Berean Study Bible Jonathan Helps DavidDavid's flight from Naioth in Ramah marks a critical moment in his life, as he becomes a fugitive from King Saul. Naioth was a place associated with the prophets, where Samuel was leading a group of prophets. This setting highlights the spiritual environment from which David is fleeing, emphasizing the contrast between Saul's hostility and the prophetic community's peace. Ramah, Samuel's hometown, was a significant location in Israel's history, serving as a center for prophetic activity. David's departure from this place signifies a transition from safety to danger, as he leaves the protection of Samuel and the prophets. 1Sa 19:18 So David ran away and escaped. And he went to Samuel… He came to Jonathan and asked, David's approach to Jonathan underscores the deep bond and covenantal friendship between them. Jonathan, Saul's son, is caught in a difficult position, torn between his loyalty to his father and his love for David. This meeting reflects the trust and reliance David places in Jonathan, seeking his counsel and support. Their friendship is a model of loyalty and faithfulness, often seen as a type of Christ's relationship with His followers, where love transcends familial and political ties. 1Sa 18:1-4 After David had finished speaking with Saul,… “What have I done? David's question reveals his innocence and confusion regarding Saul's hostility. It highlights the theme of unjust persecution, a recurring motif in the lives of biblical figures, including Jesus Christ, who was also persecuted without cause. David's inquiry is a plea for understanding and justice, reflecting the human desire to comprehend suffering and adversity. 1Sa 17:29 “What have I done now?” said David. “Was it not… What is my iniquity? David's use of the term "iniquity" suggests a deeper introspection, as he examines his actions for any wrongdoing. This reflects the biblical principle of self-examination and repentance, where individuals are called to assess their lives in light of God's standards. David's question also points to the broader theme of sin and its consequences, a central tenet in Scripture. 1Sa 24:11 See, my father, look at the corner of your robe… How have I sinned against your father, David's reference to Saul as "your father" acknowledges Jonathan's familial ties and the complexity of their situation. It underscores the tension between personal relationships and political dynamics. The question also highlights the biblical theme of familial conflict, reminiscent of other scriptural narratives where family members are at odds, such as Cain and Abel or Jacob and Esau. 1Sa 18:8-11 And Saul was furious and resented this song.… that he wants to take my life?” David's awareness of Saul's intent to kill him underscores the gravity of his situation. This phrase reflects the theme of life and death struggles found throughout the Bible, where God's chosen individuals often face mortal danger. It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance and protection that God provides to His anointed, paralleling the deliverance offered through Jesus Christ. David's plight is a reminder of the spiritual warfare believers face and the assurance of God's sovereignty over life and death. 1Sa 19:10-12 Saul tried to pin him to the wall with his spear.… “Far from it!” Jonathan replied. Jonathan's response to David's fear reflects his loyalty and confidence in his father's intentions. This phrase indicates Jonathan's disbelief and his desire to reassure David. Jonathan's character is marked by faithfulness and integrity, qualities that are evident in his covenant with David (1 Samuel 18:3). His response also highlights the close relationship between Jonathan and David, which is a significant theme throughout the narrative. Gen 18:25 Far be it from You to do such a thing—to kill the righteous… “You will not die. Jonathan's assurance to David is a declaration of protection and trust. This statement is significant in the context of the covenant between Jonathan and David, where Jonathan pledged to support David against any threat, even from his own father, Saul. This promise foreshadows the eventual protection and deliverance David experiences throughout his life, aligning with God's overarching plan for David to become king. 1Sa 19:6 Saul listened to the voice of Jonathan and swore an oath:… Indeed, my father does nothing, great or small, without telling me. Jonathan's assertion about his father's transparency with him underscores the close relationship he believed he had with Saul. This reflects the cultural expectation of familial loyalty and communication within royal households. However, it also reveals Jonathan's potential naivety or Saul's increasing unpredictability, as Saul's intentions towards David were becoming more hostile and secretive. Amo 3:7 Surely the Lord GOD does nothing without revealing His plan… So why would he hide this matter from me? Jonathan's rhetorical question suggests his surprise and confusion at the possibility of Saul concealing his plans. This reflects the tension between Jonathan's loyalty to his father and his friendship with David. It also highlights the theme of hidden intentions and the complexity of human relationships, which is prevalent throughout the narrative of 1 Samuel. Pro 25:2 It is the glory of God to conceal a matter… This cannot be true!” Jonathan's emphatic denial indicates his struggle to reconcile his understanding of his father with the reality of Saul's actions. This phrase captures the internal conflict Jonathan faces as he navigates his dual loyalties. It also foreshadows the eventual realization and acceptance of Saul's intentions, which leads to Jonathan's continued support for David, aligning with God's plan for David's kingship. Mat 19:26 Jesus looked at them and said, “With man this is impossible… But David again vowed, David's vow signifies a solemn promise or declaration, emphasizing the seriousness of the situation. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, vows were binding and often invoked the name of God to underscore their gravity. David's repeated vow indicates his earnestness and the urgency of his message to Jonathan. 1Sa 24:22 So David gave his oath to Saul. Then Saul returned home… “Your father knows very well that I have found favor in your eyes, Saul, Jonathan's father, was aware of the close friendship between David and Jonathan. This relationship is significant because it represents a covenantal bond, which was a common practice in ancient times to ensure loyalty and mutual protection. Saul's awareness of this favor suggests his strategic thinking and his intent to isolate David from his allies. 1Sa 27:5 Then David said to Achish, “If I have found favor… and he has said, ‘Jonathan must not know of this, or he will be grieved.’ Saul's decision to keep Jonathan uninformed highlights the tension within the royal family and Saul's increasing paranoia. The phrase reflects Saul's understanding of Jonathan's loyalty to David, which is a testament to their covenant. This secrecy also underscores the tragic conflict between familial loyalty and divine anointing, as Jonathan is torn between his father and his friend. 1Sa 18:1-4 After David had finished speaking with Saul,… As surely as the LORD lives and as you yourself live, This phrase is a double oath, invoking both the living God and Jonathan's life. In biblical times, such oaths were powerful affirmations of truth and sincerity. The invocation of the LORD's name indicates David's reliance on divine witness and protection, while also appealing to Jonathan's personal integrity and their shared faith. 2Ki 2:2 “Please stay here, for the LORD has sent me on to Bethel.”… there is but a step between me and death.” David's statement reflects the imminent danger he faces from Saul. The imagery of a single step suggests the precariousness of his situation, emphasizing the constant threat to his life. This phrase can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's own journey, where He too faced death for the sake of God's plan. David's trust in God's sovereignty, despite the danger, mirrors the faithfulness expected of believers in the face of trials. 1Sa 27:1 David, however, said to himself, “One of these days… Then Jonathan said to David, Jonathan, the son of King Saul, and David, the future king of Israel, shared a deep and covenantal friendship. This relationship is significant in the biblical narrative, highlighting themes of loyalty and divine providence. Jonathan's willingness to aid David, despite his father's animosity towards David, underscores the strength of their bond. This friendship is a model of selfless love and loyalty, reflecting the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor as oneself (Leviticus 19:18). 1Sa 18:1-4 After David had finished speaking with Saul,… “Whatever you desire, Jonathan's offer to David is open-ended, demonstrating his complete trust and commitment. This phrase indicates Jonathan's willingness to place David's needs above his own, a rare and profound act of selflessness. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, such a pledge would have been seen as binding and honorable. Jonathan's actions can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's sacrificial love, as Jesus also offered Himself fully for the sake of others (John 15:13). Psa 20:4 May He give you the desires of your heart… I will do for you.” Jonathan's promise to act on David's behalf is a testament to his integrity and faithfulness. This commitment is made despite the potential personal cost, as Jonathan's father, Saul, was seeking David's life. Jonathan's actions reflect the biblical theme of covenant loyalty, which is central to God's relationship with His people. This phrase also echoes the servant leadership exemplified by Jesus, who came not to be served, but to serve (Mark 10:45). Jonathan's willingness to serve David aligns with the biblical ideal of putting others' interests before one's own (Philippians 2:3-4). Rut 3:11 And now do not be afraid, my daughter. I will do for you… So David told him, David, the anointed future king of Israel, is speaking to Jonathan, the son of King Saul. Their friendship is a central theme in this narrative, highlighting loyalty and covenantal love. David's communication with Jonathan is crucial as it reflects the trust and bond between them, despite the tension with Saul. 1Sa 23:16-18 And Saul’s son Jonathan came to David in Horesh… “Look, tomorrow is the New Moon, The New Moon was a significant time in the Hebrew calendar, marking the beginning of a new month. It was often observed with special sacrifices and feasts (Numbers 28:11-15). This context indicates that David, as a member of Saul's court, was expected to participate in the royal feast, which was customary during such observances. 2Ki 4:23 “Why would you go to him today?” he replied.… and I am supposed to dine with the king. David's expected presence at the king's table signifies his high status and favor in Saul's court. However, it also places him in a precarious position due to Saul's growing jealousy and intent to harm him. This tension is a recurring theme in David's life, illustrating the trials he faces before ascending to the throne. 2Sa 9:7 “Do not be afraid,” said David, “for surely”… Instead, let me go and hide in the field David's decision to hide underscores his awareness of Saul's hostility. The field represents a place of refuge and safety, away from the king's reach. This act of hiding is symbolic of David's reliance on God's protection, as he often sought refuge in the wilderness during times of danger (Psalm 57:1). 1Sa 19:2 My father Saul intends to kill you. Be on guard… until the third evening from now. The specific mention of "the third evening" suggests a planned period of absence, allowing time for Jonathan to gauge Saul's intentions. The number three often holds significance in biblical narratives, symbolizing completeness or divine intervention. David's strategic planning reflects his wisdom and discernment in navigating the threats against him. Jos 1:11 Go through the camp and tell the people,… If your father misses me at all, This phrase sets the context of the conversation between Jonathan and David. Saul, Jonathan's father, is the king of Israel, and David is a favored servant who has become a threat to Saul due to his popularity and God's favor. The phrase implies a test of Saul's intentions towards David. In the cultural context, missing someone at a royal feast would be noticeable, especially if that person held a significant position. This reflects the tension and suspicion in Saul's court. Luk 2:44-46 Assuming He was in their company, they traveled on for a day… tell him, ‘David urgently requested my permission David and Jonathan devise a plan to gauge Saul's feelings towards David. The urgency in David's request suggests a matter of great importance, highlighting the seriousness of the situation. In the historical context, seeking permission from a superior or a friend in authority was customary, showing respect and maintaining social order. This also reflects the trust and friendship between Jonathan and David. Rut 2:2 And Ruth the Moabitess said to Naomi, “Please let me go… to hurry to Bethlehem, his hometown, Bethlehem, known as the City of David, is significant in biblical history. It is the birthplace of David and later, Jesus Christ, fulfilling the prophecy of the Messiah's lineage. Geographically, Bethlehem is a small town in Judah, emphasizing David's humble beginnings. The mention of his hometown underscores his roots and connection to his family and heritage. 1Sa 17:12 Now David was the son of a man named Jesse, an Ephrathite… because there is an annual sacrifice for his whole clan.’ The annual sacrifice indicates a religious and familial obligation, common in Israelite culture. Such sacrifices were times of communal gathering and worship, reflecting the importance of family and religious duties. This provides a plausible reason for David's absence, as attending such events was customary. The mention of the clan highlights the tribal structure of Israelite society, where family and clan ties were paramount. This also foreshadows the sacrificial system fulfilled in Christ, who is the ultimate sacrifice for humanity. 1Sa 1:3 Year after year Elkanah would go up from his city… If he says, ‘Good,’ In this context, Jonathan is speaking to David about King Saul's potential reaction to David's absence at the New Moon feast. The word "Good" here signifies approval or acceptance. In ancient Israel, the New Moon was a significant time for communal gatherings and feasting, as outlined in Numbers 10:10 and 28:11-15. Saul's positive response would indicate that he harbors no ill will towards David, suggesting a temporary peace. This reflects the cultural importance of verbal affirmations in maintaining social harmony and the weight of a king's word in determining the safety of his subjects. Pro 15:23 A man takes joy in a fitting reply—and how good… then your servant is safe, David refers to himself as Jonathan's "servant," highlighting the humility and loyalty he feels towards Jonathan, despite being anointed as the future king of Israel (1 Samuel 16:13). This phrase underscores the covenantal friendship between Jonathan and David, as seen in 1 Samuel 18:3. The concept of safety here is not just physical but also relational, as it pertains to David's standing with Saul and his place within the royal court. The assurance of safety is a recurring theme in the Psalms, often attributed to God's protection (Psalm 4:8). Pro 29:25 The fear of man is a snare, but whoever trusts in the LORD… but if he is enraged, Saul's potential anger is a critical indicator of his true intentions towards David. Saul's jealousy and fear of David's rising popularity and God's favor upon him have been building since David's victory over Goliath (1 Samuel 18:6-9). Anger in biblical terms often signifies a deeper spiritual or moral failing, as seen in Proverbs 29:22, which warns of the destructive nature of anger. Saul's rage is a manifestation of his internal struggle and rejection of God's will, contrasting with the peace and righteousness that characterize David's relationship with God. Gen 4:5-8 but He had no regard for Cain and his offering.… you will know he has evil intentions. Jonathan's plan to discern Saul's intentions reveals the gravity of the situation. The term "evil intentions" reflects the biblical understanding of evil as a deviation from God's righteous path. Saul's intent to harm David is not just a personal vendetta but a rebellion against God's anointed. This phrase connects to the broader biblical narrative of God's protection over His chosen ones, as seen in Joseph's story in Genesis 50:20, where God turns intended evil into good. It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance and protection found in Jesus Christ, who, like David, faced opposition and yet fulfilled God's redemptive plan. Pro 24:8-9 He who plots evil will be called a schemer.… Therefore show kindness to your servant, This phrase reflects the Hebrew concept of "hesed," often translated as loving-kindness or covenant loyalty. In the context of David and Jonathan's relationship, it underscores the deep bond and mutual commitment they share. The request for kindness is rooted in the covenant they have made, which is a solemn and binding agreement. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's covenant with His people, where He shows steadfast love and mercy. 2Sa 9:1-7 Then David asked, “Is there anyone left from the house… for you have brought me into a covenant with you before the LORD. The covenant between David and Jonathan is not merely a personal agreement but is made "before the LORD," indicating its sacred nature. Covenants in the ancient Near East were serious commitments often sealed with sacrifices and oaths. This covenant is a type of the New Covenant in Christ, where believers are brought into a relationship with God through Jesus. The mention of the LORD highlights the divine witness and accountability in their agreement, emphasizing the spiritual dimension of their bond. 1Sa 23:18 So the two of them made a covenant before the LORD.… If there is iniquity in me, then kill me yourself; David's statement here is a testament to his integrity and trust in Jonathan. He is willing to face the ultimate consequence if he has wronged Jonathan or his family. This reflects the biblical principle of justice and personal accountability. It also foreshadows the sacrificial nature of Christ, who was without sin yet took upon Himself the iniquity of humanity. David's willingness to be judged by Jonathan alone shows the depth of trust and the seriousness with which he regards their covenant. Jdg 9:54 He quickly called his armor-bearer, saying… why should you bring me to your father?” David questions the need for Jonathan to involve King Saul, highlighting the tension and danger he faces. Saul's animosity towards David is well-documented, and David's plea underscores his vulnerability. This situation is a microcosm of the larger narrative of David's rise to kingship amidst opposition. It also reflects the theme of divine protection and providence, as God ultimately preserves David's life and fulfills His promises. The question reveals David's reliance on Jonathan's loyalty and the precariousness of his situation. 1Sa 19:1-6 Then Saul ordered his son Jonathan and all his servants… “Never!” Jonathan's emphatic response underscores his loyalty and commitment to David. This strong denial reflects the covenantal bond between Jonathan and David, which is a central theme in their relationship. The use of "Never!" indicates Jonathan's determination to protect David, even against his own father, King Saul. This loyalty can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate loyalty and sacrifice demonstrated by Jesus Christ for humanity. 1Sa 24:6 So he said to his men, “The LORD forbid… Jonathan replied. Jonathan's role as the son of King Saul and heir to the throne places him in a complex position. His reply signifies his willingness to prioritize his friendship with David over his familial duties. This act of selflessness is reminiscent of the biblical principle of putting others before oneself, as seen in Philippians 2:3-4. Jonathan's actions serve as a model of true friendship and integrity. 1Sa 23:16-18 And Saul’s son Jonathan came to David in Horesh… “If I ever found out that my father had evil intentions against you, This phrase highlights the tension between Jonathan's loyalty to David and his relationship with his father, Saul. The historical context reveals Saul's growing jealousy and paranoia towards David, which is documented throughout 1 Samuel. Jonathan's awareness of his father's potential for evil intentions is significant, as it shows his discernment and understanding of the situation. This also reflects the biblical theme of the struggle between good and evil intentions, as seen in Genesis 50:20. 1Sa 19:1-2 Then Saul ordered his son Jonathan and all his servants… would I not tell you?” Jonathan's rhetorical question emphasizes his commitment to transparency and honesty with David. This assurance of communication is crucial in their covenant, as it provides David with the necessary information to protect himself from Saul's wrath. The trust between Jonathan and David is a powerful example of covenantal faithfulness, akin to the faithfulness God shows to His people. This phrase also echoes the biblical principle of being a faithful witness, as seen in Proverbs 14:5. Jhn 15:15 No longer do I call you servants, for a servant…
Jonathan and David Renew Their CovenantDavid, the anointed future king of Israel, is in a precarious situation due to King Saul's jealousy and hostility. His relationship with Jonathan, Saul's son, is a profound example of covenant friendship. This phrase highlights David's reliance on Jonathan for information and support, reflecting the deep trust between them. Their friendship is a model of loyalty and faithfulness, reminiscent of the covenantal relationships seen throughout Scripture, such as between God and His people. 1Sa 18:3-4 Then Jonathan made a covenant with David… “Who will tell me David is seeking assurance and clarity regarding his safety. This question underscores the danger he faces and his need for a reliable source of information. It also reflects the communication challenges of the time, where direct and discreet communication was crucial for survival. This reliance on Jonathan for news is a testament to the trust and bond they share, which is a recurring theme in their interactions. 1Sa 10:15-16 “Tell me,” Saul’s uncle asked, “what did Samuel say to you?”… if your father answers you harshly?” David is aware of Saul's volatile nature and the potential for a negative response. The word "harshly" indicates the severity of Saul's possible reaction, which could mean further attempts on David's life. This concern is rooted in the historical context of Saul's previous attempts to kill David, driven by jealousy and fear of losing his throne. The tension between David and Saul is a significant narrative in 1 Samuel, illustrating the conflict between God's anointed king and the current ruler. This situation foreshadows the trials and tribulations David will face before ascending to the throne, paralleling the sufferings of Christ before His exaltation. 1Ki 12:13-14 And the king answered the people harshly.… “Come,” he replied, This phrase indicates an invitation and a response. Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is speaking to David. The context is a secretive and urgent conversation due to the tension between David and Saul. Jonathan's invitation suggests a level of trust and urgency. In biblical narratives, invitations often precede significant revelations or actions, as seen in other instances like Jesus inviting His disciples to follow Him. 1Sa 14:6 Jonathan said to the young man bearing his armor, “Come… “let us go out to the field.” The field represents a place of privacy and safety away from the prying eyes of Saul's court. Fields in ancient Israel were often used for private conversations, as they were open spaces away from the city. This setting is significant as it allows Jonathan and David to speak freely. The field can also symbolize a place of testing and decision, much like the wilderness experiences of biblical figures such as Moses and Jesus. Gen 4:8 Then Cain said to his brother Abel, “Let us go out… So the two of them went out into the field, This action demonstrates the mutual trust and commitment between Jonathan and David. Their relationship is a profound example of covenant friendship, which is a recurring theme in Scripture. The act of going out together signifies unity and shared purpose. This moment foreshadows the loyalty and sacrifice that Jonathan will show towards David, even at the cost of his own future as heir to the throne. It also prefigures the sacrificial love of Christ, who calls His followers into a relationship of trust and commitment. 1Sa 19:3 I will go out and stand beside my father in the field… and Jonathan said, Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is a key figure in the narrative of 1 Samuel. His loyalty to David, despite his father's animosity, highlights the theme of covenant friendship. Jonathan's actions reflect a deep commitment to God's will and to David, whom he recognizes as God's chosen future king. 1Sa 23:17 Do not be afraid, for my father Saul will never lay a hand… “By the LORD, the God of Israel, Invoking the name of the LORD, the God of Israel, Jonathan emphasizes the seriousness and sacredness of his promise. This reflects the covenantal nature of relationships in ancient Israel, where oaths were often made before God as a witness. It underscores Jonathan's faith and his acknowledgment of God's sovereignty over Israel. 1Ki 17:1 Now Elijah the Tishbite, who was among the settlers… I will sound out my father Jonathan plans to discern King Saul's intentions toward David. This phrase indicates a strategic and cautious approach, as Jonathan seeks to protect David while navigating his father's volatile behavior. It reflects the tension within Saul's household and the political intrigue of the time. Pro 20:5 The intentions of a man’s heart are deep waters… by this time tomorrow or the next day. The specific timeframe shows Jonathan's urgency and the immediacy of the situation. It also reflects the narrative's pacing, as events unfold rapidly in the story of David's rise and Saul's decline. This timeframe indicates Jonathan's commitment to act swiftly to ensure David's safety. 2Ki 7:1 Then Elisha said, “Hear the word of the LORD!… If he is favorable toward you, Jonathan hopes for a positive outcome, reflecting his desire for reconciliation between Saul and David. This phrase highlights the uncertainty and danger David faces, as Saul's favor is unpredictable. It also underscores Jonathan's role as a mediator, attempting to bridge the gap between his father and his friend. Pro 16:15 When a king’s face brightens, there is life;… will I not send for you and tell you? Jonathan assures David of his loyalty and intention to communicate the outcome. This promise of communication is crucial for David's survival, as it allows him to make informed decisions. It also demonstrates Jonathan's integrity and the trust between him and David, which is a central theme in their relationship. Gen 45:13 Tell my father about all my splendor in Egypt… But if my father intends to bring evil on you, This phrase highlights the tension between Jonathan and his father, King Saul. Saul's jealousy and fear of David's rising popularity and God's favor have led him to plot against David. Jonathan, aware of his father's intentions, seeks to protect David. This reflects the broader biblical theme of familial conflict and loyalty, as seen in other relationships like Jacob and Esau or Joseph and his brothers. The phrase also underscores the moral dilemma Jonathan faces, torn between his loyalty to his father and his friendship with David. 1Sa 19:1-2 Then Saul ordered his son Jonathan and all his servants… then may the LORD punish me, and ever so severely, Jonathan invokes a solemn oath, calling upon the LORD to hold him accountable if he fails to warn David. This reflects the seriousness with which oaths were taken in ancient Israelite culture, where invoking God's name in an oath was binding and carried severe consequences if broken. The use of such an oath underscores Jonathan's commitment to truth and justice, aligning with the biblical principle that one's word should be trustworthy and reliable. 2Sa 3:35 Then all the people came and urged David to eat something… if I do not tell you and send you on your way in safety. Jonathan promises to inform David of any danger and ensure his safety. This commitment to protect David highlights the covenantal friendship between Jonathan and David, which is a central theme in their relationship. Their bond is reminiscent of other biblical covenants, such as those between God and Abraham or God and Israel, emphasizing loyalty, protection, and mutual support. Jonathan's actions foreshadow the protective role that Christ plays for believers, ensuring their spiritual safety. Ezk 33:8-9 If I say to the wicked, ‘O wicked man, you will surely die,’… May the LORD be with you, just as He has been with my father. Jonathan's blessing upon David acknowledges God's presence and favor, which had once been with Saul but is now with David. This reflects the biblical theme of divine favor and the transfer of God's blessing from Saul to David, as seen in 1 Samuel 16 when David is anointed by Samuel. The phrase also serves as a prophetic acknowledgment of David's future as king, paralleling the way God's presence was with Saul during his early reign. Jonathan's words can be seen as a type of Christ, who embodies God's presence with His people, offering guidance and blessing. Jos 1:5 No one shall stand against you all the days of your life.… And as long as I live, This phrase reflects Jonathan's awareness of the precariousness of his situation due to his father Saul's animosity towards David. It underscores the temporal nature of human life and the need for divine protection and favor. In the broader biblical narrative, life is often depicted as fleeting, as seen in James 4:14, which compares life to a mist that appears for a little while and then vanishes. Psa 63:4 So I will bless You as long as I live; in Your name… treat me with the LORD’s loving devotion, Jonathan appeals to the covenantal love, or "chesed," of the LORD, which is a central theme in the Old Testament. This loving devotion is not merely an emotional affection but a steadfast, loyal love that is rooted in covenantal faithfulness. It is the same kind of love that God shows to His people Israel, as seen in Exodus 34:6-7. Jonathan's request for this kind of treatment from David highlights the deep bond and covenant they share, which mirrors the divine covenant between God and His people. 2Sa 9:7 “Do not be afraid,” said David, “for surely”… that I may not die, Jonathan's plea is both literal and prophetic. Literally, he seeks protection from the potential wrath of his father, Saul. Prophetically, it foreshadows the ultimate deliverance from death that is found in Jesus Christ, who is the fulfillment of God's covenant promises. In the New Testament, Jesus speaks of eternal life and deliverance from death for those who believe in Him (John 11:25-26). Jonathan's request can be seen as a type of the salvation and eternal life offered through Christ. Psa 118:17 I will not die, but I will live and proclaim… and do not ever cut off your loving devotion from my household— This phrase reflects the covenantal relationship between Jonathan and David. In ancient Israel, covenants were binding agreements that often included promises of loyalty and protection. Jonathan, recognizing David's future as king, seeks assurance that his family will be treated with kindness. This reflects the Hebrew concept of "hesed," often translated as loving devotion or steadfast love, which is a key attribute of God's character (Exodus 34:6-7). The request for ongoing kindness is significant in a culture where new dynasties often eliminated the previous ruler's family to secure the throne. 2Sa 9:1 Then David asked, “Is there anyone left from the house… not even when the LORD cuts off every one of David’s enemies from the face of the earth.” This part of the verse acknowledges the divine support for David's future reign. The phrase "the LORD cuts off" indicates a belief in God's active role in establishing David's kingship and ensuring his victory over adversaries. This reflects the biblical theme of divine justice and protection for those chosen by God, as seen in the stories of other biblical figures like Moses and Joshua. The mention of "every one of David’s enemies" foreshadows the eventual peace and security of David's kingdom, aligning with prophecies about the Messiah, who is often typologically linked to David as a ruler who will ultimately defeat all enemies (Psalm 110:1). 2Sa 7:9 I have been with you wherever you have gone,… So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, Jonathan, the son of King Saul, and David, the future king of Israel, shared a deep friendship. This covenant signifies a formal and binding agreement, reflecting the seriousness of their commitment to each other. In the ancient Near East, covenants were solemn agreements often sealed with rituals or oaths. This particular covenant is significant as it extends beyond Jonathan and David to include their descendants, indicating a long-term alliance. Theologically, this covenant prefigures the New Covenant established by Jesus Christ, emphasizing loyalty, love, and divine promise. 1Sa 18:3 Then Jonathan made a covenant with David… saying, “May the LORD hold David’s enemies accountable.” Jonathan invokes the name of the LORD, the covenant God of Israel, to ensure divine justice against David's enemies. This reflects Jonathan's recognition of David's anointed future as king and his own submission to God's will, despite his father Saul's opposition. The invocation of divine accountability underscores the belief in God's sovereignty and justice. Biblically, this echoes the principle found in Romans 12:19, where believers are reminded that vengeance belongs to the Lord. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of Christ over His enemies, as seen in Revelation 19:11-16, where Jesus is depicted as the righteous judge and warrior. Psa 54:5 He will reward my enemies with evil. In Your faithfulness,… And Jonathan had David reaffirm his vow In the context of ancient Israel, vows were solemn promises made before God, often involving a covenant. Jonathan, the son of King Saul, and David, the future king, had previously made a covenant of friendship (1 Samuel 18:3). This reaffirmation highlights the seriousness and sacredness of their bond. In biblical times, such vows were not taken lightly, as they were seen as binding before God. The reaffirmation indicates Jonathan's commitment to David despite his father Saul's hostility. This act of reaffirmation can be seen as a precursor to the New Testament teachings on the importance of keeping one's word (Matthew 5:37). 1Sa 18:3 Then Jonathan made a covenant with David… out of love for him, The Hebrew word for love used here is "ahav," which denotes deep affection and loyalty. Jonathan's love for David transcends mere friendship; it is a covenantal love that reflects the selfless and sacrificial nature of true biblical love. This love is reminiscent of the love described in 1 Corinthians 13, which is patient, kind, and enduring. Jonathan's actions demonstrate a love that is willing to protect and support David, even at great personal cost. 2Sa 1:26 I grieve for you, Jonathan, my brother.… for Jonathan loved David as he loved himself. This phrase echoes the commandment found in Leviticus 19:18, "Love your neighbor as yourself," which Jesus later cites as the second greatest commandment (Matthew 22:39). Jonathan's love for David is a profound example of this principle, showing a selflessness that prioritizes David's well-being over his own potential claim to the throne. This type of love is a foreshadowing of Christ's love for humanity, as Jesus taught and exemplified self-sacrificial love. Jonathan's relationship with David can be seen as a type of Christ's relationship with believers, marked by loyalty, sacrifice, and covenantal faithfulness. 1Sa 18:1 After David had finished speaking with Saul,… Then Jonathan said to David, Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is speaking to David, who is anointed to be the next king of Israel. Their friendship is a significant theme in 1 Samuel, highlighting loyalty and covenantal love. Jonathan's willingness to help David, despite his father's hostility, reflects a deep commitment to God's will and to David as God's chosen. 1Sa 19:2 My father Saul intends to kill you. Be on guard… “Tomorrow is the New Moon, The New Moon marked the beginning of the month in the Hebrew calendar and was a time for special sacrifices and feasting (Numbers 28:11-15). It was a significant religious observance, and attendance was expected, especially for those in the king's court. This context underscores the tension, as David's absence would be conspicuous. Num 28:11-15 At the beginning of every month, you are to present… and you will be missed, David's absence from the New Moon feast would be noticeable, indicating his important role in Saul's court. This phrase suggests the depth of the danger David faced, as his absence could provoke Saul's suspicion and wrath. It also highlights the bond between Jonathan and David, as Jonathan is concerned for David's safety. 1Sa 25:15 Yet these men were very good to us. When we were… because your seat will be empty. The empty seat symbolizes David's precarious position and the threat to his life from Saul. It also foreshadows the eventual separation between David and Saul's household. In a broader biblical context, the empty seat can be seen as a type of Christ, who was rejected and whose absence was felt by His followers. The imagery of an empty seat can also evoke themes of loss and longing for restoration, which are fulfilled in Christ's ultimate kingship. Act 1:20 For it is written in the book of Psalms: ‘May his place…… When you have stayed three days, The three-day period is significant in biblical narratives, often symbolizing a period of waiting or testing. In this context, it reflects the urgency and gravity of the situation between David and Jonathan. The number three is frequently seen in Scripture, such as Jonah's three days in the belly of the fish (Jonah 1:17) and Jesus' resurrection on the third day (Matthew 16:21), symbolizing a time of transition or divine intervention. 2Ch 10:5 Rehoboam answered, “Come back to me in three days.”… hurry down to the place you hid This phrase indicates a prearranged plan between David and Jonathan, highlighting their deep friendship and trust. The act of hiding suggests the danger David is in due to King Saul's jealousy and intent to kill him. The need to "hurry" underscores the imminent threat and the urgency of the situation. This reflects the broader theme of God's protection over David, who is anointed to be king despite Saul's pursuit. 1Sa 19:2 My father Saul intends to kill you. Be on guard… on the day this trouble began, The "trouble" refers to Saul's growing hostility towards David, which began after David's success and popularity following his victory over Goliath (1 Samuel 18:6-9). This marks a turning point in David's life, where he transitions from a favored servant to a fugitive. It also highlights the spiritual battle between God's chosen king and the rejected king, Saul. 2Ki 19:3 “This is what Hezekiah says: Today is a day of distress,”… and remain beside the stone Ezel. The stone Ezel serves as a landmark for David, providing a specific location for Jonathan to communicate with him. Stones often serve as memorials or witnesses in biblical narratives, such as the stones set up by Joshua in the Jordan River (Joshua 4:20-24). The stone Ezel may symbolize God's faithfulness and the covenant between David and Jonathan. It also foreshadows Christ, the cornerstone (Ephesians 2:20), who is a refuge and foundation for believers. Jos 4:6-7 to serve as a sign among you. In the future,… I will shoot three arrows In the context of 1 Samuel 20, Jonathan devises a plan to communicate with David about King Saul's intentions. The use of "three arrows" is significant as it serves as a covert signal. In ancient warfare and hunting, arrows were common tools, and their use here symbolizes precision and intent. The number three often represents completeness or divine perfection in the Bible, seen in the Trinity and other scriptural instances. 2Ki 13:17 “Open the east window,” said Elisha. So he opened it.… to the side of it, Jonathan's plan involves shooting arrows to the side of a specific location, which is a prearranged signal for David. This indicates the need for secrecy and caution due to Saul's hostility. The phrase suggests a deliberate action to avoid direct confrontation, reflecting the wisdom and prudence required in dangerous situations. It also highlights the trust and understanding between Jonathan and David. 2Ki 13:18 Then Elisha said, “Take the arrows!” So he took them.… as if I were aiming at a target. This phrase implies a practice or skill in archery, a valued ability in ancient Israelite society. The act of aiming at a target suggests intentionality and focus, qualities that Jonathan exhibits in his loyalty to David. The metaphor of aiming at a target can also be seen as a reflection of God's guidance and purpose, as believers are called to aim their lives towards God's will, much like an archer aims at a target. Lam 3:12 He bent His bow and set me as the target for His arrow. Then I will send a boy and say, ‘Go, find the arrows!’ In this passage, Jonathan devises a covert plan to communicate with David about King Saul's intentions. The use of a boy to retrieve arrows is a strategic choice, allowing Jonathan to convey a message without arousing suspicion. This reflects the tense political climate and the need for secrecy. The act of sending a boy also highlights the innocence and unawareness of the child, contrasting with the gravity of the situation. The use of arrows as a signal is practical and discreet, fitting the context of ancient warfare and communication methods. 2Ki 9:1-3 Elisha the prophet summoned one of the sons of the prophets… Now, if I expressly say to him, ‘Look, the arrows are on this side of you; bring them,’ Jonathan's specific instructions to the boy serve as a coded message to David. The phrase "on this side of you" indicates safety and a lack of threat from Saul. This method of communication underscores the deep trust and friendship between Jonathan and David, as well as Jonathan's loyalty to David despite his father Saul's hostility. The careful planning reflects the wisdom and discernment needed in navigating dangerous political landscapes. 2Ki 13:17-19 “Open the east window,” said Elisha. So he opened it.… then come, because as surely as the LORD lives, it is safe for you, and there is no danger. Jonathan invokes the name of the LORD, emphasizing the seriousness and truthfulness of his message. This phrase reassures David of his safety, highlighting Jonathan's role as a protector and ally. The invocation of the LORD's name also reflects the covenantal relationship between Jonathan and David, rooted in their shared faith and commitment to God's will. This assurance of safety is a moment of divine providence, where God's protection over David is affirmed through Jonathan's actions. The phrase "as surely as the LORD lives" is a common biblical oath, underscoring the certainty and reliability of the promise being made. 1Sa 19:6 Saul listened to the voice of Jonathan and swore an oath:… But if I say to the young man, This phrase introduces a conditional statement, indicating a prearranged signal between Jonathan and David. In the context of ancient Israel, communication through intermediaries or coded messages was common, especially in situations requiring secrecy. Jonathan's use of a young man, likely a servant, reflects the hierarchical social structure of the time, where servants often played roles in executing the plans of their masters. 1Sa 14:6 Jonathan said to the young man bearing his armor, “Come… ‘Look, the arrows are beyond you,’ The use of arrows as a signaling device is significant. In ancient warfare and hunting, arrows were common tools, and their use here symbolizes both the urgency and the danger of the situation. The phrase "beyond you" indicates a message of warning and escape. This method of communication underscores the tension and the need for discretion due to King Saul's hostility towards David. The imagery of arrows can also be seen as a metaphor for divine guidance or judgment in other parts of Scripture, such as Psalm 64:7. 2Ki 13:17-19 “Open the east window,” said Elisha. So he opened it.… then you must go, This directive is clear and urgent. The phrase "you must go" emphasizes the necessity of immediate action. In the historical context, David is in grave danger from King Saul, and Jonathan's message is a matter of life and death. The urgency reflects the perilous nature of David's situation and the need for swift obedience to divine guidance, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible. 1Sa 19:12-17 So Michal lowered David from the window,… for the LORD has sent you away. This phrase attributes the situation to divine intervention. The belief that the LORD directs the steps of individuals is a recurring theme in Scripture, as seen in Proverbs 16:9. Here, Jonathan acknowledges that David's departure is not merely a result of human circumstances but is orchestrated by God. This reflects the biblical understanding of God's sovereignty and providence. Theologically, it can be seen as a type of Christ, where Jesus, like David, was often led by the Father into and out of situations for a greater purpose, as seen in John 6:38. Isa 50:1 This is what the LORD says: “Where is your mother’s… And as for the matter you and I have discussed, This phrase refers to the secret conversation between David and Jonathan regarding Saul's intentions towards David. The context is a covenant of friendship and loyalty, highlighting the deep bond between the two. This covenant is significant in the narrative of David's rise to kingship and the preservation of his life. The discussion involves a plan to discern Saul's intentions, showcasing the political intrigue and danger David faced. Gen 31:44-46 Come now, let us make a covenant, you and I… the LORD is a witness Invoking the LORD as a witness underscores the solemnity and sacredness of their agreement. In ancient Israel, invoking God as a witness was a way to ensure truthfulness and accountability, as God was seen as the ultimate judge and overseer of human actions. This reflects the deep faith and reliance on God that both David and Jonathan shared, and it emphasizes the spiritual dimension of their covenant. Mal 2:14 Yet you ask, “Why?” It is because the LORD has been a witness… between you and me The personal nature of this covenant is highlighted here. It is not just a political alliance but a personal commitment between two individuals. This reflects the biblical theme of covenant relationships, which are central to the narrative of the Bible, from God's covenants with Noah, Abraham, and Moses, to the New Covenant through Jesus Christ. Gen 31:49 It was also called Mizpah, because Laban said,… forever.” The use of "forever" indicates the enduring nature of their covenant, suggesting that it transcends their immediate circumstances and has lasting implications. This can be seen as a type of the eternal covenant God makes with His people, which is fulfilled in Jesus Christ. The eternal aspect of their agreement also foreshadows the enduring legacy of David's line, which is ultimately fulfilled in the Messiah. Psa 89:28-29 I will forever preserve My loving devotion for him,… So David hid in the field, David's hiding in the field signifies his precarious situation and the tension between him and King Saul. This act of hiding reflects the broader theme of David's life during this period, where he is often on the run from Saul's jealousy and wrath. The field may symbolize a place of refuge and divine protection, reminiscent of how God often provides sanctuary for His chosen ones. This scenario also foreshadows David's future as a king who will often seek God's guidance in solitude. 1Sa 23:19 Then the Ziphites came up to Saul at Gibeah… and when the New Moon had come, The New Moon marks the beginning of the Hebrew month and is a time of religious observance and celebration, as outlined in Numbers 28:11-15. It was customary for the Israelites to hold a special meal and offer sacrifices. This context highlights the significance of the event and the expectation that David would be present at the royal table, making his absence conspicuous. The New Moon festival underscores the cultural and religious practices of ancient Israel, providing a backdrop for the unfolding drama. Num 28:11-15 At the beginning of every month, you are to present… the king sat down to eat. King Saul's act of sitting down to eat during the New Moon festival indicates his role as the leader and host of the ceremonial meal. This setting emphasizes the royal court's formalities and the importance of maintaining appearances and traditions. Saul's position at the table also reflects his authority and the tension between his kingly duties and personal vendetta against David. The meal setting is a common biblical motif where significant events and revelations occur, such as in the Last Supper, drawing a parallel to the unfolding of God's plan through seemingly ordinary circumstances. 2Sa 9:13 So Mephibosheth lived in Jerusalem, because he always ate… He sat in his usual place by the wall, This phrase refers to King Saul, who is seated in a position of authority and security. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the seating arrangement at a banquet or feast was significant, often reflecting one's status and relationship to the host. Sitting by the wall would provide Saul with a strategic vantage point, allowing him to observe the entire room. This setting underscores Saul's paranoia and need for control, as he is increasingly suspicious of those around him, particularly David. 1Sa 9:22-24 Then Samuel took Saul and his servant, brought them… opposite Jonathan Jonathan, Saul's son, is seated across from his father, indicating his importance and close relationship with the king. Jonathan's loyalty to David, however, creates tension in this familial bond. This seating arrangement highlights the internal conflict within Saul's household, as Jonathan's covenant with David (1 Samuel 18:3) stands in contrast to Saul's growing animosity towards David. Jonathan's position also foreshadows his role as a mediator between Saul and David. 1Sa 18:1-4 After David had finished speaking with Saul,… and beside Abner, Abner, the commander of Saul's army and his cousin, is seated next to Saul, signifying his high rank and influence in the kingdom. Abner's presence at the table reflects the military and political dynamics at play, as he is a key figure in Saul's regime. This positioning also emphasizes the loyalty expected from Saul's inner circle, contrasting with David's absence and the underlying threat Saul perceives from him. 1Sa 26:5-16 Then David set out and went to the place… but David’s place was empty. David's absence is conspicuous and significant, as he was expected to be present at the king's table. This empty seat symbolizes the growing rift between Saul and David, as well as David's precarious position in the royal court. It also foreshadows the eventual separation and conflict between Saul and David. Theologically, David's absence can be seen as part of God's providential plan, as David is being prepared for his future role as king. This moment also prefigures Christ, who, like David, was rejected by the authorities of His time but was destined for a greater purpose. 1Sa 19:11-17 Then Saul sent messengers to David’s house… Saul said nothing that day In the context of 1 Samuel 20, Saul's silence is significant. It reflects his internal conflict and suspicion regarding David. Saul's silence can be seen as a temporary restraint, as he is known for his volatile temper and jealousy towards David, who is favored by God and the people. This moment of silence is a brief pause in Saul's ongoing pursuit of David, highlighting the tension and uncertainty in their relationship. Job 2:13 Then they sat on the ground with him for seven days… because he thought, Saul's thoughts reveal his assumptions and the cultural practices of the time. His reasoning is based on the understanding of ceremonial laws and the importance of ritual purity in Israelite society. Saul's thought process shows his attempt to rationalize David's absence, indicating his awareness of religious customs and his initial willingness to give David the benefit of the doubt. Luk 12:17 So he thought to himself, ‘What shall I do?’… “Something has happened to David This phrase suggests Saul's awareness of the potential for unforeseen circumstances affecting David. It reflects the unpredictability of life in ancient Israel, where travel, warfare, and other factors could easily disrupt plans. Saul's consideration of an unexpected event shows his understanding of the challenges faced by those in his service. Num 19:11-13 Whoever touches any dead body will be unclean… to make him ceremonially unclean— Ceremonial uncleanness was a significant aspect of Israelite law, as outlined in Leviticus. It could result from various causes, such as contact with a dead body, certain diseases, or other impurities. This reflects the importance of ritual purity in maintaining one's ability to participate in religious and communal activities. Saul's assumption indicates his knowledge of these laws and their impact on daily life. Lev 22:4-7 If a descendant of Aaron has a skin disease or a discharge,… surely he is unclean.” Saul's conclusion underscores the seriousness with which ceremonial laws were regarded. His certainty about David's uncleanness suggests a reliance on these laws to explain David's absence. This reflects the broader cultural and religious context of ancient Israel, where adherence to the law was crucial for maintaining one's standing within the community and before God. Saul's statement also highlights the tension between legalistic interpretations and the unfolding divine plan, as David, despite any temporary uncleanness, remains God's chosen future king. 1Sa 21:4-5 “There is no common bread on hand,” the priest replied,… But on the day after the New Moon, the second day, The New Moon was a significant time in the Hebrew calendar, marking the beginning of a new month. It was often observed with special sacrifices and feasts (Numbers 10:10, 28:11-15). The mention of the "second day" indicates the continuation of the New Moon festival, which could last multiple days. This context highlights the importance of the occasion and the expectation for David's presence, as he was a member of Saul's court. 2Ki 4:23 “Why would you go to him today?” he replied.… David’s place was still empty, David's absence is significant, as he was a key figure in Saul's court and a close friend of Jonathan. His empty place at the table symbolizes the growing tension and estrangement between David and Saul. This absence foreshadows David's eventual separation from Saul's household and his rise to kingship, as God had anointed him through Samuel (1 Samuel 16:13). 1Sa 19:11-17 Then Saul sent messengers to David’s house… and Saul asked his son Jonathan, Saul's inquiry to Jonathan underscores the close relationship between Jonathan and David. Jonathan's loyalty to David is a central theme in this narrative, contrasting with Saul's growing animosity. This interaction sets the stage for Jonathan's role as a mediator and protector of David, reflecting the covenantal friendship they shared (1 Samuel 18:3). 1Sa 14:43-45 “Tell me what you have done,” Saul commanded him…… “Why hasn’t the son of Jesse come to the meal Referring to David as "the son of Jesse" rather than by name may indicate Saul's attempt to distance himself emotionally from David. This phrase also highlights David's humble origins, as Jesse was a Bethlehemite, emphasizing the theme of God choosing the unlikely and lowly to fulfill His purposes (1 Samuel 16:1). 1Sa 25:10-11 But Nabal asked them, “Who is David? Who is this son of Jesse?… either yesterday or today?” Saul's concern over David's absence for two consecutive days suggests his growing suspicion and paranoia. This question reveals Saul's awareness of David's importance and his potential threat to Saul's throne. The repeated absence heightens the tension and foreshadows the impending conflict between Saul and David, as Saul's jealousy and fear continue to escalate (1 Samuel 18:8-9). Heb 13:8 Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever. Jonathan answered, Jonathan, the son of King Saul and a close friend of David, is speaking here. His loyalty to David is significant, as it demonstrates a deep bond that transcends familial allegiance. Jonathan's role as a mediator between Saul and David highlights the tension between his loyalty to his father and his friendship with David. This moment reflects Jonathan's integrity and willingness to protect David, even at personal risk. 1Sa 19:4-5 Then Jonathan spoke well of David to his father Saul… “David urgently requested David's request is described as urgent, indicating the seriousness of the situation. This urgency reflects the danger David perceives from Saul, who has become increasingly hostile towards him. The urgency also underscores David's need to act quickly to ensure his safety. This moment is part of a larger narrative where David is often on the run from Saul, showcasing the trials he faces before becoming king. Luk 11:5-8 Then Jesus said to them, “Suppose one of you… my permission Jonathan's role in granting permission suggests a level of authority or influence he holds, possibly due to his position as the king's son. It also indicates the trust and respect between Jonathan and David. This request for permission highlights the cultural norms of the time, where seeking approval from a superior or peer was a sign of respect and protocol. 2Sa 15:7-9 After four years had passed, Absalom said to the king,… to go to Bethlehem, Bethlehem, David's hometown, is significant both geographically and theologically. It is located in the territory of Judah and is later known as the birthplace of Jesus Christ, linking David's story to the messianic prophecy. David's return to Bethlehem can be seen as a strategic move to seek refuge among his kin. Bethlehem's mention here foreshadows its future importance in biblical history as the City of David and the birthplace of the Messiah. Luk 2:4-7 So Joseph also went up from Nazareth in Galilee to Judea… saying, ‘Please let me go, This phrase reflects the cultural practice of seeking permission from authority figures, which was common in ancient Israel. It shows respect and adherence to social hierarchies. In the context of 1 Samuel, David is speaking to Jonathan, Saul's son, and is seeking permission to leave the king's presence. This request is part of a larger plan to discern King Saul's intentions towards David. Exo 4:18 Then Moses went back to his father-in-law Jethro… because our clan is holding a sacrifice in the city, Sacrifices were central to Israelite worship and community life, often involving entire families or clans. This particular sacrifice is likely a peace offering, which was a communal meal shared among family members. The mention of a clan gathering indicates the importance of family and tribal connections in Israelite society. The city referred to is Bethlehem, David's hometown, which is significant as the birthplace of Jesus Christ, connecting David's lineage to the Messianic prophecy. 1Sa 9:12-13 “Yes, he is ahead of you,” they answered.… and my brother has told me to be there. This phrase highlights the familial obligations and expectations within the clan structure. David's mention of his brother underscores the importance of family ties and responsibilities. In the broader biblical narrative, David's relationship with his brothers is complex, as seen in earlier chapters where he is initially overlooked by his family. This request also serves as a plausible reason for David's absence from Saul's court, aligning with the cultural norms of the time. 1Sa 17:17-18 One day Jesse said to his son David, “Take this… So now, if I have found favor in your eyes, Finding favor in someone's eyes is a recurring biblical theme, often indicating a request for grace or approval. This phrase is reminiscent of other biblical figures who sought favor, such as Esther before King Xerxes. It reflects humility and the seeking of goodwill, which is a key aspect of David's relationship with Jonathan. Their covenantal friendship is a significant element in the narrative, illustrating loyalty and divine providence. Gen 18:3 “My lord,” said Abraham, “if I have found favor”… please let me go and see my brothers.’ David's request to see his brothers emphasizes the importance of family unity and support. In the biblical context, brothers often symbolize close kinship and shared heritage. This phrase also subtly underscores David's precarious position at Saul's court, as he seeks refuge and reassurance among his own kin. The theme of brotherhood is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are called to be brothers and sisters in Christ. Gen 37:13-14 Israel said to him, “Are not your brothers…”… That is why he has not come to the king’s table.” The king's table symbolizes royal favor and acceptance, as well as the political and social dynamics of Saul's court. David's absence from the table is significant, as it foreshadows the growing tension and eventual conflict between Saul and David. In biblical typology, the king's table can be seen as a precursor to the Lord's Table in the New Testament, where believers are invited to partake in communion with Christ. David's absence highlights his alienation and the unfolding of God's plan for his future kingship. 2Sa 9:7 “Do not be afraid,” said David, “for surely”…
Saul Seeks to Kill JonathanSaul's anger reflects his growing instability and jealousy, particularly towards David, whom he perceives as a threat to his throne. This anger is not just a personal vendetta but also a sign of Saul's spiritual decline, as he moves further away from God's guidance. Jonathan, Saul's son, is caught in the middle, loyal to both his father and David, his friend. This tension highlights the familial and political strife within Saul's household. 1Sa 18:8-9 And Saul was furious and resented this song.… and he said to him, “You son of a perverse and rebellious woman! Saul's insult towards Jonathan's mother is a reflection of his irrational state and his attempt to shame Jonathan. In ancient Israelite culture, family honor was paramount, and such an insult would have been deeply offensive. Saul's words reveal his desperation and loss of control, as he lashes out at those closest to him. This phrase also underscores the breakdown of Saul's family, both spiritually and relationally. Pro 7:11 She is loud and defiant; her feet do not remain at home. Do I not know that you have chosen the son of Jesse Saul's reference to David as "the son of Jesse" rather than by name indicates his disdain and refusal to acknowledge David's growing importance. Saul's paranoia is evident as he accuses Jonathan of betrayal. This accusation highlights the tension between Saul's house and David, who is anointed by God to be the next king. Jonathan's choice to support David over his father is a testament to his recognition of God's will and his own integrity. 1Sa 18:3-4 Then Jonathan made a covenant with David… to your own shame and to the shame of the mother who bore you? Saul's focus on shame reflects the cultural importance of honor and family reputation in ancient Israel. By aligning with David, Jonathan risks his own status and that of his family. Saul's words are meant to manipulate Jonathan through guilt and familial duty. This phrase also foreshadows the eventual downfall of Saul's lineage, contrasting with the rise of David's house, which is established by God. Jonathan's loyalty to David, despite the potential for shame, is a precursor to the self-sacrificial love exemplified by Christ. Pro 19:26 He who assaults his father or evicts his mother… For as long as the son of Jesse lives on this earth, This phrase refers to David, the son of Jesse, who was anointed by Samuel to be the future king of Israel (1 Samuel 16:1-13). Saul, the current king, perceives David as a threat to his throne. The mention of "this earth" underscores the temporal nature of human life and the earthly realm, contrasting with the eternal kingdom of God. David's presence is seen as a direct challenge to Saul's reign, highlighting the tension between God's chosen king and the people's current ruler. 1Sa 22:7-8 Then Saul said to his servants, “Listen, men of Benjamin!… neither you nor your kingdom shall be established. Saul is speaking to his son Jonathan, indicating that as long as David is alive, Jonathan's succession to the throne is in jeopardy. This reflects the cultural and historical context of dynastic succession in ancient Israel, where the king's son would typically inherit the throne. However, God's choice of David disrupts this expectation. This phrase also foreshadows the eventual establishment of David's kingdom, which is a type of the eternal kingdom of Christ, as David is an ancestor of Jesus (Matthew 1:1). 1Sa 15:28 So Samuel said to him, “The LORD has torn the kingdom… Now send for him and bring him to me, Saul's command to bring David to him reveals his intent to eliminate the perceived threat. This reflects the political intrigue and personal vendettas common in ancient Near Eastern monarchies. The urgency in Saul's command underscores his desperation and fear of losing power. This moment is pivotal in the narrative, as it sets the stage for David's eventual rise and Saul's decline. 1Sa 16:19-23 So Saul sent messengers to Jesse and said, “Send me your son… for he must surely die!” Saul's declaration of a death sentence on David highlights the king's determination to secure his dynasty at any cost. This reflects the harsh realities of ancient royal politics, where threats to the throne were often dealt with through execution. Theologically, this moment underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and protection over His anointed, as David is preserved despite Saul's intentions. This also prefigures the persecution and eventual triumph of Jesus Christ, who, like David, faced opposition and threats to His life. 1Sa 19:1-2 Then Saul ordered his son Jonathan and all his servants… “Why must he be put to death?” Jonathan's question reflects his deep concern for David's life. In the context of ancient Israel, the death penalty was reserved for serious offenses, often requiring clear evidence and witnesses. Jonathan's challenge to his father, King Saul, indicates his belief that David has committed no such crime. This question also highlights the tension between Jonathan's loyalty to his father and his covenant friendship with David, which is a significant theme in the narrative. 1Sa 19:4-5 Then Jonathan spoke well of David to his father Saul… Jonathan replied. Jonathan's response to Saul is bold and courageous, considering the patriarchal and hierarchical nature of ancient Near Eastern societies. As the king's son, Jonathan had a duty to support his father's decisions, yet he chooses to defend David. This act of speaking up is a testament to Jonathan's integrity and his commitment to justice and truth, even at personal risk. Jhn 7:51 Does our law convict a man without first hearing from him… “What has he done?” This rhetorical question underscores the innocence of David, who has been a loyal servant to Saul and a hero in Israel. Jonathan's defense of David is based on the absence of any wrongdoing on David's part. This question also serves to expose Saul's irrational jealousy and fear of David, which are driving his desire to kill him. The narrative invites readers to consider the nature of true justice and the importance of evidence before passing judgment. Mat 27:23 “Why?” asked Pilate. “What evil has He done?”… Then Saul hurled his spear at Jonathan to kill him. This phrase highlights Saul's intense anger and irrational behavior, which had been escalating throughout the narrative. Saul's attempt to kill his own son, Jonathan, underscores the depth of his jealousy and paranoia regarding David. This act of violence is consistent with Saul's previous attempts to kill David (1 Samuel 18:11, 19:10), showing a pattern of using his spear as a weapon of murder. The spear, a common weapon in ancient warfare, symbolizes Saul's reliance on physical power rather than spiritual guidance. Saul's actions reflect a heart hardened against God's will, as he prioritizes his own kingship over God's anointed successor, David. This moment also foreshadows the eventual breakdown of Saul's reign and his tragic end. 1Sa 18:10-11 The next day a spirit of distress sent from God… So Jonathan knew that his father was determined to kill David. Jonathan's realization marks a turning point in his relationship with both his father and David. Despite his loyalty to Saul as his father and king, Jonathan's covenant with David (1 Samuel 18:3) and his recognition of David's anointing by God (1 Samuel 23:17) compel him to protect David. This knowledge confirms the seriousness of Saul's intentions and the danger David faces. Jonathan's discernment and subsequent actions demonstrate his integrity and faithfulness, qualities that align with biblical principles of friendship and loyalty (Proverbs 17:17). Jonathan's role as a mediator and protector of David can be seen as a type of Christ, who intercedes on behalf of humanity. This moment also sets the stage for David's eventual rise to kingship, as Jonathan's support helps preserve David's life, ensuring the fulfillment of God's promise. 1Sa 19:1-2 Then Saul ordered his son Jonathan and all his servants… Jonathan got up from the table in fierce anger Jonathan's reaction is significant, as it demonstrates his deep loyalty to David and his moral integrity. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, family loyalty was paramount, yet Jonathan's anger indicates a prioritization of righteousness over familial allegiance. This fierce anger can be seen as a reflection of righteous indignation, similar to Jesus' anger in the temple (John 2:13-17), where injustice and wrongdoing provoke a strong emotional response. Est 7:7 In his fury, the king arose from drinking his wine… and did not eat any food that second day of the month, The mention of the "second day of the month" refers to the New Moon festival, a time of religious observance and communal meals (Numbers 10:10). Jonathan's refusal to eat is a significant act of protest and mourning, aligning with biblical instances where fasting is used to express grief or repentance (Ezra 8:21-23). This abstention underscores the gravity of the situation and Jonathan's deep distress over his father's actions. 1Sa 1:7 And this went on year after year. Whenever Hannah went up… for he was grieved by his father’s shameful treatment of David. Jonathan's grief highlights the covenantal friendship between him and David, which is a central theme in 1 Samuel. This friendship is a model of loyalty and selflessness, reflecting the biblical principle of loving one's neighbor (Leviticus 19:18). Saul's treatment of David is described as "shameful," indicating a breach of both royal and divine duty. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative of God's anointed being unjustly persecuted, a theme that finds its ultimate fulfillment in the life of Jesus Christ, who was also rejected and mistreated by those in authority (Isaiah 53:3). 1Sa 19:1-2 Then Saul ordered his son Jonathan and all his servants… In the morning The timing of events in the Bible often holds significance. Morning is frequently associated with new beginnings or revelations. In this context, it marks the start of a crucial day for David and Jonathan, highlighting the urgency and importance of their meeting. Jos 6:12 Joshua got up early the next morning, and the priests… Jonathan went out to the field Fields in ancient Israel were common meeting places, away from the prying eyes of city dwellers. This setting provides privacy for Jonathan and David, reflecting the need for secrecy due to Saul's hostility. Fields also symbolize openness and honesty, fitting for the covenantal relationship between Jonathan and David. 1Sa 19:2-3 My father Saul intends to kill you. Be on guard… for the appointment with David, This appointment was prearranged, indicating the deep trust and communication between Jonathan and David. It underscores the seriousness of their situation, as they needed to confirm Saul's intentions. The concept of appointments in Scripture often involves divine timing and purpose, suggesting God's hand in their friendship and plans. 1Sa 23:16-18 And Saul’s son Jonathan came to David in Horesh… and a small boy was with him. The presence of a small boy serves a practical purpose, as Jonathan uses him to convey a message to David without arousing suspicion. This reflects the wisdom and caution required in dangerous circumstances. The use of a child also emphasizes innocence and the gravity of the situation, as even the young are unwittingly involved in the unfolding drama. Gen 22:5 “Stay here with the donkey,” Abraham told his servants… He said to the boy, In this passage, Jonathan is speaking to a young servant. The use of a boy or servant for such tasks was common in ancient Israelite society, reflecting the hierarchical structure and the roles assigned within households. This interaction highlights Jonathan's status and the trust placed in servants for carrying out important tasks. Gen 22:5 “Stay here with the donkey,” Abraham told his servants… “Run and find the arrows I shoot.” Jonathan's instruction to the boy is part of a prearranged signal between him and David. This method of communication was necessary due to the dangerous political climate, as King Saul sought David's life. The use of arrows as a signal demonstrates the ingenuity required to convey messages secretly. This also reflects the broader biblical theme of God providing wisdom and protection to His chosen ones in times of peril. 2Ki 13:17 “Open the east window,” said Elisha. So he opened it.… And as the boy ran, The boy's obedience and quick action are indicative of the loyalty and efficiency expected of servants. This moment underscores the urgency of the situation, as Jonathan and David's plan depended on precise timing and execution. The boy's role, though minor, is crucial in the unfolding of God's plan for David's safety and future kingship. 2Sa 18:19 “Please let me run and tell the king the good news… Jonathan shot an arrow beyond him. Jonathan's action is both literal and symbolic. The arrow shot beyond the boy was the predetermined sign to David that he must flee, as Saul's intentions were hostile. This act of shooting the arrow can be seen as a type of Christ, where Jonathan, a prince, sacrifices his relationship with his father for the sake of his friend, foreshadowing Christ's sacrificial love. The arrow going beyond also symbolizes the idea of God's plans and purposes extending beyond human understanding and immediate circumstances. 1Ki 22:34 However, a certain man drew his bow without taking special aim… When the boy reached the place where Jonathan’s arrow had fallen, This phrase occurs during a critical moment in the relationship between David and Jonathan. Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is helping David discern Saul's intentions. The "boy" here is a servant used by Jonathan to retrieve arrows, a common practice in ancient times for archery training. The location is significant as it is a field outside of Gibeah, Saul's capital, providing privacy for Jonathan and David's secret communication. This setting underscores the tension and danger surrounding David, who is fleeing from Saul's wrath. The use of a boy to retrieve arrows is a clever ruse, allowing Jonathan to communicate with David without arousing suspicion. 2Ki 13:17-19 “Open the east window,” said Elisha. So he opened it.… Jonathan called to him, Jonathan's call to the boy is part of a prearranged signal to communicate with David. This reflects the deep trust and friendship between Jonathan and David, as well as Jonathan's loyalty to David despite his father Saul's hostility. The act of calling out is a subtle yet effective way to convey a message without direct confrontation, highlighting the wisdom and discretion required in their situation. This moment also illustrates Jonathan's role as a mediator and protector, foreshadowing the protective role of Christ as an intercessor. Gen 22:11-12 Just then the angel of the LORD called out to him… “Isn’t the arrow beyond you?” This question is the key part of the signal to David. If Jonathan had said the arrow was beside the boy, it would have meant safety for David. However, saying it is beyond indicates danger, confirming Saul's intent to harm David. This phrase is a turning point, marking the moment David must flee and live as a fugitive. The use of an arrow, a weapon, as a means of communication is symbolic of the threat against David's life. This moment of revelation parallels the prophetic nature of scripture, where hidden truths are revealed through signs and symbols. The phrase also echoes the theme of divine guidance and protection, as David's life is preserved through Jonathan's intervention, much like God's providential care for His chosen ones throughout the Bible. Deu 30:11-14 For this commandment I give you today is not too difficult… Then Jonathan cried out, Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is a key figure in the narrative of 1 Samuel. His loyalty to David, despite his father Saul's animosity towards David, highlights the theme of covenant friendship. Jonathan's actions here are part of a prearranged signal to communicate with David, who is hiding nearby. This moment underscores Jonathan's role as a mediator and protector, reflecting the biblical principle of sacrificial love and loyalty. Jos 6:16 After the seventh time around, the priests blew the horns,… “Hurry! Make haste! Do not delay!” These urgent commands emphasize the danger David is in due to Saul's intent to kill him. The repetition of the commands underscores the immediacy and seriousness of the situation. In the broader biblical context, urgency in response to God's guidance or in the face of danger is a recurring theme, as seen in the Exodus narrative when the Israelites had to leave Egypt quickly. This urgency also reflects the need for swift obedience to divine direction. Psa 119:60 I hurried without hesitating to keep Your commandments. So the boy picked up the arrow The boy, an unnamed servant, is unaware of the significance of his actions. His role is purely functional, yet it is crucial for the communication between Jonathan and David. This reflects the biblical theme of God using seemingly insignificant people and actions to fulfill His purposes. The arrow itself is a symbol of the message being sent, akin to how God often uses physical signs to convey spiritual truths. 2Ki 13:18 Then Elisha said, “Take the arrows!” So he took them.… and returned to his master. The boy's return to Jonathan signifies the completion of the task. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, servants were expected to obey their masters without question, reflecting the hierarchical social structure of the time. This obedience can be seen as a parallel to the biblical call for believers to faithfully serve God, their ultimate Master. The return also signifies the end of the covert communication, allowing Jonathan and David to proceed with their plans based on the outcome of this signal. 1Sa 3:5 He ran to Eli and said, “Here I am, for you have called me.”… But the boy did not know anything; This phrase highlights the innocence and unawareness of the boy involved in the situation. In the context of 1 Samuel 20, Jonathan and David are using a covert method to communicate due to the threat posed by King Saul. The boy, likely a servant or young assistant, is unaware of the true purpose behind the actions he is participating in. This reflects a common biblical theme where God’s plans and the actions of His people are often hidden from those not directly involved, emphasizing the need for discernment and wisdom. The boy's ignorance also underscores the secrecy and danger surrounding David and Jonathan's friendship and the political tension of the time. 2Sa 15:11 Two hundred men from Jerusalem accompanied Absalom.… only Jonathan and David knew the arrangement. Jonathan and David's knowledge of the arrangement signifies their deep bond and trust in one another. This secretive plan was devised to protect David from Saul's wrath, illustrating the loyalty and covenantal friendship between Jonathan and David. Their relationship is a powerful example of godly friendship, characterized by selflessness and sacrifice. Jonathan, despite being the heir to the throne, recognizes God's anointing on David and supports him, foreshadowing the New Testament principle of putting others before oneself (Philippians 2:3-4). This arrangement also reflects the wisdom and strategic thinking necessary to navigate the complexities of human relationships and divine purposes. The secrecy of their plan is reminiscent of other biblical narratives where God's chosen individuals must act with discretion to fulfill His will, such as Moses' hidden identity in Egypt or Jesus' parables that revealed truths only to those with ears to hear. 1Sa 18:3 Then Jonathan made a covenant with David… Then Jonathan gave his equipment to the boy Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is depicted here in a moment of deep friendship and loyalty to David. The "equipment" refers to his bow and arrows, which were used in the preceding verses as part of a covert signal to communicate with David. This act of giving his equipment to the boy signifies trust and delegation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a warrior's weapons were personal and significant, often symbolizing strength and status. Jonathan's willingness to part with his equipment underscores his commitment to David's safety over his own status or security. This act also prefigures the selflessness seen in Christ, who laid down His own life for His friends (John 15:13). 1Sa 16:21-22 When David came to Saul and entered his service,… and said, “Go, take it back to the city.” Jonathan instructs the boy to return to the city, which in this context is likely Gibeah, Saul's capital. This instruction is part of a carefully orchestrated plan to protect David from Saul's wrath. The city represents a place of both political power and potential danger, as Saul's intentions towards David have become increasingly hostile. Jonathan's command to the boy to return alone ensures that David remains hidden and safe. This moment highlights the theme of divine providence and protection, as God uses Jonathan's loyalty to preserve David, who is anointed to be the future king of Israel. This narrative foreshadows the ultimate protection and deliverance found in Christ, who is often seen as the greater David, fulfilling the promises of God to establish an eternal kingdom (2 Samuel 7:16). 1Sa 9:27 As they were going down to the edge of the city… When the young man had gone, This refers to the servant boy who was sent by Jonathan to retrieve the arrows he had shot as a signal to David. The departure of the young man ensured privacy for the emotional meeting between David and Jonathan. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, such discretion was necessary to protect both David and Jonathan from Saul's wrath. Gen 45:1 Then Joseph could no longer control himself… David got up from the south side of the stone, The stone, likely a large rock or landmark, served as a prearranged meeting point. The south side indicates David's position of hiding, emphasizing his fugitive status. Geographically, this setting underscores the wilderness areas where David often sought refuge from Saul. 1Sa 17:40 And David took his staff in his hand,… fell facedown, and bowed three times. David's actions demonstrate deep respect and humility towards Jonathan, acknowledging Jonathan's royal status and their covenantal friendship. Bowing three times was a gesture of profound reverence, often seen in ancient Near Eastern cultures as a sign of loyalty and submission. 1Sa 24:8 After that, David got up, went out of the cave,… Then he and Jonathan kissed each other The kiss was a customary greeting and farewell in the ancient Near East, symbolizing friendship and brotherly love. This act reflects the deep bond and covenant between David and Jonathan, transcending political alliances and familial ties. Gen 33:4 Esau, however, ran to him and embraced him… and wept together— Their weeping signifies the emotional intensity of their friendship and the sorrow of impending separation. It also reflects the danger and uncertainty both faced due to Saul's hostility. This moment highlights the human element of biblical narratives, showing vulnerability and genuine affection. Gen 45:14-15 Then Joseph threw his arms around his brother Benjamin… though David wept more. David's greater weeping may indicate his awareness of the greater danger he faced as a fugitive. It also underscores his sense of loss, not only of Jonathan's companionship but also of his place at the royal court. This emotional depth foreshadows David's future trials and his reliance on God's providence. 2Sa 1:11-12 Then David took hold of his own clothes and tore them… And Jonathan said to David, “Go in peace, This phrase signifies the deep bond and covenant of friendship between Jonathan and David. In the context of ancient Israel, peace was not merely the absence of conflict but a state of wholeness and well-being. Jonathan's blessing of peace is significant given the tension and danger David faces from King Saul. It reflects Jonathan's genuine care and the divine favor he wishes upon David. 2Ki 5:19 “Go in peace,” said Elisha. But after Naaman had traveled… for the two of us have sworn in the name of the LORD, Swearing in the name of the LORD underscores the solemnity and sacredness of their covenant. In ancient Israel, oaths made in God's name were binding and inviolable, reflecting a deep commitment to truth and faithfulness. This covenant is not just a personal agreement but one that invokes divine witness and accountability. Jos 9:19 All the leaders answered, “We have sworn an oath to them… saying, ‘May the LORD be a witness between you and me, The invocation of the LORD as a witness highlights the seriousness of their agreement. In biblical times, calling upon God as a witness was a way to ensure that both parties remained faithful to their promises. This reflects the understanding that God is omnipresent and omniscient, aware of all human actions and intentions. Gen 31:49-50 It was also called Mizpah, because Laban said,… and between your descendants and mine forever.’” This phrase extends the covenant beyond Jonathan and David to their descendants, indicating a perpetual bond. It reflects the biblical theme of generational blessings and curses, where the actions and covenants of one generation impact future ones. This also foreshadows the enduring legacy of David's line, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is often referred to as the Son of David. Gen 17:7 I will establish My covenant as an everlasting covenant… Then David got up and departed, David's departure marks a pivotal moment in his life, as he leaves behind the safety of Jonathan's friendship and enters a period of exile and danger. This action signifies a step of faith and trust in God's protection and plan, despite the immediate threat from Saul. 1Sa 26:25 Saul said to him, “May you be blessed, David my son.”… and Jonathan went back into the city. Jonathan's return to the city, where his father Saul reigns, highlights his difficult position. He remains loyal to David while still being part of Saul's household. This reflects the tension between familial duty and spiritual conviction, a recurring theme in Scripture where believers must navigate their allegiance to God amidst challenging circumstances. Luk 24:33 And they got up that very hour and returned to Jerusalem.… This is a draft of the Berean Study Bible. Please send all comments and recommendations to bereanstudybible@aol.com. Bible Hub |
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