how the Scriptures pointed to Him (Luke 24:27, 44-45). This phrase also connects to the broader narrative of God's redemptive plan, as seen in the covenants with Abraham, Moses, and David, all of which find their fulfillment in Christ. The disciples' role as witnesses is not just to recount historical events but to proclaim the theological significance of Jesus' life and work as the culmination of God's promises to Israel and the world.

And behold,
This phrase serves as an attention-grabbing introduction, emphasizing the importance of what follows. In biblical literature, "behold" often signals a significant revelation or divine action. It invites the listener or reader to pay close attention to the message being delivered.

I am sending the promise of My Father upon you.
The "promise of My Father" refers to the Holy Spirit, as prophesied in the Old Testament (e.g., Joel 2:28-29) and reiterated by Jesus in His teachings (John 14:16-17, 26). This promise is a fulfillment of God's covenant to empower His people. The sending of the Holy Spirit marks a new era in salvation history, where believers are equipped for ministry and witness. The phrase underscores the Trinitarian work in salvation, with the Father promising, the Son sending, and the Spirit empowering.

But remain in the city
The city referred to is Jerusalem, a central location in Jewish religious life and the site of significant biblical events. Jesus instructs His disciples to stay there, highlighting Jerusalem's role as the starting point for the spread of the Gospel (Acts 1:8). This instruction also aligns with the Jewish festival of Pentecost, which would soon occur, providing a strategic moment for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit.

until you have been clothed with power from on high.”
"Clothed with power" is a metaphorical expression indicating being endowed or equipped with divine strength and authority. This power is the Holy Spirit, who enables the disciples to carry out their mission (Acts 2:1-4). "From on high" signifies the heavenly origin of this power, emphasizing its divine source. This empowerment fulfills Jesus' promise and prepares the disciples for their role in the early church, as seen in the Acts of the Apostles.

When Jesus had led them out as far as Bethany
Bethany is a small village located on the eastern slope of the Mount of Olives, about two miles from Jerusalem. It holds significant biblical importance as the home of Mary, Martha, and Lazarus, whom Jesus raised from the dead (John 11). This location is symbolic, as it represents a place of friendship and hospitality for Jesus. Leading the disciples to Bethany signifies a transition from His earthly ministry to His ascension. The Mount of Olives is also prophesied in Zechariah 14:4 as the place where the Lord will stand in the end times, highlighting its eschatological significance.

He lifted up His hands
Lifting hands is a traditional Jewish gesture of blessing and prayer, seen throughout the Old Testament (e.g., Leviticus 9:22, where Aaron lifts his hands to bless the people). This act signifies Jesus' role as the High Priest, interceding for His followers. It also symbolizes the impartation of divine favor and grace upon the disciples, preparing them for their mission to spread the Gospel.

and blessed them.
The blessing Jesus imparts is both a farewell and a commissioning. It echoes the priestly blessing found in Numbers 6:24-26, which invokes God's protection, grace, and peace. This blessing is a precursor to the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, empowering the disciples for their mission. It also fulfills the promise of Jesus' continual presence and support, as seen in Matthew 28:20, where He assures them, "I am with you always, to the very end of the age."

While He was blessing them
This phrase highlights Jesus' role as a priestly figure, offering a blessing to His disciples. In the Jewish tradition, blessings were significant and often given by a father to his children or a priest to the people. Jesus, as the High Priest, imparts His blessing, signifying His ongoing care and authority. This act fulfills the priestly role outlined in Numbers 6:24-26, where the priests were instructed to bless the Israelites. The blessing also signifies the transition from Jesus' earthly ministry to His heavenly intercession.

He left them
This indicates the physical departure of Jesus from His disciples. It marks the end of His post-resurrection appearances, which had served to confirm His resurrection and prepare the disciples for their mission. The departure is not a sign of abandonment but a necessary step for the coming of the Holy Spirit, as promised in John 16:7. This moment is pivotal in salvation history, as it transitions the disciples from reliance on Jesus' physical presence to the empowerment of the Holy Spirit.

and was carried up into heaven
The ascension of Jesus is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and a demonstration of His divine nature. Psalm 110:1 and Daniel 7:13-14 speak of the Messiah's exaltation and authority. The ascension signifies Jesus' enthronement at the right hand of God, a position of power and intercession. It also prefigures the believer's future hope of being with Christ in glory. The ascension took place near Bethany on the Mount of Olives, a location with significant biblical history, including being the place where Jesus often taught and prayed. The ascension assures believers of Jesus' continued work in heaven and His eventual return, as promised in Acts 1:11.

And they worshiped Him
This phrase indicates the disciples' recognition of Jesus' divine nature following His resurrection and ascension. Worship, in Jewish tradition, is reserved for God alone, highlighting their acknowledgment of Jesus as God incarnate. This act of worship fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 45:23, where every knee shall bow to God. The disciples' worship also reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' own words in John 4:23-24 about worshiping in spirit and truth. The Greek word used here for worship, "proskuneo," implies a deep reverence and submission, often involving physical gestures such as bowing or kneeling.

and returned to Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds significant theological and historical importance as the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. It is also the city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected, making it a focal point for the early Christian community. The disciples' return to Jerusalem signifies obedience to Jesus' command in Luke 24:49 to stay in the city until they are "clothed with power from on high." This return sets the stage for the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, as described in Acts 2, marking the birth of the Church.

with great joy
The disciples' joy contrasts with their previous sorrow and confusion following Jesus' crucifixion. This joy is rooted in the assurance of Jesus' victory over death and His promise of the Holy Spirit. It reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' words in John 16:20-22, where He tells the disciples that their grief will turn to joy. This joy is not merely emotional but is a profound spiritual state resulting from the realization of God's redemptive plan through Christ. It also serves as a testament to the transformative power of the resurrection, which is a central theme in Christian theology.

praising God continually
The act of praising God is a central theme throughout the Bible, reflecting a heart of gratitude and worship. In the context of Luke 24:53, this phrase indicates the disciples' response to the resurrection and ascension of Jesus. Their continuous praise signifies a deep, abiding joy and recognition of God's sovereignty and faithfulness. This aligns with the Psalms, where praise is a frequent expression of trust and reverence for God (e.g., Psalm 34:1, "I will bless the LORD at all times; His praise will always be on my lips"). The disciples' praise is also a fulfillment of Jesus' teachings, as He emphasized the importance of worship and gratitude (John 4:23-24).

in the temple
The temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship and a significant location in the life and ministry of Jesus. It was here that Jesus taught, confronted religious leaders, and prophesied about its destruction (Matthew 24:1-2). The disciples' presence in the temple underscores their continued connection to their Jewish heritage and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah. The temple was a place of prayer and sacrifice, symbolizing God's dwelling among His people. By praising God in the temple, the disciples were publicly affirming their faith in Jesus as the Messiah and the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets. This act also foreshadows the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, which would empower them to spread the Gospel beyond the confines of the temple and Jerusalem (Acts 2:1-4).